Abstract

The complex epidemiological profile of Brazil, the aging population and the proportion of individuals with disabilities have led to a substantial increase in the demand for rehabilitation. The spatiotemporal distribution of the offer of physiotherapy, speech therapy and occupational therapy in the Brazilian public healthcare system from 2007 to 2019 was analyzed for the five macro-regions of the country. Data from the National Register of Health Establishments and census estimates from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics were used. Indicators of the offer of professionals in these fields services and relative changes in the offer were calculated. The spatial distribution of the relative change in the offer was also determined. A regression model with inflection points was adopted for the analysis of the temporal trend. A growing temporal trend was found in the offer of the three professionals in Brazil as a whole and in all regions of the country, but with a slowdown in growth. Differences were observed in the offer among the regions of the country, revealing healthcare inequality that needs to be overcome. The present findings can assist in planning to expand access to rehabilitation services in the country.

Key words:
Physiotherapy; Speech therapy; Rehabilitation; Public Healthcare System; Occupational therapy; Time series studies

Introduction

Rehabilitation is an interdisciplinary, integrated, coordinated process with an individualized approach considering physical, psychological, social and occupational aspects¹1 Loyola EAC, Borges LM, Magalhães PAP, Areco FS, Yochimochi LTB, Panobianco, MS. Rehabilitation group: benefits and barriers in the perspective of women with Breast Cancer. Texto Contexto Enferm 2017; 26(1):3250015.. It is directed at individuals with total, partial, temporal or permanent loss of functioning as well as medium-term or long-term abnormalities²2 Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). A inclusão social e os direitos das pessoas com deficiência no Brasil: uma agenda em desenvolvimento pós-2015 [Internet]. [acessado 2021 mar 15]. Disponível em: https://brasil.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/UN_Position_Paper-People_with_Disabilities.pdf
https://brasil.un.org/sites/default/file... .

In Brazil, the National Health Survey conducted in 2019 revealed that 17.3 million Brazilians two or more years of age had disabilities related to at least one of their functions³3 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa nacional de saúde: 2019. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2021.. Moreover, the increase in comorbidities, the burden of chronic uncommunicable diseeases⁴4 Goulart BNG, Anderle P. Rehabilitation: a rising demand that calls for action. CoDAS 2020; 32(2):e20190120., the aging of the population⁵5 Balasco AGS, Okuno MFP. Reality and challenges of ageing. Rev Bras Enferm 2019; 72(Supl. 2):1-2. and external causes⁶6 Lemos CAG, Jorge MT, Ribeiro LA. Profile of victims and treatment of injuries by external causes according to attendance by the Municipal Rehabilitation Center of Uberlandia, MG - External causes and physiotherapy. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2013;16(2):482-492. in the last decade have led to a substantial increase in the demand for rehabilitation, with a tendency to increase in the upcoming years⁴4 Goulart BNG, Anderle P. Rehabilitation: a rising demand that calls for action. CoDAS 2020; 32(2):e20190120.. Thus, ensuring permanent access to health actions and services is essential⁷7 Caetano LA, Sampaio RF, Costa LA. The expansion of rehabilitation services in the light of the federal normative framework. Rev Ter Ocupacional Univ São Paulo 2018; 29 (3):195-203..

Policies in the country that guide the structuring of rehabilitation services proposed the organization of such services in a network with different levels of care.⁸8 Rodes CH, Kurebayashi R, Kondo VE, Luft VD, Góes AB, Schmitt ACB. The access and rehabilitation working process in Primary Health Care. Fisioter Pesq 2017; 24(1):74-82. Primary care is considered the main gateway to the public healthcare system and was expanded with the inclusion of several services, such as physiotherapy, speech therapy and occupational therapy, through Ordinance nº 154/2008, which instituted Family Health Support Centers. After the revision of the National Primary Care Policy in 2017, these services were denominated Expanded Family Health and Primary Care Centers⁹9 Melo EA, Mendonça MHM, Oliveira JR, Andrade GCL. Changes in the National Policy of Primary Health Care: between setbacks and challenges. Saude Debate 2018; 42(1):38-51.. This was an important tool for expanding access to and the problem-solving abilities of rehabilitation actions in the public healthcare system⁸8 Rodes CH, Kurebayashi R, Kondo VE, Luft VD, Góes AB, Schmitt ACB. The access and rehabilitation working process in Primary Health Care. Fisioter Pesq 2017; 24(1):74-82..

The National Plan for the Rights of Disabled Persons (“Living without Limits” Plan) instituted in 2011 proposed the expansion of the offer of rehabilitation and was instituted with the purpose of promoting the full, equitable exercise of the rights of disabled persons through the integration and articulation of policies, programs and actions¹⁰10 Plano Nacional dos Direitos da Pessoa com Deficiência - Plano Viver sem Limites. Decreto nº 7.612, de 17 de novembro de 2011. Diário Oficial da União 2011; 18 nov.. The creation of the Disabled Persons’ Care Network in 2012 also drove this growth, especially with the organization and regionalization of Specialized Rehabilitation Centers in primary care networks¹¹11 Pereira JS, Machado WCA. Deployment specialized center in rehabilitation: advantages and disadvantages mentioned by local health managers. Rev Ter Ocupacional Univ São Paulo 2015; 26(3):373-381.. Despite the implantation of policies, the structuring of the care network and the increase in the offer and coverage of rehabilitation services, inequality remains in the distribution of these services and disparities are found among the different regions of the country¹²12 Caetano LA, Sampaio RF, Costa LA. A expansão dos serviços de reabilitação no SUS à luz do arcabouço normativo federal. Rev Ter Ocup Univ São Paulo 2018; 29(3):195-203..

Given the importance of the subject, the World Health Organization drafted joint commitments in 2017 with the aim of meeting the need for global actions that strengthen rehabilitation in healthcare systems¹³13 World Health Organization (WHO). Reabilitation 2030: a call for action [Internet]. 2017. [cited 2021 out 13]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/rehabilitation-2030-a-call-for-action
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/... . According to data from the United Nations,²2 Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). A inclusão social e os direitos das pessoas com deficiência no Brasil: uma agenda em desenvolvimento pós-2015 [Internet]. [acessado 2021 mar 15]. Disponível em: https://brasil.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/UN_Position_Paper-People_with_Disabilities.pdf
https://brasil.un.org/sites/default/file... 80% of individuals with disabilities reside in developing or emerging countries, such as Brazil.

Despite all the advances and persistent inequalities, no studies were found that measure the magnitude of this expansion in Brazil or examine differences among the regions of the country. As the concept of rehabilitation involves multiple dimensions and presupposes an organization based on interdisciplinarity, the aim of the present study was to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of the professionals who offer services of physiotherapy, speech therapy and occupational therapy in the public healthcare system between 2007 and 2019 in Brazil as a whole as well as in the five macro-regions of the country. This distribution analysis will enable reflections on the potential offer of these services in the country and indicate paths that can ensure equitable access to such services.

Methods

This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical precepts stipulated in Resolution n°510/2016 of the National Board of Health. As the data analyzed are in the public domain, approval from a human research ethics committee was not required. All sources of data are reported.

A mixed ecological study was conducted. The units of the spatial analysis were the five regions of Brazil and the units of the temporal analysis were the years corresponding to the period from 2007 to 2019. The choice of the period of interest was based on the incorporation of the 2002 Brazilian Classification of Occupations in 2007 and the fact that 2019 was the last year with available data during the data collection process of the present study.

The healthcare providers considered in this study were physiotherapists, speech therapists and occupation therapists registered as employees of the public healthcare system in the National Register of Health Establishments, as these occupations are considered fundamental for the representation of physical/functional rehabilitation.

The quantity of professionals in the three categories of interest was collected using records related to the registration of healthcare providers in the month of December of each year¹⁴14 Silva RPM, Nascimento CMBD, Miranda GMD, Silva VLD, Lima MLLT, Vilela MBR. Evolução da oferta de fonoaudiólogos no SUS: um estudo sobre a correlação com os indicadores sociais no Brasil na última década. CoDAS 2021; 33(2):e20190243. available from the site of the Information Technology Department of the Health Ministry (DATASUS). These data were processed using the Tabwin software program, version 3.2.

Registrations of the Brazilian Classification of Occupations with multiple Physical Person Registration were considered to ensure the incorporation of the number of employment positions per professional and enable a more reliable determination of the potential offer of the services in the public healthcare system. The following codes were considered: physiotherapy -223605, 223625, 223630, 223635, 223640, 223650, 223655 and 223660; speech therapy -223810, 223815, 223820, 223825, 223830, 223835, 223840 and 223845; occupational therapy - 223905 and 223620. For information on the residents of each region, the census estimates for 2007 and 2019 were considered. These data were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistic as well as the DATASUS site.¹⁵15 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Departamento de Informática do SUS (DATASUS). Informações de Saúde TABNET. Brasília: DATASUS; 2020.

The concept of potential offer was adapted from Costa, Barreto and Sampaio¹⁶16 Costa DRT, Barreto JOM, Sampaio RB. Modelo teórico-metodológico baseado na Teoria de Redes Complexas para análise da oferta potencial dos serviços de saúde. Cien Saude Colet 2021; 26(Supl. 2):3791-3804., who consider that the presence of a given healthcare service is characterized by the potential offer of this service independently of knowledge regarding its actual need. Thus, data from the National Register of Health Establishments on healthcare providers employed in the public healthcare system were considered for the determination of the potential offer of the three services of interest.

Indicators of the potential offer of the three services in the public healthcare system were calculated for each of the years of the period of interest (2007 to 2019) for Brazil and the five regions of the country. The relative change in the offer in the period in the country and different regions was also calculated, considering the initial year of the series (2007) as the reference for the calculation of proportional change. These calculations were performed with the following formulas:

For the spatial analysis, maps were created for the indicator of the offer of each rehabilitation service in 2007 and 2019 and the indicator of relative change according to the regions of the country using the Terraview program, version 4.2.2, developed by the National Institute of Spatial Research.

The Joinpoint regression model was used for the temporal trend analysis. This model tests whether a multi-segmented line is statistically better for describing temporal changes in data than a straight line or less segmented line. This analysis enables detecting the trend of the event studied as stationary, increasing or decreasing and the points of change in the trend as well as calculating the annual percent change and (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) with α = 5%. The Joinpoint program, version 4.5.0 was used for this analysis and the results are presented in figures.

Results

In 2007 (first year of the study), 36,776 physiotherapists, speech therapists and occupational therapists were registered in the National Register of Health Establishments affiliated with the public healthcare system. Proportionally, 61.5% were physiotherapists, 23.0% were speech therapists and 15.5% were occupational therapists. The total number of these professionals nearly tripled in 2019 (99,703 records proportionally distributed as follows: 68.4% physiotherapists, 20.3% speech therapist and 11.3% occupational therapists) (Table 1).

Regarding physiotherapy (Figure 1 A, B and C), the North region had the smallest offer throughout the years studied. The Southeast had the highest proportion in 2007 and the South had the highest proportion in 2019. The offer in the Northeast increased by 237.7% in the period, which was the highest increase among the different regions of the country. The lowest increase occurred in the Southeast, which went from 14.1 to 32.4 professionals for each 100 thousand residents, corresponding to an increase of 129.7%.

A similar pattern was found for speech therapy (Figure 1 D, E and F), with lower proportions of professionals registered in the North. The Southeast had the highest proportions in the country in 2007 and the South had the highest in 2019. The highest growth rate among the regions occurred in the Northeast, going from 2.7 to 8.4 speech therapists per 100 thousand residents, corresponding to an increase of 207.4%. The lowest increase in the period studied occurred in the Southeast region (73.5%).

For occupational therapy (Figure 1 G, H and I), the North had the lowest proportions and the Southeast had the highest. Proportionally, the North had the highest growth in the period studied (121.1%). The lowest growth occurred in the Southeast, which went from 3.9 to 6.2 occupational therapists for each 100 thousand residents, corresponding to an increase of 59.1%.

The Joinpoint regression analysis revealed a positive average annual percent change (AAPC), with an increasing temporal trend (p < 0.01) in the offer of the three professional categories in the public healthcare system in Brazil and the different regions of the country between 2007 and 2019. For the country as a whole, the AAPC was 8.3% for physiotherapy, 6.2% for speech therapy and 4.4% for occupational therapy (p < 0.01). In the analysis per region, the APPC for physical therapy and speech therapy (Figures 4 and 5) was respectively 10.6% and 9.6% for the Northeast and 6.9% and 4.6% for the Southeast.

However, growth rate was not constant for any of the services or regions. The Joinpoint regression model revealed important reductions in these rates throughout the period studied (Figures 2, 3 and 4). Regarding physiotherapy (Figure 2), the growth rate of the offer was greater between 2007 and 2009 in Brazil and all regions, except the Midwest, for which the period of greatest expansion was from 2007 to 2011 (p < 0.01). Between 2007 and 2009, the offer of physiotherapy in the public healthcare system had a growth trend of 20.38% in the country, with an APC similar to that found in the North (21.31%) and Northeast (25.44%). After this period, the growth rate diminished in all regions (p < 0.01).

For speech therapy (Figure 3), the growth rate of the offer was greater between 2007 and 2010 in Brazil, with an APC of 13.54% for the country, 19.43% for the North and 19.23% for the Northeast (p < 0.01). After this period, the growth rate diminished continually in all regions (p < 0.01).

For occupational therapy (Figure 3), the growth rate of the offer was greater between 2007 and 2010, with an APC of 10.62% for the country, 18.85% for the Midwest, 10.33% for the Northeast and 10.43% for the Southeast (p < 0.01). After this period, the growth rate diminished continually in all regions (p < 0.01).

Discussion

The results of the present study reveal a growing trend in the offer of physiotherapists, speech therapists and occupational therapists in the Brazilian public healthcare system throughout the 13-year period analyzed. A study conducted by Carvalho et al.¹⁷17 Carvalho MN, Gil CRR, Costa EMOD, Sakai MH, Leite SN. Necessidade e dinâmica da força de trabalho na Atenção Básica de Saúde no Brasil. Cien Saude Colet 2018; 23(1):295-302. analyzing the growth rate of 14 health professionals attributed the increase in some categories to the organizational dynamics of the National Primary Care Policy through the teams of the Family Health and Primary Care Centers. Moreover, the implantation of the “Living without Limits” Plan and Disabled Persons’ Care Network is believed to have directly and significantly contributed to this expansion. This result is related to the political scenario, which favored the implementation of social programs that ensured the expansion of access to health actions and services, including those related to rehabilitation.

The National Health Survey conducted in 2019³3 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa nacional de saúde: 2019. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2021. by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics revealed that 8.4% of the population of the country had some type of disability, which is an increase in comparison to the data from the 2010 census. Thus, an increase in the offer of health professionals is necessary to meet this demand.

Among other challenges, regional inequalities persist in the offer of healthcare services, as also identified by Garnelo et al.¹⁸18 Garnelo L, Lima JG, Rocha ESC, Herkrath FJ. Access and coverage of Primary Health Care for rural and urban populations in the northern region of Brazil. Saude Debate 2018;42(1):81-99. In the period studied, the North region presented considerable growth in the offer of the three rehabilitation services, especially occupational therapy. However, this region had the lowest offer among all regions in both 2007 and 2019. A previous study revealed that limitations in the organization and offer of healthcare services, along with factors such as population dispersion and large geographical distances, constitute barriers regarding access to and the use of healthcare services that particularly penalize river populations¹⁸18 Garnelo L, Lima JG, Rocha ESC, Herkrath FJ. Access and coverage of Primary Health Care for rural and urban populations in the northern region of Brazil. Saude Debate 2018;42(1):81-99.. Moreover, the North region had the lowest indicators because these professionals are concentrated in metropolises¹⁹19 Matsumura ESS, Sousa Júnior AS, Guedes JA, Teixeira RC, Kietzer KS, Castro LSF. Geographical distribution of physiotherapists in Brazil. Fisioter Pesqui 2018; 25(3):309-314.. The present results reveal that investments in the expansion of this offer in the period studied were not sufficient to change the status quo and this reflects differences that characterize the offer of care in the country.

Fundamental aspects exert an influence on the offer and distribution of health professionals in the healthcare system. There is a considerable challenge regarding the management of human resources characterized by the chronic absence of policies that ensure health professionals for the services studied as well as precarious employment ties, which hinder the permanence of health professionals at public services, especially in municipalities distant from metropolises and areas of greater social vulnerability. This situation also reflects the dispute between the public and private sectors represented by the diversity and inequality of employment positions in the offer of courses for the education of health professionals at higher education institutions.

The Northeast is considered the poorest region of Brazil²⁰20 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Síntese de indicadores sociais. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2017., which has direct implications for the health conditions of the population and, consequently, the distribution of health services and professionals, including those in the field of rehabilitation. Despite this, the Northeast was the region that most progressed in the offer of physiotherapy among the five regions of the country in the period studied. Part of this growth may be explained by the fact that the region concentrates the largest number of teams implanted at Family Health and Primary Care Centers in the country, corresponding to 44.4% of the teams implanted in 2017²¹21 Brocardo D, Andrade CLT, Fausto MCR, Lima SML. Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (Nasf): panorama nacional a partir de dados do PMAQ. Saude Debate 2018; 42(Esp. 1):130-144..

Moreover, the Northeast occupies the second position in the offer of undergraduate courses in physiotherapy, accounting for 23% of such courses in the country in 23%²²22 Tavares LRC, Costa JLR, Oishi J, Driusso P. Distribuição territorial de fisioterapeutas no Brasil: análise do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde CNES/2010. ConSaude 2016; 15(1):53-61.. The growth of the categories may also be attributed to the actions of health professionals in mobilization for the growth of the profession²³23 Marques AP, Sanches EL. Origem e evolução da fisioterapia: aspectos históricos e legais. Rev Fisioter Univ São Paulo 1994; 1(1):5-10.. According to Bispo Júnior²⁴24 Bispo Júnior JP. Fhysical therapy education in Brazil: reflections on the expansion of teaching and training models. Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2009; 16(3):655-668., this development began in 1969 at the height of the military dictatorship in the country, which was a turbulent time in Brazilian society, when health conditions of the population were aggravated due to epidemiological burden and deficiencies in the Brazilian healthcare system.

The Northeast region also had the greatest relative growth in the offer of speech therapy. According to Cabrera et al.²⁵25 Cabrera MFB, Eliassen ES, Arakawa-Belaunde AM. Speech language and hearing sciences and health promotion: integrative review. Rev Baiana Saude Publica 2018; 42(1):2660-2666, the greater inclusion of this service was favored by public policies that guided these professionals in developing intersectoral and interdisciplinary practices considering the collective and individual levels with attention directed at families and the community. Moreover, the period studied also corresponds to a time of expansion and the consolidation of speech therapy courses at public universities. The Northeast also increased in the offer of occupational therapy in the period. The good performance in the relative growth of the Northeast is compatible with data described by Albuquerque et al.²⁶26 Albuquerque MV, Viana ALA, Lima LD, Ferreira MP, Fusaro ER, Iozzi FL. Regional health inequalities: changes observed in Brazil from 2000-2016. Cien Saude Colet 2017; 22(4):1055-1064., who found that, despite the difficulties affecting this region, improvements occurred in socioeconomic development and the offer of healthcare services.

The South is one of the regions with the fewest barriers to access to healthcare services in Brazil²⁷27 Oliveira RAD, Duarte CMR, Pavão ALB, Viacava F. Barriers in Access to services in five Health Regions of Brazil: perceptions of policymackers and professionals in the Brazilian Unified National Health System. Cad Saude Publica 2019; 35(11):00120718. and was one of the regions with the best percentages in the offer of the three categories of rehabilitation therapists in both 2007 and 2019, despite not having a substantial change in the offer over time. The growth in the offer decelerated in the region, which was one of the smallest in terms of relative change for the three rehabilitation categories of interest. Nonetheless, the South continued to have one of the best offers of these services in 2019.

In 2007, the Southeast presented the greatest offer of the three services among the five regions of the country, but had the lowest growth rate for the three professions throughout the study period. This result is surprising, as according to Oliveira et al.²⁸28 Silva RAS, Oliver FC. The interface of occupational therapists practices with regards primary health care attributes. Car Bras Ter Ocupacional 2020; 28(3):784-808., the Southeast has the greatest access to healthcare services and the highest probability of use. One explanation may be the fact that the offer of these services in the region preceded the main policies mentioned above.

The Midwest had the lowest offer of speech therapy and occupational therapy in both 2007 and 2019, despite being the region with the second largest relative change in the offer of occupational therapy in the period. This may be explained by the population dispersion in the region and the difficulty in locomotion to healthcare services, especially on the part of the rural population, as stressed by Garnelo et al.¹⁸18 Garnelo L, Lima JG, Rocha ESC, Herkrath FJ. Access and coverage of Primary Health Care for rural and urban populations in the northern region of Brazil. Saude Debate 2018;42(1):81-99.

In general, expansion occurred in the offer of physiotherapy, speech therapy and occupational therapy in the public healthcare system in Brazil as a whole and all regions of the country, with the largest growth proportions found for physiotherapy, followed by speech therapy. Despite these advances, Rodes et al.⁸8 Rodes CH, Kurebayashi R, Kondo VE, Luft VD, Góes AB, Schmitt ACB. The access and rehabilitation working process in Primary Health Care. Fisioter Pesq 2017; 24(1):74-82. report that access to rehabilitation professionals remains difficult, with an unequal offer that is insufficient for the promotion of the precepts of the universality, accountability and integrality of care.

Moreover, deceleration occurred in the growth rate of these three rehabilitation categories in the public healthcare system in Brazil and the five regions. This finding constitutes a warning sign that had previously been pointed out by Rodes et al.⁸8 Rodes CH, Kurebayashi R, Kondo VE, Luft VD, Góes AB, Schmitt ACB. The access and rehabilitation working process in Primary Health Care. Fisioter Pesq 2017; 24(1):74-82. The indicator of the offer of rehabilitation professionals studied here has presented a reduction, despite the growth in the offer throughout the country.

The methodological limitations of the present study regard the use of the database from the month of December as the basis for the representation of the potential offer of the three categories of rehabilitation professionals and the use of secondary data. The choice of the month of December enables the reproducibility of the study in the future considering the difficulty in obtaining the complete database from the DATASUS site. Regarding the use of secondary data, studies of this type enable identifying flaws in information systems, which can assist in improving such systems, as occurred with the Mortality and Livebirths Information System²⁹29 Szwarcwald CL, Almeida WS, Teixeira RA, França EB, Miranda MJ, Malta DC. Inequalities in infant mortality in Brazil at subnational levels in Brazil, 1990 to 2015. Popul Health Metr 2020; 18(Suppl. 1):4..

Future studies should perform an in-depth analysis of the offer of health professionals that work in the field of rehabilitation in the Brazilian public healthcare system, such as physiotherapists, speech therapists and occupational therapists, and compare the offer in the two health subsystems that coexist in Brazil, with the inclusion of other professionals who work in the field of rehabilitation as well as temporal trends in rehabilitation needs in each field and sociodemographic inequalities. Together with the present investigation, such studies have considerable potential to provide data that can assist in the planning and organization of healthcare services in the field of rehabilitation.

The expansion of the potential offer of health professionals who work with rehabilitation in the public healthcare system should go beyond the issue of the availability of professionals. Issues with a broader scope should also be the object of other studies, such as strategies for the qualification of the work process as well as the provision and permanence of health professionals in places where the offer is scarce. There is also a need to organize public services to reduce geographic and organization barriers regarding access to rehabilitation.

Conclusion

An increasing trend was found in the offer of physiotherapists, speech therapists and occupational therapists in the Brazilian public healthcare system in all regions of the country. However, substantial deceleration in the growth rate occurred throughout the period studied. The persistence of inequalities in the offer among the regions of the country was also found, which underscores the need to increase governmental efforts to overcome inequities in access to healthcare services.

The deceleration in the offer points to a worrisome future with regards to access to rehabilitation considering the complex epidemiological profile, aging population, the increase in the proportion of individuals with disabilities in the country and the more recent increase in demand resulting from post-COVID-19 syndrome or “long COVID-19”.

References

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History