ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

To test the association between diabetes and tuberculosis.

METHODS

It is a case-control study, matched by age and sex. We included 323 new cases of tuberculosis with positive results for bacilloscopy. The controls were 323 respiratory symptomatic patients with negative bacilloscopy, from the same health services, such as: ambulatory cases from three referral hospitals and six basic health units responsible for the notifications of new cases of tuberculosis in Salvador, Bahia. Data collection occurred between 2008 and 2010. The instruments used were structured interview, including clinical data, capillary blood glucose (during fasting or postprandial), and the CAGE questionnaire for screening of abusive consumption of alcohol. Descriptive, exploratory, and multivariate analysis was performed using conditional logistic regression.

RESULTS

The average age of the cases was 38.5 (SD = 14.2) years and of the controls, 38.5 (SD = 14.3) years. Among cases and controls, most subjects (61%) were male. In univariate analysis we found association between the occurrence of diabetes and tuberculosis (OR = 2.37; 95%CI 1.04–5.42), which remained statistically significant after adjustment for potential confounders (OR = 3.12; 95%CI 1.12–7.94).

CONCLUSIONS

The association between diabetes and tuberculosis can hinder the control of tuberculosis, contributing to the maintainance of the disease burden. The situation demands increasing early detection of diabetes among people with tuberculosis, in an attempt to improve disease control strategies.

Diabetes Mellitus; Tuberculosis, Epidemiology; Comorbidity; Case-Control Studies

INTRODUCTION

Tuberculosis (TB) is a neglected disease of great magnitude and transcendence and it has a close relationship with poor living conditions and social inequalities²⁰20. Ruffino-Netto A. Tuberculose: a calamidade negligenciada. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2002;35(1):51-8. DOI:10.1590/S0037-86822002000100010
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0037-8682200200... ^,2727. World Health Organization. The global plan to stop TB 2006-2015: actions for life: towards a world free of tuberculosis: stop TB partnership. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.. The risk is greater in vulnerable socioeconomic groups and people with other diseases, such as HIV, alcoholism, chronic lung diseases, cancer, malnutrition, and diabetes¹⁴14. Marais BJ, Lönnroth K, Lawn SD, Migliori GB, Mwaba P, Glaziou P et al. Tuberculosis comorbidity with communicable and non-communicable diseases: integrating health services and control efforts. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(5):436-48. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70015-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70... ^,1919. Orofino RL, Brasil PEAd, Trajman A, Schmaltz CAS, Dalcolmo M, Rolla VC. Preditores dos desfechos do tratamento da tuberculose. J Bras Pneumol. 2012;38(1):88-97. DOI:10.1590/S1806-37132012000100013
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-3713201200... ^,2222. Silva PF, Moura GS, Caldas AJM. Fatores associados ao abandono do tratamento da tuberculose pulmonar no Maranhão, Brasil, no período de 2001 a 2010. Cad Saude Publica. 2014;30(8):1745-54. DOI:10.1590/0102-311X00124513
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0012451... .

The possibility of association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and TB represents an important and growing challenge to the global control of TB⁷7. Dooley KE, Chaisson RE. Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: convergence of two epidemics. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(12):737-46. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70282-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70... ^,2727. World Health Organization. The global plan to stop TB 2006-2015: actions for life: towards a world free of tuberculosis: stop TB partnership. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.. Patients with these two conditions may present high rates of treatment failure of TB and increased risk of death⁸8. Dooley KE, Tang T, Golub JE, Dorman SE, Cronin W. Impact of diabetes mellitus on treatment outcomes of patients with active tuberculosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80(4):634-9.^,1919. Orofino RL, Brasil PEAd, Trajman A, Schmaltz CAS, Dalcolmo M, Rolla VC. Preditores dos desfechos do tratamento da tuberculose. J Bras Pneumol. 2012;38(1):88-97. DOI:10.1590/S1806-37132012000100013
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-3713201200... . Cases of TB with DM have higher probability of treatment failure of TB and may develop resistance to the drugs used in the treatment. On the other hand, TB can induce glucose intolerance and hinder the glycemic control in individuals with DM⁸8. Dooley KE, Tang T, Golub JE, Dorman SE, Cronin W. Impact of diabetes mellitus on treatment outcomes of patients with active tuberculosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80(4):634-9.^,1212. Magee MJ, Bloss E, Shin SS, Contreras C, Huaman HA, Ticona JC et al. Clinical characteristics, drug resistance, and treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients with diabetes in Peru. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17(6):e404-12. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.12.029
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2012.12.0... .

The global prevalence of DM was estimated at 8.3% (382 million of adults) in 2013, with projection of an increase to 8.8% (592 million of adults) in 2035⁹9. Guariguata L, Whiting DR, Hambleton I, Beagley J, Linnenkamp U, Shaw JE. Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103(2):137-49. DOI:10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2013.1... . It is estimated, in 2015, about 5 million deaths in the world due to this disease that affects all age groups, with a predominance of the group between 45 and 64 years⁹9. Guariguata L, Whiting DR, Hambleton I, Beagley J, Linnenkamp U, Shaw JE. Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103(2):137-49. DOI:10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2013.1... ^,aaInternational Diabetes Federation. [homepage na internet]. Atlas country summary table: estimates for 2015 Seventh Edition. [cited 2016 Oct 25]. Available from: http://www.diabetesatlas.org/ . Despite being one of the most common chronic diseases in almost all countries, only 50.0% of individuals affected are aware of the clinical diagnosis of DM, which compromises its control^aaInternational Diabetes Federation. [homepage na internet]. Atlas country summary table: estimates for 2015 Seventh Edition. [cited 2016 Oct 25]. Available from: http://www.diabetesatlas.org/ ^,bbWorld Health Organization. Collaborative framework for care and control of tuberculosis and diabetes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011 [cited 2015 Jul 25]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/44698/1/ 9789241502252_eng.pdf.

In Brazil, a population-based multicenter study, conducted in nine capitals estimated the prevalence of DM in adults at 7.6% in 1998. In 2015, the estimative was 10.2% (14.3 million of adults between 20-79 years), with perspective for an increase in the epidemy¹³13. Malerbi DA; Franco LJ. Multicenter study of the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in the urban Brazilian population aged 30-69. Diabetes care. 1992;15(11):1509-16.^,aaInternational Diabetes Federation. [homepage na internet]. Atlas country summary table: estimates for 2015 Seventh Edition. [cited 2016 Oct 25]. Available from: http://www.diabetesatlas.org/ . Study on the predictors of treatment outcome identified that the tuberculosis mortality rate was 6.1%; for that group, the diabetics showed increased risk of mortality (RR = 3.94)¹⁹19. Orofino RL, Brasil PEAd, Trajman A, Schmaltz CAS, Dalcolmo M, Rolla VC. Preditores dos desfechos do tratamento da tuberculose. J Bras Pneumol. 2012;38(1):88-97. DOI:10.1590/S1806-37132012000100013
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-3713201200... .

This picture adds to the high TB endemicity in Brazil, which occupies the 16^th place in the ranking of the 22 highest burden of disease in the world²⁶26. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.. In 2014, 67,966 new cases of TB were diagnosed, with a coefficient of incidence of 33.5/100 thousand inhabitants. The distribution is heterogeneous among the Brazilian states and associated with social inequalities. Bahia is considered, by the National Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Control, one of the priority states to implement public policies for the control of the disease. In 2014, the incidence of TB in Bahia was 30.7/100 thousand inhabitants. Its capital, Salvador, showed incidence of 62.7/100 thousand inhabitants, higher than the double of the number verified in the state that year¹⁷17. Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Detectar, tartar e curar: desafios e estratégias brasileiras frente à tuberculose. Bol Epidemiol. 2015;46(9)..

The growth of the obesity epidemic, the industrialization, urbanization, and the changes in lifestyle increase the prevalence of the DM⁸8. Dooley KE, Tang T, Golub JE, Dorman SE, Cronin W. Impact of diabetes mellitus on treatment outcomes of patients with active tuberculosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80(4):634-9.^,aaInternational Diabetes Federation. [homepage na internet]. Atlas country summary table: estimates for 2015 Seventh Edition. [cited 2016 Oct 25]. Available from: http://www.diabetesatlas.org/ , with effect in TB, being considered the existence of confluent epidemics of DM and TB in developing countries⁷7. Dooley KE, Chaisson RE. Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: convergence of two epidemics. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(12):737-46. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70282-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70... ^,bbWorld Health Organization. Collaborative framework for care and control of tuberculosis and diabetes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011 [cited 2015 Jul 25]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/44698/1/ 9789241502252_eng.pdf. The susceptibility to infections in DM occurs due to the decrease of cellular and humoral immunity and can lead to a resurgence of TB in endemic regions, especially in urban areas, which would entail a potential risk of expansion with serious implications for the control⁵5. Corris V, Unwin N, Critchley J. Quantifying the association between tuberculosis and diabetes in the US: a case-control analysis. Chronic Illn. 2012;8(2):121-34. DOI:10.1177/1742395312440294
https://doi.org/10.1177/1742395312440294... ^,88. Dooley KE, Tang T, Golub JE, Dorman SE, Cronin W. Impact of diabetes mellitus on treatment outcomes of patients with active tuberculosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80(4):634-9.. Recently, the subject led to research in several countries, with results that suggest DM as a risk factor for TB⁶6. Dobler CC, Flack JR, Marks GB. Risk of tuberculosis among people with diabetes mellitus: an Australian nationwide cohort study. BMJ Open. 2012;2(1):e000666. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000666
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000... ^,1616. Mi F, Tan S, Liang L, Harries AD, Hinderaker SG, Lin Y et al. Diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis: pattern of tuberculosis, two-month smear conversion and treatment outcomes in Guangzhou, China. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18(1):379-85. DOI:10.1111/tmi.12198
https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12198... . In Brazil, research on the subject is scarce and studies on the proportion of incident TB cases that can be attributed to the DM have not been identified. Thus, this research on the incidence of DM in TB is very important.

In Brazil, the morbimortality profile also changed. Infectious diseases are no longer the main causes of mortality; however, some of these diseases persist, such as TB, that, even showing improvements in some indicators of control, remains as a public health problem. Currently, in addition to the classic socioeconomic and demographic risk factors for TB, the convergence of non-infectious chronic health problems deserves attention⁷7. Dooley KE, Chaisson RE. Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: convergence of two epidemics. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(12):737-46. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70282-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70... ^,1414. Marais BJ, Lönnroth K, Lawn SD, Migliori GB, Mwaba P, Glaziou P et al. Tuberculosis comorbidity with communicable and non-communicable diseases: integrating health services and control efforts. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(5):436-48. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70015-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70... ^,1515. Menezes A, Costa JD, Gonçalves H, Morris S, Menezes M, Lemos S et al. Incidência e fatores de risco para tuberculose em Pelotas, uma cidade do Sul do Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 1998;1(1):50-60. DOI:10.1590/S1415-790X1998000100006
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X199800... . This research aimed to test the association between DM and TB.

METHODS

This case-control study includes incident cases of pulmonary TB, matched by age (with a variation of ± 5 years) and sex in the proportion 1:1. It was held in the city of Salvador (Bahia state, Northeastern Brazil), whose population is estimated at 2.94 million inhabitants in 2016 and territory of 692,819 km; it has a medium human development index (HDI), and the life expectancy at birth in the city increased from 69.6 years in 2000 to 75.1 years in 2010^ccInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Estimativas de população para 1º de julho de 2015: Cidades: Bahia. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2015 [cited 2016 Oct 28]. Available from: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2015/estimativa_tcu.shtm ^,ddSalvador. City Hall Municipal Secretariat of Health Municipal Health Plan 2014-2017. Salvador: City Hall; 2014 [cited 2015 July 25]. Available from: http://www.saude.salvador.ba.gov.br/arquivos/astec/pms_2014_2017_versao_preliminar.pdf . We included the main care centers of TB cases of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS): ambulatories from three referral hospitals and six basic health units. In addition to the TB being a notifiable disease in Brazil, its diagnosis and treatment are available for free on the public services network.

The sample size was calculated in 187 cases and 187 controls, considering 5% significance level, test power of 95%, odds ratio of 3.0 and proportion of DM exposure equal to 6.4%, equivalent to the one estimated for Brazil in 2010^eeInternational Diabetes Federation. Prevalence estimates of diabetes mellitus (DM), 2010 – SACA. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2010 [cited 2015 Jan 15]. Available from: http://www.idf.org/content/saca .

New cases with suggestive clinical symptoms of pulmonary TB, which presented positive bacilloscopy and culture, over 15 years of age, participated in this study. The cases included resided in the city of Salvador and had no history of previous treatment for pulmonary TB. The controls were symptomatic respiratory patients who presented negative bacilloscopy and sputum culture, belonging to the same age group of the cases, residents in Salvador, without previous history of active pulmonary TB and from the same health units of the cases.

Data were collected by a team of trained nursing technicians under the supervision of nurses between August 2008 and April 2010. Cases and controls were interviewed when the patients were accessing the health service. After the exams’ results based on medical diagnosis, those who were diagnosed with a new case of TB were classified as cases. Those whose TB diagnosis had been excluded by the doctor were classified as controls. New cases of TB with previous diagnosis of the disease were excluded. The situation of the participant was monitored since the interview until the confirmation or exclusion of the diagnosis of pulmonary TB by the doctor.

For exams of bascilloscopy and culture, the sputum of cases and controls were obtained by expectoration, collected in sterile container, packed in coolers, and forwarded to the Central Public Health Laboratory. For capillary blood glucose tests, fingerstick was performed and the Breeze II^TM 1451 glucometer was used. It was alcohol. The outcome analyzed was TB, classified as yes or no, according to the positive or negative result of the laboratory examinations. The main independent variable, DM, was categorized as yes and no, using the result of capillary blood glucose during fasting or postprandial. The cut point of blood glucose values for DM diagnosis was based on the guidelines of the American Diabetes Association (fasting blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl or postprandial ≥ 200 mg/dl)¹1. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36 Suppl 1:S11-66. DOI:10.2337/dc13-S011
https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-S011... .

The sociodemographic covariates were monthly family income (≤ 1 minimum wage; > 1 minimum wage), marital status (married; stable; other) type of residence (purchased; rented; other) history of contact with someone with TB (yes; no), years of study (0-4 years, ≥ 5 years), skin color (white; mixed-race; black; other) agglomeration (> 2 people/room; 0-2 people/room). For the socioeconomic variable, we used a score, from the number of goods and household items (radio; television; fridge; DVD; microwave; computer; washing machine; cell phone; telephone; stove; video camera recorder; car), two categories were considered: low material comfort (0-7 items) and great material comfort (8-12 items). Sociodemographic variables and life habits were considered confounding variables, because they associate both with the exposure (DM) and with the outcome (TB). Alcoholism was defined by two positive responses (out of four) to the CAGE (positive; negative). Other variables related to life habits were drug use (yes; no) and smoking (yes; no).

Exploratory analysis was used to evaluate the distribution of the variables, the presence of lost data, and inconsistencies. Bivariate analysis was conducted using the Chi-square test, considering the significance level of 5%. The association was measured by odds ratio (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals. In multivariate analysis, progressive conditional logistic regression was used using the backward method to eliminate the variables of the complete model. The variables that showed association with the outcome (p ≤ 0.25) in uni and multivariate analysis were included in the model; epidemiological criteria were also considered and that is why the variable years of study remained in the final model, associated with TB and DM in other publications on the subject. The population attributable fraction (PAF) was estimated considering the studies directed by Levin et al., which uses the proportion of the exposed among the cases for PAF calculation⁴4. Camey SA, Agranonik M, Radaelli J, Hirakata VN. Fração atribuível populacional. Clin Biomed Res. 2010;30(1):77-85.. All analyses were carried out using the version 12 of the Stata program.

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Saude Coletiva of the Universidade Federal da Bahia (Register 012-07/CEP-ISC). All participants signed the informed consent form in accordance with the guidelines stipulated in the Resolutions 196/96 and 304/2000.

RESULTS

A total of 323 cases of TB and 323 controls were included. No differences were found between cases and controls regarding the matching variables. The average age was 38.5 years for cases and controls. Comparing the groups, males predominated (61%) (Table 1).

The frequency of DM was higher among TB cases than among controls. Positive association was observed between having DM and presenting TB (crude OR = 2.86; adjusted OR = 2.86). The proportion of TB cases attributed to the DM was estimated at 8.5% (Table 2).

DISCUSSION

This is the first study conducted in Brazil to investigate the association between DM and TB using primary data. The proportion of TB cases among the carriers of DM was elevated (13.6%), higher than that found in other underdeveloped or developing countries, such as Nigeria (5.7%)¹⁸18. Olayinka AO, Anthonia O, Yetunde K. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in persons with tuberculosis in a tertiary health centre in Lagos, Nigeria. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17(3):486-9. DOI:10.4103/2230-8210.111646
https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.111646... , India (8%)¹⁰10. India Tuberculosis-Diabetes Study Group. Screening of patients with tuberculosis for diabetes mellitus in India. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18(5):636-45. DOI:10.1111/tmi.12084
https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12084... , Peru (11.1%)¹²12. Magee MJ, Bloss E, Shin SS, Contreras C, Huaman HA, Ticona JC et al. Clinical characteristics, drug resistance, and treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients with diabetes in Peru. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17(6):e404-12. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.12.029
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2012.12.0... , and China (12.0%)¹⁶16. Mi F, Tan S, Liang L, Harries AD, Hinderaker SG, Lin Y et al. Diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis: pattern of tuberculosis, two-month smear conversion and treatment outcomes in Guangzhou, China. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18(1):379-85. DOI:10.1111/tmi.12198
https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12198... . The magnitude of the association between diabetes and TB was compatible with the world literature, which shows variation between 2.44 and 8.33⁷7. Dooley KE, Chaisson RE. Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: convergence of two epidemics. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(12):737-46. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70282-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70... ^,1616. Mi F, Tan S, Liang L, Harries AD, Hinderaker SG, Lin Y et al. Diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis: pattern of tuberculosis, two-month smear conversion and treatment outcomes in Guangzhou, China. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18(1):379-85. DOI:10.1111/tmi.12198
https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12198... . Recent meta-analyses have estimated that the presence of DM triples the risk of TB¹¹11. Jeon CY, Murray MB. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of active tuberculosis: a systematic review of 13 observational studies. PLoS Med. 2008;5(7):e152. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050152
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.005... ^,bbWorld Health Organization. Collaborative framework for care and control of tuberculosis and diabetes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011 [cited 2015 Jul 25]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/44698/1/ 9789241502252_eng.pdf.

Associations of similar magnitudes have also been reported in countries where TB is not considered to be endemic, such as the United States⁵5. Corris V, Unwin N, Critchley J. Quantifying the association between tuberculosis and diabetes in the US: a case-control analysis. Chronic Illn. 2012;8(2):121-34. DOI:10.1177/1742395312440294
https://doi.org/10.1177/1742395312440294... and Australia⁶6. Dobler CC, Flack JR, Marks GB. Risk of tuberculosis among people with diabetes mellitus: an Australian nationwide cohort study. BMJ Open. 2012;2(1):e000666. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000666
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000... . These findings may interfere in the control of tuberculosis, as evidences⁶6. Dobler CC, Flack JR, Marks GB. Risk of tuberculosis among people with diabetes mellitus: an Australian nationwide cohort study. BMJ Open. 2012;2(1):e000666. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000666
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000... ^,77. Dooley KE, Chaisson RE. Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: convergence of two epidemics. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(12):737-46. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70282-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70... ^,1212. Magee MJ, Bloss E, Shin SS, Contreras C, Huaman HA, Ticona JC et al. Clinical characteristics, drug resistance, and treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients with diabetes in Peru. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17(6):e404-12. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.12.029
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2012.12.0... ^,1616. Mi F, Tan S, Liang L, Harries AD, Hinderaker SG, Lin Y et al. Diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis: pattern of tuberculosis, two-month smear conversion and treatment outcomes in Guangzhou, China. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18(1):379-85. DOI:10.1111/tmi.12198
https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12198... show that DM, besides being a risk factor for the occurrence of TB, raises the possibility to reactivate latent cases. In addition, patients with DM and TB may delay the negativity of bacilloscopy after treatment initiation. Thus, it is necessary to consider the higher possibility of complications and increased risk of relapse of TB in regions with high prevalence of diabetes⁸8. Dooley KE, Tang T, Golub JE, Dorman SE, Cronin W. Impact of diabetes mellitus on treatment outcomes of patients with active tuberculosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80(4):634-9.^,1212. Magee MJ, Bloss E, Shin SS, Contreras C, Huaman HA, Ticona JC et al. Clinical characteristics, drug resistance, and treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients with diabetes in Peru. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17(6):e404-12. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.12.029
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2012.12.0... .

The estimative is that it should occupy the fifth position in the world in relation to the number of diabetic adults in 2035, which raises the relative contribution of DM for the TB burden²¹21. Ruslami R, Aarnoutse RE, Alisjahbana B, Ven AJ, Crevel R. Implications of the global increase of diabetes for tuberculosis control and patient care. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15(11):1289-99. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02625.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010... . The joint occurrence of DM and TB hinders the control of both diseases²³23. Stevenson CR, Forouhi NG, Roglic G, Williams BG, Lauer JA, Dye C, et al. Diabetes and tuberculosis: the impact of the diabetes epidemic on tuberculosis incidence. BMC Public Health. 2007;7(1):234. DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-7-234
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-234... and may represent an important financial burden to public health.

Nevertheless, the impact of DM on the incidence of TB in this study was lower than that observed in other investigations. In Asia, the proportion of incident TB cases that can be attributed to the DM (evaluated by PAF) was elevated both in men (19.6%; 95%CI 10.9–33.1) and women (14.2%; 95%CI 7.1–26.5)²⁵25. Walker C, Unwin N. Estimates of the impact of diabetes on the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in different ethnic groups in England. Thorax. 2010;65(7):578-81. DOI:10.1136/thx.2009.128223
https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2009.128223... . In India, this impact on the total of TB cases was 15.8%²³23. Stevenson CR, Forouhi NG, Roglic G, Williams BG, Lauer JA, Dye C, et al. Diabetes and tuberculosis: the impact of the diabetes epidemic on tuberculosis incidence. BMC Public Health. 2007;7(1):234. DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-7-234
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-234... . Systematic review of the literature estimated that, in 2030, in the 10 countries with the highest burden of TB, 12.6% (95%CI 9.2–17.3) of the new cases of TB should be attributed to DM²¹21. Ruslami R, Aarnoutse RE, Alisjahbana B, Ven AJ, Crevel R. Implications of the global increase of diabetes for tuberculosis control and patient care. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15(11):1289-99. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02625.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010... .

Unlike the expected in the process of epidemiological transition, TB and other infectious diseases maintained the high prevalence in many of the developing countries, enabling the coexistence of infectious diseases with chronic-degenerative health problems, which increased in the last decades¹⁴14. Marais BJ, Lönnroth K, Lawn SD, Migliori GB, Mwaba P, Glaziou P et al. Tuberculosis comorbidity with communicable and non-communicable diseases: integrating health services and control efforts. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(5):436-48. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70015-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70... ^,2323. Stevenson CR, Forouhi NG, Roglic G, Williams BG, Lauer JA, Dye C, et al. Diabetes and tuberculosis: the impact of the diabetes epidemic on tuberculosis incidence. BMC Public Health. 2007;7(1):234. DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-7-234
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-234... . DM and TB affect vulnerable groups, such as older adults and people with other morbidities (hypertension, respiratory diseases, mental disorders, cancer)³3. Araújo GS, Pereira SM, Santos DN, Marinho JM, Rodrigues LC, Barreto ML. Common mental disorders associated with tuberculosis: a matched case-control study. PloS One. 2014;9(6):e995-51. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0099551
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.009... ^,1414. Marais BJ, Lönnroth K, Lawn SD, Migliori GB, Mwaba P, Glaziou P et al. Tuberculosis comorbidity with communicable and non-communicable diseases: integrating health services and control efforts. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(5):436-48. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70015-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70... ^,2323. Stevenson CR, Forouhi NG, Roglic G, Williams BG, Lauer JA, Dye C, et al. Diabetes and tuberculosis: the impact of the diabetes epidemic on tuberculosis incidence. BMC Public Health. 2007;7(1):234. DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-7-234
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-234... . Diabetes contributes to the occurrence of unfavorable outcomes in the treatment of TB⁷7. Dooley KE, Chaisson RE. Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: convergence of two epidemics. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(12):737-46. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70282-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70... ^,1616. Mi F, Tan S, Liang L, Harries AD, Hinderaker SG, Lin Y et al. Diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis: pattern of tuberculosis, two-month smear conversion and treatment outcomes in Guangzhou, China. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18(1):379-85. DOI:10.1111/tmi.12198
https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12198... , showing the need for special attention to the health of these groups.

In this study, the possibility of memory bias is minimized, because the individuals were interviewed when seeking initial care at health services due to respiratory symptoms, characteristic of TB, regardless of the diagnostic confirmation. As for the selection bias, the cases and controls were classified according to medical diagnosis; in addition, the auxiliary examinations of bacilloscopy and culture reduced the possibility of false positives and false negatives²2. American Thoracic Society. Diagnostic standards and classification of tuberculosis in adults and children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;161(4):1376-95. DOI:10.1164/ajrccm.161.4.16141
https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.161.4.161... . To identify individuals with DM, capillary blood glucose was used due to its convenience, fast and safe results, although this test is not the gold standard for diagnosis of DM. This method is suitable for use in screening of glucose changes, possessing high performance (precision and accuracy) in comparison with glucose²⁴24. Vandresen L, Schneider D, Batista M, Crozatti M, Teixeira J. Níveis glicêmicos de pacientes diabéticos segundo estudo comparativo entre duas técnicas. Rev Cienc Farm Bas Apl. 2009;30(1):111-3..

The findings of this study point to another challenge for the control of TB. It is possible that, despite their importance, the traditional existing measures that do not consider the convergence between DM and TB are not sufficient. In this context, the planning of integrated actions must be considered to confront the disease dual burden, as well as its consequences for individuals and health services.

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