ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

To describe the sexual behavior of freshmen undergraduate students according to demographic, economic, psychosocial and behavioral characteristics, and evaluate the prevalence of risky sexual behavior and its associated factors.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study of the census type with undergraduate students over 18 years old of 80 undergraduate courses of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), who entered in the first semester of 2017 and remained enrolled in the second semester. Undergraduate students who reported having had sex were evaluated. We considered as risky sexual behavior having more than one sexual partner within the last three months and not having used condoms in the last sexual intercourse.

RESULTS

The prevalence of risky sexual behavior was 9% (95%CI 7.6–10.5). Men presented more risky behavior than women, with a prevalence of 10.8% and 7.5%, respectively. Of the undergraduate students, 45% did not use condoms in the last sexual intercourse, and 24% had two partners or more within three months before the survey. Smartphone applications for sexual purposes were used by 23% of students within three months before the survey. Risky sexual behavior was associated with gender, age at first sexual intercourse, frequency of alcohol consumption, consumption of psychoactive substances before the last sexual intercourse and use of smartphone applications for sexual purposes.

CONCLUSION

Although undergraduate students are expected to be an informed population, the prevalence of risky sexual behavior was important, indicating the need to expand public investment in sexual education and awareness actions.

Student Health; Universities; Health Risk Behaviors; Unsafe Sex; Sexually Transmitted Infections

INTRODUCTION

Risky sexual behaviors (RSB), such as unsafe sexual intercourse and multiplicity of partners are more frequent among adolescents and young adults (between 15 and 24 years old). Factors associated with the admission to the university may increase the occurrence of RSB, since they imply a series of social changes in the individual’s life¹1. Scull TM, Keefe EM, Kafka JM, Malik CV, Kupersmidt JB. The understudied half of undergraduates: risky sexual behaviors among community college students. J Am Coll Health. 2019 Jan 24:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1549554
https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.15... .

RSB may result in sexually transmitted infections (STIs)²2. Costa LC, Rosa MI, Battisti IDE. Prevalence of condom use and associated factors in a sample of university students in southern Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25(6):1245-50. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000600007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200900... , ³3. Carret MLV, Fassa AG, Silveira DS, Bertoldi AD, Hallal PC. Sintomas de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis em adultos: prevalência e fatores de risco. Rev Saude Publica. 2004;38(1):76-84. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102004000100011
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200400... and unplanned pregnancy. STIs are among the most prevalent acute conditions in the world, with about one million new cases per day⁴4. Newman L, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Wijesooriya NS, Unemo M, Low N, et al. Global estimates of the prevalence and incidence of four curable sexually transmitted infections in 2012 based on systematic review and global reporting. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0143304. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143304
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.014... . Brazil has been experiencing a resurgence of STIs, especially human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis, with a significant increase among young people aged between 15 and 29 years old⁵5. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância, Prevenção e Controle das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis do HIV/Aids e das Hepatites Virais. Bol Epidemiol HIV-AIDS. 2018;72. , ⁶6. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância, Prevenção e Controle das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis do HIV/Aids e das Hepatites Virais. Bol Epidemiol Sífilis. 2018;49(45):1-43. . The main consequences of STIs are infertility, ectopic pregnancy, stillbirths, pelvic inflammatory disease and neurological and cardiovascular implications in adults⁴4. Newman L, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Wijesooriya NS, Unemo M, Low N, et al. Global estimates of the prevalence and incidence of four curable sexually transmitted infections in 2012 based on systematic review and global reporting. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0143304. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143304
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.014... . On the other hand, unplanned pregnancy is particularly problematic in younger age groups, as it compromises the completion of school and academic life, besides increasing the risk of complications in the pregnancy itself⁷7. Martins MG, Santos GHN, Sousa MS, Costa, Brito JEF, Simões VMF. Associação de gravidez na adolescência e prematuridade. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2011;33(11):354-60. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-72032011001100006
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-7203201100... .

In Brazil, the evaluation of a representative sample of high school students indicated that 32% of the students did not use condoms in sexual intercourses that occurred in the month before the survey⁸8. Woolley NO, Macinko J. Association between sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviors among a nationally representative sample of adolescent students in Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 2019;35(2):e00208517. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00208517
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x0020851... . Among undergraduate students, non-use of condom in the last sexual intercourse ranged from 85.7% to 38.6%²2. Costa LC, Rosa MI, Battisti IDE. Prevalence of condom use and associated factors in a sample of university students in southern Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25(6):1245-50. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000600007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200900... , ⁹9. Sales WB, Caveião C, Visentin A, Mocelin D, Costa PM., Simm EB. Comportamento sexual de risco e conhecimento sobre IST/SIDA em universitários da saúde. Rev Enf Ref. 2016;4(10):19-27. https://doi.org/10.12707/RIV16019
https://doi.org/10.12707/RIV16019... . The frequency of students who had between one and three sexual partners within three months before the survey was 95% in women and 89% in men¹⁰10. Falcão-Júnior JSP, Rabelo STO, Lopes EM, Freitas LV, Pinheiro AKB, Ximenes LB. Perfil e práticas sexuais de universitários da área da saúde. Esc Anna Nery. 2007;11(1):58-65. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-81452007000100008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-8145200700... . In the United States, 48% of undergraduate students used condoms in the last sexual intercourse, and the prevalence of risky sexual behavior was 14%, considering those who reported not using condoms in the last intercourse and having had more than one partner within the last 12 months prior to the survey¹¹11. Trepka MJ, Kim S, Pekovic V, Zamor P, Velez E, Gabaroni MV. High-risk sexual behavior among students of a minority-serving university in a community with a high HIV/AIDS prevalence. J Am Coll Health. 2008;57(1):77-84. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.1.77-84
https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.1.77-84... .

A study conducted in 31 U.S. higher education institutions indicated that 44% of students had more than one partner within three months before the survey, and 16% used psychoactive substances (alcohol or illicit drugs) before the last sexual intercourse¹²12. Browne DC, Clubb PA, Wang Y, Wagner F. Drug use and high-risk sexual behaviors among African American men who have sex with men and men who have sex with women. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(6):1062-6. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133462
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133462... . The use of psychoactive substances among Brazilian undergraduate students before the last intercourse was similar, around 15%²2. Costa LC, Rosa MI, Battisti IDE. Prevalence of condom use and associated factors in a sample of university students in southern Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25(6):1245-50. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000600007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200900... . In the municipality of Pelotas, a survey with adolescents between 15 and 18 years old indicated that 10.7% ingested alcoholic beverages before the last intercourse and only 56% of adolescents used condoms in the last three sexual relationships¹³13. Cruzeiro ALS, Souza LDM, Silva RA, Pinheiro RT, Rocha CLA, Horta BL. Comportamento sexual de risco: fatores associados ao número de parceiros sexuais e ao uso de preservativo em adolescentes. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2010;15 Supl1:1149-58. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000700023
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201000... .

The non-use of condoms in both high school and undergraduate students was positively associated with males, alcohol intake and multiplicity of partners¹1. Scull TM, Keefe EM, Kafka JM, Malik CV, Kupersmidt JB. The understudied half of undergraduates: risky sexual behaviors among community college students. J Am Coll Health. 2019 Jan 24:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1549554
https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.15... , ¹⁴14. Snipes DJ, Benotsch EG. High-risk cocktails and high-risk sex: examining the relation between alcohol mixed with energy drink consumption, sexual behavior, and drug use in college students. Addict Behav. 2013;38(1):1418-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.07.011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.07... and inversely associated with the age of the individual and with socioeconomic level¹⁵15. Sanchez Z, Nappo SA, Cruz JI, Carlini EA, Carlini CM, Martins SS. Sexual behavior among high school students in Brazil: alcohol consumption and legal and illegal drug use associated with unprotected sex. Clinics. 2013;68(4):489-94. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2013(04)09
https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2013(04)... , ¹⁶16. Bertoli RS, Scheidmantel CE, De-Carvalho NS. College students and HIV infection: a study of sexual behavior and vulnerabilities. Brazilian J Sex Transm Dis. 2016;28(3):90-5. .

Studies evaluating risky sexual behavior in Brazil are predominantly among school adolescents. Those who evaluated undergraduate students had a descriptive approach and their sample was mostly composed of students from the health area or by convenience, focusing on the evaluation of other outcomes related to sexual behavior such as the level of knowledge regarding STIs⁹9. Sales WB, Caveião C, Visentin A, Mocelin D, Costa PM., Simm EB. Comportamento sexual de risco e conhecimento sobre IST/SIDA em universitários da saúde. Rev Enf Ref. 2016;4(10):19-27. https://doi.org/10.12707/RIV16019
https://doi.org/10.12707/RIV16019... , ¹⁶16. Bertoli RS, Scheidmantel CE, De-Carvalho NS. College students and HIV infection: a study of sexual behavior and vulnerabilities. Brazilian J Sex Transm Dis. 2016;28(3):90-5. . Moreover, the impact of the psychosocial characteristics of undergraduate students, such as sexual orientation and gender identity, the variability between the areas of knowledge and the role of technology on sexual behaviors, is little addressed.

Our study seeks to identify the main characteristics of the sexual behavior of freshmen undergraduate students according to gender and verify the prevalence of risky sexual behavior, as well as the main sociodemographic and behavioral associated factors, in a census of freshmen students of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), in Southern Brazil.

METHODOLOGY

A cross-sectional, census-type study was conducted with students entering higher education in face-to-face courses of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), offered in the first semester of 2017. In total, 3,424 vacancies were offered in 83 undergraduate courses. The census was conducted in the context of the research consortium of the Graduate Program in Epidemiology of UFPel, a method of data collection of a single population for the development of the study of a class of masters’ students.

Students who entered UFPel in the first semester of 2017, were regularly enrolled in a face-to-face undergraduate course in the second semester of 2017 and who understood Portuguese were included in our study. Students under the age of 18 and those who had classes taught outside the city of Pelotas or Capão do Leão were excluded.

Data collection was anonymously performed during class hours through a self-completed questionnaire on tablets using the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) tool. The research instrument included demographic, economic, psychosocial, academic and behavioral issues, as well as the description of the students’ sexual behavior.

A questionnaire with ten objective questions to characterize sexual behavior was prepared based on the Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and applied only to students who had already started their sex life. This questionnaire evaluated the age at first sexual intercourse, number of partners within the three months before the survey, condom use in the last intercourse, practice of anal sex in the last intercourse, use of alcohol or illicit drugs in the last intercourse, use of contraceptive method, HIV testing at some point in life, reason for testing, diagnosis of STIs at some point in life, and use of smartphone applications with the purpose of having sex within the three months prior to the survey.

We considered as risky sexual behavior to have more than one sexual partner within three months before the survey combined with the non-use of condoms (male or female condoms) in the last sexual intercourse. This operationalization of the outcome sought to restrict the evaluation to objective aspects related to the risk to the individuals’ health.

The exposure variables were biological sex (female, male), age (divided into the following age groups: 18 to 19 years, 20 to 22 years, 23 to 25 years, 26 years or more), skin color (white, black, brown/other), sexual orientation (heterosexual/asexual, homosexual, bisexual), gender identity (cisgender, transgender, non-binary gender), relationship status (not in any relationship, casual dating, in a relationship, living with spouse or boyfriend/girlfriend), economic class (classification of the Associação Brasileira das Empresas de Pesquisa – ABEP ), type of high school (public, private), where the student lived in the year before entering UFPel (Pelotas, another city in Rio Grande do Sul, another state of Brazil/another country), if the student follows some religious doctrine (no, yes), who the student lives with (family, friends/colleagues, alone), tobacco consumption (never smoked, smoker, former smoker), frequency of alcohol consumption (never, once a month or less, two to four times a month, two to three times a week, four or more times a week) and area of knowledge to which the course attended belongs (exact and earth/agrarian sciences, health and biological sciences, applied social sciences and humanities, linguistics, languages and literature and arts).

At first, descriptive analysis of the demographic, economic, psychosocial, academic and behavioral characteristics of the students was performed using absolute and relative frequency. The chi-square test for heterogeneity was used to evaluate the differences between the sexes.

Multivariate analysis using Poisson regression with robust variance was performed to evaluate factors associated with the occurrence of risky sexual behavior, since this is the best alternative for the analysis of cross-sectional studies with dichotomous outcomes and provides a good estimate of the prevalence ratio¹⁹19. Barros AJD, Hirakata VN. Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2003;3:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-3-21
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-3-21... . The analysis followed a previously defined conceptual model, with stepwise backward selection. Demographic, economic and psychosocial characteristics were included in the first level; variables of the academic context and age at first sexual intercourse in the second level; and behavioral aspects in the third level. The variables associated with the outcome with p-value < 0.20 were maintained in the multivariable model for control of confounding factors. Associations with p-value < 0.05 were considered significant. Data analysis was performed in the statistical program Stata Statistical Software, version 14.0.

Our study is in accordance with resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Council and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina da UFPel, opinion number 2,352,451.

RESULTS

In the first semester of 2017, 3,212 students entered UFPel undergraduate courses. Of these, 2,706 remained enrolled at the beginning of our study, which occurred between November 2017 and July 2018. At the end of the census of the new students, 1,865 students were interviewed, corresponding to a 69% response rate. Of the remaining 31%, only 1.8% refused to participate. The others were students who were not found during the field work period after several attempts. Approximately 47% of the losses were women, 24% were between 18 and 19 years old, 29% were between 20 and 22 years old and 46.7% were 23 years or older. Exact and earth/agrarian sciences was the area of knowledge with the highest number of losses, with 38.3%, followed by the applied and human social sciences, with 38.4%, linguistics, languages and literature and arts, with 16%, and health and biological sciences, with 11%. The high rates of absenteeism and dropout rates from the first to the second semester of school, often without formalization, limited the response rate.

Among the survey respondents, 1,547 students (83.5% of respondents) said they had already had sex. Of these, 72.2% were white, 37.5% were between 18 and 19 years old, 44.3% were in economy class B, 36.4% were dating, and 13.4% were married or shared housing with their spouse. The sexual orientation of minorities (homosexual or bisexual) was reported by 22.2%, and 10.4% did not identify with the gender which was attributed at birth (transgender or non-binary). Regarding the area of knowledge, 28.3% were inserted in courses of the exact and earth/agrarian sciences, 18% of the health and biological sciences, 35.2% of the applied social sciences and humanities and 18.5% of linguistics, languages and literature and arts, as shown in Table 1 . Of the students, 37% had their first sexual relationship before the age of 15. Regarding the use of substances during the last sexual intercourse, 15% used alcoholic beverages, 2.7% illicit drugs, and 5.8% used both. About 12% of the undergraduate students had anal sex during their last sexual intercourse, and 22% used smartphone applications to seek for sex within three months before the survey. According to the interviewees, 23% had two or more sexual partners within three months before the survey, and 45% did not use condoms in the last sexual intercourse, as shown in Table 2 .

Among male students, 41.6% had their first sexual intercourse before the age of 15, 31% had two or more sexual partners within three months before the survey and about 40% reported having not used condoms in the last sexual intercourse. Of the interviewees, 20% had anal sex in the last intercourse and 35.8% used smartphone applications to seek for sex within three months prior to the survey, also shown in Table 2 .

Among female students, 33% had their first sexual intercourse before the age of 15, 18.4% had two or more sexual partners within three months before the survey and 50% did not use condoms in the last sexual intercourse. Of the undergraduate students, 6% had anal sex in the last intercourse and 11.6% used smartphone applications to seek for sex.

The prevalence of risky sexual behavior among freshmen undergraduate students was 9% (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 7.6–10.5), 10.8% among male students, and 7.5% among female students, also shown in Table 2 .

In the multivariate analysis, men had 48% (Odds Ratio [RO] 1.48; 95%CI 1.07–2.07) more risky sexual behavior than women. The age at which students started sex life was inversely associated with RSB. The frequency of alcohol consumption was directly associated with risky sexual behavior, and those who consumed alcohol four or more times a week had a five-fold higher chance of having RSB (RO 5.10; 95%CI 1.49–17.6). The use of illicit drugs in the last sexual intercourse and the use of smartphone applications increased by more than 100% the chance of presenting RSB (RO 2.23; 95%CI 1.14–4.39 and RO 2.57; 95%CI 1.76–3.74, respectively). Age, sexual orientation, where the student lived before entering UFPel, tobacco use and anal sex practice in the last sexual intercourse were not associated with RSB in the adjusted analysis, as shown in Table 3 .

Approximately 9% of undergraduate students have had at least one sexually transmitted infection at some point in life. Among the students who had had STIs, 34.8% reported HPV, 15.6% genital herpes and 13.3% gonorrhea, with herpes being more prevalent in females and gonorrhea in males, as shown in Table 4 . Among undergraduate students, 38% reported having already undergone HIV testing at some time in their life. The most common reasons for taking the test were unprotected sexual intercourse (26%), blood donation and medical request (both with 15.7%), in addition to government actions (13%).

DISCUSSION

Risky sexual behavior has different definitions in the literature, making comparisons difficult. Moreover, some factors treated as characteristics of sexual behavior are addressed in other studies as part of a risky sexual behavior. The study with the most similar definition to that addressed in our study was conducted with American undergraduate students, considering the same criteria to compose the outcome, but with a period for multiple partners expanded to 12 months. The prevalence of RSB found in this study was 14% and the non-use of condoms in the last sexual intercourse was 52%¹¹11. Trepka MJ, Kim S, Pekovic V, Zamor P, Velez E, Gabaroni MV. High-risk sexual behavior among students of a minority-serving university in a community with a high HIV/AIDS prevalence. J Am Coll Health. 2008;57(1):77-84. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.1.77-84
https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.1.77-84... , being similar to the findings in the freshmen undergraduate students of UFPel. This prevalence in undergraduate students, a population with a high level of information, reinforce the idea that having information is a necessary factor, but not sufficient to modify behaviors¹⁸18. Dessunti EM, Reis AOA. Vulnerabilidade às dst/aids entre estudantes da saúde: estudo comparativo entre primeira e última série. Cienc Cuid Saude. 2012;11 Supl:274-83. https://doi.org/10.4025/cienccuidsaude.v11i5.17738
https://doi.org/10.4025/cienccuidsaude.v... .

This study agrees with the literature that indicates that half of the undergraduate students used condoms²⁰20. Ruiz-Sternberg AM, Beltrán-Rodríguez J, Latorre-Santos C, Ruiz-Sternberg JE. ¿Existe asociación entre los comportamientos de riesgo en salud sexual y reproductiva y el ser estudiante de medicina? Estudio de corte transversal. Bogotá (Colombia). Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol. 2010;61(2):121-8. , ²¹21. Connor J, Psutka R, Cousins K, Gray A, Kypri K. Risky drinking, risky sex: a national study of New Zealand university students. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37(11):1971-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12175
https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12175... and 15% ingested alcoholic beverages in their last sexual intercourse²2. Costa LC, Rosa MI, Battisti IDE. Prevalence of condom use and associated factors in a sample of university students in southern Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25(6):1245-50. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000600007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200900... , ¹²12. Browne DC, Clubb PA, Wang Y, Wagner F. Drug use and high-risk sexual behaviors among African American men who have sex with men and men who have sex with women. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(6):1062-6. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133462
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133462... . However, a study showed that more than 40% of American college freshmen have had multiple sexual partners within three months before the survey, twice as many as found in our study¹²12. Browne DC, Clubb PA, Wang Y, Wagner F. Drug use and high-risk sexual behaviors among African American men who have sex with men and men who have sex with women. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(6):1062-6. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133462
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133462... . No further studies on the use of smartphone applications to seek for sex were found; however, these resources have been recently made available and, probably, their use is on the rise among undergraduate students. Given this context, the prevalence was considered high.

Risky sexual behavior was positively associated with males, use of psychoactive substances before the last sexual intercourse and use of smartphone applications to seek for sex within three months before the survey. It was directly associated with the frequency of alcohol consumption and inversely associated with the age of sexual debut.

The higher frequency of sexual risk behavior in males agrees with the literature that points to this association regardless of how RSB is evaluated, as well as when examining the components of RSB separately (lower condom use and greater number of partners)¹1. Scull TM, Keefe EM, Kafka JM, Malik CV, Kupersmidt JB. The understudied half of undergraduates: risky sexual behaviors among community college students. J Am Coll Health. 2019 Jan 24:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1549554
https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.15... , ⁸8. Woolley NO, Macinko J. Association between sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviors among a nationally representative sample of adolescent students in Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 2019;35(2):e00208517. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00208517
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x0020851... , ¹¹11. Trepka MJ, Kim S, Pekovic V, Zamor P, Velez E, Gabaroni MV. High-risk sexual behavior among students of a minority-serving university in a community with a high HIV/AIDS prevalence. J Am Coll Health. 2008;57(1):77-84. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.1.77-84
https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.1.77-84... . Being male implies being subjected to a repertoire of social pressures, such as encouraging the expression of sexuality in the name of “masculinity,” manhood proof and heterosexuality, resulting in the increase in the number of partners¹1. Scull TM, Keefe EM, Kafka JM, Malik CV, Kupersmidt JB. The understudied half of undergraduates: risky sexual behaviors among community college students. J Am Coll Health. 2019 Jan 24:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1549554
https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.15... , ²²22. Santos TMB, Albuquerque LBB, Bandeira CF, Colares VSA. Fatores que contribuem para o início da atividade sexual em adolescentes: revisão integrativa. Rev Atençao Saude. 2015;13(44):64-70. https://doi.org/10.13037/rbcs.vol13n44.2668.
https://doi.org/10.13037/rbcs.vol13n44.2... . Moreover, some men report that condoms reduce sensitivity during sexual intercourse, contributing to its non-use.

Similar to our study, the literature points to an inverse association between the age at first sexual intercourse and risky sexual behavior. There are indications that not living with a mother or father increases the chances of having an earlier sexual debut. The lower presence and supervision of parents can have a negative impact on children’s sex education²²22. Santos TMB, Albuquerque LBB, Bandeira CF, Colares VSA. Fatores que contribuem para o início da atividade sexual em adolescentes: revisão integrativa. Rev Atençao Saude. 2015;13(44):64-70. https://doi.org/10.13037/rbcs.vol13n44.2668.
https://doi.org/10.13037/rbcs.vol13n44.2... , ²³23. Cruzeiro ALS, Souza LDM, Silva RA, Horta BL, Muenzer RM, Faria AD, et al. Iniciação sexual entre adolescentes de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Rev Bras Crescimento Desenvolv Hum. 2008;18(2):116-25. .

The positive association between the consumption of alcohol and the use of psychoactive substances with RSB agrees with the literature, which points out that these substances potentiate risky behaviors²2. Costa LC, Rosa MI, Battisti IDE. Prevalence of condom use and associated factors in a sample of university students in southern Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25(6):1245-50. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000600007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200900... , ¹⁰10. Falcão-Júnior JSP, Rabelo STO, Lopes EM, Freitas LV, Pinheiro AKB, Ximenes LB. Perfil e práticas sexuais de universitários da área da saúde. Esc Anna Nery. 2007;11(1):58-65. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-81452007000100008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-8145200700... , ¹²12. Browne DC, Clubb PA, Wang Y, Wagner F. Drug use and high-risk sexual behaviors among African American men who have sex with men and men who have sex with women. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(6):1062-6. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133462
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133462... , ²⁴24. Bertoni N, Bastos FI, Mello MB, Makuch MY, Sousa MH, Osis MJ, et al. Uso de álcool e drogas e sua influência sobre as práticas sexuais de adolescentes de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25(6):1350-60. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000600017
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200900... . This is because narcotic substances, especially alcohol, depress the central nervous system, impairing psychomotor skills and information processing, affecting the perception of danger and the ability to make appropriate decisions²⁵25. Eckardt MJ, File SE, Gessa GL, Grant KA, Guerri C, Hoffman PL, et al. Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22(5):998-1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998... .

Studies on the use of smartphone applications to seek for sex are scarce, as this phenomenon arose approximately 10 years ago, with the popularization of social networks, and migrated from comprehensive platforms to specific communities for this purpose. Studies indicate that applications expand the possibility of intercourse between casual partners and increase the chance of unsafe sex²⁶26. Tang W, Tang S, Qin Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Liu C, et al. Will gay sex-seeking mobile phone applications facilitate group sex? A cross-sectional online survey among men who have sex with men in China. PLoS One. 2016;11(11): e0167238. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167238
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.016... , ²⁷27. Queiroz AFLN, Sousa AL, Araújo TE, Oliveira FM, Moura MB, Reis R. A review of risk behaviors for HIV infection by men who have sex with men through geosocial networking phone apps. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2017;28(5):807-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2017.03.009
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2017.03.0... , since they facilitate social interactions between unknown individuals. The association between the use of smartphone applications and RSB stands out because despite the high schooling level of this population and the report of having casual sexual partners, they do not use condoms regularly.

All characteristics associated with RSB – male sex, age at first sexual intercourse, high frequency of alcohol consumption, use of psychoactive substances before the last sexual intercourse and the use of smartphone applications to seek for sex – are potential markers of individuals with risk-taking profiles¹¹11. Trepka MJ, Kim S, Pekovic V, Zamor P, Velez E, Gabaroni MV. High-risk sexual behavior among students of a minority-serving university in a community with a high HIV/AIDS prevalence. J Am Coll Health. 2008;57(1):77-84. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.1.77-84
https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.1.77-84... .

Sexual orientation, gender identity and anal sex practice were not associated with risky sexual behavior. The literature on this subject is controversial. Although anal sex increases the risk of transmission of infections such as HIV²⁸28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Anal sex and HIV risk. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2016 [citado 11 fev 2019]. Disponível em: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/analsex.html
https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/analsex.htm... , a study points out that even though male homosexuals have a higher number of partners, they use condoms more regularly²⁹29. Oswalt SB, Wyatt TJ. Sexual health behaviors and sexual orientation in a U.S. National sample of college students. Arch Sex Behav. 2013;42(8):1561-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-0066-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-0066-... . Another study found that regular condom use during anal sex is generally less frequent than during vaginal sex, suggesting that the motivation for its use is the prevention of pregnancy, not the prevention of STIs¹⁷17. Caetano ME, Linhares IM, Pinotti JA, Fonseca AM, Wojitani MD, Giraldo PC. Sexual behavior and knowledge of sexually transmitted infections among university students in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2010;110(1):43-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.02.012
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.02.0... . These associations can vary greatly from one population to another, as well as depending on the definition of RSB used in the study.

Following a religious doctrine was also not associated with risky sexual behavior, disagreeing with the literature³⁰30. Moser AM, Reggiani C, Urbanetz A. Comportamento sexual de risco entre estudantes universitárias dos cursos de ciências da saúde. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2007;53(2):116-21. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-42302007000200014
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-4230200700... . Religions, in general, promote sexual abstinence and monogamy and they do not encourage condom use. Moreover, this association may also vary depending on the population, the definition of RSB used, and over time.

The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections at some point in life was 9%, agreeing with another study that evaluated Brazilian undergraduate students from health courses¹⁰10. Falcão-Júnior JSP, Rabelo STO, Lopes EM, Freitas LV, Pinheiro AKB, Ximenes LB. Perfil e práticas sexuais de universitários da área da saúde. Esc Anna Nery. 2007;11(1):58-65. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-81452007000100008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-8145200700... . The Brazilian Program for the Prevention of STIs was a reference in the world and involved the distribution of condoms, the availability of free pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis, in addition to a series of educational actions aimed at school adolescents. However, STIs has shown signs of resurgence, especially HIV and syphilis⁵5. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância, Prevenção e Controle das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis do HIV/Aids e das Hepatites Virais. Bol Epidemiol HIV-AIDS. 2018;72. , ⁶6. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância, Prevenção e Controle das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis do HIV/Aids e das Hepatites Virais. Bol Epidemiol Sífilis. 2018;49(45):1-43. . The increased survival time of people with HIV in recent decades may have helped reduce the perception of risk and, along with recent cuts in government actions, caused relaxation in prevention.

Among the limitations of the study, we cite that our study covered a wide scope of health issues, being sexual behavior only one of them, which made it impossible to explore different times of recall. Memory bias was minimized by considering a short time, and the anonymity of responses contributed to the veracity of sensitive information. The available studies, in general, address convenience samples or students of health courses; thus, despite the losses, especially in the area of the exact and applied social sciences, our study advanced in the characterization of RSB in undergraduate students.

Standardization of RSB measurement is fundamental for the analysis of consistency of the findings. Some more conservative definitions, which consider a greater diversity of risky behaviors (e.g., having more than 10 sexual partners in life and having had sex after alcohol consumption or some illegal substance, as well as with little or recently known person) or longer recall time, corroborate the perpetuation of taboos and social stigmas regarding the expression of sexuality.

The operationalization of RSB used in our study, limited to condom use in the last sexual intercourse, provides a punctual measure. We considered that the operationalization of the outcome with a focus on health risk was adequate. However, we recommend that future studies further detail the condom use occurrence over a longer period (three months).

Moreover, studies with undergraduate students require logistics capable of avoiding losses, such as a fast field work, which does not exceed one semester and that excludes enrolled students who are not regularly attending university. We believe it is also necessary to expand knowledge about the use of smartphone applications to seek for sex, verifying the relevance of use frequency and the profile of those who use these resources, as well as if the association with RSB is also found in other populations of undergraduate students.

The prevalence of RSB in freshmen undergraduate students was relevant and shows that policies for the institutionalization of sex education in schools are necessary, as well as the updating of concepts and repertoire of factors that can impact sexual behaviors, such as the use of smartphone applications. Moreover, it is important to resume government campaigns to prevent STIs with a focus on young adults, including the availability of condoms in the university environment, aiming at stopping the increase in the rates of preventable infections.

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