Abstracts

Introduction

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19, had its first registration in December 2019, in China ¹1. Bonilla-Aldana D, Dhama K, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Revisiting the one health approach in the context of COVID-19: a look into the ecology of this emerging disease. Adv Anim Vet Sci 2020; 8:234-7.. As a strategy against its dissemination, protective measures were established, such as social distancing/isolation, closing daycare centers and schools, directly changing families’ routines.

Although protective measures are essential to stop the spread of the virus, they may have harmful effects on mental health. A study found negative psychological effects such as post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger, associated with longer quarantine time, fear of infection, frustration and financial losses ²2. Brooks S, Webster R, Smith L, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020; 395:912-20.. Evidence shows that the COVID-19 pandemic and the policies to control the spread of the virus are related to increased depression and anxiety, especially in young adults, women, and parents ³3. Kwong ASF, Pearson RM, Adams MJ, Northstone K, Tilling K, Smith D, et al. Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in two longitudinal UK population cohorts. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 218:334-43.^,44. Wright L, Steptoe A, Fancourt D. How are adversities during COVID-19 affecting mental health? Differential associations for worries and experiences and implications for policy. medRxiv 2020; 9 jul. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.20101717v2.
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/... ^,55. Loret de Mola C, Blumenberg C, Martins RC, Martins-Silva T, Carpena MX, Del-Ponte B, et al. Increased depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazilian mothers: a longitudinal study. Braz J Psychiatry 2021; 43:337-8..

Research is essential for planning effective policy measures to reduce the impact of the pandemic on individuals’ lives, mainly those who feel its overwhelming effect, such as mothers. Studies on the association between the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health are still being developed. So far, most studies on the subject use self-report instruments that assess symptoms of depression and not its diagnosis. Thus, we aimed to verify the prevalence of the current major depressive episode (CMDE) and its stressors caused by the pandemic in mothers of preschoolers (up to five years old) from a city in the Southern Brazil.

Methods

A cross-sectional, part of a population-based longitudinal study with mothers and their children in Pelotas (Rio Grande do Sul State), a city in the Southern Brazil. For the baseline, 50% of 488 sectors of the urban area of the municipality were randomly selected in 2016. All houses in these sectors were visited, in search for women up to 24 weeks pregnant. Pregnant women were evaluated at the moment of identification (first wave, N = 983) and in the following stages: 60 days after the first interview (second wave), three months after childbirth (third wave), 18 months after childbirth (fourth wave) and 21 months after childbirth (fifth wave). Waves 4 and 5 were suspended due to the onset of the pandemic. To understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mental health, a new stage was initiated in October 2020 (sixth wave). This study data was collected in the sixth wave, in which children had a mean age of approximately 35 months.

The data were collected by trained health students by telephone calls with the mothers and by filling out an online form. Life changes because of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as mental health issues around CMDE, were part of the study.

The variables related to the pandemic were: working from home, financial losses due to getting fired or having wage reduction, family income (in Brazilian Reais - BRL) in the last month, race/skin color, living with a partner, time without leaving home for non-essential activities, family member needs to leave home to work, COVID-19 diagnosis in mothers, COVID-19 diagnosis of a family member, death of a family member due to COVID-19, following all or almost all distancing recommendations, number of people living in the house. Furthermore, the Epidemiological Weeks (EW) in which we conducted the evaluations were categorized: from EW 44/2020 to EW 50/2020; from EW 51/2020 to EW 6/2021; and from EW 7/2021 to EW 24/2021.

To assess the presence of CMDE the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I. Plus) was used ⁶6. Amorim P. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): validação de entrevista breve para diagnóstico de transtornos mentais. Braz J Psychiatry 2000; 22:106-15.. This is a semi-structured diagnostic interview, resulting in clinical diagnoses. It is divided into independent modules, in which each module corresponds to a disorder. For this study, the CMDE module was used. In Brazil, the CMDE module scored 0.90 for sensitivity and 0.93 for specificity, with a total accuracy of 93% ⁷7. de Azevedo Marques JM, Zuardi AW. Validity and applicability of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview administered by family medicine residents in primary health care in Brazil. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2008; 30:303-10..

A post hoc power analysis in the OpenEpi website (http://www.openepi.com) was performed, considering the following prevalence: 12.3% exposed people, 87.7% unexposed people, and the bilateral 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The power found was 100%.

The software IBM SPSS 22.0 (https://www.ibm.com/) was used for statistical analysis. Absolute and relative frequencies and the chi-square test were performed. A multivariate logistic regression was conducted, including all variables that showed a p-value < 0.20 in the chi-square test.

The ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed in all procedures. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Catholic University of Pelotas (protocol n. 47807915.4.0000.5339). All mothers gave verbal consent authorizing their participation. Women diagnosed with CMDE were referred to a brief psychotherapeutic intervention.

Results

Out of the 674 mothers evaluated, 666 fully responded to the M.I.N.I. Plus. Among these, 12.3% were diagnosed with CMDE.

Table 1 shows the descriptive analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic stressors and its association with CMDE in mothers. Regarding the changes occurred because of the pandemic and the prevalence of CMDE among mothers, we found that 18.3% of the mothers who reported financial losses during the pandemic had a diagnosis of depression, whereas those who did not report financial losses the prevalence was 9.7% (p = 0.002).

Mothers who experienced financial losses had 2.1 (95%CI: 1.3-3.4) more odds to present CMDE than those financially stable (Table 2).

Discussion

This study aimed to verify the prevalence of CMDE and its associated stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic in mothers of preschoolers (up to five years old) in a city in the Southern Brazil. We found that financial losses were associated with a higher prevalence of CMDE in mothers.

Similarly, Feter et al. ⁸8. Feter N, Caputo EL, Doring IR, Leite JS, Cassuriaga J, Reichert FF, et al. Sharp increase in depression and anxiety among Brazilian adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from the PAMPA cohort. Public Health 2021; 190:101-7. found that people who had their income affected by social restrictions showed higher rates of depression. The financial impact was the main reason of 45.3% of the respondents mentioning anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Regarding other pandemic variables, we hypothesized that they would also be associated with a higher prevalence of CMDE in mothers. According to other studies, lower family income and a longer period of social distancing were associated with higher rates of depression ⁹9. Goularte JF, Serafim SD, Colombo R, Hogg B, Caldieraro MA, Rosa AR. COVID-19 and mental health in Brazil: psychiatric symptoms in the general population. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 132:32-7.^,1010. Yue J, Zang X, Le Y, An Y. Anxiety, depression and PTSD among children and their parent during 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in China. Curr Psychol 2020; [Online ahead of print]., but this result was not observed in our study.

These differences can be explained by two factors. The first is that other studies ⁸8. Feter N, Caputo EL, Doring IR, Leite JS, Cassuriaga J, Reichert FF, et al. Sharp increase in depression and anxiety among Brazilian adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from the PAMPA cohort. Public Health 2021; 190:101-7.^,1111. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:1729. used scales that assessed depressive symptoms, while we aimed to diagnose the disorder. The second factor concerns the period in which the data were collected. While data collection in other studies occurred at the beginning of the pandemic, such as Choi & Hui ¹²12. Choi EPH, Hui BPH. Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:3740., our assessments started approximately seven months after the implementation of the restrictions in Brazil. Therefore, we believe that at this moment most of the uncertainties about the virus and its consequences had already been clarified and individuals were more adapted to the circumstances, thus making financial impact the main reason for the depressive episode in the studied population.

As a limitation, we believe that the prevalence of CMDE may be underestimated, since in the previous stages of the larger study mothers who had this diagnosis were referred to a brief psychotherapeutic intervention for the treatment of symptoms. This may have affected depression rates during the pandemic.

Finally, among other stressful variables, financial losses were determinant for a higher prevalence of depression in mothers. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased social inequalities in Brazil and other countries ¹³13. Cénat JM, Dalexis RD, Kokou-Kpolou CK, Mukunzi JN, Rousseau C. Social inequalities and collateral damages of the COVID-19 pandemic: when basic needs challenge mental health care. Int J Public Health 2020; 65:717-8.. Therefore, it is essential to treat mental health issues in the most vulnerable groups, neutralizing negative impacts for individuals and the society.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the financial support by the Brazilian National Research Council (process 401726/2015-0 APP/Call 47/2014), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and Brazilian Ministry of Health/INCT-DCEN (National Institute of Science and Technology). We are also grateful to all the women who kindly participated in the study.

References

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