ABSTRACT
Objective
To assess the agreement between complementary feeding indicators established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ministry of Health (MOH) and to compare the prevalence of these indicators in the first year of a child’s life.
Methods
: This was a cross-sectional study in a cohort of 286 children from Vitória da Conquista, state of Bahia, Brazil; agreement between indicators and comparison between prevalences were analyzed using the Kappa coefficient and McNemar’s test; the prevalence of the indicators “introduction of complementary feeding” (ICF), “minimum dietary diversity” (MDD), “minimum meal frequency” (MMF) and “minimum acceptable diet” (MAD) were calculated.
Results
: Three indicators showed poor agreement, with only one demonstrating moderate agreement; prevalence of WHO indicators was higher than that of the MOH (ICF, 94.3% vs. 20.7%; MDD, 75.2% vs. 50.7%; MMF, 97.2% vs. 44.8%; MAD, 96.8% vs. 26.9%).
Conclusion
The majority of indicators showed poor agreement and the prevalence of WHO indicators exceeded that of the Ministry of Health.
Palabras clave
Alimentación Complementaria; Nutrición del Lactante; Organización Mundial de la Salud; Estudios Transversales
RESUMEN
Objetivo
evaluar la concordancia entre indicadores de alimentación complementaria definidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y el Ministerio de Salud (MS), y comparar la prevalencia entre estos indicadores en niños de un año.
Métodos
estudio transversal en una cohorte de 286 niños de Vitória da Conquista, Bahía, Brasil; se calculó la prevalencia de “introducción de alimentos complementarios” (IAC), “diversidad dietética mínima” (DMD), “frecuencia mínima de comidas” (FMR) y “dieta mínima aceptable” (DMA); para evaluar la concordancia y comparar prevalencias se utilizó el índice Kappa y la prueba de McNemar.
Resultados
cuatro indicadores mostraron un acuerdo pobre y sólo uno moderado; las prevalencias fueron mayores según la definición de la OMS (IAC, 94,3% vs 20,7%; DMD, 75,2% vs 50,7%; FMR, 97,2% vs 44,8%; DMA, 96,8% vs 26,9%).
Conclusión
la mayoría de las concordancias entre los indicadores fueron deficientes, con prevalencias más altas según las definiciones de la OMS.
Palabras clave
Alimentación Complementaria; Nutrición del Lactante; Organización Mundial de la Salud; Estudios Transversales
INTRODUCTION
Indicators for assessing feeding practices have been developed to enable the measurement of aspects related to infant feeding in a simple, valid and reliable manner.11 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: conclusions of a consensus meeting [Internet]. Washington: World Health Organization; 2008 [cited 2022 Oct 10]. 20 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241596664.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/... The World Health Organization (WHO) has proposed several indicators for assessing the feeding practices in the first two years of a child’s life, which are frequently reviewed, updated, and used as instruments in the creation of useful reports for monitoring, evaluating, and directing actions and resources aimed at at-risk populations.22 Gatica-Domínguez G, Neves PAR, Barros AJD, Victora CG. Complementary feeding practices in 80 low- and middle-income countries: prevalence of and socioeconomic inequalities in dietary diversity, meal frequency, and dietary adequacy. J Nutr. 2021;151(7):1956-64. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab088.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab088....
The latest update of the WHO/UNICEF indicators, published in 2021,33 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 20]. 110 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018389.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/... encompasses a set of 17 items related to continuous exclusive breastfeeding, feeding practices and bottle feeding. Nine of these indicators, specifically designed for evaluating complementary feeding in children aged 6 to 23 months, address dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency, specific nutrients, and consumption of unhealthy foods and beverages.33 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 20]. 110 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018389.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/...
At the national level, in 2015, the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH)44 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Orientações para avaliação de marcadores de consumo alimentar na atenção básica [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015[citado 2022 Out 10]. 33 p. Disponível em: https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visualizar/MTMyMw.
https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visu... published a guiding document for the assessment of food consumption markers, enabling the recognition of healthy or unhealthy feeding practices, in order to verify dietary patterns and facilitate the implementation of food and nutrition surveillance in the country.55 Pedraza DF, Santos EES. Marcadores de consumo alimentar e contexto social de crianças menores de 5 anos de idade. Cad Saude Colet. 2021;29(2):163–78. doi: 10.1590/1414-462X202129020072.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-462X2021290... This document establishes 12 indicators for evaluating feeding practices in children under 2 years of age, including the introduction of complementary feeding, dietary diversity and minimum meal frequency.44 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Orientações para avaliação de marcadores de consumo alimentar na atenção básica [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015[citado 2022 Out 10]. 33 p. Disponível em: https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visualizar/MTMyMw.
https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visu...
It is noteworthy that the indicators proposed by the WHO (2021) and those of the Ministry of Health (2015) establish minimum criteria to be met in infant feeding; however, the parameters considered for calculating indicators such as introduction of complementary feeding, minimum meal frequency, number and distribution of foods within food groups differ between both definitions. 33 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 20]. 110 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018389.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/... ,44 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Orientações para avaliação de marcadores de consumo alimentar na atenção básica [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015[citado 2022 Out 10]. 33 p. Disponível em: https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visualizar/MTMyMw.
https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visu...
Globally, numerous studies use complementary feeding indicators as parameters for assessing infant feeding.55 Pedraza DF, Santos EES. Marcadores de consumo alimentar e contexto social de crianças menores de 5 anos de idade. Cad Saude Colet. 2021;29(2):163–78. doi: 10.1590/1414-462X202129020072.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-462X2021290... ,66 Jones AD, Ickes SB, Smith LE, Mbuya MN, Chasekwa B, Heidkamp RA, et al. World Health Organization infant and young child feeding indicators and their associations with child anthropometry: a synthesis of recent findings. Matern Child Nutr. 2014;10(1):1-17. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12070.
https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12070....
7 Silva VAAL, Caminha MFC, Silva SL, Serva VMSBD, Azevedo PTACC, Batista Filho M. Maternal breastfeeding: indicators and factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in a subnormal urban cluster assisted by the Family Health Strategy. J Pediatr. 2019;95(3):298-305. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2018.04.004.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedp.2018.04....
8 Ortelan N, Neri DA, Benício MHA. Práticas alimentares de lactentes brasileiros nascidos com baixo peso e fatores associados. Rev Saude Publica. 2020;54(14). doi: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001028.
https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020...
9 Benvindo VV, Dutra AA, Menenguci MAS, Almeida NAV, Rodrigues AH, Cardoso PC. Indicadores de saúde e nutrição de crianças menores de dois anos de idade: uma realidade para implantação da Estratégia Amamenta e Alimenta Brasil na atenção básica de Governador Valadares-MG. Demetra. 2019;14:1-18. doi: 10.12957/demetra.2019.43464.
https://doi.org/10.12957/demetra.2019.43...
10 González-Castell LD, Unar-Munguía M, Quezada-Sánchez AD, Bonvecchio-Arenas A, Rivera-Dommarco J. Situación de las prácticas de lactancia materna y alimentación complementaria en México: resultados de la Ensanut 2018-19. Salud Publica Mex. 2020;62(6):704-13. doi: 10.21149/11567.
https://doi.org/10.21149/11567.... -1111 Aryio O, Aderibigbe OR, Ojo TJ, Sturm B, Hensel O. Determinants of appropriate complementary feeding practices among women with children aged 6-23 months in Iseyin, Nigeria. Scientific African. 2021;13:e00848. doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00848.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00... In Brazil, the most recent national survey on infant feeding, the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil - ENANI 2019),1212 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Alimentação Infantil I: Prevalência de indicadores de alimentação de crianças menores de 5 anos: ENANI 2019 [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 2021 [citado 2022 Out 16]. 133 p. Disponível em: https://enani.nutricao.ufrj.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Relatorio-5_ENANI-2019_Alimentacao-InfantiL.pdf.
https://enani.nutricao.ufrj.br/wp-conten... combined indicators proposed by the WHO (2021)33 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 20]. 110 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018389.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/... with others created based on recommendations found in Brazilian dietary guidelines, in addition to indicators proposed by the Ministry of Health in 2015.44 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Orientações para avaliação de marcadores de consumo alimentar na atenção básica [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015[citado 2022 Out 10]. 33 p. Disponível em: https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visualizar/MTMyMw.
https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visu...
Taking into consideration the scarcity of publications dedicated to a comparative analysis of these instruments,1313 Saldan PC, Venancio SI, Saldiva SRDM, Mello DF. Proposal of indicators to evaluate complementary feeding based on World Health Organization indicators. Nurs Health Sci. 2016;18(3):334-41. doi: 10.1111/nhs.12273.
https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12273.... this investigation of the differences between the definitions from the WHO and the Ministry of Health, and their impact on the prevalence of adequacy of indicators, is justified. The aim is to guide the country’s health service management in choosing definitions that best represent reality and local feeding practices.
Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the agreement between complementary feeding indicators, as defined by the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health, and to compare the prevalence of the respective indicators in the first year of a child’s life, in the municipality of Vitória da Conquista, state of Bahia, Brazil.
METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study using data from the cohort study entitled “Breastfeeding and complementary feeding practice follow-up in children under 2 years of age living in the municipality of Vitória da Conquista – state of Bahia”. The municipality of Vitória da Conquista, located in the southwestern Bahia, had an estimated population of 343,643 inhabitants in 2021.1414 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Cidades e Estados: Vitória da Conquista [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; 2021 [citado 2022 Out 10]. Disponível em: https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/ba/vitoria-da-conquista.html.
https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estado... Vitória da Conquista has four maternity hospitals: one of them provides care exclusively via the Brazilian National Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde – SUS); another provides only private care; and a further two provide both public and private care.
The cohort that gave rise to this study included puerperal women and their babies, living in the urban area and admitted to maternity hospitals in the municipality during childbirth. Participant recruitment took place between February and October 2017, initially through data collection in maternity hospitals, followed by home visits when the children were 30 days old and 6, 12 and 24 months old, concluding the follow-up in October 2019. More details about the cohort study that served as the basis for this work have been described in other publications.1515 Cirqueira RP, Novaes TG, Gomes AT, Bezerra VM, Pereira Netto M, Rocha DS. Prevalence and factors associated with tea consumption in the first month of life in a birth cohort in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Rev Bras Saude Mater Infant. 2020;20(4):955-63. doi: 10.1590/1806-93042020000400003.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042020000...
16 Porto JP, Bezerra VM, Pereira Netto M, Rocha DS. Aleitamento materno exclusivo e introdução de alimentos ultraprocessados no primeiro ano de vida: estudo de coorte no sudoeste da Bahia, 2018. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2021;30(2):e2020614. doi: 10.1590/S1679-49742021000200007.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-4974202100... -1717 Porto JP, Bezerra VM, Pereira Netto M, Rocha DS. Introdução de alimentos ultraprocessados e fatores associados em crianças menores de seis meses no sudoeste da Bahia, Brasil. Cien Saude Colet. 2022;27(5):2087-98. doi: 10.1590/1413-81232022275.03802021.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232022275... In this study, we used data collected during the follow-up of mothers and children at 6 and 12 months old.
Post hoc sample power was calculated, considering a 95% confidence interval (95%CI) and the prevalence of adequacy of each complementary feeding indicator (introduction of complementary feeding; minimum dietary diversity; minimum meal frequency; and minimum acceptable diet), for each estimated definition (WHO and MOH): six out of the eight prevalences considered for the calculation resulted in a power of 100%. Data collection at 6 and 12 months old was conducted through interviews, using the KoboTollbox 1.4.8® application, and data were digitized on tablets and smartphones with Android® operating systems. Trained researchers conducted the interviews to standardize data collection and prevent errors in the information obtained. In order to collect data on the children’s diet, an unvalidated structured questionnaire was used, containing questions about the consumption of 20 foods, related to various food groups (cereals, grains, roots and tubers; legumes; meat and eggs; vegetables; fruits; milk and dairy products). For each food, the mothers were asked if the child had consumed it the previous day and during which periods of the day (breakfast, mid-morning snack, lunch, afternoon snack, dinner, supper). The consistency with which the food was offered to the child was also asked (in pieces; mashed with a fork, leaving pieces; completely mashed with a fork; blended in a blender; sifted).
Information obtained on the food items consumed, meals taken and their consistency, on the day prior to the interview was used to construct variables for four selected indicators: (i) introduction of complementary feeding (ICF); (ii) minimum dietary diversity (MDD); (iii) minimum meal frequency (MMF); and (iv) minimum acceptable diet (MAD). The introduction of complementary feeding indicator was evaluated at 6 months old, while the remaining indicators were assessed at 12 months old. Definitions of these indicators, established by the WHO (2021)33 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 20]. 110 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018389.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/... and the MoH (2015),44 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Orientações para avaliação de marcadores de consumo alimentar na atenção básica [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015[citado 2022 Out 10]. 33 p. Disponível em: https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visualizar/MTMyMw.
https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visu... along with the adaptations made, are shown in Box 1.
Statistical analysis was performed using Stata software version 14.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, Texas, USA). Agreement between indicators was assessed by calculating the Kappa coefficient. This measure ranges from a minimum value of 0 (zero), indicating no agreement, to a maximum value of 1 (one), representing perfect agreement. Kappa coefficient values below 0.20 indicate poor agreement; between 0.21 and 0.40, weak agreement; between 0.41 and 0.60, moderate agreement; between 0.61 and 0.80, good agreement; and between 0.81 and 1.0, excellent agreement.1818 Sim J, Wright CC. The kappa statistic in reliability studies: use, interpretation, and sample size requirements. Phys Ther. 2005;85(3):257-68. doi: 10.1093/ptj/85.3.257.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/85.3.257.... Differences between the prevalence of complementary feeding indicators, estimated according to the definitions from the WHO (2021)33 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 20]. 110 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018389.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/... and the MoH (2015),44 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Orientações para avaliação de marcadores de consumo alimentar na atenção básica [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015[citado 2022 Out 10]. 33 p. Disponível em: https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visualizar/MTMyMw.
https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visu... was analyzed using the McNemar’s test. For all analyses, a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05) was considered.
The research project that gave rise to this work was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde da Universidade da Federal da Bahia (CEP-Seres Humanos/IMS/CAT/UFBA), in December 2016, under Certificate of Submission for Ethical Appraisal (Certificado de Apresentação para Apreciação Ética - CAAE) No. 62807516.2.0000.5556 and Protocol No. 1.861.163. Ethical aspects were followed in accordance with the National Health Council (Conselho Nacional de Saúde - CNS) Resolution No. 466, issued on December 12, 2012. All participating mothers signed the Free and Informed Consent Form.
RESULTS
Of the 388 mother-child binomials evaluated at the baseline of the cohort that gave rise to this study, 102 (26.3%) were lost to follow-up, totaling 286 binomials whose children were assessed at 12 months old and comprised the study sample (Figure 1). There were no statistically significant differences between the mother-child binomials at the baseline and those that constituted losses to follow-up (from maternity hospitals to 12 months), regarding the variables “family income” (p = 0.297), “paternal schooling” (p = 0.060), “maternal age” (p = 0.842) and “parity” (p = 0.285). As for the sample studied, 51.8% of the children were male, 52.8% were born by cesarean section and 3.5% had low birth weight. Most mothers were between 20 and 34 years of age (70.3%), had more than eight years of schooling (77.3%), and lived with a partner (77.3%); 74.0% of these women’s families lived with family income above one minimum wage.
Flowchart of the sample of participants at each stage of the cohort studied and final sample (N = 286), Vitória da Conquista, state of Bahia, Brazil, 2018
With regard to the agreement analysis, the indicators of introduction of complementary feeding, minimum meal frequency and minimum acceptable diet showed poor agreement, with Kappa values well below 0.20: Kappa of 0.03, 0.05 and 0.01, respectively. However, for the minimum dietary diversity indicator, moderate agreement was observed: Kappa = 0.51. The minimum acceptable diet (MAD) indicator was the only one in which this agreement was not statistically significant: p = 0.139 (Table 1).
Box 1 – Definitions of complementary feeding indicators, according to the World Health Organization (2021) and the Ministry of Health (2015), and adaptations made to the study in the first year of a child’s life, Vitória da Conquista, state of Bahia, Brazil, 2018
Agreement analysis among complementary feeding indicators in the first year of a child’s life (N = 286), Vitória da Conquista, state of Bahia, Brazil, 2018
The description and comparison of the prevalence of the indicators, estimated according to the definitions from the WHO (2021) and the MoH (2015), is shown in Figure 2. The prevalence of the ICF, MDD, MMF, and MAD indicators, according to the definitions from the WHO and the MoH, were 94.3% vs. 20.7%, 75.2% vs. 50.7%, 97.2% vs. 44.8%, and 96.8% vs. 26.9%, respectively. The prevalence of the indicators assessed showed statistically significant differences between the two definitions (p < 0.05): higher prevalence was observed in the indicators based on the WHO definition, compared to the prevalence found based on the MoH definition.
Comparison between the prevalence of complementary feeding indicators, according to the definitions from the World Health Organization (2021) and the Ministry of Health (2015), in the first year of a child’s life (N = 286), Vitória da Conquista, state of Bahia, Brazil, 2018
DISCUSSION
The results of this study demonstrated that three out of the four indicators assessed showed poor agreement between the definitions from the MoH and the WHO, as evidenced by differences in the estimated prevalence based on the corresponding indicators. The prevalence of all complementary feeding indicators was significantly higher according to the WHO definition.33 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 20]. 110 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018389.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/... These findings suggest caution when choosing the definition for the indicators, which should take into account the differences between the definitions and their applicability in the local context.
The study showed poor agreement for most indicators, with the exception of the minimum dietary diversity, which was classified as having moderate agreement. However, the results of this analysis are useful in demonstrating that different instruments have the same ability to obtain identical results when applied to the same individual or phenomenon.1919 Miot HA. Análise de concordância em estudos clínicos e experimentais. J Vasc Bras. 2016;15(2):89-92. doi: 10.1590/1677-5449.004216.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.004216... It can be seen that the indicators defined by the WHO,33 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 20]. 110 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018389.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/... compared to those defined by the MoH,44 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Orientações para avaliação de marcadores de consumo alimentar na atenção básica [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015[citado 2022 Out 10]. 33 p. Disponível em: https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visualizar/MTMyMw.
https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visu... despite having minimum parameters to be met in complementary feeding, are not able to measure the adequacy of feeding practices similarly in the population analyzed.
The introduction of complementary feeding was the indicator that showed the greatest discrepancy between the WHO prevalence (94.3%) and the MoH prevalence (20.7%). Data from the 2019 Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil - ENANI),1212 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Alimentação Infantil I: Prevalência de indicadores de alimentação de crianças menores de 5 anos: ENANI 2019 [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 2021 [citado 2022 Out 16]. 133 p. Disponível em: https://enani.nutricao.ufrj.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Relatorio-5_ENANI-2019_Alimentacao-InfantiL.pdf.
https://enani.nutricao.ufrj.br/wp-conten... which used the WHO definition, the same as in 2021 and adopted in this cohort study, for the introduction of complementary feeding, found a prevalence of 86.3%. The differences between the definitions of this indicator may explain the results: while the WHO33 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 20]. 110 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018389.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/... considers the consumption of any solid, semi-solid or pureed foods on the previous day as adequate, the MoH44 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Orientações para avaliação de marcadores de consumo alimentar na atenção básica [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015[citado 2022 Out 10]. 33 p. Disponível em: https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visualizar/MTMyMw.
https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visu... proposes, for the same indicator, the consumption of two fruits and a savory meal for 6-month-old children. It is noteworthy that offering any solid, semi-solid or pureed food without considering the nutritional quality of the food consumed may not represent an adequate food supply to the child at the time of introducing complementary feeding, as recommended by the current dietary guidelines for Brazilian children under 2 years of age.2020 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de atenção primária à saúde. Departamento de promoção da saúde. Guia alimentar para crianças brasileiras menores de 2 anos [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2019[citado 2022 Out 16]. 264 p. Disponível em: http://189.28.128.100/dab/docs/portaldab/publicacoes/guia_da_crianca_2019.pdf.
http://189.28.128.100/dab/docs/portaldab...
Although of lesser magnitude, the minimum dietary diversity also showed differences regarding the prevalence: 75.2%, according to the WHO definition,33 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 20]. 110 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018389.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/... and 50.7% for MoH definition.44 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Orientações para avaliação de marcadores de consumo alimentar na atenção básica [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015[citado 2022 Out 10]. 33 p. Disponível em: https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visualizar/MTMyMw.
https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visu... The differences between the definitions of minimum dietary diversity lie in the fact that, for the MoH, breast milk and other dairy products account for a single food group, as well as a single group for meat and eggs, unlike the WHO definition, which classifies these foods into four distinct food groups, thus more easily reaching the minimum of five food groups required for dietary diversity.33 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 20]. 110 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018389.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/... ,44 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Orientações para avaliação de marcadores de consumo alimentar na atenção básica [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015[citado 2022 Out 10]. 33 p. Disponível em: https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visualizar/MTMyMw.
https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visu...
Meat in general, organ meats and eggs have similar nutritional characteristics because they are rich in protein, fat, iron, zinc and B vitamins, justifying their grouping as a single food group.2121 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Guia alimentar para a população brasileira [Internet]. 2. ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2014 [citado 2022 Out 20]. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/guia_alimentar_populacao_brasileira_2ed.pdf.
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicaco... Although breast milk is the main food in the group of milk and dairy products for feeding children under 2 years of age,2020 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de atenção primária à saúde. Departamento de promoção da saúde. Guia alimentar para crianças brasileiras menores de 2 anos [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2019[citado 2022 Out 16]. 264 p. Disponível em: http://189.28.128.100/dab/docs/portaldab/publicacoes/guia_da_crianca_2019.pdf.
http://189.28.128.100/dab/docs/portaldab... other dairy products are also rich in protein, calcium and fat, justifying their grouping with breast milk.2121 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Guia alimentar para a população brasileira [Internet]. 2. ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2014 [citado 2022 Out 20]. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/guia_alimentar_populacao_brasileira_2ed.pdf.
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicaco...
The indicator proposed by the MoH,44 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Orientações para avaliação de marcadores de consumo alimentar na atenção básica [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015[citado 2022 Out 10]. 33 p. Disponível em: https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visualizar/MTMyMw.
https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visu... in addition to dividing foods into food groups based on similar nutritional characteristics, as per national recommendations, establishes that all groups should be consumed by children to ensure a diversity of nutrients throughout the day.2020 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de atenção primária à saúde. Departamento de promoção da saúde. Guia alimentar para crianças brasileiras menores de 2 anos [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2019[citado 2022 Out 16]. 264 p. Disponível em: http://189.28.128.100/dab/docs/portaldab/publicacoes/guia_da_crianca_2019.pdf.
http://189.28.128.100/dab/docs/portaldab... Therefore, the greater diversity of food groups in the diet is essential for maintaining adequate nutritional status and the formation of the child’s early eating habits. 2020 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de atenção primária à saúde. Departamento de promoção da saúde. Guia alimentar para crianças brasileiras menores de 2 anos [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2019[citado 2022 Out 16]. 264 p. Disponível em: http://189.28.128.100/dab/docs/portaldab/publicacoes/guia_da_crianca_2019.pdf.
http://189.28.128.100/dab/docs/portaldab... ,2222 Oliveira MIC, Rigotti RR, Boccolini CS. Fatores associados à falta de diversidade alimentar no segundo semestre de vida. Cad Saude Colet. 2017;25(1):65-72. doi: 10.1590/1414-462X201700010204.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-462X2017000...
The prevalence of the minimum meal frequency indicator according to the WHO definition33 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 20]. 110 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018389.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/... was twice as high as the prevalence of the same indicator according to the MoH defiinition:44 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Orientações para avaliação de marcadores de consumo alimentar na atenção básica [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015[citado 2022 Out 10]. 33 p. Disponível em: https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visualizar/MTMyMw.
https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visu... 97.2% vs. 44.8%. The definition of this indicator, as proposed by the WHO,33 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 20]. 110 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018389.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/... only takes into account the number of meals received, which can achieve adequacy with snacks as long as they are offered in solid/semi-solid/pureed consistency, thus overestimating their adequacy. On the other hand, the MoH definition44 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Orientações para avaliação de marcadores de consumo alimentar na atenção básica [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015[citado 2022 Out 10]. 33 p. Disponível em: https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visualizar/MTMyMw.
https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visu... is adapted to an eating routine, taking into consideration two main meals to achieve the minimum nutritionally adequate parameter.
The minimum acceptable diet indicator was the second with the greatest discrepancy in prevalence between the WHO and the MoH definitions: 96.8% versus 26.9 %. As this indicator is comprised of a combination of the minimum meal frequency and minimum dietary diversity indicators, the results reflect these other indicators.
Corroborating the findings of this study, a study conducted in Fortaleza, capital of the state of Ceará, in 2012, with data from 182 children at 15 months old from the Brazilian cohort of the MAL-ED study, also found high prevalence of the minimum dietary diversity (83.5%), minimum meal frequency (99.5%) and minimum acceptable diet (84.1%) indicators.2323 Andrade EDO, Rebouças AS, Quirino Filho J, Ambikapathi R, Caufield LE, Lima AAM, et al. Evolution of infant feeding practices in children from 9 to 24 months, considering complementary feeding indicators and food processing: Results from the Brazilian cohort of the MAL-ED study. Matern Child Nutr. 2022;18(4):e13413. doi: 10.1111/mcn.13413.
https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13413.... using the indicators proposed by the WHO (2021).33 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 20]. 110 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018389.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/...
It is worth noting that in 2016, a study conducted with 1,355 children in the Southern region of the country already showed significant differences in the prevalence of complementary feeding indicators, when comparing the definitions previously proposed by the WHO in 2008 and by the Ministry of Health in 2010.1313 Saldan PC, Venancio SI, Saldiva SRDM, Mello DF. Proposal of indicators to evaluate complementary feeding based on World Health Organization indicators. Nurs Health Sci. 2016;18(3):334-41. doi: 10.1111/nhs.12273.
https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12273.... In this sense, it is worth mentioning, based on the results of this study, that the differences in the definition of these indicators persist.
Furthermore, it is important to take into account that the WHO proposes general guidelines for assessing indicators, aiming to cover the widest possible variety of countries. However, each location has specificities to be considered when analyzing feeding practices. Studies show that local dietary guidelines are instruments that promote individual’s autonomy for healthy choices, and provide appropriate guidance for biological and sociocultural aspects, better reflecting the feeding practices of a society or country. 2424 Oliveira MSS, Santos LAS. Guias alimentares para a população brasileira: uma análise a partir das dimensões culturais e sociais da alimentação. Cien Saude Colet. 2020;25(7):2519-28. doi: 10.1590/1413-81232020257.22322018.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020257... ,2525 Gabe KT, Jaime PC. Práticas alimentares segundo o Guia alimentar para a população brasileira: fatores associados entre brasileiros adultos, 2018. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2020;29(1):e2019045. doi: 10.5123/S1679-49742020000100019.
https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-4974202000...
This study has limitations. The questionnaire for data collection on children’s feeding practices was not originally designed to estimate complementary feeding indicators, requiring adaptations to the original definitions of the minimum dietary diversity indicator established by the WHO33 World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 20]. 110 p. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018389.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/... and the MoH.44 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Orientações para avaliação de marcadores de consumo alimentar na atenção básica [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015[citado 2022 Out 10]. 33 p. Disponível em: https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visualizar/MTMyMw.
https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visu... As shown in Box 1, some food groups, both from the WHO and the MoH, could not be measured, taking into consideration that the list did not include the foods in these groups. Thus, caution should be exercised with the prevalence of minimum dietary diversity, which may be underestimated. However, considering that the adapted definition of minimum dietary diversity used in this study provides for the consumption of only five, instead of six, food groups, the prevalence estimate of this indicator established by the MoH44 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Orientações para avaliação de marcadores de consumo alimentar na atenção básica [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015[citado 2022 Out 10]. 33 p. Disponível em: https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visualizar/MTMyMw.
https://aps.saude.gov.br/biblioteca/visu... may be overestimated. Consequently, the prevalence estimates of the minimum acceptable diet indicator by the different definitions may also be biased in the same direction.
Regarding the strengths, this study provided information on the types of foods consumed, their frequency of consumption and appropriate consistency, offering a detailed analysis of children’s feeding practices through the indicators constructed. In addition, it provides an important comparison between different definitions of national and international indicators.
In summary, the results show poor agreement among the majority of the indicators defined by the WHO and the MoH, reflecting differences found in the prevalence of the indicators, which are higher for the WHO indicators.
Although the Ministry of Health indicators are older, the criteria used for their definition are more detailed in assessing complementary feeding when compared to the definitions established by the World Health Organization, making their results more reliable in the scenario studied. Given the existence of national definitions, it is suggested that the evaluation of feeding practices should be guided by these, given their greater proximity to what is practiced and expected to be identified in the general population and, in the specific case of this article, in children under 2 years of age. Taking into consideration the limitation of the dietary assessment tool used in this study, further studies with instruments that include more specific foods, especially from the fruit and vegetable group, are recommended, enabling the estimation of more accurate prevalence.
- FUNDINGThe study received financial supported in the form of a Master’s Scholarship, granted to the author Clessiane de Brito Barbosa by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (Fapesb), under Scholarship Grant Agreement No. BOL0571/2020.
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Publication Dates
- Publication in this collection
15 Mar 2024 - Date of issue
2024
History
- Received
26 June 2023 - Accepted
06 Nov 2023
