Abstract

The Unified Healthcare System (SUS) was created to ensure the population’s right to universal, free and comprehensive healthcare. This study compares the health indicators measured in 1990 to those measured in 2015 in Brazil and its states. The goal is to contribute to understanding the role SUS played in changing the nation’s health profile. Analyses use estimates in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study for Brazil and its states, and compares 1990 and 2015. The main results are increased life expectancy, as well as an increase in the population’s longevity measured in health-adjusted life expectancy. These in turn are due to a sharp decline in mortality due to transmissible diseases, in maternal and infant morbi-mortality, and avoidable causes of death. NTCDs are the leading cause of death, followed by violence. Poor diet is the leading risk factor, followed by metabolic issues. Tobacco use decreased over the period, as did infant malnutrition. In the thirty years since the SUS was created, health indicators in this country have improved, and major progress has been made to reduce inequality across the country’s regions.

Healthcare policies; Child mortality; Unified Healthcare System; Non-Transmissible; Chronic Diseases (NTCDs); Violence

Introduction

Congress approved a democratic constitution in 1988, and health is included as a right. The Unified Healthcare System (SUS) was then created to ensure the population’s right to free and comprehensive healthcare¹1. Escorel S. O Programa de Saúde da Família e a construção de um novo modelo para a atenção básica no Brasil. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2007; 21(2-3):164-176..

Over the past 30 years, Brazil has undergone structural changes and become an emerging nation²2. Paim JS. The Citizen Constitution and the 25th anniversary of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). Cad Saude Publica 2013; 29(10):1927-1936.. In terms of the SUS, we point to structuring measures and programs such as the Family Health Strategy (FHS), created in 1994 to guide the healthcare model to a more comprehensive approach, focusing on primary care and seeking to provide universal access to all Brazilians³3. Malta DC, Santos MAS, Stopa SR, Vieira JEB, Melo EA, Reis Ademar AC. A Cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) no Brasil, segundo a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013. Cien Saude Colet 2016; 21(2):327-338.. The Family Health Strategy has expanded greatly in the past decade, prioritizing vulnerable areas. According to the National Health Survey³3. Malta DC, Santos MAS, Stopa SR, Vieira JEB, Melo EA, Reis Ademar AC. A Cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) no Brasil, segundo a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013. Cien Saude Colet 2016; 21(2):327-338., it now covers 53.4% of the population. The Brazilian National Vaccination plan, created in 1973, is an efficient provider of vaccines against numerous transmissible diseases. In fact, vaccine coverage in this country has helped reduce the number of immune preventable diseases⁴4. Victora C, Aquino EML, Leal MC, Monteiro VA, Barros FC, Szwarcwald CL. Maternal and child health in Brazil: progress and challenges. Lancet 2011; 377(9780):1863-1876.. The SUS also created a national policy to provide free and universal access to essential drugs⁵5. Brasil. Portaria no 3.916, de 10 de novembro de 1998. Diário Oficial da União 1990; 10 nov.. In the past decade, the government decided that drugs to treat Non-Communicable Diseases would be provided to the population free of cost⁶6. Malta DC, Morais Neto OL, Silva Junior JB. Apresentação do plano de ações estratégicas para o enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no Brasil, 2011 a 2022. Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde 2011; 20(4):425-438.,⁷7. Malta DC, Oliveira TP, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Santos MAS. Avanços do Plano de Ações Estratégicas para o Enfrentamento das Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis no Brasil, 2011-2015. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2016; 25(2):373-390., and created a program of Budget drugstores known as Aqui Tem Farmácia Popular. The Ministry of Health has ensured free and universal anti-retroviral treatment to those living with HIV/AIDS, and has taken numerous disease-prevention and health-promotion measures⁸8. Carneiro-Proiettti AB, Sabino EC, Sampaio D, Proietti FA, Gonçalez TT, Oliveira CD, Ferreira JE, Liu J, Custer B, Schreiber GB, Murphy EL, Busch MP. Demographic profile of blood donors in Brazil: Results from the International REDS II Study, 2007-2008. Transfusion 2010; 50(4):918-925.,⁹9. Galvão J. Access to antiretroviral drugs in Brazil. Lancet 2002; 360(9348):1862-1865.. In 2006, the National Health Promotion Policy prioritized intersectoral measures as well as certain health determinants and conditionants¹⁰10. Brasil. Portaria n.º 2.446, de 11 de novembro de 2014. Redefine a Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde (PNPS). Diário Oficial da União 2014; 12 nov.. Although Brazil is the world’s 2^nd largest tobacco producer, it has played a key role in tobacco control, implementing regulatory measures that range from prohibiting tobacco advertising to the Tobacco-Free Environments Law signed in 2014. These measures have helped reduce smoking around the world¹¹11. Giovino GA, Mirza SA, Samet JM, Gupta PC, Jarvis MJ, Bhala N, Peto R, Zatonski W, Hsia J, Morton J, Palipudi KM, Asma S; GATS Collaborative Group. Representative cross-sectional household surveys. Lancet 2012; 380(9842):668-679.,¹²12. Malta DC, Vieira ML, Szwarcwald CL, Caixeta R, Brito SMF, Reis AAC. Tendência de fumantes na população Brasileira segundo a Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra de Domicílios 2008 e a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2015; 18(Supl. 2):45-56.. In 2004, Brazil signed the World Health Organization’s Global Treaty on Diet, Physical Activity and Health to prevent obesity and Non-Communicable diseases¹³13. Barreto SM, Pinheiro ARO, Sichieri R, Monteiro CA, Batista Filho M, Schimidt MI, Lotufo P, Assis AM, Guimarães V, Recine EGIG, Victora CG, Coitinho D, Passos VMA. Análise da estratégia global para alimentação, atividade física e saúde, da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde 2005; 14(1):41-68.. In the past decade a pre-hospital service was created to care for the growing number of cardiovascular diseases, external causes among the population, etc.¹⁴14. Brasil. Portaria nº 2.657, de 16 de dezembro de 2004. Estabelece as atribuições das centrais de regulação médica de urgências e o dimensionamento técnico para a estruturação e operacionalização das Centrais SAMU-192. Diário Oficial da União 2004; 16 dez..

Population ageing, decreasing fertility rates and other transformations in Brazilian society have brought with them new challenges for the healthcare system¹⁵15. Barreto ML, Teixeira MG, Bastos FI, Ximenes RAA, Barata RA, Rodrigues LC, Successes and failures in the control of infectious diseases in Brazil: social and environmental context, policies, interventions, and research needs. Lancet 2011; 377(9780):1877-1889.. Demographic and epidemiological transitions have resulted in different health and disease patterns in different regions and states¹⁵15. Barreto ML, Teixeira MG, Bastos FI, Ximenes RAA, Barata RA, Rodrigues LC, Successes and failures in the control of infectious diseases in Brazil: social and environmental context, policies, interventions, and research needs. Lancet 2011; 377(9780):1877-1889.. Studies show that the expansion of the SUS system over the past 30 years helped reduce the burden of disease in the population, and the inequalities across regions in this country¹⁵15. Barreto ML, Teixeira MG, Bastos FI, Ximenes RAA, Barata RA, Rodrigues LC, Successes and failures in the control of infectious diseases in Brazil: social and environmental context, policies, interventions, and research needs. Lancet 2011; 377(9780):1877-1889.. Thus, it is important to analyze how the disease scenario has changed in Brazil over the past decades.

The current study compared the health indicators prevalent in 1990 and 2015 in Brazil and its states. The goal was to help understand the role SUS plays in changing the nation’s health profile.

Methods

To analyze how the health of the Brazilian population has changed over time, this study used estimates published in the 2015 GBD (Global Burden of Disease) covering the country and the individual states¹⁶16. GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053):1545-1602.. In 2015, a GBD study by the University of Washington Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) analyzed 249 causes of death, 310 diseases and injuries, 2,619 unique sequelae and 70 risk factors using standardized methodology and different sources of data in 195 countries and territories¹⁶16. GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053):1545-1602.

17. GBD 2015 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053):1603-1658.-¹⁸18. GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053):1659-1724..

The first element of the GBD study’s analytical approach is an estimate of overall mortality to correct under notified deaths. This includes estimating the probability of death among those younger than 5 years of age (5q0), adult mortality (45q15), specific mortality by age and the inclusion of the possible effects of epidemics such as HIV/Aids, natural disasters and other fatal discontinuities¹⁷17. GBD 2015 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053):1603-1658.. The main sources of data on mortality among those younger than five in Brazil were the death records in the Mortality Information System, demographic censuses, household surveys - PNAD, the Sample-Based Household Survey, and PNDS, the National Survey of Demographics and Health, as well as the complete (PNDS) and abbreviated (censuses and PNAD) birth records. The estimating process used statistical models to adjust the different sources and address any possible inconsistencies between them¹⁹19. GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053):1459-1544.,²⁰20. .Estudo de carga global de doença 2015: resumo dos métodos utilizados. Rev. bras. epidemiol. 2017; 20(Supl. 1):4-20..

The second key component of GBD methodology is cause of death, and for this the main source of information was the Ministry of Health SIM or mortality information database. SIM entries with diagnoses that should not be considered the main cause of death, poorly defined or incomplete diagnoses, and entered as garbage¹⁹19. GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053):1459-1544.

20. .Estudo de carga global de doença 2015: resumo dos métodos utilizados. Rev. bras. epidemiol. 2017; 20(Supl. 1):4-20.-²¹21. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) – 2014. Brasília: MS; 2015., were reassigned to non-garbage codes for each age-gender-year using specific redistribution algorithms. Causes of death were modeled using CODEm (Cause of Death Ensemble Model)¹⁹19. GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053):1459-1544.,²⁰20. .Estudo de carga global de doença 2015: resumo dos métodos utilizados. Rev. bras. epidemiol. 2017; 20(Supl. 1):4-20.

The main sources of data for risk factor analyses were surveys such as the National Health Survey (PNS), Vigitel (telephone chronic disease risk factor surveillance and protection), the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), and the National Student Health Survey (PeNSE), among others²²22. Malta DC, Felisbino-Mendes MS, Machado ÍE, Passos VMA, Abreu DMX, Ishitani LH, Velásquez-Meléndez G, Carneiro M, Mooney M, Naghavi M. Fatores de risco relacionados à carga global de doença do Brasil e Unidades Federadas, 2015. Rev. bras. epidemiol. 2017; 20(Supl. 1):217-232..

The following metrics were used to describe the burden of disease in 1990 and 2015: absolute number of deaths, infant deaths per 1,000 live births at the country and state level, mortality for standardized causes by age (for the overall populations), death and disability adjusted life years (DALY), life expectancy and health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE), as well as ranked lists of the main causes of death and risk factors in 1990 and 2015. Greater details about the metrics are available in other publications¹⁶16. GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053):1545-1602.

17. GBD 2015 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053):1603-1658.

18. GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053):1659-1724.

19. GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053):1459-1544.-²⁰20. .Estudo de carga global de doença 2015: resumo dos métodos utilizados. Rev. bras. epidemiol. 2017; 20(Supl. 1):4-20..

Metrics are shown with their uncertainty intervals (UI), which reflect the uncertainty in the parameter estimates for each state and period of study. Greater details are available in other publications.

Results

Table 1 shows an estimate of deaths and mortality rates for those under the age of 5 at the country and state level in 1990 and 2015. Mortality in Brazil was 52.5/1,000 live births in 1990, and 17.0/1,000 live births in 2016, a 67.6% drop. In 1990, 9 of the 11 states with the highest mortality rates for those under 5 are in the Northeast, all with rates over 60/1,000 live births. There was a 4.9-fold difference between the state with the highest mortality (Alagoas, 114.1/1,00 LB) and the state with the lowest mortality (Rio Grande do Sul, 23.2/1,000 LB), a difference of 91 deaths per 1,000 live births. By 2015 this had dropped to 2.3-fold between the state with the highest mortality (Acre, 27.0/1,000 LB) and the one with the lowest (Rio Grande do Sul, 12.0/1,000 LB), a difference of 15 deaths per 1,000 LB. In 2015, four of the ten states with the highest mortality rates were in the North.

Between 1990 and 2015, life expectancy at birth in Brazil increased 6.5 years, from 67.9 to 74.4, and health adjusted life expectancy (HALE) increased 5.4 years, from 59.4 to 64.8. The fact and overall life expectancy and HALE show a similar increase in the number of years lived in good health. (Table 2)

Age-standardized mortality rates for both genders dropped 28.7% (UI: 26.1-31.1) between 1990 and 2015, from 1,102.2 (UI: 1,085,9-1,118,6) to 786.2 per 100,000 inhabitants (UI: 761.2-810.3). (Table 2) Age-standardized mortality rates dropped across Brazil, however at different rates depending on the region. The largest decreases were recorded in the more developed regions - the South (30%) and Southeast (32%), while the smallest ones were in the North (20%) and Northeast (21%). (Table 2)

The Federal District performed better in all health metrics. In 2015, the state of São Paulo - the wealthiest in the nation - came in second and third in terms of life expectancy and HALE at birth respectively. In 2015, the lowest life expectancy at birth was in states of the northeast: Maranhão, Alagoas and Pernambuco at 71.5 years (UI=69.1-73.6), 72.3 years (70.7-73.8) and 72.5 years (70.9-74.1) respectively. However, these states also had the largest increase in life expectancy compared to 1990 - 12.6% for Maranhão, 15.1% for Alagoas and 12.1 for Pernambuco (Table 2).

Table 3 shows the number of deaths and age-standardized rates for selected causes of death in both genders in Brazil in 1990 and 2015. In 2015, there were some 1.3 million deaths in Brazil, a 28.7% reduction in the overall mortality rate. Non-Communicable diseases are the leading cause of death - 75% or 1 million. However, NCD as a cause of death dropped 25% in this same period, from 816.6 to 611.3/100,000 inhabitants. There was a significant drop in cardiovascular (40.5%) and chronic respiratory diseases (29.9%). Cancers remained stable within the UI. Deaths due to diabetes increased 12.6% and mental disorders and substance abuse increased in absolute number, but again within the UI. Violence and accidents accounted for some 168 thousand deaths in 2015, a 22.8% drop in the period. Deaths due to traffic accidents dropped 30.9% and those due non-intentional accidents 33.2%. Deaths due to interpersonal violence remained essentially unchanged. Transmissible, infant/child and maternal diseases, along with nutritional disorders, were the cause of some 159 thousand deaths in 2015, a 31% drop compared to 1990, and a 47.1% reduction in the rate. We call attention to the mortality rate due to diarrhea (86.8%), meningitis (70.7%) and immune preventable diseases. Maternal causes dropped 56%, neonatal causes 56.7% and nutritional causes 50.2% (Table 3).

Figure 1 compares the main causes of mortality in 1990 and 2015. Ischemic heart diseases were the leading cause of death in 1990 and 2015, followed by cerebrovascular disorders. Alzheimer’s dropped from 5^th to 6^th place. Lower respiratory tract infections came in third in 2015, while COPD dropped from 3^rd to 4^th place. Diabetes went from 7^th to 5^th and interpersonal violence from 9^th to 7^th. In 2015, traffic accidents were the 8^th leading cause of death, followed by chronic kidney disease (9^th) and lung cancer (10^th). Diarrhea as a cause of death dropped significantly - from 8^th in 1990 to 36^th place in 2015, as did malnutrition (18^th to 31^st), and premature labor (19^th to 30^th).

Figure 2 shows the changes in the main risk factors for all-cause DALY by gender between 1990 and 2015. In 1990, inadequate diet, smoking, high blood-pressure and maternal-infant malnutrition were the main risk factors for DALY among men and women. Inadequate diet topped the list throughout, with high blood pressure moving from 2^nd to 3^rd place among both men and women. Infant and child malnutrition dropped significantly, from 4^th to 11^th place among boys, and from 2^nd to 6^th place among girls. Smoking went from 2^nd to 4^th place among men, and from 4^th to 5^th among women (Figure 2).

Over this period, BMI went from 8^th to 5^th among men, and from 5^th to 3^rd among women. Drug and alcohol use went from 5^th to 4^th among men, and high fasting glucose levels from 6^th to 4^th among women. Other behavioral factors also contributed to worsening DALY, such as insufficient physical activity, unsafe sex and all metabolic risks. Environmental risk factors, including air pollution, deceased, while occupational risks increased (Figure 2).

Discussion

These findings show that in the 25-year period analyzed (1990 to 2015), which covers much of the SUS existence, there have been many changes in the health/disease profile of the Brazilian population, most of them positive. It also shows a decrease in the inequalities in health indicators across the states.

A sharp decline in mortality due to transmissible diseases, in maternal-infant morbi-mortality and avoidable causes of death have increased life expectancy and increased the population’s longevity measured in healthy life-years. NCD remain the leading cause of death, despite an overall reduction in mortality rates and in death due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. On the other hand, deaths due to diabetes increased in this period. Violence killed over 168 thousand Brazilians in 2015. As these can be fully avoided, a decrease in this rate is a major challenge for the coming decades. Poor diet is the leading risk factor, followed by metabolic factors. In the 25-year period smoking decreased substantially, as did infant malnutrition. All of these changes coincided with re-democratization and significant economic growth. A number of social protection policies were instated at this time, along with the unified healthcare system (SUS), the definitive strategy to promote a society with a healthcare system suited to its needs. Along with economic and social advances, there is evidence that the SUS contributed to the changes observed, and in particular to reduce the inequality that prevails in this country.

The GBD study is innovative as it records the nation’s health-disease burden using corrected estimates, new metrics such as DALY, and expected health-adjusted life expectancy, all of which provide new data on population health and new views for healthcare professionals and managers²⁴24. Souza MFM, Barboza FE, Cavalcante A. Carga da doença e análise da situação de saúde: resultados da rede de trabalho do Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Brasil. Rev. bras. epidemiol. 2017; 20(Supl. 1):1-3..

Between 1990 and 2015 overall mortality in Brazil dropped and life expectancy at birth went up. Higher life expectancy at birth is the result of socioeconomic income distribution policies, programs such as Bolsa Familia (family stipend), increased employment in the past decade and other policies to reduce inequality¹⁵15. Barreto ML, Teixeira MG, Bastos FI, Ximenes RAA, Barata RA, Rodrigues LC, Successes and failures in the control of infectious diseases in Brazil: social and environmental context, policies, interventions, and research needs. Lancet 2011; 377(9780):1877-1889.. Better coverage and access to healthcare services and a rapid change in the population age pyramid also contributed²⁵25. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013: percepção do estado de saúde, estilos de vida e doenças crônicas: Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2014. [acessado 2017 Out 24]. Disponível em: ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/PNS/2013/pns2013.pdf
ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/PNS/2013/pns2013.p... ,²⁶26. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Censo demográfico 2010. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2015.. Life expectancy improved in Brazil more than in other Latin American countries such as Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico¹⁷17. GBD 2015 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053):1603-1658..

Successful aging, or increased health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) are often used as indictors of quality of life²⁷27. Szwarcwald CL, Montilla DER, Marques AP, Damacena GN, Almeida WS, Malta DC. Desigualdades na esperança de vida saudável por Unidades da Federação. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):7s.. HALE estimates the expected number of “healthy years” for a population of a given age²⁷27. Szwarcwald CL, Montilla DER, Marques AP, Damacena GN, Almeida WS, Malta DC. Desigualdades na esperança de vida saudável por Unidades da Federação. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):7s.. This indicator includes a dimension of quality of life³3. Malta DC, Santos MAS, Stopa SR, Vieira JEB, Melo EA, Reis Ademar AC. A Cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) no Brasil, segundo a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013. Cien Saude Colet 2016; 21(2):327-338., as long-life may not be the same as healthy-life²⁷27. Szwarcwald CL, Montilla DER, Marques AP, Damacena GN, Almeida WS, Malta DC. Desigualdades na esperança de vida saudável por Unidades da Federação. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):7s..

Szwarcwald et al.²⁷27. Szwarcwald CL, Montilla DER, Marques AP, Damacena GN, Almeida WS, Malta DC. Desigualdades na esperança de vida saudável por Unidades da Federação. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):7s. analyzed data from the National Health Survey and found significant differences in HALE by state – as much as seven years –, and by socioeconomic class. The current study found that HALE had increased significantly between 1990 and 2015, but also found differences by state. The highest HALE was found in the Federal District and Santa Catarina, although both within the UI.

This study shows that between 1990 and 2015, Child Mortality dropped significantly in all states, and there was also a major decline in the differences between states. Mortality dropped more significantly in the northeast states²³23. França EB, Lansky S, Rego MAS, Malta DC, França JS, Teixeira R, Porto P, Almeida MF, Souza MFM, Szwarcwald CL, Mooney M, Naghavi M, Vasconcelos AMN. Principais causas da mortalidade na infância no Brasil, em 1990 e 2015: estimativas do estudo de Carga Global de Doença. Rev. bras. epidemiol. 2017; 20(Supl. 1):46-60.,²⁸28. Victora CG. Mortalidade por diarreia: o que o mundo pode aprender com o Brasil? J Pediatr 2009; 85(1):3-5.. A 2013 UN Report²⁹29. United Nations Children’s Fund. Levels & trends in child mortality: report 2015 estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. 2015. [acessado 2014 Ago 25]. Disponível em: http://www.childmortality.org/files_v20/download/igme%20report%202015%20child%20mortality%20final.pdf
http://www.childmortality.org/files_v20/... pointed to the decline in Child Mortality in Brazil, highlighting intersectoral measures and the Unified Healthcare System (SUS) offering things such as pre-natal, delivery and infant (first-year of life) care. The Family Health Strategy also had a positive impact on reducing Child Mortality29, especially neonatal mortality. Measures to address malnutrition and diarrhea, and campaigns to foster breastfeeding helped keep down Child Mortality rates in the period²⁸28. Victora CG. Mortalidade por diarreia: o que o mundo pode aprender com o Brasil? J Pediatr 2009; 85(1):3-5.. Other measures, such as increasing the number of high-risk beds and easier access to care during delivery helped reduce neonatal death²³23. França EB, Lansky S, Rego MAS, Malta DC, França JS, Teixeira R, Porto P, Almeida MF, Souza MFM, Szwarcwald CL, Mooney M, Naghavi M, Vasconcelos AMN. Principais causas da mortalidade na infância no Brasil, em 1990 e 2015: estimativas do estudo de Carga Global de Doença. Rev. bras. epidemiol. 2017; 20(Supl. 1):46-60.,²⁸28. Victora CG. Mortalidade por diarreia: o que o mundo pode aprender com o Brasil? J Pediatr 2009; 85(1):3-5.. The report also highlights social service policies such as the Bolsa Família (Family Stipend) income transfer program²⁹29. United Nations Children’s Fund. Levels & trends in child mortality: report 2015 estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. 2015. [acessado 2014 Ago 25]. Disponível em: http://www.childmortality.org/files_v20/download/igme%20report%202015%20child%20mortality%20final.pdf
http://www.childmortality.org/files_v20/... , and a number of improvements in living conditions and infant and child healthcare²³23. França EB, Lansky S, Rego MAS, Malta DC, França JS, Teixeira R, Porto P, Almeida MF, Souza MFM, Szwarcwald CL, Mooney M, Naghavi M, Vasconcelos AMN. Principais causas da mortalidade na infância no Brasil, em 1990 e 2015: estimativas do estudo de Carga Global de Doença. Rev. bras. epidemiol. 2017; 20(Supl. 1):46-60..

The thirty years since the SUS has existed have seen major progress in coverage and access to primary care, now available to more than half the population. Access to medicines, vaccines, disease prevention and health promotion measures have also improved³⁰30. Macinko J, Marinho de Souza MF, Guanais FC, Simões CCS. Going to scale with community-based primary care: An analysis of the family health program and infant mortality in Brazil, 1999-2004. Soc Science Med 2007; 65(10):2070-2080.. These measures, better/expanded sanitation and social protection programs have all helped cut down the number of infectious diseases such as diarrhea, respiratory infections, TB, immune preventable diseases and infant and maternal mortality⁴4. Victora C, Aquino EML, Leal MC, Monteiro VA, Barros FC, Szwarcwald CL. Maternal and child health in Brazil: progress and challenges. Lancet 2011; 377(9780):1863-1876.,¹⁵15. Barreto ML, Teixeira MG, Bastos FI, Ximenes RAA, Barata RA, Rodrigues LC, Successes and failures in the control of infectious diseases in Brazil: social and environmental context, policies, interventions, and research needs. Lancet 2011; 377(9780):1877-1889.,³⁰30. Macinko J, Marinho de Souza MF, Guanais FC, Simões CCS. Going to scale with community-based primary care: An analysis of the family health program and infant mortality in Brazil, 1999-2004. Soc Science Med 2007; 65(10):2070-2080.,³¹31. Barros FC, Matijasevich A, Requejo JH, Giugliani E, Maranhao AG, Monteiro CA, Barros AJ, Bustreo F, Merialdi M, Victora CG. Recent trends in maternal, newborn, and child health in Brazil: progress toward Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5. Am J Public Health 2010; 100(10):1877-1889.. Diarrhea for example, dropped to 39^th in the ranking of causes of death. The past 25 years in Brazil have also seen major changes in the nation’s demographics. As the population ages. the country is also experiencing a transition in epidemiology, leading to important changes in the morbi-mortality profile. NCD account for about 75% of all deaths and for loss of quality of life³²32. Malta DC, França E, Abreu DMX, Perillo RD, Salmen MC, Teixeira RA, Passos V, Souza MFM, Mooney M, Naghavi M. Mortalidade por doenças não transmissíveis no Brasil, 1990 a 2015, segundo estimativas do estudo de Carga Global de Doenças. Sao Paulo Med J 2017; 135(3):213-221.. However, the study also shows that rates are declining as a result of different measures, among them increased healthcare for adults³³33. Rasella D, Harhay MO, Pamponet ML, Aquino R, Barreto ML. Impact of Primary Health Care on Mortality from Heart and Cerebrovascular Diseases in Brazil: a Nationwide Analysis of Longitudinal Data. BMJ 2014; 349:g4014., and the nation’s commitment to the theme, defining targets to control NCD³²32. Malta DC, França E, Abreu DMX, Perillo RD, Salmen MC, Teixeira RA, Passos V, Souza MFM, Mooney M, Naghavi M. Mortalidade por doenças não transmissíveis no Brasil, 1990 a 2015, segundo estimativas do estudo de Carga Global de Doenças. Sao Paulo Med J 2017; 135(3):213-221.. In 2011, the government launched a plan to address NCDthat includes health promotion, disease prevention and care⁶6. Malta DC, Morais Neto OL, Silva Junior JB. Apresentação do plano de ações estratégicas para o enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no Brasil, 2011 a 2022. Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde 2011; 20(4):425-438.. In 2011, voluntary agreements with the food industry reduced the amount of salt in ultra-processed foods, and eliminated trans-fats⁶6. Malta DC, Morais Neto OL, Silva Junior JB. Apresentação do plano de ações estratégicas para o enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no Brasil, 2011 a 2022. Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde 2011; 20(4):425-438.,⁷7. Malta DC, Oliveira TP, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Santos MAS. Avanços do Plano de Ações Estratégicas para o Enfrentamento das Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis no Brasil, 2011-2015. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2016; 25(2):373-390.. In 2014, the government launched the Healthy Nutrition Guide³⁴34. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. Brasília: MS; 2014., and in 2011 the Academia da Saúde (Health Gym) created incentives for physical activity and other health promotion measures³⁵35. Malta DC , Silva Júnior J.B. Policies to promote physical activity in Brazil. The Lancet, 2012; 380(9838):195-196.. Universal access to all three levels of healthcare (primary, secondary and tertiary)³⁶36. Bonita R, Magnusso R, Bovet P, Zhao D, Malta DC, McKee M, Beaglehole R, on behalf of The Lancet NCD Action Group. Contrie Action Country actions to meet UN commitments on non-communicable diseases: a stepwise approach Lancet 2013; (381)575-584,³⁷37. Ribeiro AL, Duncan BB, Brant LC, Lotufo PA, Mill JG, Barreto SM. Cardiovascular Health in Brazil: Trends and Perspectives. Circulation 2016; 133(4):422-433. is another important measure. In the case of cardiovascular diseases this includes access to drugs such as blood pressure drugs, beta-blockers, statins, etc.³⁶36. Bonita R, Magnusso R, Bovet P, Zhao D, Malta DC, McKee M, Beaglehole R, on behalf of The Lancet NCD Action Group. Contrie Action Country actions to meet UN commitments on non-communicable diseases: a stepwise approach Lancet 2013; (381)575-584.

Patients with diabetes have access to oral hypoglycemics and insulin. National Health Survey data shows that more than 80% of those with diabetes and/or hypertension in Brazil have access to healthcare services and medicines and, when required, to experts, tests and hospitalization³⁸38. Malta DC, Iser BPM, Chueiri PS, Stopa SR, Szwarcwald CL, Schmidt MI, Duncan BB. Cuidados em saúde entre portadores de diabetes mellitus autorreferido no Brasil, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013. Rev. bras. epidemiol. 2015; 18(Supl. 2):17-32..

The study shows that inadequate diet is the main contributor to the burden of disease, measured by DALYs, and particularly Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD)³⁹39. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable disease 2013-2020. Geneva: WHO; 2013. [acessado 2014 Fev 20]. Disponível em: http://www.who.int/nmh/events/ncd_action_plan/en/
http://www.who.int/nmh/events/ncd_action... . It is essential to invest in measures to deter the increase in obesity, such as regulatory measures to tax unhealthy foods such as soft-drinks and other ultra-processed foods⁶6. Malta DC, Morais Neto OL, Silva Junior JB. Apresentação do plano de ações estratégicas para o enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no Brasil, 2011 a 2022. Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde 2011; 20(4):425-438.,⁷7. Malta DC, Oliveira TP, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Santos MAS. Avanços do Plano de Ações Estratégicas para o Enfrentamento das Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis no Brasil, 2011-2015. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2016; 25(2):373-390.,²²22. Malta DC, Felisbino-Mendes MS, Machado ÍE, Passos VMA, Abreu DMX, Ishitani LH, Velásquez-Meléndez G, Carneiro M, Mooney M, Naghavi M. Fatores de risco relacionados à carga global de doença do Brasil e Unidades Federadas, 2015. Rev. bras. epidemiol. 2017; 20(Supl. 1):217-232.,³³33. Rasella D, Harhay MO, Pamponet ML, Aquino R, Barreto ML. Impact of Primary Health Care on Mortality from Heart and Cerebrovascular Diseases in Brazil: a Nationwide Analysis of Longitudinal Data. BMJ 2014; 349:g4014..

Smoking has fallen in the ranking of risk factors, as the number of smokers in Brazil has declined sharply¹¹11. Giovino GA, Mirza SA, Samet JM, Gupta PC, Jarvis MJ, Bhala N, Peto R, Zatonski W, Hsia J, Morton J, Palipudi KM, Asma S; GATS Collaborative Group. Representative cross-sectional household surveys. Lancet 2012; 380(9842):668-679.,¹²12. Malta DC, Vieira ML, Szwarcwald CL, Caixeta R, Brito SMF, Reis AAC. Tendência de fumantes na população Brasileira segundo a Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra de Domicílios 2008 e a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2015; 18(Supl. 2):45-56.,³⁹39. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable disease 2013-2020. Geneva: WHO; 2013. [acessado 2014 Fev 20]. Disponível em: http://www.who.int/nmh/events/ncd_action_plan/en/
http://www.who.int/nmh/events/ncd_action... . In 1989 36.4% of the population smoked, while in 2013 this was down to 15%, one of the lowest rates in the world12. Regulatory measures such as forbidding advertising and health warnings, among others, explain this drop¹¹11. Giovino GA, Mirza SA, Samet JM, Gupta PC, Jarvis MJ, Bhala N, Peto R, Zatonski W, Hsia J, Morton J, Palipudi KM, Asma S; GATS Collaborative Group. Representative cross-sectional household surveys. Lancet 2012; 380(9842):668-679.,¹²12. Malta DC, Vieira ML, Szwarcwald CL, Caixeta R, Brito SMF, Reis AAC. Tendência de fumantes na população Brasileira segundo a Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra de Domicílios 2008 e a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2015; 18(Supl. 2):45-56.,⁴⁰40. Malta DC, Iser BPM, Sá NNB, Yokota RTC, Moura L, Claro RM, Luz MG, Bernal RI. Trends in tobacco consumption from 2006 to 2011 in Brazilian capitals according to the Vigitel survey. Cad Saude Publica 2013; 29(4):812-822.. The Tobacco Free Environment Law, signed in 2011 and regulated by Presidential Decree in 2014, prohibits smoking in closed public environments, prohibits cigarette advertising and promotions, and expanded the warning messages on tobacco packaging. Taxes on tobacco products also increased12,40.

Over the past decade, the Ministry of Health created a broad system to monitor NCD, which includes health surveys and Health Information Systems to monitor trends, risk factors and protection against NCD⁷7. Malta DC, Oliveira TP, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Santos MAS. Avanços do Plano de Ações Estratégicas para o Enfrentamento das Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis no Brasil, 2011-2015. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2016; 25(2):373-390.,⁴¹41. Malta DC, Morais Neto OL, Silva MMA, Rocha D, Castro AM, Reis AAC, Akerman M. Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde (PNPS):capítulos de uma caminhada ainda em construção. Cien Saude Colet 2016; 21(6):1683-1694..

Finally, the results point to external causes of death, which did drop over the period, but are still quite prevalent, especially interpersonal violence and traffic accidents. These are particularly prevalent among young people and contribute to premature mortality during the productive years¹⁶16. GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053):1545-1602.. Also worth noting are premature deaths due to HIV and its rising importance as a cause of early death in recent decades, and SUS actions to ensure access to diagnosis and treatment. Brazil led global measures to break patents to manufacture generic drugs, especially those used to treat HIV, offering ample access to medication to those with the disease⁸8. Carneiro-Proiettti AB, Sabino EC, Sampaio D, Proietti FA, Gonçalez TT, Oliveira CD, Ferreira JE, Liu J, Custer B, Schreiber GB, Murphy EL, Busch MP. Demographic profile of blood donors in Brazil: Results from the International REDS II Study, 2007-2008. Transfusion 2010; 50(4):918-925.,⁹9. Galvão J. Access to antiretroviral drugs in Brazil. Lancet 2002; 360(9348):1862-1865..

Conclusion

The SUS faces many challenges, among them new epidemics, neglected diseases, vector control, the magnitude of NCD and violence. Understanding the pattern of health and the associated trends over the past decades allows us to take a critical look at healthcare policies and the SUS, and to assess progress made and limitations in addressing health issues. This study is innovative as it contributes new metrics to monitor the health of the population, such as Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE), and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY), among others.

In terms of SUS activities, we highlight the expansion of the Family Health Strategy, emergency and pre-hospital care, expanded treatment of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, a more extensive vaccine calendar and health promotion and disease prevention measures. Other contributions are regulatory measures to reduce tobacco use, programs to encourage physical activities, and intersectoral violence-prevention programs, all of which helped improve the indicators analyzed in this paper. These positive findings are directly related to implementing highly cost-effective interventions by the Unified Healthcare System, such as expanding primary care, drug distribution to those at high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, and measures to control tobacco use³⁹39. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable disease 2013-2020. Geneva: WHO; 2013. [acessado 2014 Fev 20]. Disponível em: http://www.who.int/nmh/events/ncd_action_plan/en/
http://www.who.int/nmh/events/ncd_action... . Addressing ischemic heart disease is a dual challenge for the Brazilian healthcare system, as it includes health promotion measures and better specialized care to deliver better results in managing cardiovascular diseases³⁷37. Ribeiro AL, Duncan BB, Brant LC, Lotufo PA, Mill JG, Barreto SM. Cardiovascular Health in Brazil: Trends and Perspectives. Circulation 2016; 133(4):422-433..

We also point to the rapidly growing elderly population, as life expectancy increases and regional differences decrease. This will demand a new healthcare system and social security policies. Healthy aging is a challenge of our times and will require an innovative healthcare policy that promotes health and reduces the burden of disease. However, approval of Constitutional amendment 95, which makes it impossible to grow the resources available for healthcare and other social policies, is a serious threat to these new demands⁴²42. Brasil, 2016. Emenda Constitucional nº 95, de 15 de dezembro de 2016. Altera o Ato das Disposições Constitucionais Transitórias, para instituir o Novo Regime Fiscal, e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União 2016; 15 dez.. Budget cuts will have an impact on population health indicators⁴³43. Stuckler D, Basu S. A Economia Desumana: Porque Mata A Austeridade. Cad Saude Publica [periódico na Internet]. 2016 Dez [acessado 2017 Dez 01]; 32(11):e00151116. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-311X2016001108001
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s... , so studies to monitor trends such as those presented here are essential to measure the health and living conditions of the Brazilian population.

In short, advances made by the Unified Healthcare System and better economic planning, such as real increases in the minimum wage, progress made in housing and basic sanitation policies and other distributive social protection measures, such as the family stipend, have created a positive scenario for important improvements in health conditions and an increase in health-adjusted life expectancy among the population of this nation⁴⁴44. Rasella D, Aquino R, Santos CAT, Paes-Sousa R, Barreto ML. Effect of a conditional cash transfer program on childhood mortality: a nationwide analysis of Brazilian municipalities. Lancet 2013; 382(9886):57-64.,⁴⁵45. Victora CG, Barreto ML, Leal MC, Monteiro CA, Scmidt MI, Paim J, Bastos FI, Almeida C, Bahia L, Travassos C, Reichenheim M, Barros FC and the Lancet Brazil Series Working Group. Health conditions and health-policy innovations in Brazil: the way forward. Lancet 2011; 377 (9782):2042-2053..

References

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