Máscaras de tecido em locais públicos: intervenção essencial na prevenção da COVID-19 no Brasil

Ortelan, Naiá; Ferreira, Andrêa Jacqueline Fortes; Leite, Luciana; Pescarini, Julia Moreira; Souto, Ana Cristina; Barreto, Mauricio Lima; Aquino, Estela M. L.

doi:10.1590/1413-81232021262.36702020

Resumo

Acumulam-se evidências de que o uso de máscaras é uma medida indispensável de proteção à COVID-19, devido ao alto poder de transmissão do novo coronavírus por via respiratória, inclusive por indivíduos assintomáticos. Por sua vez, o uso das máscaras de tecido em locais públicos tem se consolidado como medida adicional de proteção às medidas de distanciamento social e higienização das mãos. Objetivou-se sistematizar as evidências científicas que justificam o amplo uso de máscaras de tecido como prevenção à COVID-19 e descrever a evolução dos posicionamentos contrários ou favoráveis ao seu uso em ambientes extradomiciliares, diante do avanço da pandemia do novo coronavírus pelo mundo. A triagem de artigos e documentos oficiais do Brasil e de outros países indica que o uso de máscaras em locais públicos tornou-se uma intervenção essencial graças ao potencial de reduzir a velocidade de propagação do novo coronavírus. Recomenda-se que o poder público adote estratégias para aumentar a oferta deste produto e fomente estudos para avaliação do impacto da medida no controle da pandemia no Brasil. É imperativo assegurar disponibilidade de máscaras a grupos socioeconomicamente desfavorecidos e garantir que determinados grupos raciais não sejam estigmatizados diante do uso de máscaras em ambientes extradomiciliares.

Palavras-chave:
Máscaras de tecido; Máscaras caseiras; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Novo coronavírus

Introdução

Desde a emergência do vírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2), debates sobre medidas de controle da pandemia têm ganhado destaque na mídia e na literatura científica. Sabe-se que a transmissão do novo coronavírus entre humanos ocorre principalmente na interação pessoa-pessoa pelo contato com gotículas produzidas por via oral e nasal (na respiração, fala, tosse ou espirro de indivíduos infectados, sejam doentes ou assintomáticos) e que o vírus permanece em boas condições no ar por até três horas e em superfícies rígidas por até 72 horas¹1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) - Prevention & Treatment [Internet]. Washington: CDC; 2020 [acessado 2020 Maio 4]. Disponível em: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html

2 Ong SWX, Tan YK, Chia PY, Lee TH, Ng OT, Wong MSY, Marimuthu K. Air, Surface Environmental, and Personal Protective Equipment Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) From a Symptomatic Patient. JAMA 2020; 323(16):1610-1612.^-³3 van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Thornburg NJ, Gerber SI, Lloyd-Smith JO, Wit E, Munster VJ. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(16):1564-1567..

Devido a sua prolongada viabilidade em alguns materiais no ambiente, o SARS-CoV-2 pode também ser transmitido mediante o contato com superfícies contaminadas²2 Ong SWX, Tan YK, Chia PY, Lee TH, Ng OT, Wong MSY, Marimuthu K. Air, Surface Environmental, and Personal Protective Equipment Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) From a Symptomatic Patient. JAMA 2020; 323(16):1610-1612.^,⁴4 Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect 2020; 104(3):246-251.. Desse modo, as primeiras recomendações para evitar a disseminação da doença foram o amplo distanciamento social e a higienização correta e frequente das mãos⁵5 Ghinai I, McPherson TD, Hunter JC, Kirking HL, Christiansen D, Joshi K, Rubin R, Morales-Estrada S, Black SR, Pacilli M, Fricchione MJ, Chugh RK, Walblay KA, Ahmed NS, Stoecker WC, Hasan NF, Burdsall DP, Reese HE, Wallace M, Wang C, Moeller D, Korpics J, Novosad SA, Benowitz I, Jacobs MW, Dasari VS, Patel MT, Kauerauf J, Charles EM, Ezike NO, Chu V, Midgley CM, Rolfes MA, Gerber SI, Lu X, Lindstrom S, Verani JR, Layden JE, Illinois COVID-19 Investigation Team. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA. Lancet 2020; 395(10230):1137-1144.

6 World Health Organization (WHO). Shortage of personal protective equipment endangering health workers worldwide. Geneva: WHO; 2020.

7 Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Orientações Gerais - Máscaras faciais de uso não profissional. Brasília: ANVISA; 2020.^-⁸8 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Nota Técnica: Uso de máscaras caseiras. Brasília: MS; 2020.; e, para pacientes sintomáticos ou que testaram positivo para o SARS-CoV-2, o isolamento domiciliar e a quarentena dos seus respectivos contatos⁹9 World Health Organization (WHO). Responding to community spread of COVID-19: interim guidance [Internet]. Genebra: WHO; 2020 [acessado 2020 Maio 6]. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331421.

Com o avançar da pandemia, o uso ampliado das máscaras em ambientes extradomiciliares (estabelecimentos comerciais, parques, locais de trabalho, transportes públicos, entre outros) passou a ser discutido como medida adicional de proteção, a partir da experiência acumulada por outros países em epidemias prévias¹⁰10 Liang M, Gao L, Cheng C, Zhou Q, Uy JP, Heiner K, Sun C. Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 36:101751.. O debate sobre essa proposição se fortaleceu devido ao papel de indivíduos assintomáticos, oligossintomáticos ou pré-sintomáticos na disseminação da doença¹¹11 Tong Z-D, Tang A, Li K-F, Li P, Wang H-L, Yi J-P, Zhang Y-L, Yan J-B. Potential Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Zhejiang Province, China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26(5):1052-1054.

12 Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin D-Y, Chen L, Wang M. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA 2020; 323(14):1406-1407.^-¹³13 Kimball A, Hatfield KM, Arons M, James A, Taylor J, Spicer K, Bardossy AC, Oakley LP, Tanwar S, Chisty Z, Bell JM, Methner M, Harney J, Jacobs JR, Carlson CM, McLaughlin HP, Stone N, Clark S, Brostrom-Smith C, Page LC, Kay M, Lewis J, Russell D, Hiatt B, Gant J, Duchin JS, Clark TA, Honein MA, Reddy SC, Jernigan JA, Public Health - Seattle & King County, CDC COVID-19 Investigation Team. Asymptomatic and presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in residents of a long-term care skilled nursing facility-King County, Washington, March 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69(13):377-381., diante das evidências de que a COVID-19 apresenta um longo período de incubação¹⁴14 Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qin Q. Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. J Med Virol 2020; 92(6):568-576.

15 Huang R, Xia J, Chen Y, Shan C, Wu C. A family cluster of SARS-CoV-2 infection involving 11 patients in Nanjing, China. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20(5):534-535.^-¹⁶16 Kraemer MUG, Yang C-H, Gutierrez B, Wu C-H, Klein B, Pigott DM, Open COVID-19 Data Working Group, du Plessis L, Faria NR, Li R, Hanage WP, Brownstein JS, Layan M, Vespignani A, Tian H, Dye C, Pybus OG, Scarpino SV. The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Science 2020; 368(6490):493-497. e do entendimento de que há uma alta carga viral no estágio inicial da doença¹²12 Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin D-Y, Chen L, Wang M. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA 2020; 323(14):1406-1407.^,¹⁷17 Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, Yu J, Kang M, Song Y, Xia J, Guo Q, Song T, He J, Yen H-L, Peiris M, Wu J. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(12):1177-1179.

18 Ma QX, Shan H, Zhang HL, Li GM. Potential utilities of mask-wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2020; 92(9):1567-1571.^-¹⁹19 Ling Z, Xu X, Gan Q, Zhang L, Luo L, Tang X, Liu J. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with persistent negative CT findings. Eur J Radiol 2020; 126:108956..

A adoção de uma política universal de uso de máscaras descartáveis durante a pandemia, resultaria em uma demanda difícil de ser atendida ocasionando a escassez do equipamento de proteção para profissionais de saúde e demais usuários recorrentes²⁰20 Wang M-W, Zhou M-Y, Ji G-H, Ye L, Cheng Y-R, Feng Z-H, Chen J. Mask crisis during the COVID-19 outbreak. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24(6):3397-3399.^,²¹21 Feng S, Shen C, Xia N, Song W, Fan M, Cowling BJ. Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8(5):434-436.. No início de abril, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) recomendava que as máscaras descartáveis fossem utilizadas exclusivamente por profissionais de saúde, indivíduos imunossuprimidos e casos suspeitos ou confirmados do novo coronavírus. A OMS alertava ainda sobre a ausência de evidências que embasassem a indicação do amplo uso de máscaras feitas a partir de materiais alternativos⁹9 World Health Organization (WHO). Responding to community spread of COVID-19: interim guidance [Internet]. Genebra: WHO; 2020 [acessado 2020 Maio 6]. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331421. Somente no dia 5 de junho de 2020, a OMS divulgou orientações para uso e fabricação de máscaras de pano como proteção contra a COVID-19, e passou a recomendar o amplo uso em locais onde há ampla transmissão da doença e em situações em que o distanciamento social não é possível, como no transporte público²²22 World Health Organization (WHO). Advice on the use of masks in the community, during home care and in healthcare settings in the context of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak [Internet]. 2020 [acessado 2020 Maio 6]. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-in-the-community-during-home-care-and-in-healthcare-settings-in-the-context-of-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-outbreak.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/... .

Esse artigo tem o objetivo de realizar uma revisão narrativa da literatura sobre a eficácia e adesão ao uso de máscaras de tecido em locais públicos para a prevenção da COVID-19 e descrever a evolução dos posicionamentos contrários ou favoráveis ao seu uso em ambientes extradomiciliares, diante do avanço da pandemia do novo coronavírus pelo mundo.

Métodos

Esta revisão narrativa partiu do levantamento de artigos sobre o uso de máscaras no contexto do novo coronavírus, publicados na base Medline (PubMed), que só inclui publicações aprovadas por peer review²³23 Chen Q, Allot A, Lu Z. Keep up with the latest coronavirus research. Nature 2020; 579(7798):193., contempla a base SciELO e também manuscritos em fase de pré-publicação (preprints) disponíveis nas bases do MedRxiv, constituindo, assim, o maior e principal repositório da literatura biomédica disponível.

Para a seleção de artigos relevantes, buscamos as palavras-chave “mask and covid” or “mask and coronavirus”, or “mask and covid-19”, or “mask and covid19” nos títulos e resumos de artigos publicados até o dia 12 de junho de 2020. Foram incluídos artigos originais, editoriais, cartas ao editor, comentários e revisões de literatura, em português, inglês e espanhol disponíveis na íntegra. Foram excluídos artigos que apresentassem dados exclusivos referentes ao uso de máscaras cirúrgicas (TNT e variantes), máscaras respiratórias (N95, FFP2) e descartáveis; que tratassem de máscaras faciais destinadas à cobertura de outras porções da face, não incluindo o trato respiratório (e.g. máscaras para os olhos e face shields) e referentes ao uso de máscaras apenas entre profissionais de saúde.

Além dos artigos científicos selecionados, foram consultados documentos oficiais estaduais e federais implementados no Brasil, tais como decretos, portarias e leis estaduais disponíveis no site LegisWeb²⁴24 LegisWeb. LegisWeb [Internet]. [acessado 2020 Set 29]. Disponível em: https://www.legisweb.com.br/
https://www.legisweb.com.br... ; notas técnicas do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil (MS) e da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA); e regulamentações sobre o uso de máscaras de tecido em ambientes extradomiciliares adotadas em outros países no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19. Para tal, as informações foram extraídas do site Mask4All²⁵25 Masks4All. What Countries Require or Recommend Masks In Public? [Internet]. [acessado 2020 Set 29]. Disponível em: https://masks4all.co/what-countries-require-masks-in-public
https://masks4all.co/what-countries-requ... , uma organização não-governamental que reúne informações relativas à regulamentação do uso de máscaras em todos os países. Todas as fontes de informações descritas foram consultadas até o dia 12 de junho.

Uma síntese quantitativa dos principais achados dos artigos selecionados foi realizada, com extração das seguintes informações: autoria, revista, título, data de publicação, tipo de publicação e posicionamento relacionado à recomendação do uso de máscaras de tecido como medida de prevenção e controle da COVID-19 (Quadro 1). Os posicionamentos dos autores sobre o uso de máscaras de tecido no contexto da COVID-19 foram classificados como: i) A favor; ii) Sem posicionamento; e iii) Contra. A evolução temporal desses posicionamentos foi analisada de forma gráfica.

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Quadro 1
Artigos selecionados quanto ao seu posicionamento com relação ao amplo uso de máscaras de tecido.

Adicionalmente, extraíram-se informações referentes à adesão e eficácia do uso de máscaras de tecido descritas nos artigos selecionados. Uma síntese qualitativa dos principais achados sobre o uso de máscaras de tecido em ambientes extradomiciliares, os argumentos que embasaram os posicionamentos a favor e contra o seu uso, bem como possíveis diferenças observadas entre os países quanto à adoção dessa recomendação, também foi realizada. Dessa forma, as informações obtidas foram sintetizadas e discutidas com base nas evidências publicadas até o momento.

Resultados

A seguir são apresentados os resultados desta revisão narrativa, que não propôs fornecer uma descrição detalhada e exaustiva da literatura, mas sim explorar criticamente um tema ainda pouco conhecido.

A busca resultou em 450 artigos, dos quais 93¹⁰10 Liang M, Gao L, Cheng C, Zhou Q, Uy JP, Heiner K, Sun C. Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 36:101751.^,²⁰20 Wang M-W, Zhou M-Y, Ji G-H, Ye L, Cheng Y-R, Feng Z-H, Chen J. Mask crisis during the COVID-19 outbreak. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24(6):3397-3399.^,²¹21 Feng S, Shen C, Xia N, Song W, Fan M, Cowling BJ. Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8(5):434-436.^,²⁶26 Leung CC, Lam TH, Cheng KK. Let us not forget the mask in our attempts to stall the spread of COVID-19. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2020; 24(4):364-366.

27 Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, Zhang Q-Q, Liu X-G, Li W-T, Li Y. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16(10):1745-1752.

28 Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu Y-J, Mao Y-P, Ye R-X, Wang Q-Z, Sun C, Sylvia S, Rozelle S, Raat H, Zhou H. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9(1):29.

29 Leung CC, Lam TH, Cheng KK. Mass masking in the COVID-19 epidemic: people need guidance. Lancet 2020; 395(10228):945.

30 Zhai Z. Facial mask: A necessity to beat COVID-19. Build Environ 2020; 175:106827.

31 Liu X, Zhang S. COVID-19: Face masks and human-to-human transmission. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 2020; 14(4):472-473 .

32 Ma Q-X, Shan H, Zhang H-L, Li G-M, Yang R-M, Chen J-M. Potential utilities of mask-wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2020; 92(9):1567-1571.

33 Worby CJ, Chang H-H. Face mask use in the general population and optimal resource allocation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Commun 2020; 11(1):4049.

34 Zhou Z-G, Yue D-S, Mu C-L, Zhang L. Mask is the possible key for self-isolation in COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol 2020; 10.1002/jmv.25846.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25846...

35 Javid B, Weekes MP, Matheson NJ. Covid-19: should the public wear face masks? BMJ 2020; 369:m1442.

36 Greenhalgh T, Schmid MB, Czypionka T, Bassler D, Gruer L. Face masks for the public during the covid-19 crisis. BMJ 2020; 369:m1435.

37 Wang M-W, Cheng Y-R, Ye L, Zhou M-Y, Chen J, Feng Z-H. The COVID-19 outbreak: The issue of face masks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 41(8):974-975.

38 Han G, Zhou Y-H. Possibly critical role of wearing masks in general population in controlling COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020; 10.1002/jmv.25886.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25886...

39 Gandhi M, Havlir D. The Time for Universal Masking of the Public for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Is Now. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7(4):ofaa131.

40 Cheng KK, Lam TH, Leung CC. Wearing face masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic: altruism and solidarity. Lancet 2020; S0140-6736(20)30918-1 .

41 Pleil JD, Beauchamp JD, Risby TH, Dweik RA. The scientific rationale for the use of simple masks or improvised facial coverings to trap exhaled aerosols and possibly reduce the breathborne spread of COVID-19. J Breath Res 2020; 14(3):030201.

42 Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TWY, Tsang TK, Li JCM, Fong MW, Liao Q, Kwan MY, Lee SL, Chiu SS, Wu JT, Wu P, Leung GM. Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Public Health 2020; ;5(5):e279-e288 .

43 Desai AN, Aronoff DM. Masks and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA 2020; 323(20):2103.

44 MacIntyre CR, Hasanain SJ. Community Universal Face Mask Use during the COVID 19 pandemic-from households to travelers and public spaces. J Travel Med 2020; 27(3):taaa056.

45 Abd-Elsayed A, Karri J. Utility of Substandard Face Mask Options for Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Anesth Analg; 131(1):4-6 .

46 Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, Phan T, Eikenberry K, Kuang Y, Kostelich E, Gumel AB. To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis Model 2020; 5:293-308.

47 Thomson GA. COVID-19: Leaving lockdown-Of Schrodinger, cats, testing and masks. Int J Clin Pract 2020; 74(8):e13519.

48 Garcia LP. Use of facemasks to limit COVID-19 transmission. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2020; 29(2):e2020023.

49 Chen X, Ran L, Liu Q, Hu Q, Du X, Tan X. Hand Hygiene, Mask-Wearing Behaviors and Its Associated Factors during the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Cross-Sectional Study among Primary School Students in Wuhan, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(8):2893.

50 Lee M, You M. Psychological and Behavioral Responses in South Korea During the Early Stages of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(9):2977.

51 Cho-Han Chiang, Cho-Hung Chiang, Cho-Hsien Chiang, Yee-Chun Chen. The Practice of Wearing Surgical Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26(8):1962.

52 Setti L, Passarini F, De Gennaro G, Barbieri P, Perrone MG, Borelli M, Palmisani J, Di Gilio A, Piscitelli P, Miani A. Airborne Transmission Route of COVID-19: Why 2 Meters/6 Feet of Inter-Personal Distance Could Not Be Enough. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(8):2932.

53 Cheng VCC, Wong S-C, Chuang VWM, So SY-C, Chen JH-K, Sridhar S, To KK-W, Chan JF-W, Hung IF-N, Ho P-L, Yuen K-Y. The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2. J Infect 2020; 81(1):107-114.

54 Konda A, Prakash A, Moss GA, Schmoldt M, Grant GD, Guha S. Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks. ACS Nano 2020; 14(5):6339-6347.

55 Victor CWT, Shing YT, Wai KP, Helen KWL, Shara WYL. A reality check on the use of face masks during the COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 22:100356.

56 Wu E, Qi D. Masks and thermometers: Paramount measures to stop the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States. Genes Dis 2020; 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04.011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04...

57 Wilson AM, Abney SE, King M-F, Weir MH, López-García M, Sexton JD, Dancer SJ, Proctor J, Noakes CJ, Reynolds KA. COVID-19 and non-traditional mask use: How do various materials compare in reducing the infection risk for mask wearers? J Hosp Infect 2020; 105(4):640-642.

58 Sunjaya AP, Jenkins C. Rationale for universal face masks in public against COVID-19. Respirology 2020; 5(7):678-679.

59 Ngonghala CN, Iboi E, Eikenberry S, Scotch M, MacIntyre CR, Bonds MH, Gumel AB. Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2019 novel Coronavirus. Math Biosci 2020; 325:108364.

60 MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA. A rapid systematic review of the efficacy of face masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for the community, healthcare workers and sick patients. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 108:103629.

61 Hoertel N, Blachier M, Blanco C, Olfson M, Massetti M, Rico MS, Limosin F, Leleu H. Lockdown exit strategies and risk of a second epidemic peak: a stochastic agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France. medRxiv 2020; 10.1101/2020.04.30.20086264.
https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.30.20086...

62 Szczesniak D, Ciulkowicz M, Maciaszek J, Misiak B, Luc D, Wieczorek T, Witecka K-F, Rymaszewska J. Psychopathological responses and face mask restrictions during the COVID-19 outbreak: Results from a nationwide survey. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:161-162.

63 Kang Y-J. Lessons Learned From Cases of COVID-19 Infection in South Korea. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020; 1-8.

64 Clements JM. Knowledge and Behaviors Toward COVID-19 Among US Residents During the Early Days of the Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2):e19161.

65 Esposito S, Principi N. To mask or not to mask children to overcome COVID-19. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179(8):1267-1270.

66 Parry J. Covid-19: Hong Kong government supplies reusable face masks to all residents. BMJ 2020; 369:m1880.

67 Soto DM, Cardona Maya WD, Agudelo EL, Bueno-Sánchez JC. The feasibility of generalized face mask usage during the COVID-19 pandemic: a perspective from Latin America. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 1-2.

68 Huang Y, Wu Q, Wang P, Xu Y, Wang L, Zhao Y, Yao D, Xu Y, Lv Q, Xu S. Measures Undertaken in China to Avoid COVID-19 Infection: Internet-Based, Cross-Sectional Survey Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22(5):e18718.

69 Sra HK, Sandhu A, Singh M. Use of Face Masks in COVID-19. Indian J Pediatr 2020; 87:553.

70 Kashyap A, Singh K, Sabat D, Maini L. Fast and economic cardboard cutout use to increase compliance of face mask wear during COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2020; 11(Supl. 3):S298-S300.

71 Matusiak L, Szepietowska M, Krajewski P, Bialynicki-Birula R, Szepietowski JC. Inconveniences due to the use of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey study of 876 young people. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(4):e13567.

72 Ogoina D. COVID-19: The Need for Rational Use of Face Masks in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103(1):33-34.

73 Feng Y, Marchal T, Sperry T, Yi H. Influence of wind and relative humidity on the social distancing effectiveness to prevent COVID-19 airborne transmission: A numerical study. J Aerosol Sci 2020; 105585.

74 Noh JY, Seong H, Yoon JG, Song JY, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ. Social Distancing against COVID-19: Implication for the Control of Influenza. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35(19):e182.

75 Gao Q, Hu Y, Dai Z, Xiao F, Wang J, Wu J. The epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in Jingmen, Hubei, China. Medicine 2020; 99(23):e20605.

76 Clase CM, Fu EL, Joseph M, Beale RCL, Dolovich MB, Jardine M, Mann JFE, Pecoits-Filho R, Winkelmayer WC, Carrero JJ. Cloth Masks May Prevent Transmission of COVID-19: An Evidence-Based, Risk-Based Approach. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173(6):489-491 .

77 Chiang C-H, Chiang C-H, Chiang C-H. Letter to editor - Can universal masking help with our recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic? Int J Surg 2020; 79:125-126.

78 Goscé L, Phillips PA, Spinola P, Gupta DRK, Abubakar PI. Modelling SARS-COV2 Spread in London: Approaches to Lift the Lockdown. J Infect 2020; 81(2):260-265.

79 Middleton JD, Lopes H. Face masks in the covid-19 crisis: caveats, limits, and priorities. BMJ 2020; 369:m2030.

80 Laestadius L, Wang Y, Ben Taleb Z, Kalan ME, Cho Y, Manganello J. Online National Health Agency Mask Guidance for the Public in Light of COVID-19: Content Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2):e19501

81 Majeed A, Seo Y, Heo K, Lee D. Can the UK emulate the South Korean approach to covid-19? BMJ 2020; 369:m2084.

82 Chan EYY, Huang Z, Lo ESK, Hung KKC, Wong ELY, Wong SYS. Sociodemographic Predictors of Health Risk Perception, Attitude and Behavior Practices Associated with Health-Emergency Disaster Risk Management for Biological Hazards: The Case of COVID-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong, SAR China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(11):3869.

83 Han C, Shi J, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Increased flare of acne caused by long-time mask wearing during COVID-19 pandemic among general population. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(4):e13704.

84 Liu X, Luo W-T, Li Y, Li C-N, Hong Z-S, Chen H-L, Xiao F, Xia J-Y. Psychological status and behavior changes of the public during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9(1):58.

85 Lee H, Lee H, Song K-H, Kim ES, Park JS, Jung J, Ahn S, Jeong EK, Park H, Kim HB. Impact of Public Health Interventions on Seasonal Influenza Activity During the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Korea. Clin Infect Dis 2020; ciaa672.

86 Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann HJ, COVID-19 Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort (SURGE) study authors. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2020; 395(10242):1973-1987

87 Liu PL. COVID-19 Information Seeking on Digital Media and Preventive Behaviors: The Mediation Role of Worry. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2020; 23(10):677-682.

88 Jung F, Krieger V, Hufert FT, Küpper J-H. How we should respond to the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: A German perspective. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 74(4):363-372.

89 Li DTS, Samaranayake LP, Leung YY, Neelakantan P. Facial protection in the era of COVID-19: A narrative review. Oral Dis 2020; 10.1111/odi.13460.
https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13460...

90 Goh Y, Tan BYQ, Bhartendu C, Ong JJY, Sharma VK. The face mask: How a real protection becomes a psychological symbol during Covid-19? Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:1-5.

91 Greenhalgh T. Laying straw men to rest: author's reply to 'Urgency and uncertainty: covid-19, face masks, and evidence informed policy'. BMJ 2020; 369:m2240

92 Wong LP, Alias H, Danaee M, Ziaee M, Abedi F, Ziaee A, Mohajer S, HajiAliBeigloo R, Nia MN, Jamei F, Mazlom SR. Uncovering psychobehavioral implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Iran. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 10.1111/tbed.13662.
https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13662...

93 Zhang R, Li Y, Zhang AL, Wang Y, Molina MJ. Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2020; 117(26):14857-14863.

94 Ho K-F, Lin L-Y, Weng S-P, Chuang K-J. Medical mask versus cotton mask for preventing respiratory droplet transmission in micro environments. Sci Total Environ 2020; 735:139510.

95 Esposito S, Principi N, Leung CC, Migliori GB. Universal use of face masks for success against COVID-19: evidence and implications for prevention policies. Eur Respir J 2020; 55(6):2001260.

96 Dkhar SA, Quansar R, Saleem SM, Khan SMS. Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to COVID-19 pandemic among social media users in J&K, India. Indian J Public Health 2020; 64(Supl.):S205-S210.

97 Mahase E. Covid-19: What is the evidence for cloth masks? BMJ 2020; 369:m1422.

98 Szarpak L, Smereka J, Filipiak KJ, Ladny JR, Jaguszewski M. Cloth masks versus medical masks for COVID-19 protection. Cardiol J 2020; 27(2):218-219.

99 Lazcano-Ponce E, Alpuche-Aranda C. Public health literacy in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic emergency. Salud Publica Mex 2020; 62(3):331-340.

100 Martin GP, Hanna E, Dingwall R. Urgency and uncertainty: covid-19, face masks, and evidence informed policy. BMJ 2020; 369:m2017.

101 Wu H-L, Huang J, Zhang CJP, He Z, Ming W-K. Facemask shortage and the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak: Reflections on public health measures. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 21:100329.

102 Stone TE, Kunaviktikul W, Omura M, Petrini M. Editorial: Facemasks and the Covid 19 pandemic: What advice should health professionals be giving the general public about the wearing of facemasks? Nurs Health Sci 2020; 22(2):339-342.

103 Chowdhury A, Jahan N, Wang S. One month of the novel coronavirus 2019 outbreak: Is it still a threat? Virusdisease 2020; 31(2):1-5.

104 Amendola L, Saurini MT, Di Girolamo F, Arduini F. A rapid screening method for testing the efficiency of masks in breaking down aerosols. Microchem J 2020; 157:104928.

105 Kim MN. What Type of Face Mask Is Appropriate for Everyone-Mask-Wearing Policy amidst COVID-19 Pandemic? J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35(20):e186.

106 Lam SKK, Hung MSY, Chien WT. Uncertainty surrounding the use of face masks in the community amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 108:103651.

107 King FM. Covid-19: face masks could foster distrust and blame. BMJ 2020; 369:m2009.

108 Cheng S-T. Covid-19: are face masks a good long term strategy? BMJ 2020; 369:m2005.

109 Lazzarino AI, Steptoe A, Hamer M, Michie S. Covid-19: Important potential side effects of wearing face masks that we should bear in mind. BMJ 2020; 369:m2003.

110 Schroter RC. Social distancing for covid-19: is 2 metres far enough? BMJ 2020; 369:m2010.

111 Azlan AA, Hamzah MR, Sern TJ, Ayub SH, Mohamad E. Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Malaysia. PLoS One 2020; 15(5):e0233668.

112 Szepietowski JC, Matusiak L, Szepietowska M, Krajewski PK, Bialynicki-Birula R. Face Mask-induced Itch: A Self-questionnaire Study of 2,315 Responders During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Acta Derm Venereol 2020; 100:adv00152.

113 Aggarwal N, Dwarakanathan V, Gautam N, Ray A. Facemasks for prevention of viral respiratory infections in community settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Public Health 2020; 64(Supl.):S192-S200.

114 Zhao M, Liao L, Xiao W, Yu X, Wang H, Wang Q, Lin YL, Kilinc-Balci FS, Price A, Chu L, Chu MC, Chu S, Cui Y. Household Materials Selection for Homemade Cloth Face Coverings and Their Filtration Efficiency Enhancement with Triboelectric Charging. Nano Lett 2020; 20(7):5544-5552.^-¹¹⁵115 Filho C, Vieira LJES, Silva RM. Buscas na internet sobre medidas de enfrentamento à COVID-19 no Brasil: descrição de pesquisas realizadas nos primeiros 100 dias de 2020. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2020; 29(3):e2020191. cumpriram os critérios de inclusão e foram selecionados para inclusão nesta revisão (Figura 1).

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Figura 1
Fluxograma ilustrando o processo de seleção dos artigos incluídos nesta revisão narrativa.

Os manuscritos selecionados foram classificados de acordo com o mês e tipo de publicação científica (Figura 2). Os meses de abril (n=33)³³33 Worby CJ, Chang H-H. Face mask use in the general population and optimal resource allocation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Commun 2020; 11(1):4049.

34 Zhou Z-G, Yue D-S, Mu C-L, Zhang L. Mask is the possible key for self-isolation in COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol 2020; 10.1002/jmv.25846.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25846...

35 Javid B, Weekes MP, Matheson NJ. Covid-19: should the public wear face masks? BMJ 2020; 369:m1442.

36 Greenhalgh T, Schmid MB, Czypionka T, Bassler D, Gruer L. Face masks for the public during the covid-19 crisis. BMJ 2020; 369:m1435.^-³⁷37 Wang M-W, Cheng Y-R, Ye L, Zhou M-Y, Chen J, Feng Z-H. The COVID-19 outbreak: The issue of face masks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 41(8):974-975.^,³⁹39 Gandhi M, Havlir D. The Time for Universal Masking of the Public for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Is Now. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7(4):ofaa131.

40 Cheng KK, Lam TH, Leung CC. Wearing face masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic: altruism and solidarity. Lancet 2020; S0140-6736(20)30918-1 .

41 Pleil JD, Beauchamp JD, Risby TH, Dweik RA. The scientific rationale for the use of simple masks or improvised facial coverings to trap exhaled aerosols and possibly reduce the breathborne spread of COVID-19. J Breath Res 2020; 14(3):030201.

42 Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TWY, Tsang TK, Li JCM, Fong MW, Liao Q, Kwan MY, Lee SL, Chiu SS, Wu JT, Wu P, Leung GM. Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Public Health 2020; ;5(5):e279-e288 .

43 Desai AN, Aronoff DM. Masks and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA 2020; 323(20):2103.

44 MacIntyre CR, Hasanain SJ. Community Universal Face Mask Use during the COVID 19 pandemic-from households to travelers and public spaces. J Travel Med 2020; 27(3):taaa056.

45 Abd-Elsayed A, Karri J. Utility of Substandard Face Mask Options for Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Anesth Analg; 131(1):4-6 .

46 Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, Phan T, Eikenberry K, Kuang Y, Kostelich E, Gumel AB. To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis Model 2020; 5:293-308.^-⁴⁷47 Thomson GA. COVID-19: Leaving lockdown-Of Schrodinger, cats, testing and masks. Int J Clin Pract 2020; 74(8):e13519.^,⁴⁹49 Chen X, Ran L, Liu Q, Hu Q, Du X, Tan X. Hand Hygiene, Mask-Wearing Behaviors and Its Associated Factors during the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Cross-Sectional Study among Primary School Students in Wuhan, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(8):2893.

50 Lee M, You M. Psychological and Behavioral Responses in South Korea During the Early Stages of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(9):2977.

51 Cho-Han Chiang, Cho-Hung Chiang, Cho-Hsien Chiang, Yee-Chun Chen. The Practice of Wearing Surgical Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26(8):1962.

52 Setti L, Passarini F, De Gennaro G, Barbieri P, Perrone MG, Borelli M, Palmisani J, Di Gilio A, Piscitelli P, Miani A. Airborne Transmission Route of COVID-19: Why 2 Meters/6 Feet of Inter-Personal Distance Could Not Be Enough. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(8):2932.

53 Cheng VCC, Wong S-C, Chuang VWM, So SY-C, Chen JH-K, Sridhar S, To KK-W, Chan JF-W, Hung IF-N, Ho P-L, Yuen K-Y. The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2. J Infect 2020; 81(1):107-114.

54 Konda A, Prakash A, Moss GA, Schmoldt M, Grant GD, Guha S. Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks. ACS Nano 2020; 14(5):6339-6347.

55 Victor CWT, Shing YT, Wai KP, Helen KWL, Shara WYL. A reality check on the use of face masks during the COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 22:100356.

56 Wu E, Qi D. Masks and thermometers: Paramount measures to stop the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States. Genes Dis 2020; 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04.011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04...

57 Wilson AM, Abney SE, King M-F, Weir MH, López-García M, Sexton JD, Dancer SJ, Proctor J, Noakes CJ, Reynolds KA. COVID-19 and non-traditional mask use: How do various materials compare in reducing the infection risk for mask wearers? J Hosp Infect 2020; 105(4):640-642.

58 Sunjaya AP, Jenkins C. Rationale for universal face masks in public against COVID-19. Respirology 2020; 5(7):678-679.

59 Ngonghala CN, Iboi E, Eikenberry S, Scotch M, MacIntyre CR, Bonds MH, Gumel AB. Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2019 novel Coronavirus. Math Biosci 2020; 325:108364.^-⁶⁰60 MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA. A rapid systematic review of the efficacy of face masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for the community, healthcare workers and sick patients. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 108:103629.^,⁹⁷97 Mahase E. Covid-19: What is the evidence for cloth masks? BMJ 2020; 369:m1422.

98 Szarpak L, Smereka J, Filipiak KJ, Ladny JR, Jaguszewski M. Cloth masks versus medical masks for COVID-19 protection. Cardiol J 2020; 27(2):218-219.^-⁹⁹99 Lazcano-Ponce E, Alpuche-Aranda C. Public health literacy in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic emergency. Salud Publica Mex 2020; 62(3):331-340.^,¹⁰²102 Stone TE, Kunaviktikul W, Omura M, Petrini M. Editorial: Facemasks and the Covid 19 pandemic: What advice should health professionals be giving the general public about the wearing of facemasks? Nurs Health Sci 2020; 22(2):339-342.^,¹⁰³103 Chowdhury A, Jahan N, Wang S. One month of the novel coronavirus 2019 outbreak: Is it still a threat? Virusdisease 2020; 31(2):1-5.^,¹¹⁵115 Filho C, Vieira LJES, Silva RM. Buscas na internet sobre medidas de enfrentamento à COVID-19 no Brasil: descrição de pesquisas realizadas nos primeiros 100 dias de 2020. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2020; 29(3):e2020191. e maio (n=35)¹⁰10 Liang M, Gao L, Cheng C, Zhou Q, Uy JP, Heiner K, Sun C. Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 36:101751.^,⁴²42 Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TWY, Tsang TK, Li JCM, Fong MW, Liao Q, Kwan MY, Lee SL, Chiu SS, Wu JT, Wu P, Leung GM. Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Public Health 2020; ;5(5):e279-e288 .^,⁶¹61 Hoertel N, Blachier M, Blanco C, Olfson M, Massetti M, Rico MS, Limosin F, Leleu H. Lockdown exit strategies and risk of a second epidemic peak: a stochastic agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France. medRxiv 2020; 10.1101/2020.04.30.20086264.
https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.30.20086...

62 Szczesniak D, Ciulkowicz M, Maciaszek J, Misiak B, Luc D, Wieczorek T, Witecka K-F, Rymaszewska J. Psychopathological responses and face mask restrictions during the COVID-19 outbreak: Results from a nationwide survey. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:161-162.

63 Kang Y-J. Lessons Learned From Cases of COVID-19 Infection in South Korea. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020; 1-8.

64 Clements JM. Knowledge and Behaviors Toward COVID-19 Among US Residents During the Early Days of the Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2):e19161.

65 Esposito S, Principi N. To mask or not to mask children to overcome COVID-19. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179(8):1267-1270.

66 Parry J. Covid-19: Hong Kong government supplies reusable face masks to all residents. BMJ 2020; 369:m1880.

67 Soto DM, Cardona Maya WD, Agudelo EL, Bueno-Sánchez JC. The feasibility of generalized face mask usage during the COVID-19 pandemic: a perspective from Latin America. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 1-2.

68 Huang Y, Wu Q, Wang P, Xu Y, Wang L, Zhao Y, Yao D, Xu Y, Lv Q, Xu S. Measures Undertaken in China to Avoid COVID-19 Infection: Internet-Based, Cross-Sectional Survey Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22(5):e18718.

69 Sra HK, Sandhu A, Singh M. Use of Face Masks in COVID-19. Indian J Pediatr 2020; 87:553.

70 Kashyap A, Singh K, Sabat D, Maini L. Fast and economic cardboard cutout use to increase compliance of face mask wear during COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2020; 11(Supl. 3):S298-S300.

71 Matusiak L, Szepietowska M, Krajewski P, Bialynicki-Birula R, Szepietowski JC. Inconveniences due to the use of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey study of 876 young people. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(4):e13567.

72 Ogoina D. COVID-19: The Need for Rational Use of Face Masks in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103(1):33-34.

73 Feng Y, Marchal T, Sperry T, Yi H. Influence of wind and relative humidity on the social distancing effectiveness to prevent COVID-19 airborne transmission: A numerical study. J Aerosol Sci 2020; 105585.

74 Noh JY, Seong H, Yoon JG, Song JY, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ. Social Distancing against COVID-19: Implication for the Control of Influenza. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35(19):e182.

75 Gao Q, Hu Y, Dai Z, Xiao F, Wang J, Wu J. The epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in Jingmen, Hubei, China. Medicine 2020; 99(23):e20605.

76 Clase CM, Fu EL, Joseph M, Beale RCL, Dolovich MB, Jardine M, Mann JFE, Pecoits-Filho R, Winkelmayer WC, Carrero JJ. Cloth Masks May Prevent Transmission of COVID-19: An Evidence-Based, Risk-Based Approach. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173(6):489-491 .

77 Chiang C-H, Chiang C-H, Chiang C-H. Letter to editor - Can universal masking help with our recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic? Int J Surg 2020; 79:125-126.

78 Goscé L, Phillips PA, Spinola P, Gupta DRK, Abubakar PI. Modelling SARS-COV2 Spread in London: Approaches to Lift the Lockdown. J Infect 2020; 81(2):260-265.

79 Middleton JD, Lopes H. Face masks in the covid-19 crisis: caveats, limits, and priorities. BMJ 2020; 369:m2030.

80 Laestadius L, Wang Y, Ben Taleb Z, Kalan ME, Cho Y, Manganello J. Online National Health Agency Mask Guidance for the Public in Light of COVID-19: Content Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2):e19501

81 Majeed A, Seo Y, Heo K, Lee D. Can the UK emulate the South Korean approach to covid-19? BMJ 2020; 369:m2084.^-⁸²82 Chan EYY, Huang Z, Lo ESK, Hung KKC, Wong ELY, Wong SYS. Sociodemographic Predictors of Health Risk Perception, Attitude and Behavior Practices Associated with Health-Emergency Disaster Risk Management for Biological Hazards: The Case of COVID-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong, SAR China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(11):3869.^,⁸⁴84 Liu X, Luo W-T, Li Y, Li C-N, Hong Z-S, Chen H-L, Xiao F, Xia J-Y. Psychological status and behavior changes of the public during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9(1):58.^,¹⁰⁰100 Martin GP, Hanna E, Dingwall R. Urgency and uncertainty: covid-19, face masks, and evidence informed policy. BMJ 2020; 369:m2017.^,¹⁰⁴104 Amendola L, Saurini MT, Di Girolamo F, Arduini F. A rapid screening method for testing the efficiency of masks in breaking down aerosols. Microchem J 2020; 157:104928.

105 Kim MN. What Type of Face Mask Is Appropriate for Everyone-Mask-Wearing Policy amidst COVID-19 Pandemic? J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35(20):e186.

106 Lam SKK, Hung MSY, Chien WT. Uncertainty surrounding the use of face masks in the community amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 108:103651.

107 King FM. Covid-19: face masks could foster distrust and blame. BMJ 2020; 369:m2009.

108 Cheng S-T. Covid-19: are face masks a good long term strategy? BMJ 2020; 369:m2005.

109 Lazzarino AI, Steptoe A, Hamer M, Michie S. Covid-19: Important potential side effects of wearing face masks that we should bear in mind. BMJ 2020; 369:m2003.

110 Schroter RC. Social distancing for covid-19: is 2 metres far enough? BMJ 2020; 369:m2010.

111 Azlan AA, Hamzah MR, Sern TJ, Ayub SH, Mohamad E. Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Malaysia. PLoS One 2020; 15(5):e0233668.^-¹¹²112 Szepietowski JC, Matusiak L, Szepietowska M, Krajewski PK, Bialynicki-Birula R. Face Mask-induced Itch: A Self-questionnaire Study of 2,315 Responders During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Acta Derm Venereol 2020; 100:adv00152.^,¹¹⁶116 Han C, Shi J, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Increased flare of acne caused by long-time mask wearing during COVID -19 pandemic among general population. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(4):e13704. concentraram o maior número de publicações, sendo os artigos de opinião, editoriais ou comentários os mais predominantes até abril (n=25), enquanto os estudos transversais tornaram-se mais frequentes após essa data (Figura 2). Dos artigos selecionados, 49,5% são artigos de opinião, comentários, cartas e editoriais; 34,4%, estudos transversais; e 16,1%, revisões sistemáticas e metanálises¹⁰10 Liang M, Gao L, Cheng C, Zhou Q, Uy JP, Heiner K, Sun C. Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 36:101751.^,²⁸28 Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu Y-J, Mao Y-P, Ye R-X, Wang Q-Z, Sun C, Sylvia S, Rozelle S, Raat H, Zhou H. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9(1):29.^,³⁹39 Gandhi M, Havlir D. The Time for Universal Masking of the Public for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Is Now. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7(4):ofaa131.^,⁴⁵45 Abd-Elsayed A, Karri J. Utility of Substandard Face Mask Options for Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Anesth Analg; 131(1):4-6 .^,⁶⁰60 MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA. A rapid systematic review of the efficacy of face masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for the community, healthcare workers and sick patients. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 108:103629.^,⁶⁵65 Esposito S, Principi N. To mask or not to mask children to overcome COVID-19. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179(8):1267-1270.^,⁷⁶76 Clase CM, Fu EL, Joseph M, Beale RCL, Dolovich MB, Jardine M, Mann JFE, Pecoits-Filho R, Winkelmayer WC, Carrero JJ. Cloth Masks May Prevent Transmission of COVID-19: An Evidence-Based, Risk-Based Approach. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173(6):489-491 .^,⁸⁶86 Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann HJ, COVID-19 Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort (SURGE) study authors. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2020; 395(10242):1973-1987^,⁸⁹89 Li DTS, Samaranayake LP, Leung YY, Neelakantan P. Facial protection in the era of COVID-19: A narrative review. Oral Dis 2020; 10.1111/odi.13460.
https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13460... ^,⁹⁰90 Goh Y, Tan BYQ, Bhartendu C, Ong JJY, Sharma VK. The face mask: How a real protection becomes a psychological symbol during Covid-19? Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:1-5.^,⁹⁵95 Esposito S, Principi N, Leung CC, Migliori GB. Universal use of face masks for success against COVID-19: evidence and implications for prevention policies. Eur Respir J 2020; 55(6):2001260.^,¹⁰¹101 Wu H-L, Huang J, Zhang CJP, He Z, Ming W-K. Facemask shortage and the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak: Reflections on public health measures. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 21:100329.^,¹⁰³103 Chowdhury A, Jahan N, Wang S. One month of the novel coronavirus 2019 outbreak: Is it still a threat? Virusdisease 2020; 31(2):1-5.^,¹⁰⁵105 Kim MN. What Type of Face Mask Is Appropriate for Everyone-Mask-Wearing Policy amidst COVID-19 Pandemic? J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35(20):e186.^,¹¹³113 Aggarwal N, Dwarakanathan V, Gautam N, Ray A. Facemasks for prevention of viral respiratory infections in community settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Public Health 2020; 64(Supl.):S192-S200. (Figura 2).

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Figura 2
Tipos de publicações científicas sobre uso de máscaras de tecido no combate à pandemia por mês de publicação.

Os artigos também foram classificados quanto ao seu posicionamento com relação ao amplo uso de máscaras de tecido (Figura 3). Dos artigos incluídos (n=93), 77,4% (n=72) se posicionaram a favor do amplo uso de máscaras de tecido no contexto da COVID-19¹⁰10 Liang M, Gao L, Cheng C, Zhou Q, Uy JP, Heiner K, Sun C. Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 36:101751.^,²⁶26 Leung CC, Lam TH, Cheng KK. Let us not forget the mask in our attempts to stall the spread of COVID-19. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2020; 24(4):364-366.

27 Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, Zhang Q-Q, Liu X-G, Li W-T, Li Y. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16(10):1745-1752.

28 Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu Y-J, Mao Y-P, Ye R-X, Wang Q-Z, Sun C, Sylvia S, Rozelle S, Raat H, Zhou H. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9(1):29.

29 Leung CC, Lam TH, Cheng KK. Mass masking in the COVID-19 epidemic: people need guidance. Lancet 2020; 395(10228):945.

30 Zhai Z. Facial mask: A necessity to beat COVID-19. Build Environ 2020; 175:106827.

31 Liu X, Zhang S. COVID-19: Face masks and human-to-human transmission. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 2020; 14(4):472-473 .

32 Ma Q-X, Shan H, Zhang H-L, Li G-M, Yang R-M, Chen J-M. Potential utilities of mask-wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2020; 92(9):1567-1571.

33 Worby CJ, Chang H-H. Face mask use in the general population and optimal resource allocation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Commun 2020; 11(1):4049.

34 Zhou Z-G, Yue D-S, Mu C-L, Zhang L. Mask is the possible key for self-isolation in COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol 2020; 10.1002/jmv.25846.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25846...

35 Javid B, Weekes MP, Matheson NJ. Covid-19: should the public wear face masks? BMJ 2020; 369:m1442.

36 Greenhalgh T, Schmid MB, Czypionka T, Bassler D, Gruer L. Face masks for the public during the covid-19 crisis. BMJ 2020; 369:m1435.

37 Wang M-W, Cheng Y-R, Ye L, Zhou M-Y, Chen J, Feng Z-H. The COVID-19 outbreak: The issue of face masks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 41(8):974-975.

38 Han G, Zhou Y-H. Possibly critical role of wearing masks in general population in controlling COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020; 10.1002/jmv.25886.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25886...

39 Gandhi M, Havlir D. The Time for Universal Masking of the Public for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Is Now. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7(4):ofaa131.

40 Cheng KK, Lam TH, Leung CC. Wearing face masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic: altruism and solidarity. Lancet 2020; S0140-6736(20)30918-1 .

41 Pleil JD, Beauchamp JD, Risby TH, Dweik RA. The scientific rationale for the use of simple masks or improvised facial coverings to trap exhaled aerosols and possibly reduce the breathborne spread of COVID-19. J Breath Res 2020; 14(3):030201.

42 Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TWY, Tsang TK, Li JCM, Fong MW, Liao Q, Kwan MY, Lee SL, Chiu SS, Wu JT, Wu P, Leung GM. Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Public Health 2020; ;5(5):e279-e288 .

43 Desai AN, Aronoff DM. Masks and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA 2020; 323(20):2103.

44 MacIntyre CR, Hasanain SJ. Community Universal Face Mask Use during the COVID 19 pandemic-from households to travelers and public spaces. J Travel Med 2020; 27(3):taaa056.

45 Abd-Elsayed A, Karri J. Utility of Substandard Face Mask Options for Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Anesth Analg; 131(1):4-6 .

46 Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, Phan T, Eikenberry K, Kuang Y, Kostelich E, Gumel AB. To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis Model 2020; 5:293-308.

47 Thomson GA. COVID-19: Leaving lockdown-Of Schrodinger, cats, testing and masks. Int J Clin Pract 2020; 74(8):e13519.

48 Garcia LP. Use of facemasks to limit COVID-19 transmission. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2020; 29(2):e2020023.

49 Chen X, Ran L, Liu Q, Hu Q, Du X, Tan X. Hand Hygiene, Mask-Wearing Behaviors and Its Associated Factors during the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Cross-Sectional Study among Primary School Students in Wuhan, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(8):2893.

50 Lee M, You M. Psychological and Behavioral Responses in South Korea During the Early Stages of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(9):2977.

51 Cho-Han Chiang, Cho-Hung Chiang, Cho-Hsien Chiang, Yee-Chun Chen. The Practice of Wearing Surgical Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26(8):1962.

52 Setti L, Passarini F, De Gennaro G, Barbieri P, Perrone MG, Borelli M, Palmisani J, Di Gilio A, Piscitelli P, Miani A. Airborne Transmission Route of COVID-19: Why 2 Meters/6 Feet of Inter-Personal Distance Could Not Be Enough. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(8):2932.

53 Cheng VCC, Wong S-C, Chuang VWM, So SY-C, Chen JH-K, Sridhar S, To KK-W, Chan JF-W, Hung IF-N, Ho P-L, Yuen K-Y. The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2. J Infect 2020; 81(1):107-114.

54 Konda A, Prakash A, Moss GA, Schmoldt M, Grant GD, Guha S. Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks. ACS Nano 2020; 14(5):6339-6347.

55 Victor CWT, Shing YT, Wai KP, Helen KWL, Shara WYL. A reality check on the use of face masks during the COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 22:100356.

56 Wu E, Qi D. Masks and thermometers: Paramount measures to stop the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States. Genes Dis 2020; 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04.011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04...

57 Wilson AM, Abney SE, King M-F, Weir MH, López-García M, Sexton JD, Dancer SJ, Proctor J, Noakes CJ, Reynolds KA. COVID-19 and non-traditional mask use: How do various materials compare in reducing the infection risk for mask wearers? J Hosp Infect 2020; 105(4):640-642.

58 Sunjaya AP, Jenkins C. Rationale for universal face masks in public against COVID-19. Respirology 2020; 5(7):678-679.

59 Ngonghala CN, Iboi E, Eikenberry S, Scotch M, MacIntyre CR, Bonds MH, Gumel AB. Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2019 novel Coronavirus. Math Biosci 2020; 325:108364.

60 MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA. A rapid systematic review of the efficacy of face masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for the community, healthcare workers and sick patients. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 108:103629.

61 Hoertel N, Blachier M, Blanco C, Olfson M, Massetti M, Rico MS, Limosin F, Leleu H. Lockdown exit strategies and risk of a second epidemic peak: a stochastic agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France. medRxiv 2020; 10.1101/2020.04.30.20086264.
https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.30.20086...

62 Szczesniak D, Ciulkowicz M, Maciaszek J, Misiak B, Luc D, Wieczorek T, Witecka K-F, Rymaszewska J. Psychopathological responses and face mask restrictions during the COVID-19 outbreak: Results from a nationwide survey. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:161-162.

63 Kang Y-J. Lessons Learned From Cases of COVID-19 Infection in South Korea. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020; 1-8.

64 Clements JM. Knowledge and Behaviors Toward COVID-19 Among US Residents During the Early Days of the Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2):e19161.

65 Esposito S, Principi N. To mask or not to mask children to overcome COVID-19. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179(8):1267-1270.

66 Parry J. Covid-19: Hong Kong government supplies reusable face masks to all residents. BMJ 2020; 369:m1880.

67 Soto DM, Cardona Maya WD, Agudelo EL, Bueno-Sánchez JC. The feasibility of generalized face mask usage during the COVID-19 pandemic: a perspective from Latin America. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 1-2.

68 Huang Y, Wu Q, Wang P, Xu Y, Wang L, Zhao Y, Yao D, Xu Y, Lv Q, Xu S. Measures Undertaken in China to Avoid COVID-19 Infection: Internet-Based, Cross-Sectional Survey Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22(5):e18718.

69 Sra HK, Sandhu A, Singh M. Use of Face Masks in COVID-19. Indian J Pediatr 2020; 87:553.

70 Kashyap A, Singh K, Sabat D, Maini L. Fast and economic cardboard cutout use to increase compliance of face mask wear during COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2020; 11(Supl. 3):S298-S300.

71 Matusiak L, Szepietowska M, Krajewski P, Bialynicki-Birula R, Szepietowski JC. Inconveniences due to the use of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey study of 876 young people. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(4):e13567.

72 Ogoina D. COVID-19: The Need for Rational Use of Face Masks in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103(1):33-34.

73 Feng Y, Marchal T, Sperry T, Yi H. Influence of wind and relative humidity on the social distancing effectiveness to prevent COVID-19 airborne transmission: A numerical study. J Aerosol Sci 2020; 105585.

74 Noh JY, Seong H, Yoon JG, Song JY, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ. Social Distancing against COVID-19: Implication for the Control of Influenza. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35(19):e182.

75 Gao Q, Hu Y, Dai Z, Xiao F, Wang J, Wu J. The epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in Jingmen, Hubei, China. Medicine 2020; 99(23):e20605.

76 Clase CM, Fu EL, Joseph M, Beale RCL, Dolovich MB, Jardine M, Mann JFE, Pecoits-Filho R, Winkelmayer WC, Carrero JJ. Cloth Masks May Prevent Transmission of COVID-19: An Evidence-Based, Risk-Based Approach. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173(6):489-491 .

77 Chiang C-H, Chiang C-H, Chiang C-H. Letter to editor - Can universal masking help with our recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic? Int J Surg 2020; 79:125-126.

78 Goscé L, Phillips PA, Spinola P, Gupta DRK, Abubakar PI. Modelling SARS-COV2 Spread in London: Approaches to Lift the Lockdown. J Infect 2020; 81(2):260-265.

79 Middleton JD, Lopes H. Face masks in the covid-19 crisis: caveats, limits, and priorities. BMJ 2020; 369:m2030.

80 Laestadius L, Wang Y, Ben Taleb Z, Kalan ME, Cho Y, Manganello J. Online National Health Agency Mask Guidance for the Public in Light of COVID-19: Content Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2):e19501

81 Majeed A, Seo Y, Heo K, Lee D. Can the UK emulate the South Korean approach to covid-19? BMJ 2020; 369:m2084.

82 Chan EYY, Huang Z, Lo ESK, Hung KKC, Wong ELY, Wong SYS. Sociodemographic Predictors of Health Risk Perception, Attitude and Behavior Practices Associated with Health-Emergency Disaster Risk Management for Biological Hazards: The Case of COVID-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong, SAR China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(11):3869.

83 Han C, Shi J, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Increased flare of acne caused by long-time mask wearing during COVID-19 pandemic among general population. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(4):e13704.

84 Liu X, Luo W-T, Li Y, Li C-N, Hong Z-S, Chen H-L, Xiao F, Xia J-Y. Psychological status and behavior changes of the public during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9(1):58.

85 Lee H, Lee H, Song K-H, Kim ES, Park JS, Jung J, Ahn S, Jeong EK, Park H, Kim HB. Impact of Public Health Interventions on Seasonal Influenza Activity During the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Korea. Clin Infect Dis 2020; ciaa672.

86 Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann HJ, COVID-19 Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort (SURGE) study authors. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2020; 395(10242):1973-1987

87 Liu PL. COVID-19 Information Seeking on Digital Media and Preventive Behaviors: The Mediation Role of Worry. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2020; 23(10):677-682.

88 Jung F, Krieger V, Hufert FT, Küpper J-H. How we should respond to the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: A German perspective. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 74(4):363-372.

89 Li DTS, Samaranayake LP, Leung YY, Neelakantan P. Facial protection in the era of COVID-19: A narrative review. Oral Dis 2020; 10.1111/odi.13460.
https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13460...

90 Goh Y, Tan BYQ, Bhartendu C, Ong JJY, Sharma VK. The face mask: How a real protection becomes a psychological symbol during Covid-19? Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:1-5.

91 Greenhalgh T. Laying straw men to rest: author's reply to 'Urgency and uncertainty: covid-19, face masks, and evidence informed policy'. BMJ 2020; 369:m2240

92 Wong LP, Alias H, Danaee M, Ziaee M, Abedi F, Ziaee A, Mohajer S, HajiAliBeigloo R, Nia MN, Jamei F, Mazlom SR. Uncovering psychobehavioral implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Iran. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 10.1111/tbed.13662.
https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13662...

93 Zhang R, Li Y, Zhang AL, Wang Y, Molina MJ. Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2020; 117(26):14857-14863.

94 Ho K-F, Lin L-Y, Weng S-P, Chuang K-J. Medical mask versus cotton mask for preventing respiratory droplet transmission in micro environments. Sci Total Environ 2020; 735:139510.

95 Esposito S, Principi N, Leung CC, Migliori GB. Universal use of face masks for success against COVID-19: evidence and implications for prevention policies. Eur Respir J 2020; 55(6):2001260.^-⁹⁶96 Dkhar SA, Quansar R, Saleem SM, Khan SMS. Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to COVID-19 pandemic among social media users in J&K, India. Indian J Public Health 2020; 64(Supl.):S205-S210. e 4,3% (n=4)⁹⁷97 Mahase E. Covid-19: What is the evidence for cloth masks? BMJ 2020; 369:m1422.

98 Szarpak L, Smereka J, Filipiak KJ, Ladny JR, Jaguszewski M. Cloth masks versus medical masks for COVID-19 protection. Cardiol J 2020; 27(2):218-219.

99 Lazcano-Ponce E, Alpuche-Aranda C. Public health literacy in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic emergency. Salud Publica Mex 2020; 62(3):331-340.^-¹⁰⁰100 Martin GP, Hanna E, Dingwall R. Urgency and uncertainty: covid-19, face masks, and evidence informed policy. BMJ 2020; 369:m2017. se posicionaram contra o seu uso. É importante destacar que todos os artigos que se posicionaram contra o uso de máscaras eram artigos de opinião, comentários, cartas ou editoriais. Entre aqueles que se posicionaram a favor, destacam-se os estudos transversais (n=28)¹⁸18 Ma QX, Shan H, Zhang HL, Li GM. Potential utilities of mask-wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2020; 92(9):1567-1571.^,²⁷27 Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, Zhang Q-Q, Liu X-G, Li W-T, Li Y. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16(10):1745-1752.^,³³33 Worby CJ, Chang H-H. Face mask use in the general population and optimal resource allocation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Commun 2020; 11(1):4049.^,⁴²42 Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TWY, Tsang TK, Li JCM, Fong MW, Liao Q, Kwan MY, Lee SL, Chiu SS, Wu JT, Wu P, Leung GM. Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Public Health 2020; ;5(5):e279-e288 .^,⁴⁶46 Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, Phan T, Eikenberry K, Kuang Y, Kostelich E, Gumel AB. To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis Model 2020; 5:293-308.^,⁴⁹49 Chen X, Ran L, Liu Q, Hu Q, Du X, Tan X. Hand Hygiene, Mask-Wearing Behaviors and Its Associated Factors during the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Cross-Sectional Study among Primary School Students in Wuhan, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(8):2893.^,⁵⁰50 Lee M, You M. Psychological and Behavioral Responses in South Korea During the Early Stages of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(9):2977.^,⁵³53 Cheng VCC, Wong S-C, Chuang VWM, So SY-C, Chen JH-K, Sridhar S, To KK-W, Chan JF-W, Hung IF-N, Ho P-L, Yuen K-Y. The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2. J Infect 2020; 81(1):107-114.

54 Konda A, Prakash A, Moss GA, Schmoldt M, Grant GD, Guha S. Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks. ACS Nano 2020; 14(5):6339-6347.^-⁵⁵55 Victor CWT, Shing YT, Wai KP, Helen KWL, Shara WYL. A reality check on the use of face masks during the COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 22:100356.^,⁵⁷57 Wilson AM, Abney SE, King M-F, Weir MH, López-García M, Sexton JD, Dancer SJ, Proctor J, Noakes CJ, Reynolds KA. COVID-19 and non-traditional mask use: How do various materials compare in reducing the infection risk for mask wearers? J Hosp Infect 2020; 105(4):640-642.^,⁵⁹59 Ngonghala CN, Iboi E, Eikenberry S, Scotch M, MacIntyre CR, Bonds MH, Gumel AB. Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2019 novel Coronavirus. Math Biosci 2020; 325:108364.^,⁶¹61 Hoertel N, Blachier M, Blanco C, Olfson M, Massetti M, Rico MS, Limosin F, Leleu H. Lockdown exit strategies and risk of a second epidemic peak: a stochastic agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France. medRxiv 2020; 10.1101/2020.04.30.20086264.
https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.30.20086... ^,⁶³63 Kang Y-J. Lessons Learned From Cases of COVID-19 Infection in South Korea. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020; 1-8.^,⁶⁴64 Clements JM. Knowledge and Behaviors Toward COVID-19 Among US Residents During the Early Days of the Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2):e19161.^,⁶⁸68 Huang Y, Wu Q, Wang P, Xu Y, Wang L, Zhao Y, Yao D, Xu Y, Lv Q, Xu S. Measures Undertaken in China to Avoid COVID-19 Infection: Internet-Based, Cross-Sectional Survey Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22(5):e18718.^,⁷³73 Feng Y, Marchal T, Sperry T, Yi H. Influence of wind and relative humidity on the social distancing effectiveness to prevent COVID-19 airborne transmission: A numerical study. J Aerosol Sci 2020; 105585.^,⁷⁵75 Gao Q, Hu Y, Dai Z, Xiao F, Wang J, Wu J. The epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in Jingmen, Hubei, China. Medicine 2020; 99(23):e20605.^,⁷⁸78 Goscé L, Phillips PA, Spinola P, Gupta DRK, Abubakar PI. Modelling SARS-COV2 Spread in London: Approaches to Lift the Lockdown. J Infect 2020; 81(2):260-265.^,⁸⁰80 Laestadius L, Wang Y, Ben Taleb Z, Kalan ME, Cho Y, Manganello J. Online National Health Agency Mask Guidance for the Public in Light of COVID-19: Content Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2):e19501^,⁸²82 Chan EYY, Huang Z, Lo ESK, Hung KKC, Wong ELY, Wong SYS. Sociodemographic Predictors of Health Risk Perception, Attitude and Behavior Practices Associated with Health-Emergency Disaster Risk Management for Biological Hazards: The Case of COVID-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong, SAR China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(11):3869.^,⁸⁴84 Liu X, Luo W-T, Li Y, Li C-N, Hong Z-S, Chen H-L, Xiao F, Xia J-Y. Psychological status and behavior changes of the public during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9(1):58.^,⁸⁵85 Lee H, Lee H, Song K-H, Kim ES, Park JS, Jung J, Ahn S, Jeong EK, Park H, Kim HB. Impact of Public Health Interventions on Seasonal Influenza Activity During the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Korea. Clin Infect Dis 2020; ciaa672.^,⁸⁷87 Liu PL. COVID-19 Information Seeking on Digital Media and Preventive Behaviors: The Mediation Role of Worry. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2020; 23(10):677-682.^,⁸⁸88 Jung F, Krieger V, Hufert FT, Küpper J-H. How we should respond to the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: A German perspective. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 74(4):363-372.^,⁹²92 Wong LP, Alias H, Danaee M, Ziaee M, Abedi F, Ziaee A, Mohajer S, HajiAliBeigloo R, Nia MN, Jamei F, Mazlom SR. Uncovering psychobehavioral implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Iran. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 10.1111/tbed.13662.
https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13662... ^,⁹³93 Zhang R, Li Y, Zhang AL, Wang Y, Molina MJ. Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2020; 117(26):14857-14863.^,⁹⁶96 Dkhar SA, Quansar R, Saleem SM, Khan SMS. Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to COVID-19 pandemic among social media users in J&K, India. Indian J Public Health 2020; 64(Supl.):S205-S210. e as revisões de literatura (n=10)¹⁰10 Liang M, Gao L, Cheng C, Zhou Q, Uy JP, Heiner K, Sun C. Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 36:101751.^,²⁸28 Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu Y-J, Mao Y-P, Ye R-X, Wang Q-Z, Sun C, Sylvia S, Rozelle S, Raat H, Zhou H. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9(1):29.^,³⁹39 Gandhi M, Havlir D. The Time for Universal Masking of the Public for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Is Now. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7(4):ofaa131.^,⁴⁵45 Abd-Elsayed A, Karri J. Utility of Substandard Face Mask Options for Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Anesth Analg; 131(1):4-6 .^,⁶⁰60 MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA. A rapid systematic review of the efficacy of face masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for the community, healthcare workers and sick patients. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 108:103629.^,⁶⁵65 Esposito S, Principi N. To mask or not to mask children to overcome COVID-19. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179(8):1267-1270.^,⁷⁶76 Clase CM, Fu EL, Joseph M, Beale RCL, Dolovich MB, Jardine M, Mann JFE, Pecoits-Filho R, Winkelmayer WC, Carrero JJ. Cloth Masks May Prevent Transmission of COVID-19: An Evidence-Based, Risk-Based Approach. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173(6):489-491 .^,⁸⁶86 Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann HJ, COVID-19 Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort (SURGE) study authors. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2020; 395(10242):1973-1987^,⁸⁹89 Li DTS, Samaranayake LP, Leung YY, Neelakantan P. Facial protection in the era of COVID-19: A narrative review. Oral Dis 2020; 10.1111/odi.13460.
https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13460... ^,⁹⁰90 Goh Y, Tan BYQ, Bhartendu C, Ong JJY, Sharma VK. The face mask: How a real protection becomes a psychological symbol during Covid-19? Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:1-5.^,⁹⁵95 Esposito S, Principi N, Leung CC, Migliori GB. Universal use of face masks for success against COVID-19: evidence and implications for prevention policies. Eur Respir J 2020; 55(6):2001260., considerando um universo de 32 e 15 estudos, respectivamente (Quadro 1). As primeiras publicações sobre o tema estavam divididas entre as possíveis implicações do uso universal de máscaras na redução dos estoques de máscaras descartáveis e a recomendação do uso de máscaras de tecido como medida adicional na contenção da pandemia. A partir de abril, as publicações que recomendavam a adoção do uso universal de máscaras, em especial as de tecido, aumentaram de 9,72% (n=7)¹⁸18 Ma QX, Shan H, Zhang HL, Li GM. Potential utilities of mask-wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2020; 92(9):1567-1571.^,²⁶26 Leung CC, Lam TH, Cheng KK. Let us not forget the mask in our attempts to stall the spread of COVID-19. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2020; 24(4):364-366.

27 Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, Zhang Q-Q, Liu X-G, Li W-T, Li Y. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16(10):1745-1752.

28 Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu Y-J, Mao Y-P, Ye R-X, Wang Q-Z, Sun C, Sylvia S, Rozelle S, Raat H, Zhou H. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9(1):29.

29 Leung CC, Lam TH, Cheng KK. Mass masking in the COVID-19 epidemic: people need guidance. Lancet 2020; 395(10228):945.

30 Zhai Z. Facial mask: A necessity to beat COVID-19. Build Environ 2020; 175:106827.^-³¹31 Liu X, Zhang S. COVID-19: Face masks and human-to-human transmission. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 2020; 14(4):472-473 . para 90,28% (n=65)¹⁰10 Liang M, Gao L, Cheng C, Zhou Q, Uy JP, Heiner K, Sun C. Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 36:101751.^,³³33 Worby CJ, Chang H-H. Face mask use in the general population and optimal resource allocation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Commun 2020; 11(1):4049.

34 Zhou Z-G, Yue D-S, Mu C-L, Zhang L. Mask is the possible key for self-isolation in COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol 2020; 10.1002/jmv.25846.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25846...

35 Javid B, Weekes MP, Matheson NJ. Covid-19: should the public wear face masks? BMJ 2020; 369:m1442.

36 Greenhalgh T, Schmid MB, Czypionka T, Bassler D, Gruer L. Face masks for the public during the covid-19 crisis. BMJ 2020; 369:m1435.

37 Wang M-W, Cheng Y-R, Ye L, Zhou M-Y, Chen J, Feng Z-H. The COVID-19 outbreak: The issue of face masks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 41(8):974-975.

38 Han G, Zhou Y-H. Possibly critical role of wearing masks in general population in controlling COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020; 10.1002/jmv.25886.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25886...

39 Gandhi M, Havlir D. The Time for Universal Masking of the Public for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Is Now. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7(4):ofaa131.

40 Cheng KK, Lam TH, Leung CC. Wearing face masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic: altruism and solidarity. Lancet 2020; S0140-6736(20)30918-1 .

41 Pleil JD, Beauchamp JD, Risby TH, Dweik RA. The scientific rationale for the use of simple masks or improvised facial coverings to trap exhaled aerosols and possibly reduce the breathborne spread of COVID-19. J Breath Res 2020; 14(3):030201.

42 Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TWY, Tsang TK, Li JCM, Fong MW, Liao Q, Kwan MY, Lee SL, Chiu SS, Wu JT, Wu P, Leung GM. Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Public Health 2020; ;5(5):e279-e288 .

43 Desai AN, Aronoff DM. Masks and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA 2020; 323(20):2103.

44 MacIntyre CR, Hasanain SJ. Community Universal Face Mask Use during the COVID 19 pandemic-from households to travelers and public spaces. J Travel Med 2020; 27(3):taaa056.

45 Abd-Elsayed A, Karri J. Utility of Substandard Face Mask Options for Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Anesth Analg; 131(1):4-6 .

46 Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, Phan T, Eikenberry K, Kuang Y, Kostelich E, Gumel AB. To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis Model 2020; 5:293-308.

47 Thomson GA. COVID-19: Leaving lockdown-Of Schrodinger, cats, testing and masks. Int J Clin Pract 2020; 74(8):e13519.

48 Garcia LP. Use of facemasks to limit COVID-19 transmission. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2020; 29(2):e2020023.

49 Chen X, Ran L, Liu Q, Hu Q, Du X, Tan X. Hand Hygiene, Mask-Wearing Behaviors and Its Associated Factors during the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Cross-Sectional Study among Primary School Students in Wuhan, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(8):2893.

50 Lee M, You M. Psychological and Behavioral Responses in South Korea During the Early Stages of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(9):2977.

51 Cho-Han Chiang, Cho-Hung Chiang, Cho-Hsien Chiang, Yee-Chun Chen. The Practice of Wearing Surgical Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26(8):1962.

52 Setti L, Passarini F, De Gennaro G, Barbieri P, Perrone MG, Borelli M, Palmisani J, Di Gilio A, Piscitelli P, Miani A. Airborne Transmission Route of COVID-19: Why 2 Meters/6 Feet of Inter-Personal Distance Could Not Be Enough. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(8):2932.

53 Cheng VCC, Wong S-C, Chuang VWM, So SY-C, Chen JH-K, Sridhar S, To KK-W, Chan JF-W, Hung IF-N, Ho P-L, Yuen K-Y. The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2. J Infect 2020; 81(1):107-114.

54 Konda A, Prakash A, Moss GA, Schmoldt M, Grant GD, Guha S. Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks. ACS Nano 2020; 14(5):6339-6347.

55 Victor CWT, Shing YT, Wai KP, Helen KWL, Shara WYL. A reality check on the use of face masks during the COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 22:100356.

56 Wu E, Qi D. Masks and thermometers: Paramount measures to stop the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States. Genes Dis 2020; 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04.011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04...

57 Wilson AM, Abney SE, King M-F, Weir MH, López-García M, Sexton JD, Dancer SJ, Proctor J, Noakes CJ, Reynolds KA. COVID-19 and non-traditional mask use: How do various materials compare in reducing the infection risk for mask wearers? J Hosp Infect 2020; 105(4):640-642.

58 Sunjaya AP, Jenkins C. Rationale for universal face masks in public against COVID-19. Respirology 2020; 5(7):678-679.

59 Ngonghala CN, Iboi E, Eikenberry S, Scotch M, MacIntyre CR, Bonds MH, Gumel AB. Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2019 novel Coronavirus. Math Biosci 2020; 325:108364.

60 MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA. A rapid systematic review of the efficacy of face masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for the community, healthcare workers and sick patients. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 108:103629.

61 Hoertel N, Blachier M, Blanco C, Olfson M, Massetti M, Rico MS, Limosin F, Leleu H. Lockdown exit strategies and risk of a second epidemic peak: a stochastic agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France. medRxiv 2020; 10.1101/2020.04.30.20086264.
https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.30.20086...

62 Szczesniak D, Ciulkowicz M, Maciaszek J, Misiak B, Luc D, Wieczorek T, Witecka K-F, Rymaszewska J. Psychopathological responses and face mask restrictions during the COVID-19 outbreak: Results from a nationwide survey. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:161-162.

63 Kang Y-J. Lessons Learned From Cases of COVID-19 Infection in South Korea. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020; 1-8.

64 Clements JM. Knowledge and Behaviors Toward COVID-19 Among US Residents During the Early Days of the Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2):e19161.

65 Esposito S, Principi N. To mask or not to mask children to overcome COVID-19. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179(8):1267-1270.

66 Parry J. Covid-19: Hong Kong government supplies reusable face masks to all residents. BMJ 2020; 369:m1880.

67 Soto DM, Cardona Maya WD, Agudelo EL, Bueno-Sánchez JC. The feasibility of generalized face mask usage during the COVID-19 pandemic: a perspective from Latin America. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 1-2.

68 Huang Y, Wu Q, Wang P, Xu Y, Wang L, Zhao Y, Yao D, Xu Y, Lv Q, Xu S. Measures Undertaken in China to Avoid COVID-19 Infection: Internet-Based, Cross-Sectional Survey Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22(5):e18718.

69 Sra HK, Sandhu A, Singh M. Use of Face Masks in COVID-19. Indian J Pediatr 2020; 87:553.

70 Kashyap A, Singh K, Sabat D, Maini L. Fast and economic cardboard cutout use to increase compliance of face mask wear during COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2020; 11(Supl. 3):S298-S300.

71 Matusiak L, Szepietowska M, Krajewski P, Bialynicki-Birula R, Szepietowski JC. Inconveniences due to the use of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey study of 876 young people. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(4):e13567.

72 Ogoina D. COVID-19: The Need for Rational Use of Face Masks in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103(1):33-34.

73 Feng Y, Marchal T, Sperry T, Yi H. Influence of wind and relative humidity on the social distancing effectiveness to prevent COVID-19 airborne transmission: A numerical study. J Aerosol Sci 2020; 105585.

74 Noh JY, Seong H, Yoon JG, Song JY, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ. Social Distancing against COVID-19: Implication for the Control of Influenza. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35(19):e182.

75 Gao Q, Hu Y, Dai Z, Xiao F, Wang J, Wu J. The epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in Jingmen, Hubei, China. Medicine 2020; 99(23):e20605.

76 Clase CM, Fu EL, Joseph M, Beale RCL, Dolovich MB, Jardine M, Mann JFE, Pecoits-Filho R, Winkelmayer WC, Carrero JJ. Cloth Masks May Prevent Transmission of COVID-19: An Evidence-Based, Risk-Based Approach. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173(6):489-491 .

77 Chiang C-H, Chiang C-H, Chiang C-H. Letter to editor - Can universal masking help with our recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic? Int J Surg 2020; 79:125-126.

78 Goscé L, Phillips PA, Spinola P, Gupta DRK, Abubakar PI. Modelling SARS-COV2 Spread in London: Approaches to Lift the Lockdown. J Infect 2020; 81(2):260-265.

79 Middleton JD, Lopes H. Face masks in the covid-19 crisis: caveats, limits, and priorities. BMJ 2020; 369:m2030.

80 Laestadius L, Wang Y, Ben Taleb Z, Kalan ME, Cho Y, Manganello J. Online National Health Agency Mask Guidance for the Public in Light of COVID-19: Content Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2):e19501

81 Majeed A, Seo Y, Heo K, Lee D. Can the UK emulate the South Korean approach to covid-19? BMJ 2020; 369:m2084.

82 Chan EYY, Huang Z, Lo ESK, Hung KKC, Wong ELY, Wong SYS. Sociodemographic Predictors of Health Risk Perception, Attitude and Behavior Practices Associated with Health-Emergency Disaster Risk Management for Biological Hazards: The Case of COVID-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong, SAR China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(11):3869.

83 Han C, Shi J, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Increased flare of acne caused by long-time mask wearing during COVID-19 pandemic among general population. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(4):e13704.

84 Liu X, Luo W-T, Li Y, Li C-N, Hong Z-S, Chen H-L, Xiao F, Xia J-Y. Psychological status and behavior changes of the public during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9(1):58.

85 Lee H, Lee H, Song K-H, Kim ES, Park JS, Jung J, Ahn S, Jeong EK, Park H, Kim HB. Impact of Public Health Interventions on Seasonal Influenza Activity During the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Korea. Clin Infect Dis 2020; ciaa672.

86 Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann HJ, COVID-19 Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort (SURGE) study authors. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2020; 395(10242):1973-1987

87 Liu PL. COVID-19 Information Seeking on Digital Media and Preventive Behaviors: The Mediation Role of Worry. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2020; 23(10):677-682.

88 Jung F, Krieger V, Hufert FT, Küpper J-H. How we should respond to the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: A German perspective. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 74(4):363-372.

89 Li DTS, Samaranayake LP, Leung YY, Neelakantan P. Facial protection in the era of COVID-19: A narrative review. Oral Dis 2020; 10.1111/odi.13460.
https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13460...

90 Goh Y, Tan BYQ, Bhartendu C, Ong JJY, Sharma VK. The face mask: How a real protection becomes a psychological symbol during Covid-19? Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:1-5.

91 Greenhalgh T. Laying straw men to rest: author's reply to 'Urgency and uncertainty: covid-19, face masks, and evidence informed policy'. BMJ 2020; 369:m2240

92 Wong LP, Alias H, Danaee M, Ziaee M, Abedi F, Ziaee A, Mohajer S, HajiAliBeigloo R, Nia MN, Jamei F, Mazlom SR. Uncovering psychobehavioral implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Iran. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 10.1111/tbed.13662.
https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13662...

93 Zhang R, Li Y, Zhang AL, Wang Y, Molina MJ. Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2020; 117(26):14857-14863.

94 Ho K-F, Lin L-Y, Weng S-P, Chuang K-J. Medical mask versus cotton mask for preventing respiratory droplet transmission in micro environments. Sci Total Environ 2020; 735:139510.

95 Esposito S, Principi N, Leung CC, Migliori GB. Universal use of face masks for success against COVID-19: evidence and implications for prevention policies. Eur Respir J 2020; 55(6):2001260.^-⁹⁶96 Dkhar SA, Quansar R, Saleem SM, Khan SMS. Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to COVID-19 pandemic among social media users in J&K, India. Indian J Public Health 2020; 64(Supl.):S205-S210.. Essa diferença também pode ser observada entre os países (Figura 4), que passaram a recomendar intensamente o uso de máscaras em ambiente extradomiciliar a partir do mês de abril (as datas da regulamentação podem ser consultadas na Tabela 1).

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Figura 3
Posicionamentos das publicações científicas sobre o amplo uso de máscaras de tecido no combate à pandemia por mês de publicação.

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Figura 4
Países que regulamentaram o uso de máscaras em ambiente extradomiciliar desde o início da pandemia.

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Tabela 1
Sequência cronológica dos países que decretaram oficialmente a utilização de máscaras faciais em locais públicos*.

Evolução das recomendações sobre o uso de máscaras para o controle da COVID-19 ao longo do curso da epidemia

Com o avanço da pandemia de COVID-19, discussões sobre o uso de máscaras em ambientes extradomiciliares como intervenção em saúde pública emergiram, com posições favoráveis¹⁰10 Liang M, Gao L, Cheng C, Zhou Q, Uy JP, Heiner K, Sun C. Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 36:101751.^,¹⁸18 Ma QX, Shan H, Zhang HL, Li GM. Potential utilities of mask-wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2020; 92(9):1567-1571.^,²⁰20 Wang M-W, Zhou M-Y, Ji G-H, Ye L, Cheng Y-R, Feng Z-H, Chen J. Mask crisis during the COVID-19 outbreak. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24(6):3397-3399.^,²⁶26 Leung CC, Lam TH, Cheng KK. Let us not forget the mask in our attempts to stall the spread of COVID-19. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2020; 24(4):364-366.

27 Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, Zhang Q-Q, Liu X-G, Li W-T, Li Y. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16(10):1745-1752.

28 Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu Y-J, Mao Y-P, Ye R-X, Wang Q-Z, Sun C, Sylvia S, Rozelle S, Raat H, Zhou H. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9(1):29.

29 Leung CC, Lam TH, Cheng KK. Mass masking in the COVID-19 epidemic: people need guidance. Lancet 2020; 395(10228):945.

30 Zhai Z. Facial mask: A necessity to beat COVID-19. Build Environ 2020; 175:106827.^-³¹31 Liu X, Zhang S. COVID-19: Face masks and human-to-human transmission. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 2020; 14(4):472-473 .^,³⁴34 Zhou Z-G, Yue D-S, Mu C-L, Zhang L. Mask is the possible key for self-isolation in COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol 2020; 10.1002/jmv.25846.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25846... ^,³⁵35 Javid B, Weekes MP, Matheson NJ. Covid-19: should the public wear face masks? BMJ 2020; 369:m1442.^,³⁷37 Wang M-W, Cheng Y-R, Ye L, Zhou M-Y, Chen J, Feng Z-H. The COVID-19 outbreak: The issue of face masks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 41(8):974-975.^,³⁹39 Gandhi M, Havlir D. The Time for Universal Masking of the Public for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Is Now. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7(4):ofaa131.

40 Cheng KK, Lam TH, Leung CC. Wearing face masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic: altruism and solidarity. Lancet 2020; S0140-6736(20)30918-1 .

41 Pleil JD, Beauchamp JD, Risby TH, Dweik RA. The scientific rationale for the use of simple masks or improvised facial coverings to trap exhaled aerosols and possibly reduce the breathborne spread of COVID-19. J Breath Res 2020; 14(3):030201.

42 Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TWY, Tsang TK, Li JCM, Fong MW, Liao Q, Kwan MY, Lee SL, Chiu SS, Wu JT, Wu P, Leung GM. Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Public Health 2020; ;5(5):e279-e288 .

43 Desai AN, Aronoff DM. Masks and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA 2020; 323(20):2103.

44 MacIntyre CR, Hasanain SJ. Community Universal Face Mask Use during the COVID 19 pandemic-from households to travelers and public spaces. J Travel Med 2020; 27(3):taaa056.

45 Abd-Elsayed A, Karri J. Utility of Substandard Face Mask Options for Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Anesth Analg; 131(1):4-6 .

46 Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, Phan T, Eikenberry K, Kuang Y, Kostelich E, Gumel AB. To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis Model 2020; 5:293-308.

47 Thomson GA. COVID-19: Leaving lockdown-Of Schrodinger, cats, testing and masks. Int J Clin Pract 2020; 74(8):e13519.

48 Garcia LP. Use of facemasks to limit COVID-19 transmission. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2020; 29(2):e2020023.

49 Chen X, Ran L, Liu Q, Hu Q, Du X, Tan X. Hand Hygiene, Mask-Wearing Behaviors and Its Associated Factors during the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Cross-Sectional Study among Primary School Students in Wuhan, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(8):2893.

50 Lee M, You M. Psychological and Behavioral Responses in South Korea During the Early Stages of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(9):2977.

51 Cho-Han Chiang, Cho-Hung Chiang, Cho-Hsien Chiang, Yee-Chun Chen. The Practice of Wearing Surgical Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26(8):1962.

52 Setti L, Passarini F, De Gennaro G, Barbieri P, Perrone MG, Borelli M, Palmisani J, Di Gilio A, Piscitelli P, Miani A. Airborne Transmission Route of COVID-19: Why 2 Meters/6 Feet of Inter-Personal Distance Could Not Be Enough. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(8):2932.

53 Cheng VCC, Wong S-C, Chuang VWM, So SY-C, Chen JH-K, Sridhar S, To KK-W, Chan JF-W, Hung IF-N, Ho P-L, Yuen K-Y. The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2. J Infect 2020; 81(1):107-114.

54 Konda A, Prakash A, Moss GA, Schmoldt M, Grant GD, Guha S. Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks. ACS Nano 2020; 14(5):6339-6347.

55 Victor CWT, Shing YT, Wai KP, Helen KWL, Shara WYL. A reality check on the use of face masks during the COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 22:100356.

56 Wu E, Qi D. Masks and thermometers: Paramount measures to stop the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States. Genes Dis 2020; 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04.011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04...

57 Wilson AM, Abney SE, King M-F, Weir MH, López-García M, Sexton JD, Dancer SJ, Proctor J, Noakes CJ, Reynolds KA. COVID-19 and non-traditional mask use: How do various materials compare in reducing the infection risk for mask wearers? J Hosp Infect 2020; 105(4):640-642.

58 Sunjaya AP, Jenkins C. Rationale for universal face masks in public against COVID-19. Respirology 2020; 5(7):678-679.

59 Ngonghala CN, Iboi E, Eikenberry S, Scotch M, MacIntyre CR, Bonds MH, Gumel AB. Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2019 novel Coronavirus. Math Biosci 2020; 325:108364.

60 MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA. A rapid systematic review of the efficacy of face masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for the community, healthcare workers and sick patients. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 108:103629.

61 Hoertel N, Blachier M, Blanco C, Olfson M, Massetti M, Rico MS, Limosin F, Leleu H. Lockdown exit strategies and risk of a second epidemic peak: a stochastic agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France. medRxiv 2020; 10.1101/2020.04.30.20086264.
https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.30.20086...

62 Szczesniak D, Ciulkowicz M, Maciaszek J, Misiak B, Luc D, Wieczorek T, Witecka K-F, Rymaszewska J. Psychopathological responses and face mask restrictions during the COVID-19 outbreak: Results from a nationwide survey. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:161-162.

63 Kang Y-J. Lessons Learned From Cases of COVID-19 Infection in South Korea. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020; 1-8.

64 Clements JM. Knowledge and Behaviors Toward COVID-19 Among US Residents During the Early Days of the Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2):e19161.

65 Esposito S, Principi N. To mask or not to mask children to overcome COVID-19. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179(8):1267-1270.

66 Parry J. Covid-19: Hong Kong government supplies reusable face masks to all residents. BMJ 2020; 369:m1880.

67 Soto DM, Cardona Maya WD, Agudelo EL, Bueno-Sánchez JC. The feasibility of generalized face mask usage during the COVID-19 pandemic: a perspective from Latin America. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 1-2.

68 Huang Y, Wu Q, Wang P, Xu Y, Wang L, Zhao Y, Yao D, Xu Y, Lv Q, Xu S. Measures Undertaken in China to Avoid COVID-19 Infection: Internet-Based, Cross-Sectional Survey Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22(5):e18718.

69 Sra HK, Sandhu A, Singh M. Use of Face Masks in COVID-19. Indian J Pediatr 2020; 87:553.

70 Kashyap A, Singh K, Sabat D, Maini L. Fast and economic cardboard cutout use to increase compliance of face mask wear during COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2020; 11(Supl. 3):S298-S300.

71 Matusiak L, Szepietowska M, Krajewski P, Bialynicki-Birula R, Szepietowski JC. Inconveniences due to the use of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey study of 876 young people. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(4):e13567.

72 Ogoina D. COVID-19: The Need for Rational Use of Face Masks in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103(1):33-34.

73 Feng Y, Marchal T, Sperry T, Yi H. Influence of wind and relative humidity on the social distancing effectiveness to prevent COVID-19 airborne transmission: A numerical study. J Aerosol Sci 2020; 105585.

74 Noh JY, Seong H, Yoon JG, Song JY, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ. Social Distancing against COVID-19: Implication for the Control of Influenza. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35(19):e182.

75 Gao Q, Hu Y, Dai Z, Xiao F, Wang J, Wu J. The epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in Jingmen, Hubei, China. Medicine 2020; 99(23):e20605.

76 Clase CM, Fu EL, Joseph M, Beale RCL, Dolovich MB, Jardine M, Mann JFE, Pecoits-Filho R, Winkelmayer WC, Carrero JJ. Cloth Masks May Prevent Transmission of COVID-19: An Evidence-Based, Risk-Based Approach. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173(6):489-491 .

77 Chiang C-H, Chiang C-H, Chiang C-H. Letter to editor - Can universal masking help with our recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic? Int J Surg 2020; 79:125-126.

78 Goscé L, Phillips PA, Spinola P, Gupta DRK, Abubakar PI. Modelling SARS-COV2 Spread in London: Approaches to Lift the Lockdown. J Infect 2020; 81(2):260-265.

79 Middleton JD, Lopes H. Face masks in the covid-19 crisis: caveats, limits, and priorities. BMJ 2020; 369:m2030.

80 Laestadius L, Wang Y, Ben Taleb Z, Kalan ME, Cho Y, Manganello J. Online National Health Agency Mask Guidance for the Public in Light of COVID-19: Content Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2):e19501

81 Majeed A, Seo Y, Heo K, Lee D. Can the UK emulate the South Korean approach to covid-19? BMJ 2020; 369:m2084.^-⁸²82 Chan EYY, Huang Z, Lo ESK, Hung KKC, Wong ELY, Wong SYS. Sociodemographic Predictors of Health Risk Perception, Attitude and Behavior Practices Associated with Health-Emergency Disaster Risk Management for Biological Hazards: The Case of COVID-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong, SAR China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(11):3869.^,⁸⁴84 Liu X, Luo W-T, Li Y, Li C-N, Hong Z-S, Chen H-L, Xiao F, Xia J-Y. Psychological status and behavior changes of the public during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9(1):58.

85 Lee H, Lee H, Song K-H, Kim ES, Park JS, Jung J, Ahn S, Jeong EK, Park H, Kim HB. Impact of Public Health Interventions on Seasonal Influenza Activity During the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Korea. Clin Infect Dis 2020; ciaa672.

86 Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann HJ, COVID-19 Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort (SURGE) study authors. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2020; 395(10242):1973-1987

87 Liu PL. COVID-19 Information Seeking on Digital Media and Preventive Behaviors: The Mediation Role of Worry. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2020; 23(10):677-682.

88 Jung F, Krieger V, Hufert FT, Küpper J-H. How we should respond to the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: A German perspective. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 74(4):363-372.

89 Li DTS, Samaranayake LP, Leung YY, Neelakantan P. Facial protection in the era of COVID-19: A narrative review. Oral Dis 2020; 10.1111/odi.13460.
https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13460...

90 Goh Y, Tan BYQ, Bhartendu C, Ong JJY, Sharma VK. The face mask: How a real protection becomes a psychological symbol during Covid-19? Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:1-5.

91 Greenhalgh T. Laying straw men to rest: author's reply to 'Urgency and uncertainty: covid-19, face masks, and evidence informed policy'. BMJ 2020; 369:m2240

92 Wong LP, Alias H, Danaee M, Ziaee M, Abedi F, Ziaee A, Mohajer S, HajiAliBeigloo R, Nia MN, Jamei F, Mazlom SR. Uncovering psychobehavioral implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Iran. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 10.1111/tbed.13662.
https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13662...

93 Zhang R, Li Y, Zhang AL, Wang Y, Molina MJ. Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2020; 117(26):14857-14863.

94 Ho K-F, Lin L-Y, Weng S-P, Chuang K-J. Medical mask versus cotton mask for preventing respiratory droplet transmission in micro environments. Sci Total Environ 2020; 735:139510.

95 Esposito S, Principi N, Leung CC, Migliori GB. Universal use of face masks for success against COVID-19: evidence and implications for prevention policies. Eur Respir J 2020; 55(6):2001260.^-⁹⁶96 Dkhar SA, Quansar R, Saleem SM, Khan SMS. Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to COVID-19 pandemic among social media users in J&K, India. Indian J Public Health 2020; 64(Supl.):S205-S210.^,¹⁰²102 Stone TE, Kunaviktikul W, Omura M, Petrini M. Editorial: Facemasks and the Covid 19 pandemic: What advice should health professionals be giving the general public about the wearing of facemasks? Nurs Health Sci 2020; 22(2):339-342.^,¹⁰³103 Chowdhury A, Jahan N, Wang S. One month of the novel coronavirus 2019 outbreak: Is it still a threat? Virusdisease 2020; 31(2):1-5.^,¹¹⁶116 Han C, Shi J, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Increased flare of acne caused by long-time mask wearing during COVID -19 pandemic among general population. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(4):e13704.

117 Luan R-S, Wang X, Sun X, Chen X-S, Zhou T, Liu Q-H, Lü X, Wu X-P, Gu D-Q, Tang M-S, Cui H-J, Shan X-F, Ouyang J, Zhang B, Zhang W, Emergency Research Group Sichuan University Covid. Epidemiology, Treatment, and Epidemic Prevention and Control of the Coronavirus Disease 2019: a Review. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2020; 51(2):131-138.

118 Greenhalgh T, Schmid MB, Czypionka T, Bassler D, Gruer L. Face masks for the public during the covid-19 crisis. BMJ 2020; 369:m1435.

119 Sugrue M, O'Keeffe D, Sugrue R, MacLean L, Varzgalis M. A cloth mask for under-resourced healthcare settings in the COVID19 pandemic. Ir J Med Sci 2020; 189(4):1155-1157.^-¹²⁰120 Lewis D. Is the coronavirus airborne? Experts can't agree. Nature 2020; 580(7802):175. e contrárias⁹⁷97 Mahase E. Covid-19: What is the evidence for cloth masks? BMJ 2020; 369:m1422.

98 Szarpak L, Smereka J, Filipiak KJ, Ladny JR, Jaguszewski M. Cloth masks versus medical masks for COVID-19 protection. Cardiol J 2020; 27(2):218-219.

99 Lazcano-Ponce E, Alpuche-Aranda C. Public health literacy in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic emergency. Salud Publica Mex 2020; 62(3):331-340.^-¹⁰⁰100 Martin GP, Hanna E, Dingwall R. Urgency and uncertainty: covid-19, face masks, and evidence informed policy. BMJ 2020; 369:m2017.. Posições contrárias ao amplo uso de máscaras⁹⁷97 Mahase E. Covid-19: What is the evidence for cloth masks? BMJ 2020; 369:m1422.

98 Szarpak L, Smereka J, Filipiak KJ, Ladny JR, Jaguszewski M. Cloth masks versus medical masks for COVID-19 protection. Cardiol J 2020; 27(2):218-219.

99 Lazcano-Ponce E, Alpuche-Aranda C. Public health literacy in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic emergency. Salud Publica Mex 2020; 62(3):331-340.^-¹⁰⁰100 Martin GP, Hanna E, Dingwall R. Urgency and uncertainty: covid-19, face masks, and evidence informed policy. BMJ 2020; 369:m2017. em ambientes públicos, foram observadas, sobretudo, até a primeira semana de março, baseadas nas suposições de que i) essa recomendação poderia afrouxar as medidas de distanciamento social adotadas pela população⁹9 World Health Organization (WHO). Responding to community spread of COVID-19: interim guidance [Internet]. Genebra: WHO; 2020 [acessado 2020 Maio 6]. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331421^,¹²¹121 World Health Organization (WHO). Rational use of personal protective equipment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19): interim guidance, 27 February 2020. Genebra: WHO; 2020.; ii) a manipulação e o uso inadequados das máscaras poderia elevar o risco de transmissão do novo coronavírus¹²²122 Bamber JH, Christmas T. Covid-19: Each discarded face mask is a potential biohazard. BMJ 2020; 369:m2012.; iii) o crescimento da demanda poderia agravar a escassez de máscaras cirúrgicas para profissionais de saúde¹⁸18 Ma QX, Shan H, Zhang HL, Li GM. Potential utilities of mask-wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2020; 92(9):1567-1571.^,²¹21 Feng S, Shen C, Xia N, Song W, Fan M, Cowling BJ. Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8(5):434-436.^,⁶⁹69 Sra HK, Sandhu A, Singh M. Use of Face Masks in COVID-19. Indian J Pediatr 2020; 87:553.^,¹²¹121 World Health Organization (WHO). Rational use of personal protective equipment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19): interim guidance, 27 February 2020. Genebra: WHO; 2020.^,¹²³123 Todd B. Where Are the Masks? Am J Nurs 2020; 120(6):18-19.^,¹²⁴124 Lepelletier D, Grandbastien B, Romano-Bertrand S, Aho S, Chidiac C, Géhanno J-F, Chauvin F, French Society for Hospital Hygiene and the High Council for Public Health. What face mask for what use in the context of COVID-19 pandemic? The French guidelines. J Hosp Infect 2020; 105(3):414-418.; e iv) essa recomendação poderia oportunizar a prática de preços abusivos. Reforçamos que as posições contrárias são embasadas exclusivamente em artigos de opinião, comentários e editoriais, os quais não apresentam evidências científicas que mostrassem a não eficácia do uso de máscaras para contenção da disseminação da doença⁹⁷97 Mahase E. Covid-19: What is the evidence for cloth masks? BMJ 2020; 369:m1422.

98 Szarpak L, Smereka J, Filipiak KJ, Ladny JR, Jaguszewski M. Cloth masks versus medical masks for COVID-19 protection. Cardiol J 2020; 27(2):218-219.

99 Lazcano-Ponce E, Alpuche-Aranda C. Public health literacy in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic emergency. Salud Publica Mex 2020; 62(3):331-340.^-¹⁰⁰100 Martin GP, Hanna E, Dingwall R. Urgency and uncertainty: covid-19, face masks, and evidence informed policy. BMJ 2020; 369:m2017..

Evidências acerca da efetividade do uso de máscaras como controle de doenças infecciosas respiratórias

Estudos anteriores à atual pandemia já haviam comprovado a efetividade do uso massivo de máscaras, inclusive de máscaras de tecido, em locais extradomiciliares como estratégia de controle à disseminação de doenças infecciosas respiratórias¹⁰10 Liang M, Gao L, Cheng C, Zhou Q, Uy JP, Heiner K, Sun C. Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 36:101751.^,¹⁸18 Ma QX, Shan H, Zhang HL, Li GM. Potential utilities of mask-wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2020; 92(9):1567-1571.^,⁴⁴44 MacIntyre CR, Hasanain SJ. Community Universal Face Mask Use during the COVID 19 pandemic-from households to travelers and public spaces. J Travel Med 2020; 27(3):taaa056.^,⁵⁶56 Wu E, Qi D. Masks and thermometers: Paramount measures to stop the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States. Genes Dis 2020; 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04.011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04... ^,¹²⁵125 Brienen NCJ, Timen A, Wallinga J, van Steenbergen JE, Teunis PFM. The effect of mask use on the spread of influenza during a pandemic. Risk Anal 2010; 30(8):1210-1218.^,¹²⁶126 Davies A, Thompson K-A, Giri K, Kafatos G, Walker J, Bennett A. Testing the efficacy of homemade masks: would they protect in an influenza pandemic? Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2013; 7(4):413-418., incluindo a SARS¹²⁷127 Leung GM, Ho L-M, Chan SKK, Ho S-Y, Bacon-Shone J, Choy RYL, Hedley AJ, Lam T-H, Fielding R. Longitudinal assessment of community psychobehavioral responses during and after the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40(12):1713-1720.. De acordo com um estudo britânico¹²⁸128 Howard J, Huang A, Li Z, Tufekci Z, Zdimal V, van der Westhuizen H, von Delft A, Price A, Fridman L, Tang L, Tan V, Watson GL, Bax CE, Shaikh R, Questier F, Hernandez D, Chu LF, Ramirez CM, Rimoin AW. Face masks against COVID-19: an evidence review. Preprints 2020; 10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v1.
https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004... , a eficácia do uso de máscaras no combate a doenças respiratórias depende de três pontos principais: i) da capacidade de bloquear o vírus (eficácia da máscara); ii) da proporção de pessoas que a utilizam em público (aderência ao uso); e iii) da taxa de transmissão da doença.

Estudos ainda sugerem que, apesar de apresentarem uma eficácia menor do que as máscaras cirúrgicas, as máscaras de tecido, se usadas corretamente, funcionam como barreira mecânica à transmissão do vírus, impedindo ou reduzindo o contato dos indivíduos com gotículas contaminadas¹⁸18 Ma QX, Shan H, Zhang HL, Li GM. Potential utilities of mask-wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2020; 92(9):1567-1571.^,⁵⁷57 Wilson AM, Abney SE, King M-F, Weir MH, López-García M, Sexton JD, Dancer SJ, Proctor J, Noakes CJ, Reynolds KA. COVID-19 and non-traditional mask use: How do various materials compare in reducing the infection risk for mask wearers? J Hosp Infect 2020; 105(4):640-642.^,¹⁰⁴104 Amendola L, Saurini MT, Di Girolamo F, Arduini F. A rapid screening method for testing the efficiency of masks in breaking down aerosols. Microchem J 2020; 157:104928.^,¹⁰⁵105 Kim MN. What Type of Face Mask Is Appropriate for Everyone-Mask-Wearing Policy amidst COVID-19 Pandemic? J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35(20):e186.^,¹²⁵125 Brienen NCJ, Timen A, Wallinga J, van Steenbergen JE, Teunis PFM. The effect of mask use on the spread of influenza during a pandemic. Risk Anal 2010; 30(8):1210-1218.^,¹²⁶126 Davies A, Thompson K-A, Giri K, Kafatos G, Walker J, Bennett A. Testing the efficacy of homemade masks: would they protect in an influenza pandemic? Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2013; 7(4):413-418.^,¹²⁹129 Milton DK, Fabian MP, Cowling BJ, Grantham ML, McDevitt JJ. Influenza virus aerosols in human exhaled breath: particle size, culturability, and effect of surgical masks. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9(3):e1003205.^,¹³⁰130 Lustig SR, Biswakarma JJH, Rana D, Tilford SH, Hu W, Su M, Rosenblatt MS. Effectiveness of Common Fabrics to Block Aqueous Aerosols of Virus-like Nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2020; 14(6):7651-7658.. Esta redução ocorre porque, se uma gota contaminada atingir a trama do tecido de uma máscara ao invés da boca ou do nariz, ela tende a ficar retida, diminuindo o número de gotículas contaminadas que chegam às vias respiratórias. Ao evitar a contaminação de seus usuários, as máscaras de tecido ajudam a retardar a velocidade de evolução da epidemia³⁸38 Han G, Zhou Y-H. Possibly critical role of wearing masks in general population in controlling COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020; 10.1002/jmv.25886.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25886... e contribuem para o estabelecimento de uma curva epidêmica mais longa e plana⁹⁷97 Mahase E. Covid-19: What is the evidence for cloth masks? BMJ 2020; 369:m1422.. Contudo, se as máscaras forem posicionadas ao rosto de forma inadequada, com eventuais aberturas laterais, podem ter sua efetividade protetora diminuída em até 60%⁵⁴54 Konda A, Prakash A, Moss GA, Schmoldt M, Grant GD, Guha S. Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks. ACS Nano 2020; 14(5):6339-6347..

Pesquisadores da Universidade de Duke (EUA), analisaram 14 tipos de máscaras para avaliar sua eficácia na proteção contra gotículas respiratórias emitidas pela fala. Os resultados mostraram que, de fato, as máscaras profissionais N95 são as mais eficazes (redução da transmissão de gotículas para menos de 0,1%), seguidas pelas máscaras cirúrgicas de três camadas ou de polipropileno e algodão (redução da transmissão de gotículas em 90% ou mais, em comparação com a ausência de cobertura facial). As máscaras de tecido de algodão, feitas à mão, vieram na sequência, fornecendo boa cobertura, eliminando 70% a 90% das gotículas expelidas pela fala, e se equiparando ao desempenho das máscaras N95 com válvulas¹³¹131 Fischer EP, Fischer MC, Grass D, Henrion I, Warren WS, Westman E. Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Sci Adv 2020; 6(36):eabd3083..

Ainda sobre o poder de filtração das máscaras de tecido, um estudo realizado em Teipei não encontrou diferenças significativas na concentração de partículas entre 20-1.000 nm no ar em ambientes fechados (carro e quarto) após a permanência de pessoas gripadas utilizando máscaras de tecido de três camadas versus estas mesmas pessoas utilizando máscaras cirúrgicas⁹⁴94 Ho K-F, Lin L-Y, Weng S-P, Chuang K-J. Medical mask versus cotton mask for preventing respiratory droplet transmission in micro environments. Sci Total Environ 2020; 735:139510., sugerindo poder de filtração semelhante entre os modelos. Nos Estados Unidos, diante da escassez de máscaras profissionais durante a pandemia da COVID-19, o CDC chegou a recomendar que fosse feito o uso de máscaras de tecido por profissionais de saúde que não atuam diretamente com pacientes infectados⁴⁵45 Abd-Elsayed A, Karri J. Utility of Substandard Face Mask Options for Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Anesth Analg; 131(1):4-6 ..

Evidências sobre o uso de máscaras em locais públicos na prevenção da COVID-19

Com relação à proporção de pessoas que fazem o uso de máscaras, há grande heterogeneidade nas normas adotadas por diferentes países e regiões e, também, na taxa de aderência destas populações, mesmo mediante indicação ao uso de máscaras. A aderência das pessoas à medida de prevenção depende, entre outros fatores, da consistência da informação veiculada pelo poder público, da confiabilidade da população nas autoridades públicas e sanitárias e no conhecimento da população acerca da doença¹³²132 Goodman JL, Borio L. Finding Effective Treatments for COVID-19: Scientific Integrity and Public Confidence in a Time of Crisis. JAMA 2020; 323(19):1899-1900.. Entretanto, no final de março, cerca de três meses após o início da pandemia, Laestadius et al.⁸⁰80 Laestadius L, Wang Y, Ben Taleb Z, Kalan ME, Cho Y, Manganello J. Online National Health Agency Mask Guidance for the Public in Light of COVID-19: Content Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2):e19501 avaliaram as diretrizes e informações acerca do uso de máscaras em sites oficiais de agências e ministérios de saúde de 25 países e reportaram a falta de sistematização e alinhamento das informações prestadas à população.

O primeiro país a decretar a obrigatoriedade do uso de máscaras em locais públicos foi a Mongólia, em 14 de março, sucedido pelo Vietnã, Venezuela e República Tcheca¹³³133 Masks4All. Quais países exigem máscaras em público ou recomendam máscaras? [Internet]. [acessado 2020 Jul 11]. Disponível em: https://masks4all.co/pt/what-countries-require-masks-in-public/
https://masks4all.co/pt/what-countries-r... (Tabela 1). Até o dia 13 de julho de 2020, seis meses após o início da pandemia, 129 países haviam passado a recomendar o amplo uso de máscaras em locais públicos, de forma geral ou mais restritiva. Em outros 17 países, a obrigatoriedade foi adotada em parte do território (municípios/estados)¹³³133 Masks4All. Quais países exigem máscaras em público ou recomendam máscaras? [Internet]. [acessado 2020 Jul 11]. Disponível em: https://masks4all.co/pt/what-countries-require-masks-in-public/
https://masks4all.co/pt/what-countries-r... . Ou seja, dos 193 países considerados Estados soberanos, até o dia 13 de Julho, 146 já se posicionavam favoravelmente ao uso de máscaras como medida preventiva à disseminação da COVID-19, destacando a relevância desta do ponto de vista de saúde pública (Figura 4). Para Li et al.⁸⁹89 Li DTS, Samaranayake LP, Leung YY, Neelakantan P. Facial protection in the era of COVID-19: A narrative review. Oral Dis 2020; 10.1111/odi.13460.
https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13460... , a eficácia da obrigatoriedade do amplo uso de máscaras é uma das grandes lições desta pandemia. Atualmente, as máscaras são consideradas capazes de reduzir a gravidade da COVID-19, e possibilitar que as novas infecções sejam assintomáticas¹³⁴134 Gandhi M, Rutherford GW. Facial Masking for Covid-19 - Potential for 'Variolation' as We Await a Vaccine. N Engl J Med 2020; 383(18):e101..

Alguns países recomendaram o uso de máscaras no início da pandemia mesmo na ausência de evidências científicas consolidadas sobre a capacidade da medida de reduzir o seu ritmo de expansão da pandemia⁸¹81 Majeed A, Seo Y, Heo K, Lee D. Can the UK emulate the South Korean approach to covid-19? BMJ 2020; 369:m2084., possivelmente pautados pelo princípio da precaução - definido como uma estratégia para abordar questões de dano potencial, quando falta um amplo conhecimento científico sobre o assunto. Segundo Greenhalgh et al.³⁶36 Greenhalgh T, Schmid MB, Czypionka T, Bassler D, Gruer L. Face masks for the public during the covid-19 crisis. BMJ 2020; 369:m1435., é necessário aplicar este princípio diante de questões de relevância para a proteção da saúde da população, principalmente quando análises de custo-benefício indicam poucos efeitos adversos potenciais e a possibilidade de alcançar benefícios significativos¹³⁵135 Brooks JT, Butler JC, Redfield RR. Universal Masking to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Transmission-The Time Is Now. JAMA 2020; 10.1001/jama.2020.13107.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.13107... .

Os efeitos benéficos da adoção precoce das máscaras de tecido por alguns países ficaram evidentes em estudos que comparam o avançar da COVID-19 em diferentes regiões e em estudos que realizaram rastreamento de casos de infecção por SARS-CoV2. Um estudo transnacional comparou, por exemplo, a evolução da pandemia na Áustria e República Tcheca, sugerindo a eficácia do uso de máscaras no combate à COVID-19¹²⁸128 Howard J, Huang A, Li Z, Tufekci Z, Zdimal V, van der Westhuizen H, von Delft A, Price A, Fridman L, Tang L, Tan V, Watson GL, Bax CE, Shaikh R, Questier F, Hernandez D, Chu LF, Ramirez CM, Rimoin AW. Face masks against COVID-19: an evidence review. Preprints 2020; 10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v1.
https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004... . Ambos os países estabeleceram requisitos de distanciamento social na mesma data, mas somente a República Tcheca incorporou, ao mesmo tempo, o uso obrigatório de máscaras. A partir daí, observou-se trajetória ascendente no número de infectados pelo coronavírus na Áustria, enquanto a curva epidêmica da República Tcheca manteve-se longa e plana. Apenas quando a Áustria também determinou por decreto governamental o uso de máscaras, os dois países voltaram a ter trajetórias similares¹²⁸128 Howard J, Huang A, Li Z, Tufekci Z, Zdimal V, van der Westhuizen H, von Delft A, Price A, Fridman L, Tang L, Tan V, Watson GL, Bax CE, Shaikh R, Questier F, Hernandez D, Chu LF, Ramirez CM, Rimoin AW. Face masks against COVID-19: an evidence review. Preprints 2020; 10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v1.
https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004... .

De forma similar, Cheng et al.⁴⁰40 Cheng KK, Lam TH, Leung CC. Wearing face masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic: altruism and solidarity. Lancet 2020; S0140-6736(20)30918-1 . compararam a evolução da incidência de COVID-19 em Hong Kong com a evolução da doença em outros oito países, e atribuíram a baixa taxa de contaminação em Hong Kong à adoção universal e voluntária do uso de máscaras pela maioria da população (96,6% durante o estudo) no início da pandemia. Este mesmo estudo rastreou algumas rotas de transmissão entre os primeiros 961 casos reportados em Hong Kong, identificando que onze núcleos de infecção de 113 pacientes ocorreram em espaços de lazer sem uso de máscaras, incluindo restaurantes, karaokês e academias de ginástica, e que apenas três núcleos ocorreram em locais de trabalho onde o uso de máscaras era praticado⁵³53 Cheng VCC, Wong S-C, Chuang VWM, So SY-C, Chen JH-K, Sridhar S, To KK-W, Chan JF-W, Hung IF-N, Ho P-L, Yuen K-Y. The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2. J Infect 2020; 81(1):107-114.. Outros estudos epidemiológicos que rastrearam rotas de infecção e transmissão também concluíram que a taxa de transmissão foi menor em situações nas quais as máscaras foram utilizadas³¹31 Liu X, Zhang S. COVID-19: Face masks and human-to-human transmission. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 2020; 14(4):472-473 .^,⁷⁵75 Gao Q, Hu Y, Dai Z, Xiao F, Wang J, Wu J. The epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in Jingmen, Hubei, China. Medicine 2020; 99(23):e20605..

A partir de dados sobre a evolução da pandemia na Itália e em Nova Iorque, ambos severamente atingidos pela COVID-19, Zhang et al.⁹³93 Zhang R, Li Y, Zhang AL, Wang Y, Molina MJ. Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2020; 117(26):14857-14863. apontam que a obrigatoriedade de cobertura das vias respiratórias evitou mais de 76 mil e 66 mil novos casos de infecção pelo novo coronavírus, respectivamente⁹³93 Zhang R, Li Y, Zhang AL, Wang Y, Molina MJ. Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2020; 117(26):14857-14863.. As medidas que tornaram compulsório o uso de máscaras de tecido em ambientes públicos nos estados de Nova Iorque e Washington foram adotadas após modelos de predição indicarem que a adoção massiva de máscaras, mesmo as menos eficazes, poderia reduzir a transmissão do novo coronavírus colaborando para o achatamento da curva epidêmica e dos picos de letalidade⁴⁶46 Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, Phan T, Eikenberry K, Kuang Y, Kostelich E, Gumel AB. To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis Model 2020; 5:293-308.^,⁵⁹59 Ngonghala CN, Iboi E, Eikenberry S, Scotch M, MacIntyre CR, Bonds MH, Gumel AB. Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2019 novel Coronavirus. Math Biosci 2020; 325:108364.. Outros estudos afirmam que a recomendação de manter a distância de dois metros quando em local público só é eficaz se a medida for associada ao uso de máscaras⁵²52 Setti L, Passarini F, De Gennaro G, Barbieri P, Perrone MG, Borelli M, Palmisani J, Di Gilio A, Piscitelli P, Miani A. Airborne Transmission Route of COVID-19: Why 2 Meters/6 Feet of Inter-Personal Distance Could Not Be Enough. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(8):2932.^,⁷³73 Feng Y, Marchal T, Sperry T, Yi H. Influence of wind and relative humidity on the social distancing effectiveness to prevent COVID-19 airborne transmission: A numerical study. J Aerosol Sci 2020; 105585.. Alguns estudos sugerem que a pandemia de COVID-19 poderia ser contida se a maioria ou de preferência todas as pessoas usassem máscaras de tecido em locais públicos²¹21 Feng S, Shen C, Xia N, Song W, Fan M, Cowling BJ. Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8(5):434-436.^,¹¹⁸118 Greenhalgh T, Schmid MB, Czypionka T, Bassler D, Gruer L. Face masks for the public during the covid-19 crisis. BMJ 2020; 369:m1435.^,¹²⁸128 Howard J, Huang A, Li Z, Tufekci Z, Zdimal V, van der Westhuizen H, von Delft A, Price A, Fridman L, Tang L, Tan V, Watson GL, Bax CE, Shaikh R, Questier F, Hernandez D, Chu LF, Ramirez CM, Rimoin AW. Face masks against COVID-19: an evidence review. Preprints 2020; 10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v1.
https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004... ^,¹³⁶136 van der Sande M, Teunis P, Sabel R. Professional and home-made face masks reduce exposure to respiratory infections among the general population. PLoS One 2008; 3(7):e2618..

Brooks et al.¹³⁵135 Brooks JT, Butler JC, Redfield RR. Universal Masking to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Transmission-The Time Is Now. JAMA 2020; 10.1001/jama.2020.13107.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.13107... compararam o uso de máscaras à imunidade de rebanho obtida com vacinas, visto que quanto mais as pessoas aderem a essa medida preventiva em público (onde o distanciamento social recomendado não é possível), maior é a proteção da comunidade¹³⁵135 Brooks JT, Butler JC, Redfield RR. Universal Masking to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Transmission-The Time Is Now. JAMA 2020; 10.1001/jama.2020.13107.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.13107... . Os mesmos autores afirmaram que a proteção em nível comunitário proporcionada pelo uso de máscaras de tecido pode reduzir o número de novas infecções e intervenções municipais mais perturbadoras da sociedade, como o fechamento do comércio e o lockdown - a política pública que exige que os cidadãos permaneçam em casa.

Ainda que diversos estudos indiquem a eficácia das máscaras no controle da pandemia e que um número crescente de países exija o uso das máscaras de tecido em ambientes extradomiciliares, a taxa de adesão pelas populações varia expressivamente. Certamente, a recomendação das autoridades sanitárias pelo uso de máscaras influencia o comportamento da população, conforme indica um estudo (ainda em preprint) realizado nos EUA que relata um aumento de 12% no uso de máscaras entre os americanos em apenas cinco dias após o anúncio do CDC¹³⁷137 Goldberg MH, Gustafson A, Maibach EW, Ballew MT, Bergquist P, Kotcher JE, Marlon JR, Rosenthal SA, Leiserowitz A. Mask-wearing increases after a government recommendation: A natural experiment in the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Commun 2020; 5(44):1-6.. Todavia, entre os estudos incluídos nessa narrativa, as maiores taxas de aderência ao uso de máscaras são de países asiáticos com histórico de uso desse recurso no controle de outras doenças infecciosas respiratórias e poluição do ar⁴²42 Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TWY, Tsang TK, Li JCM, Fong MW, Liao Q, Kwan MY, Lee SL, Chiu SS, Wu JT, Wu P, Leung GM. Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Public Health 2020; ;5(5):e279-e288 .^,⁴⁹49 Chen X, Ran L, Liu Q, Hu Q, Du X, Tan X. Hand Hygiene, Mask-Wearing Behaviors and Its Associated Factors during the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Cross-Sectional Study among Primary School Students in Wuhan, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(8):2893.^,⁵⁰50 Lee M, You M. Psychological and Behavioral Responses in South Korea During the Early Stages of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(9):2977.^,⁹⁶96 Dkhar SA, Quansar R, Saleem SM, Khan SMS. Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to COVID-19 pandemic among social media users in J&K, India. Indian J Public Health 2020; 64(Supl.):S205-S210.^,¹¹¹111 Azlan AA, Hamzah MR, Sern TJ, Ayub SH, Mohamad E. Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Malaysia. PLoS One 2020; 15(5):e0233668..

As populações da Coreia do Sul e de Singapura, por exemplo, já vinham utilizando máscaras em público, especialmente depois do surto de SARS em 2003, o que facilitou a transposição da medida no cenário de pandemia pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2. Na Coreia do Sul, ainda no início da pandemia, mais de 60% da população já utilizava máscaras⁵⁰50 Lee M, You M. Psychological and Behavioral Responses in South Korea During the Early Stages of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(9):2977.. Em Hong Kong, o uso de máscaras em ambientes extradomiciliares saltou de 74,5% para 98,8% entre os entrevistados, entre janeiro e março de 2020⁴²42 Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TWY, Tsang TK, Li JCM, Fong MW, Liao Q, Kwan MY, Lee SL, Chiu SS, Wu JT, Wu P, Leung GM. Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Public Health 2020; ;5(5):e279-e288 .. Diversos estudos em Hong Kong encontram taxas de aderência semelhante, entre 97% e 99%⁸²82 Chan EYY, Huang Z, Lo ESK, Hung KKC, Wong ELY, Wong SYS. Sociodemographic Predictors of Health Risk Perception, Attitude and Behavior Practices Associated with Health-Emergency Disaster Risk Management for Biological Hazards: The Case of COVID-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong, SAR China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(11):3869., e o amplo uso de máscaras de tecido tem sido considerado uma das estratégias mais eficazes no combate à pandemia na região⁴²42 Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TWY, Tsang TK, Li JCM, Fong MW, Liao Q, Kwan MY, Lee SL, Chiu SS, Wu JT, Wu P, Leung GM. Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Public Health 2020; ;5(5):e279-e288 .. Na China, a adesão às máscaras é de mais de 80%⁶⁸68 Huang Y, Wu Q, Wang P, Xu Y, Wang L, Zhao Y, Yao D, Xu Y, Lv Q, Xu S. Measures Undertaken in China to Avoid COVID-19 Infection: Internet-Based, Cross-Sectional Survey Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22(5):e18718.^,⁸⁴84 Liu X, Luo W-T, Li Y, Li C-N, Hong Z-S, Chen H-L, Xiao F, Xia J-Y. Psychological status and behavior changes of the public during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9(1):58.^,¹³⁸138 Chen Y, Jin YL, Zhu LJ, Fang ZM, Wu N, Du MX, Jiang MM, Wang J, Yao YS. The network investigation on knowledge, attitude and practice about COVID-19 of the residents in Anhui Province. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2020; 54(4):367-373.. Em comparação, na Índia e na Malásia, estudos sobre comportamento do público com relação à pandemia indicou aderência mais baixa às máscaras, que são utilizadas por pouco mais de 70% e 51% dos entrevistados, respectivamente⁹⁶96 Dkhar SA, Quansar R, Saleem SM, Khan SMS. Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to COVID-19 pandemic among social media users in J&K, India. Indian J Public Health 2020; 64(Supl.):S205-S210.^,¹¹¹111 Azlan AA, Hamzah MR, Sern TJ, Ayub SH, Mohamad E. Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Malaysia. PLoS One 2020; 15(5):e0233668..

A efetividade do uso das máscaras de tecido para o controle da COVID-19 é bem suportada pela literatura quando em conjunto com outras medidas de combate à pandemia como a higienização correta das mãos e o distanciamento social⁸⁶86 Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann HJ, COVID-19 Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort (SURGE) study authors. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2020; 395(10242):1973-1987. O uso das máscaras de tecido sem a adoção destas outras medidas não pode, entretanto, ser interpretado pelos usuários como solução para a crise sanitária, visto que sua eficácia, quando descumpridas outras recomendações, é ainda um tema controverso⁶⁰60 MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA. A rapid systematic review of the efficacy of face masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for the community, healthcare workers and sick patients. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 108:103629.^,¹¹³113 Aggarwal N, Dwarakanathan V, Gautam N, Ray A. Facemasks for prevention of viral respiratory infections in community settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Public Health 2020; 64(Supl.):S192-S200..

Evidências sobre o uso de máscaras na prevenção da COVID-19 no Brasil

A avaliação dos padrões de buscas online no Brasil evidenciou um pico no interesse sobre o coronavírus no país no dia 21 de março, e um interesse expressivo da população brasileira acerca do uso de máscaras logo após a publicação da recomendação do MS¹¹⁵115 Filho C, Vieira LJES, Silva RM. Buscas na internet sobre medidas de enfrentamento à COVID-19 no Brasil: descrição de pesquisas realizadas nos primeiros 100 dias de 2020. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2020; 29(3):e2020191..

Os dois primeiros estados brasileiros a decretarem oficialmente a obrigatoriedade do uso de máscaras em ambientes extradomiciliares como medida adicional de combate à pandemia foram Pará e Santa Catarina, em 16 de abril, seguidos por Minas Gerais, Amapá e Goiás⁸8 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Nota Técnica: Uso de máscaras caseiras. Brasília: MS; 2020. (Tabela 2). Já assoladas pela pandemia, as capitais Manaus e Rio de Janeiro fizeram o mesmo em 14/04 e 18/04, respectivamente. A Figura 5 ilustra os estados brasileiros de acordo com o mês em que foi decretado oficialmente o uso obrigatório de máscaras em ambiente extradomiciliar.

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Figura 5
Estados brasileiros que sancionaram leis estabelecendo o uso mandatório de máscaras em ambientes extradomiciliares por mês de decreto oficialmente publicado.

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Tabela 2
Data em que os estados brasileiros sancionaram a obrigatoriedade do uso de máscaras em locais públicos.

Em nível federal, o Projeto de Lei (PL 1.562/2020), que determinava o uso obrigatório de máscaras em locais públicos ou locais privados acessíveis ao público em todo o território nacional enquanto durasse o estado de calamidade pública decorrente da pandemia, foi aprovado pelo Plenário da Câmara dos Deputados em 9 de junho, e seguiu para sanção presidencial¹³⁹139 Senado Federal. Bolsonaro veta uso obrigatório de máscara no comércio, em escolas e em igrejas [Internet]. Senado Notícias; 2020 [acessado 2020 Jul 11]. Disponível em: https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2020/07/03/bolsonaro-veta-uso-obrigatorio-de-mascara-no-comercio-em-escolas-e-em-igrejas
https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/mat... . Porém, o presidente só sancionou a Lei nº 14.019 no dia 2 de julho de 2020¹⁴⁰140 Brasil. Lei nº 14.019, de 2 de julho de 2020. Altera a Lei nº 13.979, de 6 de fevereiro de 2020, para dispor sobre a obrigatoriedade do uso de máscaras de proteção individual para circulação em espaços públicos e privados acessíveis ao público, em vias públicas e em transportes públicos, sobre a adoção de medidas de assepsia de locais de acesso público, inclusive transportes públicos, e sobre a disponibilização de produtos saneantes aos usuários durante a vigência das medidas para enfrentamento da emergência de saúde pública de importância internacional decorrente da pandemia da Covid-19. Diário Oficial da União 2020; 8 set., quando todos os estados brasileiros, exceto o Rio de Janeiro, já exigiam o uso de máscaras em ambientes extradomiciliares. Além disso, o presidente vetou importantes partes do PL, como o uso das máscaras em órgãos e entidades públicas e em estabelecimentos comerciais, industriais, templos religiosos, instituições de ensino e demais locais fechados em que haja aglomeração de pessoas. A Presidência também excluiu da proposta dispositivo que agravava a punição para infratores reincidentes ou que deixassem de usar máscara em ambientes fechados¹³⁹139 Senado Federal. Bolsonaro veta uso obrigatório de máscara no comércio, em escolas e em igrejas [Internet]. Senado Notícias; 2020 [acessado 2020 Jul 11]. Disponível em: https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2020/07/03/bolsonaro-veta-uso-obrigatorio-de-mascara-no-comercio-em-escolas-e-em-igrejas
https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/mat... . De acordo com o texto sancionado, os estabelecimentos também não serão obrigados a fornecer máscaras gratuitamente aos funcionários, e o poder público não será obrigado a fornecer o material a populações em situação de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica, conforme previsto pelo PL. É importante salientar que o fornecimento de máscaras a populações vulneráveis ou mesmo a toda a população de cidades ou regiões já é uma medida adotada pelos governos de outras nações⁶⁶66 Parry J. Covid-19: Hong Kong government supplies reusable face masks to all residents. BMJ 2020; 369:m1880. e em alguns estados brasileiros, a exemplo da Bahia. Por esse e outros motivos, o governo brasileiro se tornou uma referência de como não proceder durante uma crise sanitária.

O uso das máscaras de tecido como uma medida adicional de proteção frente à pandemia de COVID-19 é especialmente relevante para populações em vulnerabilidade social diante da impossibilidade de adoção de medidas de distanciamento social em diversos contextos brasileiros, a exemplo das periferias e favelas e dos transportes públicos³⁴34 Zhou Z-G, Yue D-S, Mu C-L, Zhang L. Mask is the possible key for self-isolation in COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol 2020; 10.1002/jmv.25846.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25846... ^,³⁹39 Gandhi M, Havlir D. The Time for Universal Masking of the Public for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Is Now. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7(4):ofaa131.^,⁴⁰40 Cheng KK, Lam TH, Leung CC. Wearing face masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic: altruism and solidarity. Lancet 2020; S0140-6736(20)30918-1 .^,⁴²42 Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TWY, Tsang TK, Li JCM, Fong MW, Liao Q, Kwan MY, Lee SL, Chiu SS, Wu JT, Wu P, Leung GM. Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Public Health 2020; ;5(5):e279-e288 .^,⁴⁶46 Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, Phan T, Eikenberry K, Kuang Y, Kostelich E, Gumel AB. To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis Model 2020; 5:293-308.^,⁵⁹59 Ngonghala CN, Iboi E, Eikenberry S, Scotch M, MacIntyre CR, Bonds MH, Gumel AB. Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2019 novel Coronavirus. Math Biosci 2020; 325:108364.. De maneira geral, em situações de escassez de recurso, a entrega de máscaras deve ser estratégica e priorizar grupos de risco, além dos casos suspeitos ou confirmados de infecção, para a otimização do efeito de proteção a nível populacional³³33 Worby CJ, Chang H-H. Face mask use in the general population and optimal resource allocation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Commun 2020; 11(1):4049.. Por outro lado, ressaltamos também a necessidade de considerar os potenciais efeitos da adoção desta medida protetiva para alguns segmentos da população, como quando aplicados recortes sociais para grupos etários e étnico-raciais. Especificamente, alertamos para a possibilidade de que o amplo uso de máscaras pela população negra exponha este grupo social a um maior assédio pela polícia e a situações de preconceito e injúria racial¹⁴¹141 CNN. Why some people of color say they won't wear homemade masks [Internet]. 2020 [acessado 2020 Maio 4]. Disponível em: https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/07/us/face-masks-ethnicity-coronavirus-cdc-trnd/index.html
https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/07/us/face-m... ; e que o amplo uso de máscaras prejudique a comunicação não verbal com grupos que já têm a sua capacidade de comunicação reduzida, a exemplo dos surdos e/ou mudos¹⁴²142 Martin V. Uso de máscaras prejudica comunicação dos surdos [Internet]. pleno.news 2020 [acessado 2020 Maio 4]. Disponível em: https://pleno.news/comportamento/pandemia-uso-de-mascaras-afeta-comunicacao-de-pessoas-surdas.html
https://pleno.news/comportamento/pandemi... .

Discussão

Esta síntese narrativa mostra a rápida evolução do conhecimento e a mudança de percepção a respeito desta medida de controle adicional à transmissão do SARS-CoV-2, revelando não apenas a contribuição científica prolífera e profusa em meio à pandemia, mas também como a COVID-19 tem desafiado os limites do conhecimento. O grande número de artigos publicados diariamente e a baixa qualidade de artigos envolvendo a temática, bem como a ausência de estudos observacionais sobre o uso correto das máscaras, revelam os principais desafios de se produzir revisões de forma mais oportuna em um momento onde a produção tem crescido exponencialmente.

Diante da evolução da pandemia e das evidências acumuladas nos últimos meses, a recomendação do amplo uso de máscaras de tecido em público se destaca como uma importante estratégia para: i) reduzir a propagação do novo coronavírus²⁶26 Leung CC, Lam TH, Cheng KK. Let us not forget the mask in our attempts to stall the spread of COVID-19. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2020; 24(4):364-366.^,²⁹29 Leung CC, Lam TH, Cheng KK. Mass masking in the COVID-19 epidemic: people need guidance. Lancet 2020; 395(10228):945.^,³⁵35 Javid B, Weekes MP, Matheson NJ. Covid-19: should the public wear face masks? BMJ 2020; 369:m1442.^,³⁹39 Gandhi M, Havlir D. The Time for Universal Masking of the Public for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Is Now. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7(4):ofaa131.^,⁴⁰40 Cheng KK, Lam TH, Leung CC. Wearing face masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic: altruism and solidarity. Lancet 2020; S0140-6736(20)30918-1 .^,⁴²42 Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TWY, Tsang TK, Li JCM, Fong MW, Liao Q, Kwan MY, Lee SL, Chiu SS, Wu JT, Wu P, Leung GM. Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Public Health 2020; ;5(5):e279-e288 .^,⁴⁶46 Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, Phan T, Eikenberry K, Kuang Y, Kostelich E, Gumel AB. To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis Model 2020; 5:293-308.^,⁴⁸48 Garcia LP. Use of facemasks to limit COVID-19 transmission. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2020; 29(2):e2020023.^,⁵¹51 Cho-Han Chiang, Cho-Hung Chiang, Cho-Hsien Chiang, Yee-Chun Chen. The Practice of Wearing Surgical Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26(8):1962.^,⁵⁴54 Konda A, Prakash A, Moss GA, Schmoldt M, Grant GD, Guha S. Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks. ACS Nano 2020; 14(5):6339-6347.

55 Victor CWT, Shing YT, Wai KP, Helen KWL, Shara WYL. A reality check on the use of face masks during the COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 22:100356.^-⁵⁶56 Wu E, Qi D. Masks and thermometers: Paramount measures to stop the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States. Genes Dis 2020; 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04.011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04... ^,⁵⁸58 Sunjaya AP, Jenkins C. Rationale for universal face masks in public against COVID-19. Respirology 2020; 5(7):678-679.^,⁵⁹59 Ngonghala CN, Iboi E, Eikenberry S, Scotch M, MacIntyre CR, Bonds MH, Gumel AB. Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2019 novel Coronavirus. Math Biosci 2020; 325:108364.^,¹³⁵135 Brooks JT, Butler JC, Redfield RR. Universal Masking to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Transmission-The Time Is Now. JAMA 2020; 10.1001/jama.2020.13107.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.13107... ; ii) reduzir a possibilidade do descarte inapropriado das máscaras descartáveis, que podem se tornar focos secundários de infecção da doença²⁰20 Wang M-W, Zhou M-Y, Ji G-H, Ye L, Cheng Y-R, Feng Z-H, Chen J. Mask crisis during the COVID-19 outbreak. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24(6):3397-3399.^,⁷²72 Ogoina D. COVID-19: The Need for Rational Use of Face Masks in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103(1):33-34.^,¹²²122 Bamber JH, Christmas T. Covid-19: Each discarded face mask is a potential biohazard. BMJ 2020; 369:m2012.; e iii) ajudar na contenção da transmissão de outras doenças infectocontagiosas, como a influenza⁴²42 Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TWY, Tsang TK, Li JCM, Fong MW, Liao Q, Kwan MY, Lee SL, Chiu SS, Wu JT, Wu P, Leung GM. Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Public Health 2020; ;5(5):e279-e288 .^,⁷⁴74 Noh JY, Seong H, Yoon JG, Song JY, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ. Social Distancing against COVID-19: Implication for the Control of Influenza. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35(19):e182.^,⁸⁵85 Lee H, Lee H, Song K-H, Kim ES, Park JS, Jung J, Ahn S, Jeong EK, Park H, Kim HB. Impact of Public Health Interventions on Seasonal Influenza Activity During the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Korea. Clin Infect Dis 2020; ciaa672.^,¹⁴³143 Chow A, Hein AA, Kyaw WM. Unintended Consequence: Influenza plunges with public health response to COVID-19 in Singapore. J Infect 2020; 81(2):e68-e69., reduzindo a carga de doenças da população, a sobrecarga do sistema de saúde e permitindo melhor atendimento a quem dele necessita.

Dessa forma, a ampla adoção de máscaras de tecido pode ser vista também como um exemplo de dever cívico. Trata-se de um pequeno esforço e uma solução de baixa tecnologia altamente eficaz e capaz de mudar a trajetória epidemiológica dos países, favorecendo os esforços nacionais e globais contra a COVID-19¹³⁵135 Brooks JT, Butler JC, Redfield RR. Universal Masking to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Transmission-The Time Is Now. JAMA 2020; 10.1001/jama.2020.13107.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.13107... .

Essa revisão da literatura nos permitiu avaliar a nível nacional e internacional a relevância do uso de máscaras de tecido como medida adicional de proteção à transmissão do SARS-CoV-2. Apesar do seu escopo, essa revisão apresenta algumas limitações: i) a revisão narrativa pode ser criticada por não apresentar uma estrutura rígida como a revisão sistemática e a integrativa, entretanto, apresenta-se como uma alternativa adequada para identificar lacunas, explorar de forma crítica o tema ainda pouco conhecido¹⁴⁴144 Jesson J, Matheson L, Lacey FM. Doing Your Literature Review: Traditional and Systematic Techniques. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications; 2011., além de ser realizada num tempo mais curto, a fim de contemplar a urgência de respostas visando o controle da pandemia; e ii) a inclusão de artigos em fase de pré-publicação (base MedRxiv) que ainda não passaram pela revisão por pares e podem ter sua qualidade questionada, porém isso se justifica pelo propósito de produzir evidências que deem suporte para recomendações para o controle da pandemia.

As evidências acumuladas nos poucos meses da epidemia fortalecem a ideia de que o amplo uso de máscaras de tecido em ambientes extradomiciliares é uma intervenção de saúde pública promissora que, associada às medidas preventivas de distanciamento social e de higienização das mãos, contribui para a redução da velocidade de disseminação da COVID-19, reduzindo o número de casos e óbitos. Estas evidências foram rapidamente absorvidas para políticas públicas, na medida em que um número crescente de países vem adotando a obrigatoriedade do seu uso em locais públicos. Um estudo realizado na Alemanha mostrou que o uso de máscaras pela população foi percebido como um contrato social e a política de uso obrigatório das mesmas é mais justa que a política de uso voluntário¹⁴⁵145 Betsch C, Korn L, Sprengholz P, Felgendreff L, Eitze S, Schmid P, Böhm R. Social and behavioral consequences of mask policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2020; 117(36):21851-21853.. Muitos entenderam que as evidências existentes fornecem elementos suficientes para ação baseada no princípio da precaução. Neste caso específico, trata-se de uma intervenção que tem o potencial de ter alta efetividade com baixo risco de efeitos adversos¹⁴⁶146 Greenhalgh T. Face coverings for the public: Laying straw men to rest. J Eval Clin Pract 2020; 26(4):1070-1077..

No Brasil, onde vivenciamos a escassez de máscaras descartáveis, a reduzida capacidade de testagem e triagem de casos suspeitos e a existência de grandes adensamentos urbanos, muitos deles com moradias sem acesso a água e com elevada aglomeração intradomiciliar, o uso de máscaras de tecido pode ser ainda mais relevante no combate à propagação da doença. Seu uso se torna essencial sobretudo diante da flexibilização das medidas de distanciamento social e da implantação de estratégias para o retorno gradual às atividades⁴⁰40 Cheng KK, Lam TH, Leung CC. Wearing face masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic: altruism and solidarity. Lancet 2020; S0140-6736(20)30918-1 .^,⁴⁷47 Thomson GA. COVID-19: Leaving lockdown-Of Schrodinger, cats, testing and masks. Int J Clin Pract 2020; 74(8):e13519.^,¹⁴⁷147 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Síntese de indicadores sociais: uma análise das condições de vida da população brasileira: 2019 [Internet]. 2019 [acessado 2020 Maio 2]. Disponível em: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo? view=detalhes&id=2101678
https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php... , que já começam a ser discutidas e realizadas por gestores públicos, apesar do contínuo agravamento da pandemia no país. As previsões atuais dos cenários pós-pandemia sugerem que o uso de máscaras de tecido em ambientes extradomiciliares será uma medida importante na desaceleração de uma possível segunda onda de contágio⁶¹61 Hoertel N, Blachier M, Blanco C, Olfson M, Massetti M, Rico MS, Limosin F, Leleu H. Lockdown exit strategies and risk of a second epidemic peak: a stochastic agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France. medRxiv 2020; 10.1101/2020.04.30.20086264.
https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.30.20086... ^,⁷⁸78 Goscé L, Phillips PA, Spinola P, Gupta DRK, Abubakar PI. Modelling SARS-COV2 Spread in London: Approaches to Lift the Lockdown. J Infect 2020; 81(2):260-265.. Ademais, cabem também ações educativas que promovam o uso correto de máscaras de tecido como uma nova norma social³⁵35 Javid B, Weekes MP, Matheson NJ. Covid-19: should the public wear face masks? BMJ 2020; 369:m1442.^,⁹⁰90 Goh Y, Tan BYQ, Bhartendu C, Ong JJY, Sharma VK. The face mask: How a real protection becomes a psychological symbol during Covid-19? Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:1-5..

Assim, são necessárias ações conjuntas entre as esferas do poder público no intuito de: i) apoiar ou desenvolver estratégias que possibilitem o aumento da produção e distribuição do produto à população, inclusive para doação aos grupos mais vulneráveis e com menos recursos, assim como sua comercialização em estabelecimentos comerciais que tenham permissão para seguirem abertos no período de pandemia; ii) incentivar e fomentar a produção caseira e a confecção de máscaras de tecido por costureiras autônomas, assegurando-lhes condições dignas de trabalho, remuneração e proteção à saúde; e iii) assegurar que grupos raciais ou socioeconomicamente desfavorecidos não sejam estigmatizados com a adoção de medidas compulsórias de uso de máscaras em ambientes extradomiciliares.

Conclusão

A ampla adesão ao uso de máscaras de tecido em ambientes extradomiciliares é uma intervenção eficaz que, em conjunto ao distanciamento social e higienização correta das mãos, tem sido adotada, em maior ou menor escala, por todos os continentes com o avançar da pandemia por contribuir com a redução da velocidade de transmissão do SARS-CoV-2.

Por fim, representam uma alternativa mais econômica, logisticamente viável e acessível para a população, além de ser ambientalmente sustentável e colaborar para a manutenção dos estoques das máscaras profissionais.

Agradecimentos

Todos os autores são colaboradores da Rede CoVida e agradecem ao Grupo de Síntese de Evidências pelas discussões. Agradecemos Jessyca Teixeira pela ajuda na elaboração dos mapas. Luciana Leite agradece a bolsa de pós-doutorado financiada pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001.

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Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
12 Fev 2021
Data do Fascículo
Fev 2021

Histórico

Recebido
21 Jul 2020
Aceito
02 Nov 2020
Publicado
04 Nov 2020

Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons

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Autor(es)	Revista	Título	Data de publicação (dd/mm/aa)	Tipo de publicação	Posição relacionada à adoção do uso de máscara facial
Leung et al.²⁶26 Leung CC, Lam TH, Cheng KK. Let us not forget the mask in our attempts to stall the spread of COVID-19. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2020; 24(4):364-366.	The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Desease	Let us not forget the mask in our attempts to stall the spread of COVID-19	4-jan-2020	Editorial	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Zhong et al.²⁷27 Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, Zhang Q-Q, Liu X-G, Li W-T, Li Y. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16(10):1745-1752.	International Journal of Biological Sciences	Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey	15-mar-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Adhikari et al.²⁸28 Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu Y-J, Mao Y-P, Ye R-X, Wang Q-Z, Sun C, Sylvia S, Rozelle S, Raat H, Zhou H. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9(1):29.	Infectious Diseases of Poverty	Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review.	17-mar-2020	Scoping review	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Leung et al.²⁹29 Leung CC, Lam TH, Cheng KK. Mass masking in the COVID-19 epidemic: people need guidance. Lancet 2020; 395(10228):945.	The Lancet	Mass masking in the COVID-19 epidemic: people need guidance	21-mar-2020	Comentário	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Zhai³⁰30 Zhai Z. Facial mask: A necessity to beat COVID-19. Build Environ 2020; 175:106827.	Building and Environment	Facial mask: A necessity to beat COVID-19	23-mar-2020	Comentário	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Liu e Zhang³¹31 Liu X, Zhang S. COVID-19: Face masks and human-to-human transmission. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 2020; 14(4):472-473 .	Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses	Face masks and human-to-human transmission	29-mar-2020	Carta ao editor	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Ma et al.³²32 Ma Q-X, Shan H, Zhang H-L, Li G-M, Yang R-M, Chen J-M. Potential utilities of mask-wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2020; 92(9):1567-1571.	Journal of Medical Virology	Potential utilities of mask-wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS-CoV-2	31-mar-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Worby e Chang³³33 Worby CJ, Chang H-H. Face mask use in the general population and optimal resource allocation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Commun 2020; 11(1):4049.	medRxiv preprint	Face mask use in the general population and optimal resource allocation during the COVID-19 pandemic	7-abr-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Zhou et al.³⁴34 Zhou Z-G, Yue D-S, Mu C-L, Zhang L. Mask is the possible key for self-isolation in COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol 2020; 10.1002/jmv.25846. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25846...	Journal of Medical Virology	Mask is the possible key for self-isolation in COVID-19 pandemic	8-abr-2020	Carta ao editor	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Javid et al.³⁵35 Javid B, Weekes MP, Matheson NJ. Covid-19: should the public wear face masks? BMJ 2020; 369:m1442.	The BMJ	Covid-19: should the public wear face masks?	9-abr-2020	Editorial	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Greenhalgh et al.³⁶36 Greenhalgh T, Schmid MB, Czypionka T, Bassler D, Gruer L. Face masks for the public during the covid-19 crisis. BMJ 2020; 369:m1435.	The BMJ	Face masks for the public during the covid-19 crisis	10-abr-2020	Comentário	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Wang et al.³⁷37 Wang M-W, Cheng Y-R, Ye L, Zhou M-Y, Chen J, Feng Z-H. The COVID-19 outbreak: The issue of face masks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 41(8):974-975.	Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology	The COVID-19 outbreak: The issue of face masks	13-abr-2020	Carta ao editor	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Han e Zhou³⁸38 Han G, Zhou Y-H. Possibly critical role of wearing masks in general population in controlling COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020; 10.1002/jmv.25886. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25886...	Journal of Medical Virology	Possibly critical role of wearing masks in general population in controlling COVID-19	15-abr-2020	Comentário	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Gandhi e Havlir ³⁹39 Gandhi M, Havlir D. The Time for Universal Masking of the Public for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Is Now. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7(4):ofaa131.	Open Forum Infectious Diseases	The time for universal masking of the public for coronavirus disease 2020 is now	15-abr-2020	Revisão	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Cheng et al.⁴⁰40 Cheng KK, Lam TH, Leung CC. Wearing face masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic: altruism and solidarity. Lancet 2020; S0140-6736(20)30918-1 .	The Lancet	Wearing face masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic: altruism and solidarity	16-abr-2020	Comentário	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Pleil et al.⁴¹41 Pleil JD, Beauchamp JD, Risby TH, Dweik RA. The scientific rationale for the use of simple masks or improvised facial coverings to trap exhaled aerosols and possibly reduce the breathborne spread of COVID-19. J Breath Res 2020; 14(3):030201.	Journal of Breath Research	The scientific rationale for the use of simple masks or improvised face coverings to trap exhaled aerosols and possibly reduce the breathborne spread of COVID-19	17-abr-2020	Editorial	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Cowling et al.⁴²42 Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TWY, Tsang TK, Li JCM, Fong MW, Liao Q, Kwan MY, Lee SL, Chiu SS, Wu JT, Wu P, Leung GM. Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Public Health 2020; ;5(5):e279-e288 .	The Lancet Public Health	Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study	17-abr-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Desai e Aronoff⁴³43 Desai AN, Aronoff DM. Masks and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA 2020; 323(20):2103.	JAMA	Masks and coronavirus disease 2019	17-abr-2020	Comentário	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
MacIntyre e Hasanain⁴⁴44 MacIntyre CR, Hasanain SJ. Community Universal Face Mask Use during the COVID 19 pandemic-from households to travelers and public spaces. J Travel Med 2020; 27(3):taaa056.	Journal of Travel Medicine	Community universal face mask use during the COVID 19 pandemic - from households to travelers and public spaces	18-abr-2020	Artigo de opinião	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Abd-Elsayed e Karri⁴⁵45 Abd-Elsayed A, Karri J. Utility of Substandard Face Mask Options for Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Anesth Analg; 131(1):4-6 .	Anesthesia and Analgesia	Utility of substandard face mask options for health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic	20-abr-2020	Revisão	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Eikenberry et al.⁴⁶46 Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, Phan T, Eikenberry K, Kuang Y, Kostelich E, Gumel AB. To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis Model 2020; 5:293-308.	Infectious Disease Modelling	To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic	21-abr-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Thomson⁴⁷47 Thomson GA. COVID-19: Leaving lockdown-Of Schrodinger, cats, testing and masks. Int J Clin Pract 2020; 74(8):e13519.	The International Journal of Clinical Practice	COVID-19: Leaving lockdown - Of Schrodinger, cats, testing and masks	21-abr-2020	Comunicação breve	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Garcia⁴⁸48 Garcia LP. Use of facemasks to limit COVID-19 transmission. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2020; 29(2):e2020023.	Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde	Use of facemasks to limit COVID-19 transmission	22-abr-2020	Artigo de opinião	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Chen et al.⁴⁹49 Chen X, Ran L, Liu Q, Hu Q, Du X, Tan X. Hand Hygiene, Mask-Wearing Behaviors and Its Associated Factors during the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Cross-Sectional Study among Primary School Students in Wuhan, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(8):2893.	International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health	Hand hygiene, mask-wearing behaviors and its associated factors during the COVID-20 epidemic: A cross-sectional study among primary school students in Wuhan, China	22-abr-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Lee e You⁵⁰50 Lee M, You M. Psychological and Behavioral Responses in South Korea During the Early Stages of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(9):2977.	International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health	Psychological and behavioral responses in South Korea during the early stages of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)	22-abr-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Chiang et al.⁵¹51 Cho-Han Chiang, Cho-Hung Chiang, Cho-Hsien Chiang, Yee-Chun Chen. The Practice of Wearing Surgical Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26(8):1962.	Emergent Infectious Diseases	The practice of wearing surgical masks during the COVID-19 pandemic	23-abr-2020	Carta ao editor	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Setti et al.⁵²52 Setti L, Passarini F, De Gennaro G, Barbieri P, Perrone MG, Borelli M, Palmisani J, Di Gilio A, Piscitelli P, Miani A. Airborne Transmission Route of COVID-19: Why 2 Meters/6 Feet of Inter-Personal Distance Could Not Be Enough. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(8):2932.	International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health	Airborne transmission route of COVID-19: Why 2 meters/7 feet of inter-personal distance could not be enough	23-abr-2020	Editorial	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Cheng et al.⁵³53 Cheng VCC, Wong S-C, Chuang VWM, So SY-C, Chen JH-K, Sridhar S, To KK-W, Chan JF-W, Hung IF-N, Ho P-L, Yuen K-Y. The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2. J Infect 2020; 81(1):107-114.	Journal of Infection	The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2	23-abr-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Konda et al.⁵⁴54 Konda A, Prakash A, Moss GA, Schmoldt M, Grant GD, Guha S. Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks. ACS Nano 2020; 14(5):6339-6347.	ACS nano	Aerosol filtration efficiency of common fabrics used in respiratory cloth masks.	24-abr-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Victor et al.⁵⁵55 Victor CWT, Shing YT, Wai KP, Helen KWL, Shara WYL. A reality check on the use of face masks during the COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 22:100356.	EClinicalMedicine	A reality check on the use of face masks during the COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong	24-abr-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Wu e Qi⁵⁶56 Wu E, Qi D. Masks and thermometers: Paramount measures to stop the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States. Genes Dis 2020; 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04.011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04...	Genes and Diseases	Masks and thermometers: Paramount measures to stop the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-3 in the United States	25-abr-2020	Comentário	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Wilson et al.⁵⁷57 Wilson AM, Abney SE, King M-F, Weir MH, López-García M, Sexton JD, Dancer SJ, Proctor J, Noakes CJ, Reynolds KA. COVID-19 and non-traditional mask use: How do various materials compare in reducing the infection risk for mask wearers? J Hosp Infect 2020; 105(4):640-642.	Journal of Hosp Infect	COVID-19 and non-traditional mask use: How do various materials compare in reducing the infection risk for mask wearers?	26-abr-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Sunjaya e Jenkins⁵⁸58 Sunjaya AP, Jenkins C. Rationale for universal face masks in public against COVID-19. Respirology 2020; 5(7):678-679.	Respirology	Rationale for unversal face mask in public against COVI-20	30-abr-2020	Comentário	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Ngonghala et al.⁵⁹59 Ngonghala CN, Iboi E, Eikenberry S, Scotch M, MacIntyre CR, Bonds MH, Gumel AB. Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2019 novel Coronavirus. Math Biosci 2020; 325:108364.	Respirology	Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2020 novel Coronavirus	30-abr-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
MacIntyrea e Chughtai⁶⁰60 MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA. A rapid systematic review of the efficacy of face masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for the community, healthcare workers and sick patients. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 108:103629.	International Journal of Nursing Study	A rapid systematic review of the efficacy of face masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for the community, healthcare workers and sick patients	30-abr-2020	Revisão sistemática	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Hoertel et al.⁶¹61 Hoertel N, Blachier M, Blanco C, Olfson M, Massetti M, Rico MS, Limosin F, Leleu H. Lockdown exit strategies and risk of a second epidemic peak: a stochastic agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France. medRxiv 2020; 10.1101/2020.04.30.20086264. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.30.20086...	medRxiv preprint	Lockdown exit strategies and risk of a second epidemic peak: a stochastic agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France	5-mai-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Szczesniak et al.⁶²62 Szczesniak D, Ciulkowicz M, Maciaszek J, Misiak B, Luc D, Wieczorek T, Witecka K-F, Rymaszewska J. Psychopathological responses and face mask restrictions during the COVID-19 outbreak: Results from a nationwide survey. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:161-162.	Brain, Behavior, and Immunity	Psychopathological responses and face mask restrictions during the COVID-19 outbreak: Results from a nationwide survey	7-mai-2020	Carta ao editor	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Kang⁶³63 Kang Y-J. Lessons Learned From Cases of COVID-19 Infection in South Korea. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020; 1-8.	Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness	Lessons learned from cases of COVID-19 infection in South Korea	7-mai-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Clements⁶⁴64 Clements JM. Knowledge and Behaviors Toward COVID-19 Among US Residents During the Early Days of the Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2):e19161.	JMIR Public Health and Surveillance	Knowledge and behaviors toward COVID-19 among US residents during the early days of the pandemic: Cross-sectional online questionnaire	8-mai-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Esposito e Principi⁶⁵65 Esposito S, Principi N. To mask or not to mask children to overcome COVID-19. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179(8):1267-1270.	European Journal of Pediatrics	To mask or not to mask children to overcome COVID-19	9-mai-2020	Revisão	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Parry⁶⁶66 Parry J. Covid-19: Hong Kong government supplies reusable face masks to all residents. BMJ 2020; 369:m1880.	The BMJ	Covid-19: Hong Kong government supplies reusable face masks to all residents	11-mai-2020	Comunicação breve	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Soto et al.⁶⁷67 Soto DM, Cardona Maya WD, Agudelo EL, Bueno-Sánchez JC. The feasibility of generalized face mask usage during the COVID-19 pandemic: a perspective from Latin America. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 1-2.	Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology	The feasibility of generalized face mask usage during the COVID-19 pandemic: a perspective from Latin America	11-mai-2020	Carta ao editor	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Huang et al.⁶⁸68 Huang Y, Wu Q, Wang P, Xu Y, Wang L, Zhao Y, Yao D, Xu Y, Lv Q, Xu S. Measures Undertaken in China to Avoid COVID-19 Infection: Internet-Based, Cross-Sectional Survey Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22(5):e18718.	Journal of Medical Internet Research	Measures undertaken in China to avoid COVID-19 infection: Internet-based, cross-sectional survey study	12-mai-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Harnoor et al.⁶⁹69 Sra HK, Sandhu A, Singh M. Use of Face Masks in COVID-19. Indian J Pediatr 2020; 87:553.	The Indian Journal of Pediatrics	Use of face masks in COVID-19	12-mai-2020	Carta ao editor	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Kashyap et al.⁷⁰70 Kashyap A, Singh K, Sabat D, Maini L. Fast and economic cardboard cutout use to increase compliance of face mask wear during COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2020; 11(Supl. 3):S298-S300.	Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma	Fast and economic cardboard cutout use to increase compliance of face mask wear during COVID-19 pandemic	13-mai-2020	Comunicação breve	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Matusiak et al.⁷¹71 Matusiak L, Szepietowska M, Krajewski P, Bialynicki-Birula R, Szepietowski JC. Inconveniences due to the use of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey study of 876 young people. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(4):e13567.	Dermatologic Therapy	Inconveniences due to the use of face masks during the COVID ‐19 pandemic: A survey study of 876 young people	14-mai-2020	Carta ao editor	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Ogoina⁷²72 Ogoina D. COVID-19: The Need for Rational Use of Face Masks in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103(1):33-34.	The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	COVID-19: The Need for Rational Use of Face Masks in Nigeria	15-mai-2020	Comunicação breve	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Feng et al.⁷³73 Feng Y, Marchal T, Sperry T, Yi H. Influence of wind and relative humidity on the social distancing effectiveness to prevent COVID-19 airborne transmission: A numerical study. J Aerosol Sci 2020; 105585.	Journal of Aerosol Science	Influence of wind and relative humidity on the social distancing effectiveness to prevent COVID-19 airborne transmission: A numerical study	18-mai-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Noh et al.⁷⁴74 Noh JY, Seong H, Yoon JG, Song JY, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ. Social Distancing against COVID-19: Implication for the Control of Influenza. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35(19):e182.	Journal of Korean Medical Science	Social distancing against COVID-19: Implication for the control of influenza	18-mai-2020	Comunicação breve	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Gao et al.⁷⁵75 Gao Q, Hu Y, Dai Z, Xiao F, Wang J, Wu J. The epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in Jingmen, Hubei, China. Medicine 2020; 99(23):e20605.	medRxiv preprint	The epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in Jingmen, Hubei, China	21-mai-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Clase et al.⁷⁶76 Clase CM, Fu EL, Joseph M, Beale RCL, Dolovich MB, Jardine M, Mann JFE, Pecoits-Filho R, Winkelmayer WC, Carrero JJ. Cloth Masks May Prevent Transmission of COVID-19: An Evidence-Based, Risk-Based Approach. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173(6):489-491 .	Annals of Internal Medicine	Cloth masks may prevent transmission of COVID-19: An evidence-based, risk-based approach	22-mai-2020	Revisão	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Chiang et al.⁷⁷77 Chiang C-H, Chiang C-H, Chiang C-H. Letter to editor - Can universal masking help with our recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic? Int J Surg 2020; 79:125-126.	International Journal of Surgery	Can universal masking help with our recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic?	23-mai-2020	Carta ao editor	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Goscé et al.⁷⁸78 Goscé L, Phillips PA, Spinola P, Gupta DRK, Abubakar PI. Modelling SARS-COV2 Spread in London: Approaches to Lift the Lockdown. J Infect 2020; 81(2):260-265.	"Journal of Infection "	Modelling SARS-COV2 spread in London: Approaches to lift the lockdown	24-mai-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Middleton e Lopes⁷⁹79 Middleton JD, Lopes H. Face masks in the covid-19 crisis: caveats, limits, and priorities. BMJ 2020; 369:m2030.	The BMJ	Face masks in the covid-19 crisis: caveats, limits, and priorities	26-mai-2020	Carta ao editor	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Laestadius et al.⁸⁰80 Laestadius L, Wang Y, Ben Taleb Z, Kalan ME, Cho Y, Manganello J. Online National Health Agency Mask Guidance for the Public in Light of COVID-19: Content Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2):e19501	JMIR Public Health and Surveillance	Online national health agency mask guidance for the public in light of COVID-19: Content analysis	26-mai-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Liang et al.¹⁰10 Liang M, Gao L, Cheng C, Zhou Q, Uy JP, Heiner K, Sun C. Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 36:101751.	Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease	Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis	28-mai-2020	Revisão sistemática e metanálise	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Majeed et al.⁸¹81 Majeed A, Seo Y, Heo K, Lee D. Can the UK emulate the South Korean approach to covid-19? BMJ 2020; 369:m2084.	The BMJ	Can the UK emulate the South Korean approach to covid-19?	28-mai-2020	Editorial	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Chan et al.⁸²82 Chan EYY, Huang Z, Lo ESK, Hung KKC, Wong ELY, Wong SYS. Sociodemographic Predictors of Health Risk Perception, Attitude and Behavior Practices Associated with Health-Emergency Disaster Risk Management for Biological Hazards: The Case of COVID-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong, SAR China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(11):3869.	International Journal of Environmental Res. Public Health	Sociodemographic predictors of health risk perception, attitude and behavior practices associated with health-emergency disaster risk management for biological hazards: The case of COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong, SAR China	29-mai-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Han et al.⁸³83 Han C, Shi J, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Increased flare of acne caused by long-time mask wearing during COVID-19 pandemic among general population. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(4):e13704.	Dermatologic Therapy	Increased flare of acne caused by long‐time mask wearing during COVID ‐19 pandemic among general population	29-mai-2020	Carta ao editor	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Liu et al.⁸⁴84 Liu X, Luo W-T, Li Y, Li C-N, Hong Z-S, Chen H-L, Xiao F, Xia J-Y. Psychological status and behavior changes of the public during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9(1):58.	Infectious Diseases of Poverty	Psychological status and behavior changes of the public during the COVID-19 epidemic in China	29-mai-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Lee et al.⁸⁵85 Lee H, Lee H, Song K-H, Kim ES, Park JS, Jung J, Ahn S, Jeong EK, Park H, Kim HB. Impact of Public Health Interventions on Seasonal Influenza Activity During the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Korea. Clin Infect Dis 2020; ciaa672.	Clinical Infectious Diseases	Impact of public health interventions on seasonal influenza activity during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Korea	30-mai-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Chu et al.⁸⁶86 Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann HJ, COVID-19 Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort (SURGE) study authors. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2020; 395(10242):1973-1987	The Lancet	Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis	1-jun-2020	Revisão sistemática e metanálise	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Liu⁸⁷87 Liu PL. COVID-19 Information Seeking on Digital Media and Preventive Behaviors: The Mediation Role of Worry. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2020; 23(10):677-682.	Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking	COVID-19 information seeking on digital media and preventive behaviors: The mediation role of worry	4-jun-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Jung et al.⁸⁸88 Jung F, Krieger V, Hufert FT, Küpper J-H. How we should respond to the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: A German perspective. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 74(4):363-372.	Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation	How we should respond to the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: A German perspective	5-jun-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Li et al.⁸⁹89 Li DTS, Samaranayake LP, Leung YY, Neelakantan P. Facial protection in the era of COVID-19: A narrative review. Oral Dis 2020; 10.1111/odi.13460. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13460...	Oral Diseases	Facial protection in the era of COVID‐19: A narrative review	7-jun-2020	Revisão	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Goh et al.⁹⁰90 Goh Y, Tan BYQ, Bhartendu C, Ong JJY, Sharma VK. The face mask: How a real protection becomes a psychological symbol during Covid-19? Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:1-5.	Brain, Behavior, and Immunity	The face mask: How a real protection becomes a psychological symbol during Covid-19?	8-jun-2020	Revisão	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Greenhalgh⁹¹91 Greenhalgh T. Laying straw men to rest: author's reply to 'Urgency and uncertainty: covid-19, face masks, and evidence informed policy'. BMJ 2020; 369:m2240	The BMJ	Laying straw men to rest: author’s reply to “Urgency and uncertainty: covid-19, face masks, and evidence informed policy"	8-jun-2020	Carta ao editor	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Wong et al.⁹²92 Wong LP, Alias H, Danaee M, Ziaee M, Abedi F, Ziaee A, Mohajer S, HajiAliBeigloo R, Nia MN, Jamei F, Mazlom SR. Uncovering psychobehavioral implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Iran. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 10.1111/tbed.13662. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13662...	Transboundary Emerging Disease	Uncovering psychobehavioral implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Iran	8-jun-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Zhang et al.⁹³93 Zhang R, Li Y, Zhang AL, Wang Y, Molina MJ. Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2020; 117(26):14857-14863.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America - PNAS	Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19	11-jun-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Ho et al.⁹⁴94 Ho K-F, Lin L-Y, Weng S-P, Chuang K-J. Medical mask versus cotton mask for preventing respiratory droplet transmission in micro environments. Sci Total Environ 2020; 735:139510.	Science of The Total Environment	Medical mask versus cotton mask for preventing respiratory droplet transmission in micro environments	11-jun-2020	Comunicação breve	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Esposito et al.⁹⁵95 Esposito S, Principi N, Leung CC, Migliori GB. Universal use of face masks for success against COVID-19: evidence and implications for prevention policies. Eur Respir J 2020; 55(6):2001260.	European Respiratory Journal	Universal use of face masks for success against COVID-19: Evidence and implications for prevention policies	18-jun-2020	Revisão	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Dkhar et al.⁹⁶96 Dkhar SA, Quansar R, Saleem SM, Khan SMS. Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to COVID-19 pandemic among social media users in J&K, India. Indian J Public Health 2020; 64(Supl.):S205-S210.	Indian Journal of Public Health	Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to COVID-19 pandemic among social media users in J&K, India	19-jun-2020	Estudo transversal	A favor do uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Wang et al.²⁰20 Wang M-W, Zhou M-Y, Ji G-H, Ye L, Cheng Y-R, Feng Z-H, Chen J. Mask crisis during the COVID-19 outbreak. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24(6):3397-3399.	European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences	Mask crisis during the COVID-19 outbreak	3-jan-2020	Artigo de opinião	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Feng et al.²¹21 Feng S, Shen C, Xia N, Song W, Fan M, Cowling BJ. Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8(5):434-436.	The Lancet Respiratory Medicine	Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic	5-jan-2020	Comentário	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Wu et al.¹⁰¹101 Wu H-L, Huang J, Zhang CJP, He Z, Ming W-K. Facemask shortage and the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak: Reflections on public health measures. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 21:100329.	EClinicalMedicine	Facemask shortage and the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak: Reflections on public health measures	4-mar-2020	Revisão	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Stone¹⁰²102 Stone TE, Kunaviktikul W, Omura M, Petrini M. Editorial: Facemasks and the Covid 19 pandemic: What advice should health professionals be giving the general public about the wearing of facemasks? Nurs Health Sci 2020; 22(2):339-342.	Nursing Health and Science	Editorial: Facemasks and the Covid-19 pandemic: What advice should health professionals be giving the general public about the wearing of facemasks?	12-abr-2020	Editorial	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Chowdhury et al.¹⁰³103 Chowdhury A, Jahan N, Wang S. One month of the novel coronavirus 2019 outbreak: Is it still a threat? Virusdisease 2020; 31(2):1-5.	Virusdisease	One month of the novel coronavirus 2019 outbreak: Is it still a threat?	20-abr-2020	Revisão	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Amendola et al.¹⁰⁴104 Amendola L, Saurini MT, Di Girolamo F, Arduini F. A rapid screening method for testing the efficiency of masks in breaking down aerosols. Microchem J 2020; 157:104928.	Microchemical Journal	A rapid screening method for testing the efficiency of masks in breaking down aerosols	3-mai-2020	Estudo transversal	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Kim¹⁰⁵105 Kim MN. What Type of Face Mask Is Appropriate for Everyone-Mask-Wearing Policy amidst COVID-19 Pandemic? J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35(20):e186.	Journal of Korean Medical Science	What type of face mask is appropriate for everyone-mask-wearing policy amidst COVID-19 pandemic?	8-mai-2020	Revisão	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Lam et al.¹⁰⁶106 Lam SKK, Hung MSY, Chien WT. Uncertainty surrounding the use of face masks in the community amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 108:103651.	International Journal of Nursing Studies	Uncertainty surrounding the use of face masks in the community amid the COVID-19 pandemic	20-mai-2020	Carta ao editor	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
King¹⁰⁷107 King FM. Covid-19: face masks could foster distrust and blame. BMJ 2020; 369:m2009.	The BMJ	Covid-19: face masks could foster distrust and blame	20-mai-2020	Carta ao editor	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Cheng¹⁰⁸108 Cheng S-T. Covid-19: are face masks a good long term strategy? BMJ 2020; 369:m2005.	The BMJ	Covid-19: are face masks a good long term strategy?	20-mai-2020	Carta ao editor	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Lazzarino et al.¹⁰⁹109 Lazzarino AI, Steptoe A, Hamer M, Michie S. Covid-19: Important potential side effects of wearing face masks that we should bear in mind. BMJ 2020; 369:m2003.	The BMJ	Covid-19: Important potential side effects of wearing face masks that we should bear in mind	21-mai-2020	Carta ao editor	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Schroter¹¹⁰110 Schroter RC. Social distancing for covid-19: is 2 metres far enough? BMJ 2020; 369:m2010.	The BMJ	Social distancing for COVID-19: is 2 metres far enough?	21-mai-2020	Carta ao editor	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Azlan et al.¹¹¹111 Azlan AA, Hamzah MR, Sern TJ, Ayub SH, Mohamad E. Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Malaysia. PLoS One 2020; 15(5):e0233668.	Plos One	Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Malaysia	21-mai-2020	Estudo transversal	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Szepietowski et al.¹¹²112 Szepietowski JC, Matusiak L, Szepietowska M, Krajewski PK, Bialynicki-Birula R. Face Mask-induced Itch: A Self-questionnaire Study of 2,315 Responders During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Acta Derm Venereol 2020; 100:adv00152.	Acta Derm Venereologica	Face mask-induced itch: A self-questionnaire study of 2,315 responders during the COVID-19 pandemic	25-mai-2020	Estudo transversal	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Aggarwal et al.¹¹³113 Aggarwal N, Dwarakanathan V, Gautam N, Ray A. Facemasks for prevention of viral respiratory infections in community settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Public Health 2020; 64(Supl.):S192-S200.	Indian Journal of Public Health	Facemasks for prevention of viral respiratory infections in community settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis	2-jun-2020	Revisão sistemática e metanálise	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Zhao et al.¹¹⁴114 Zhao M, Liao L, Xiao W, Yu X, Wang H, Wang Q, Lin YL, Kilinc-Balci FS, Price A, Chu L, Chu MC, Chu S, Cui Y. Household Materials Selection for Homemade Cloth Face Coverings and Their Filtration Efficiency Enhancement with Triboelectric Charging. Nano Lett 2020; 20(7):5544-5552.	Nano letters	Household materials selection for homemade cloth face coverings and their filtration efficiency enhancement with triboelectric charging	2-jun-2020	Carta ao editor	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Garcia Filho et al.¹¹⁵115 Filho C, Vieira LJES, Silva RM. Buscas na internet sobre medidas de enfrentamento à COVID-19 no Brasil: descrição de pesquisas realizadas nos primeiros 100 dias de 2020. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2020; 29(3):e2020191.	Epidemiol. Serv. Saude	Internet searches for measures to address COVID-19 in Brazil: a description of searches in the first 100 days of 2020	8-jun-2020	Estudo transversal	Sem posicionamento claro quanto ao uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Mahase⁹⁷97 Mahase E. Covid-19: What is the evidence for cloth masks? BMJ 2020; 369:m1422.	The BMJ	Covid-19: What is the evidence for cloth masks?	7-abr-2020	Artigo de opinião	Contra o uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Szarpak et al.⁹⁸98 Szarpak L, Smereka J, Filipiak KJ, Ladny JR, Jaguszewski M. Cloth masks versus medical masks for COVID-19 protection. Cardiol J 2020; 27(2):218-219.	Cardiology Journal	Cloth masks versus medical masks for COVID-19 protection	10-abr-2020	Carta ao editor	Contra o uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Lazcano-Ponce e Alpunche-Aranda⁹⁹99 Lazcano-Ponce E, Alpuche-Aranda C. Public health literacy in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic emergency. Salud Publica Mex 2020; 62(3):331-340.	Salud Publica de Mexico	[Public health literacy in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic emergency]	18-abr-2020	Editorial	Contra o uso de máscaras em locais públicos
Martin et al.¹⁰⁰100 Martin GP, Hanna E, Dingwall R. Urgency and uncertainty: covid-19, face masks, and evidence informed policy. BMJ 2020; 369:m2017.	The BMJ	"Face masks for the public during COVID-19 urgency and uncertainty: COVID-19, face masks, and evidence informed policy"	26-mai-2020	Carta ao editor	Contra o uso de máscaras em locais públicos

País	Data da requisição
	Março
Mongólia	14/03/2020
Vietnã	16/03/2020
República Tcheca	18/03/2020
Venezuela	18/03/2020
Coreia do Norte	19/03/2020
Uzbequistão	22/03/2020
Eslováquia	25/03/2020
Tailândia	25/03/2020
Bósnia-Herzegovina	29/03/2020
Eslovênia	29/03/2020
Áustria	30/03/2020
Bulgária	30/03/2020
	Abril
Israel	01/04/2020
Taiwan	01/04/2020
Cuba	02/04/2020
Filipinas	02/04/2020
Turquia	03/04/2020
Colômbia	04/04/2020
Indonésia	05/04/2020
Quênia	05/04/2020
Antígua e Barbuda	06/04/2020
Trinidad e Tobago	06/04/2020
Peru	07/04/2020
Ucrânia	07/04/2020
Marrocos	07/04/2020
Panamá	07/04/2020
Tunísia	07/04/2020
Benin	08/04/2020
Chile	08/04/2020
El Salvador	08/04/2020
Equador	08/04/2020
Moçambique	08/04/2020
Barém	09/04/2020
Gabão	10/04/2020
Lituânia	10/04/2020
Sri Lanka	11/04/2020
Etiópia	11/04/2020
Guatemala	12/04/2020
Honduras	13/04/2020
Camarões	14/04/2020
Singapura	14/04/2020
Polônia	16/04/2020
Andorra	18/04/2020
Guiné	18/04/2020
República Dominicana	18/04/2020
Zâmbia	18/04/2020
Bahamas	19/04/2020
Libéria	19/04/2020
Ruanda	19/04/2020
Argentina	20/04/2020
Georgia	20/04/2020
Iraque	20/04/2020
Luxemburgo	20/04/2020
Paraguai	20/04/2020
Senegal	20/04/2020
Jamaica	22/04/2020
Macedônia (Norte)	22/04/2020
Qatar	22/04/2020
São Tomé e Príncipe	22/04/2020
Serra Leoa	22/04/2020
Gana	23/04/2020
Uruguai	23/04/2020
Ilhas Maurício	24/04/2020
Egito	26/04/2020
Timor Leste	26/04/2020
Alemanha	27/04/2020
Burkina Faso	27/04/2020
Granada	27/04/2020
Grécia	27/04/2020
Líbano	27/04/2020
Emirados Árabes Unidos	28/04/2020
Nigéria	28/04/2020
Sérvia	29/04/2020
Montenegro	30/04/2020
Congo (Congo-Brazzaville)	30/04/2020
São Cristóvão e Névis	30/04/2020
Tajiquistão	30/04/2020
	Maio
África do Sul	01/05/2020
Azerbaijão	01/05/2020
Belize	01/05/2020
Botsuana	01/05/2020
Malta	01/05/2020
Zimbábue	01/05/2020
Espanha	02/05/2020
Guiné Equatorial	02/05/2020
Namíbia	02/05/2020
Honduras	03/05/2020
Omã	03/05/2020
Itália	04/05/2020
Portugal	04/05/2020
Cabo Verde	05/05/2020
Lesoto	05/05/2020
Bélgica	06/05/2020
Mauritânia	06/05/2020
Uganda	06/05/2020
Chade	07/05/2020
Moldova	07/05/2020
Mônaco	07/05/2020
Letônia	08/05/2020
Sudão do Sul	08/05/2020
Angola	09/05/2020
Djibuti	10/05/2020
França	11/05/2020
Dominica	11/05/2020
Haiti	11/05/2020
Quirguistão	11/05/2020
Rússia	11/05/2020
Barbados	12/05/2020
Kuwait	12/05/2020
Mianmar (antiga Birmânia)	13/05/2020
Santa Lúcia	13/05/2020
Guiné-Bissau	15/05/2020
Romênia	15/05/2020
Argélia	18/05/2020
Armênia	18/05/2020
Mali	20/05/2020
México	20/05/2020
Coreia do Sul	26/05/2020
Arábia Saudita	30/05/2020
Paquistão	31/05/2020
	Junho
Cazaquistão	01/06/2020
Holanda	01/06/2020
Maldivas	12/06/2020
República Centro-Africana	12/06/2020
Bangladesh	15/06/2020
Reino Unido	15/06/2020
Costa Rica	27/06/2020
	Julho
Costa do Marfim	01/07/2020
Brasil	03/07/2020
Irã	05/07/2020

Estado*	Data
	Abril
PA¹	16/04/2020
SC²	16/04/2020
MG³	17/04/2020
AP⁴	18/04/2020
GO⁵	19/04/2020
AC⁶	20/04/2020
MA⁷	20/04/2020
RS⁸	20/04/2020
PI⁹	22/04/2020
DF¹⁰	23/04/2020
PE¹¹	23/04/2020
RO¹²	26/04/2020
MT¹³	27/04/2020
SE¹⁴	27/04/2020
PR¹⁵	28/04/2020
BA¹⁶	29/04/2020
	Maio
AL¹⁷	04/05/2020
RN¹⁸	04/05/2020
SP¹⁹	04/05/2020
TO²⁰	05/05/2020
ES²¹	08/05/2020
AM²²	13/05/2020
PB²³	16/05/2020
MS²⁴	18/06/2020
RR²⁵	27/05/2020
CE²⁶	30/05/2020
	Junho
RJ²⁷	03/06/2020

Saúde Pública

Saúde Pública

Máscaras de tecido em locais públicos: intervenção essencial na prevenção da COVID-19 no Brasil

Resumo

Introdução

Métodos

Resultados

Evolução das recomendações sobre o uso de máscaras para o controle da COVID-19 ao longo do curso da epidemia

Evidências acerca da efetividade do uso de máscaras como controle de doenças infecciosas respiratórias

Evidências sobre o uso de máscaras em locais públicos na prevenção da COVID-19

Evidências sobre o uso de máscaras na prevenção da COVID-19 no Brasil

Discussão

Conclusão

Agradecimentos

Referências

Datas de Publicação

Histórico