ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

Determine the perception of university students regarding interprofessional and interdependent work between team members in their inclusion in primary care.

METHODS

Analytical cross-sectional study. The sampling had a probabilistic, stratified random type with 95% confidence and 5% margin of error. Seven-hundred and four students of Public Universities in Santiago (Chile) answered self-administered questionnaire.

RESULTS

Ninety-seven point eight of students say that interprofessional work is important; 27.1% of them declare that their university did not seem to show that their study plans were important. The professionals listed as most important in teams are physicians and nurses.

CONCLUSIONS

Spaces for development and institutional support are key elements to promote interprofessional work. If this competence can involve each academic unit in their different formative spaces there will be a significant contribution to said promotion. Teamwork is a pending task.

Students, Health Occupations; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Social Perception; Patient Care Team; Interdisciplinary Communication; Interprofessional Relations

INTRODUCTION

Historically, the focus of medical education has been the individual performance of health professionals. However, given the changes in focus, structure, and needs of healthcare systems, the focus has changed to teamwork¹1. Patel VL, Yoskowitz NA, Arocha JF. Towards effective evaluation and reform in medical education: a cognitive and learning sciences perspective. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2009;14(5):791-812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-007-9091-1.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-007-9091-... . This concept implies a coordinated action, led by two or more individuals, which implies mutually agreed goals, and requires clear understanding and respect of the roles and functions of each member. Teamwork, rather than an end, is a process and it requires the skill to work as colleagues instead of as superior-subordinate²2. World Health Organization. Learning together to work together for health. Geneva: 1988. (WHO Technical Report Series, 769)..

In this sense, the common work performed by professionals of different categories is multi-professionalism, in which their individual contribution results in a final product that meets the unique needs of each party in the solution of the problems identified³3. Bicudo IMT, Harris WM. Estágio integrado na Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo: preparo para o trabalho multiprofissional. Rev Saude Publica.1976;10(3):257-66. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89101976000300006.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910197600... . Both the collective construction of the work that will be carried out by a multidisciplinary team and the possibilities of incorporating attention to professional practices, indicate the need to identify and develop communicative dimensions in the subjects involved in the care (workers and users). The multidisciplinary teams must overcome the agreements and articulations centered only in the relationships. The World Health Organization⁵5. World Health Organization. Framework for action on interprofessional education and collaborative practice. Geneva: Health Professions Networks Nursing Midwefery; Department of Human Resources for Health; 2011. notes that collaborative practice optimizes the results of health care by delivering a comprehensive care to patients, their families, caregivers, and communities. Professionals prepared for collaborative practice learned to work in an interprofessional team through effective training in interprofessional education. This education occurs when students from two or more professions learn about, of and between themselves to allow an effective collaboration⁵5. World Health Organization. Framework for action on interprofessional education and collaborative practice. Geneva: Health Professions Networks Nursing Midwefery; Department of Human Resources for Health; 2011..

In the world and in Chile, the basis of the health care model is strengthening the primary health care (PHC)⁶6. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. La formación en medicina orientada hacia la atención primaria de salud. Washington (DC); 2008 (cited 2016 Dec 11). (Serie La Renovación de la Atención Primaria de Salud en las Américas, 2). Available from: http://new.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2010/APS-Formacion_Medicina_Orientada_APS.pdf
http://new.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2010/... , in which the teams are an essential part. On the other hand, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) stipulates that the belonging States must advance when it comes to “ensuring the development of the human talent required to put PHC into practice successfully with the incorporation of multidisciplinary teams” (p.82)⁷7. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. La renovación de la Atención Primaria de Salud en las Américas: documento de posición de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS). Washington (DC); 2007..

The human resources development implies a technical and professional training, and it must include the team approach. It is not possible to ensure the effectiveness of the team only by training its members individually in health care, but one must also consider the process of direction and monitoring of the team as a whole, and how the team faces and solves problems²2. World Health Organization. Learning together to work together for health. Geneva: 1988. (WHO Technical Report Series, 769)..

The evidence shows that the skills to work in teams and collaboratively are not intuitive and are not learned by doing the job itself⁸8. King L, Lee JL. Perceptions of collaborative practice between Navy nurses and physicians in the ICU setting. Am J Crit Care. 1994;3(5):331-6.^,99. Rosenstein AH. Nurse-physician relationships: impact on nurse satisfaction and retention. Am J Nurs. 2002;102(6):26-34. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200206000-00040.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00000446-2002060... . This could justify that the acquisition of such skills must occur during academic training. On the other hand, although the curricular activities of the various academic programs include common courses, generally, there are no interaction points between them, as there is a lack of “interprofessional education”¹⁰10. Carlisle C, Cooper H, Watkins C. “Do none of you talk to each other?” The challenges facing the implementation of interprofessional education. Med Teach. 2004;26(6):545-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/61421590410001711616.
https://doi.org/10.1080/6142159041000171... . In addition, one of the main problems is the lack of knowledge of each team member’s roles, powered by prejudices or negative stereotypes that one has of the professions at the time of admission. For this reason, we propose that interprofessional education “be incorporated among the specific activities of each discipline”(p.265)³3. Bicudo IMT, Harris WM. Estágio integrado na Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo: preparo para o trabalho multiprofissional. Rev Saude Publica.1976;10(3):257-66. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89101976000300006.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910197600... and the curriculum¹¹11. Rudland JR, Mires GJ. Characteristics of doctors and nurses as perceived by students entering medical school: implications for shared teaching. Med Educ. 2005;39(5):448-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02108.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005... .

Currently, the WHO says that the education and health systems must work together to coordinate strategies for human resources in health. If the human resources plan in health and the policies they formulate are integrated, interprofessional education and collaborative practices can be sustained⁵5. World Health Organization. Framework for action on interprofessional education and collaborative practice. Geneva: Health Professions Networks Nursing Midwefery; Department of Human Resources for Health; 2011..

On the other hand, the problem derived from the weakness in the employment relationships of the teams has a direct influence; therefore, to give more stability to the professional can mean an increased possibility of accumulation of knowledge and skills, resulting in greater consistency and durability in the training of future professionals and in family health¹²12. Gil CRR. Formação de recursos humanos em saúde da família: paradoxos e perspectivas. Cad Saude Publica. 2005;21(2):490-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2005000200015.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200500... .

For these reasons, in Chile, different educational institutions include in their training profiles the ability to work in health teams in health careers¹³13. Parada M, Romero MI, Moraga F. Perfiles de egreso de las carreras de Medicina en Chile. Rev Med Chile. 2015;143(4):512-9. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872015000400014.
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-9887201500... as a gesture of consistency with the current milestones that define the training of health professionals. On the other hand, this mainstreaming of teamwork in health career training is responsible for the homogenization in the curricula, after implementation of the accreditation process in different careers. It is “the process of analysis of existing mechanisms within the autonomous institutions of higher education to ensure their quality, taking into consideration both the existence of these mechanisms and their application and results (art. 1)”^aaMinisterio de Educación de Chile. Ley nº 20.129, de 23 de octubre de 2006. Establece un sistema nacional de aseguramiento de la calidad de la educación superior. Santiago de Chile; 2006 [cited 2016 Dec 11]. Available from: http://www.supersalud.gob.cl/normativa/668/w3-article-14436.html . This process is part of the mechanisms to regulate the supply of training centers that offer careers in health and most of them are private, not dependent on the Council of Deans, and not accredited, which is a clear deregulation of production quality in health professionals¹⁴14. González D. Formación de recursos humanos profesionales en salud. Rev Chil Salud Publica. 2006;10(1):60-3. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-5281.2006.5501.
https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-5281.2006.5... .

The objective of this research was to determine the perception of university students regarding interprofessional and interdependent work between team members in their inclusion in primary care.

METHODS

Analytical and cross-sectional study. The sampling had a probabilistic, stratified random type with 95% confidence and 5% margin of error. The universe consists of all students of the level before the residency or clinical practice during the year of 2012 in professional careers developed in primary care belonging to public universities in the metropolitan region of Chile. The universe consisted of 1,621 students. The occupations selected were: Medicine, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Dentistry, Midwifery, Nursing, Nutrition and Dietetics, Physical Therapy, Medical Technology, Social Work, Psychology, Occupational Therapy and Speech Therapy. When applying the exclusion criteria, the sample diminished to 704 students (Figure 1), complying with the lower limit to the level of representation attributed.

The basis to the questionnaire was specific literature about collaborative and interprofessional work⁸8. King L, Lee JL. Perceptions of collaborative practice between Navy nurses and physicians in the ICU setting. Am J Crit Care. 1994;3(5):331-6.^,1010. Carlisle C, Cooper H, Watkins C. “Do none of you talk to each other?” The challenges facing the implementation of interprofessional education. Med Teach. 2004;26(6):545-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/61421590410001711616.
https://doi.org/10.1080/6142159041000171... ^,1212. Gil CRR. Formação de recursos humanos em saúde da família: paradoxos e perspectivas. Cad Saude Publica. 2005;21(2):490-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2005000200015.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200500... ^,1515. MacEntee MI. Muted dental voices on interprofessional healthcare teams. J Dent. 2011;39 Suppl 2:S34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2011.10.017.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2011.10.... .

Subsequently, the health education experts or members of the Department of Education in Health Sciences of the Medical School of Chile University performed a content and concept validation. This part was finished with a test, in which the students of a course with similar characteristics to the sample, but who are not included in this study, took a questionnaire correcting clarity, accuracy, and validity of the instrument.

Each student received a self-administered questionnaire to establish the importance given by the universities to interprofessional work, the need for interdisciplinary work and the importance given to teamwork in the areas of primary, secondary and tertiary health care. For those questions, we used the Likert scale of five alternatives. On the other hand, information on the knowledge, indispensability, and interdependence with the different health careers was necessary. Of the total valid research (n = 703), in the questions about the value, importance, and knowledge of students about careers, the student’s answers about the careers that they were studying were excluded, with talus goal to reduce the over-representation bias of their opinions.

The program SPSS 19.0 for Windows analyzed the data by frequency analysis and measures of central tendency. To determine differences, we applied the Chi-square test with a significance level lower than 0.05.

This study had the approval of the Committee on Ethics on Human Research of the University of Chile’s School of Medicine, which considered for approval the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, the International Guide to Ethics for Biomedical Research involving human subjects, the 1992 CIOMS, and the 1996 ICH Guidelines Clinical Practice. All participants who completed the questionnaire had previously signed an Informed Consent Form (ICF).

RESULTS

The sample of 704 health careers students (63.8% women) had a median age of 22 years and an interquartile range of one.

Table 1 describes the sample, differentiated by gender, regarding the previous experience of students in the PHC and the academic program to which the students surveyed belonged.

Taking into account that the knowledge acquired in other professions can have different origins, students were required to distribute this source in different categories. Figure 2 shows a predominance of curricular training in obtaining this knowledge in 40.5% of the weight of training in this area.

Most students claimed to agree that their educational institutions give great importance to interprofessional work; however, 27.1% of respondents considered the opposite.

Table 2 expresses the differences by gender in appreciation of the importance, necessity, and indispensability of training for interprofessional work. There is an agreement to recognize that the University has devoted much importance within the curriculum the interprofessional work on HCP and that to dedicate a good primary-level health care, interprofessional work is desirable, but not essential, which presents a significant difference between men and women. It is possible to observe the previous information given off by professional career in Table 3.

Figure 3 represents the perception of the level of knowledge, indispensability, and dependency for different health professions. On the other hand, each part is divided by the average; thus, the occupations that are on the line have better evaluation than those that fall under it. This question had a disclaimer asking the respondent to consider the context of primary care.

DISCUSSION

This study describes the perceptions of students in professional careers present in Primary Health Care in Chile, associated to interdependence, indispensability, and level of knowledge they had about the other professionals, and how those experiences affect variable experiences like gender or previous experience with this sector. The main findings identified were the high level of knowledge, indispensability, and interdependence that the classical structure of medical staff (doctors-nurses) has in regards to the HCP healthcare team. Students exposed to this knowledge and perceptions based it primarily on their experience within the curriculum of their careers. In addition, women give more relevance to the non-renunciation and to knowledge about interprofessional work in their education before graduation.

In general, the basis for the study of interprofessional work in the past five years were specific areas, such as dentistry¹⁵15. MacEntee MI. Muted dental voices on interprofessional healthcare teams. J Dent. 2011;39 Suppl 2:S34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2011.10.017.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2011.10.... , diabetes¹⁶16. Dean HJ, MacDonald L, Alessi-Severini S, Halipchuk JA, Sellers EA, Grymonpre RE. Elements and enablers for interprofessional education clinical placements in diabetes teams. Can J Diabetes. 2014;38(4):273-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2014.02.024.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2014.02.0... , traumatology¹⁷17. Courtenay M, Nancarrow S, Dawson D. Interprofessional teamwork in the trauma setting: a scoping review. Hum Resour Health. 2013;11:57. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-11-57.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-11-57... and cancer¹⁸18. Gagliardi AR, Dobrow MJ, Wright FC. How can we improve cancer care? A review of interprofessional collaboration models and their use in clinical management. Surg Oncol. 2011;20(3):146-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2011.06.004.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2011.06... . However, studies aimed at analyzing aspects linked to education for health students, i.e., of skills needed for performance in interprofessional teams, are scarce and do not show evidence of their positive results¹⁹19. Lapkin S, Levett-Jones T, Gilligan C. A systematic review of the effectiveness of interprofessional education in health professional programs. Nurse Educ Today. 2013;33(2):90-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2011.11.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2011.11.0... ^,2020. Reeves S, Perrier L, Goldman J, Freeth D, Zwarenstein M. Interprofessional education: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (update). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(3):CD002213. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002213.pub3.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00221... . One of the explanatory aspects of this situation possibly relates to the high heterogeneity of expressions that supports interprofessional work. Although institutional efforts for contribution to the development of multi-professional teams are desirable and necessary, because they are an ideological posture for the development of their future graduates, the health center’s efforts should encourage and give new meanings to these practices so that they feedback and foster integral care that promotes people’s autonomy and equity in health.

These results are responsible for the challenges in the development of teamwork skills in students before graduation, a key element for the functioning of a health system. These skills are more critical on HCP, where the education of human resources remains an incomplete challenge in their entirety⁷7. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. La renovación de la Atención Primaria de Salud en las Américas: documento de posición de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS). Washington (DC); 2007.. Teamwork is very important to provide full assistance to the patient and their family. Therefore, when all members are aware of the families’ necessities, the focus is total and more efficient, since the whole team participates in the solution of the problem²¹21. Oliveira EM, Spiri WC. Family Health Program: the experience of a multiprofessional team. Rev Saude Publica. 2006;40(4):727-33. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102006000500025.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200600... .

Teamwork occurs in the context of concrete practice, where hierarchical relationships between doctors, not doctors and different levels of subordination happen along with a flexible division of labor and technical autonomy with interdependence. Therefore, it is possible to build an integrated team, even in situations where asymmetric relations occur between the different professionals. Through communicative action, the debate on technical assistance and the uneven social value of work areas lead to different levels of integration. This presupposes not only to share technical premises but also, and especially, an ethical horizon²²22. Peduzzi M. Multiprofessional healthcare team: concept and typology. Rev Saude Publica. 2001;35(1):103-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102001000100016.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200100... .

Within this context, deepening the knowledge of the education of future professionals who will dedicate services to people is of vital importance to understand the current state of this commitment and its projection in the community. We believe that a thorough review of the formative processes, as well as the importance attached, is of the utmost importance to change the conducts and potentiation of interprofessional work in health.

On the other hand, if we separate our results according to the program of study to which they belong, a greater concentration of students who say they do not realize the importance of interprofessional work in their study plan o in the areas of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Medical Technology. On the other hand, in areas like Psychology, Occupational Therapy, Medicine, Speech Therapy and Dentistry, only 20% of students believe the same. This pattern is key, given the importance of this skill in health human resource. We can conclude that the development of this skill is unequal in different study programs, which implies the existence of professionals with insufficient capacities to enter optimally in health teams. It is worth mentioning that an association has been identified between the answers to question one and question three between men and women, with women being more critical of the level of importance of teamwork training in the curriculum (p < 0.01), and also more discerning when considering teamwork to be essential in the APS (p = 0.035). This is consistent with the findings of studies that determined greater preparation and predisposition of female health student in the development of teamwork²³23. Hansson A, Foldevi M, Mattsson B. Medical students’ attitudes toward collaboration between doctors and nurses: a comparison between two Swedish universities. J Interprof Care. 2010;24(3):242-50. https://doi.org/10.3109/13561820903163439.
https://doi.org/10.3109/1356182090316343... ^,2424. Wilhelmsson M, Ponzer S, Dahlgren LO, Timpka T, Faresjö T. Are female students in general and nursing students more ready for teamwork and interprofessional collaboration in healthcare? BMC Med Educ. 2011;11:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-11-15.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-11-15... .

The ability to work in interprofessional teams at APS was considered to be expendable by 15.6% of the students. This goes against the claims by international bodies regarding this²2. World Health Organization. Learning together to work together for health. Geneva: 1988. (WHO Technical Report Series, 769).^,55. World Health Organization. Framework for action on interprofessional education and collaborative practice. Geneva: Health Professions Networks Nursing Midwefery; Department of Human Resources for Health; 2011.^,77. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. La renovación de la Atención Primaria de Salud en las Américas: documento de posición de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS). Washington (DC); 2007.. In addition, the profiles of graduation of the areas analyzed declared this as a feature of their graduates; therefore, this commitment is unfulfilled for the society around it.

Medicine and Nursing were the occupations recognized as the most indispensable when it came to HCP health teams. This happens because these two occupations are a social icon of health care. However, to find out the reason for this greater recognition we must address the topic with another methodology. In this way, strengthening teamwork education must involve acknowledging its component parts, including both cross elements and disciplinary ones, those that allow an integral approach of our populations with the respective curricular expression, element shared by Bicudo et al³3. Bicudo IMT, Harris WM. Estágio integrado na Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo: preparo para o trabalho multiprofissional. Rev Saude Publica.1976;10(3):257-66. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89101976000300006.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910197600... .

In general, the student’s perception is positive for interprofessional work, showing a predisposition to develop these skills. However, if educational institutions are responsible for ensuring the development of human resources capable of correctly interacting with health team members, dedicating an integral and multidisciplinary health, the absence of actions in this sense puts the fulfillment of this commitment in serious jeopardy. Even more when the work of the multidisciplinary team, the relationship between its members, especially in outpatient treatments day inpatient treatments, denotes that the derivation between professionals was the most common strategy to respond to the various needs of the users⁴4. Silva NEK, Oliveira LA, Figueiredo WS, Landroni MAS, Waldman CCS, Ayres JRCM. Limites do trabalho multiprofissional: estudo de caso dos centros de referência para DST/Aids. Rev Saude Publica. 2002;36(4 Suppl):108-16. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102002000500015.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200200... . The intersectional work is critical.

Based on the results obtained, it is necessary to deepen the current state of interprofessional education in people who currently work in HCP, and thus analyze the phenomenon of a broader view as long as it is possible to guide the interventions necessary to get improvements in the current system and its results. Following this subject, it is possible to carry out a comparative analysis of what is the real knowledge and skills that future professionals must master to develop in an interprofessional team at any level of care.

Taking into consideration a complex, ecological structure, with multiple interests and positions within the power relations, strengthening education in interprofessional work is useful to adopt more realistic and relevant positions on health education.

One of these positions is to understand that a concept of health education focused on the development of human beings is a theoretical and epistemological option when compared with other options²⁵25. Peñaranda-Correa F, Bastidas-Acevedo M, Escobar-Paucar G, Torres-Ospina JN, Arango-Córdoba A. Análisis integral de las prácticas pedagógicas de un programa educativo en Colombia. Salud Publica Mex. 2006;48(3):229-35.. Despite internal and external constraints on labor performance, it is the worker who develops and sustains the action project in health institutions, groups and daily practice. In addition, in health, the job object is another concrete individual who influences, in a dialectical relationship, the work process of professionals²⁶26. Scherer MDA, Pires D, Schwartz Y. Collective work: a challenge for health management. Rev Saude Publica. 2009;43(4):721-5. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102009000400020.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200900... .

Here we must cite Luís Otávio Farías: “the relationships and interactions empirically perceived go further, to the extent that they are also an expression of the broader socio-historical processes” (p.1241)²⁷27. Farías LO, Vaitsman J. Interação e conflito entre categorias profissionais em organizações hospitalares públicas. Cad Saude Publica. 2002;18(5):1229-41. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2002000500015.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200200... . The academic programs consistent with the training of workers in health must redefine the professional skills, crosscutting and emerging, in order to comply properly with the current social needs. For example, few programs in the region insisting on prevention, health promotion, and primary care²⁸28. Magaña-Valladares L, Nigenda-López G, Sosa-Delgado N, Ruiz-Larios JA. Public Health Workforce in Latin America and the Caribbean: assessment of education and labor in 17 countries. Salud Publica Mex. 2009;51(1):62-75. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342009000100012.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-3634200900... .

Multi-professional work offers an interaction between specific and technical knowledge; through this interaction arise new proposals for intervention that only one professional could not make. This is the result of the union of different types of knowledge. The former must be associated with a broad vision of health that incorporates professional skills with a humanistic and integral understanding of the health-disease process taking into consideration the political, economic, educational and familiar aspects, among others²⁹29. Silva JC, Contim D, Ohl RIB, Chavaglia SRR, Amaral EMS. Percepção dos residentes sobre sua atuação no programa de residência multiprofissional. Acta Paul Enferm. 2015;28(2):132-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0194201500023.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-01942015000... . In other words, a multi-professional work with a social determinants perspective.

Teamwork is something desirable to the extent that our efforts focus only on expressing it formally. When having institutional support and development spaces is transcendental. If this competence can involve each academic unit in their different formative spaces, there will be a significant contribution. Teamwork is a pending task.

REFERENCES

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