RESEARCH NOTE NOTA
Clinicopathological study of salivary gland tumors: an assessment of 303 patients
Estudo clinicopatológico de tumores de glândulas salivares: avaliação de 303 pacientes
Maria de Lourdes Silva de Arruda MoraisI; Paulo Roberto AzevedoII; Cyntia Helena CarvalhoI; Lélia MedeirosIII; Tirzah LajusIII; Antonio de Lisboa Lopes CostaI
ICentro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brasil
IIDepartamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brasil
IIIHospital Dr. Luiz Antônio, Liga Norte-Rio-Grandense Contra o Câncer, Natal, Brasil
RESUMO
Neoplasias de glândulas salivares são notáveis pela sua diversidade histológica e vários estudos apontam para sua ocorrência variada na população. Aspectos clínicos foram histologicamente avaliadas para determinar sua possível associação e definir parâmetros para diferenciar tumores benignos e malignos. Os arquivos de casos diagnosticados como tumores epiteliais de glândulas salivares, entre 1989 e 2005 foram revistos. A maioria (71%) dos 303 tumores de glândula salivar estudados eram benignos e o adenoma pleomórfico foi o mais comum. As idades médias para pacientes com tumores benignos e malignos foi de 49,2 e 58,5 anos, respectivamente. Diferença estatisticamente significativa entre estes tumores foi observado para as seguintes variáveis: idade média, o tamanho do tumor e duração da doença. Uma correlação foi encontrada entre o diagnóstico histológico e consistência do tumor. Os dados aqui apresentados corroboram uma série de estudos anteriores e, portanto, são relevantes para entender as diversas características exibidas por estes tumores.
Neoplasias das Glândulas Salivares; Glândulas Salivares; Neoplasias; Saúde do Adulto
ABSTRACT
Salivary gland neoplasms are remarkable for their histological diversity and several studies point to their varied occurrence in the population. Clinical aspects were histologically assessed to determine possible associations and define parameters to differentiate benign and malignant neoplasms. The case files of patients diagnosed with epithelial salivary gland tumors between 1989 and 2005 were reviewed. A majority (71%) of the 303 salivary gland tumors studied were benign and pleomorphic adenoma were found to be most common. Mean ages for patients with benign and malignant tumors were 49.2 and 58.5 years, respectively. A statistically significant difference between these tumors was observed for the following variables: mean age, tumor size and disease duration. A correlation was found between histological diagnosis and tumor consistency. The data presented here corroborate a number of previous studies and are therefore relevant in understanding the diverse characteristics exhibited by these tumors.
Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Salivary Gland; Neoplasms; Adult Health
Introduction
Oral cancer is a major problem in oral health because it continues to exhibit high incidence and mortality rates throughout Brazil. The National Cancer Institute estimates that 14,120 new cases of oral cancer alone were diagnosed in 2010. Of all oral cancers, salivary gland tumors represent a small percentage 1.
Most series reported in the literature include both major and minor salivary gland tumors, making it difficult to evaluate their real frequency and site distribution 2. They are relatively rare, accounting for approximately 3% to 10% of all head and neck tumors 3,4, and are more commonly found in the parotid gland 3. The parotid, submandibular and minor salivary glands of the palate are significantly affected 5.
More than 80% of parotid tumors are benign. More than 50% of those in the submandibular or sublingual glands are malignant. They are usually asymptomatic. However, a number of clinical predictors suggest malignancy, such as rapid growth, pain, facial nerve involvement and cervical adenopathy. Trismus, cutaneous ulceration and fistula tracts may be present 6.
Salivary gland neoplasms are remarkable for their histological diversity and pose a particular challenge to the pathologist because of their complex classification and the rarity of several varieties 7. Pleomorphic adenoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma are the two most common 2.
The purpose of the present work is to assess the distribution of benign and malignant epithelial salivary gland tumors at a cancer treatment center in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. The clinical aspects and histological findings were analyzed to determine possible associations.
Materials and methods
In this clinical study we reviewed the clinical records of all patients treated between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 2005 at a cancer center located in the city of Natal. Patients diagnosed with either benign or malignant epithelial salivary gland tumors were selected according to the World Health Organization (WHO) histological classification of salivary gland tumors 7. Patients were divided into two main groups: malignant and benign.
The data were obtained from medical records by a single examiner, who gathered information recorded in the first clinical diagnosis of each patient, such as age, gender, lesion site, histopathological diagnosis (performed by a single experienced pathologist), tumor size in cm (by clinical examination), disease duration in years (obtained from the patient's clinical history), pain (present/absent), ulceration (present/absent, by clinical examination), growth (present/absent), tumor consistency, classified by physical examination (hard, fixed, elastic and stony), lesion attachment, determined by physical examination (mobile/fixed) and presence of local and distant metastasis. All the cases used in this study were diagnosed and treated at the leading state cancer center.
The student's t-test was applied to compare average ages between malignant and benign tumors, as well as between genders for malignant and benign tumors separately and combined. The same test was used to compare average tumor size and disease duration between the neoplasias. Chi-square tests were carried out to evaluate the association between histopathological diagnosis and variables such as pain, ulceration, growth, tumor consistency and attachment within malignant and benign tumors. Correlation tests between some of the variables (histological diagnosis, disease duration and tumor size) were also performed. The significance level was set at 0.05 for all the tests.
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University in Rio Grande do Norte (protocol nº. 115/05).
Results
During the study period (1989 to 2005), 62,930 medical records were evaluated. Of the 303 epithelial salivary gland tumors found, 215 (71%) were benign and 88 (29%) were malignant, representing a ratio of 2.4:1, respectively. Women were more affected by both benign and malignant tumors. Statistical analysis showed no difference in average age between genders (p > 0.05) for benign and malignant salivary gland tumors considered separately and combined (Table 1). The difference in average age between benign and malignant tumors was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001), where ages ranged from 12 to 92 years (average age of 49.2 years) for benign tumors and 9 to 94 years (average age of 58.5 years) for malignant ones.
The frequency distribution of benign and malignant salivary gland tumors according to tumor site is presented in Table 2. We observed that major salivary gland tumors were more frequent (87.8%) than their minor counterparts (12.2%), regardless of gender. Major salivary gland tumors were more common in females than in males, with the parotid most affected.
The frequency of histological types of salivary gland tumors is shown in Table 3. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most frequently found benign tumor, whereas mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common malignant tumor primarily affecting the parotid. Some histological tumor types were exclusive to the major salivary gland, such as Warthin's tumor, carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, oncocytoma and acinic cell carcinoma. No tumors were found in the sublingual gland.
Possible associations with histopathological diagnosis were analyzed for signs and symptoms (pain, ulceration, growth, consistency and attachment) exhibited by all the benign and malignant tumors. In relation to the malignant tumors, a significant association was found between histopathological diagnosis and variable consistency (p = 0.015) (Table 4), with hard, unyielding consistency more common in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. No significant association was observed (p > 0.05) for any other variable. With respect to the benign and malignant tumors combined, we observed an association between histopathological diagnosis and t variable ulceration (p = 0.049) and between histopathological diagnosis and consistency (p < 0.001) (Table 4). Elastic consistency was most common in the pleomorphic adenoma and hard consistency in the mucoepidermoid carcinoma. An association was also found between histopathological diagnosis and attachment (p < 0.001) (Table 4). Mobile attachment was more frequent in pleomorphic adenoma and fixed attachment in mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Average tumor size and duration were compared between benign and malignant tumors. The p-value for tumor size was 0.013. Average size of benign and malignant tumors was 3.11 and 3.79cm, respectively. Average duration for benign and malignant groups was 2.81 and 1.80 years, respectively, considering a p-value of 0.039.
The presence of regional metastasis was only observed in malignant major salivary gland tumors, while distant metastasis was recorded in just one malignant minor salivary gland tumor.
Discussion
The present study details the profile of individuals with minor and major epithelial salivary gland tumors in Natal. A total of 303 salivary gland tumors were evaluated and several of the epidemiological findings on salivary gland tumors observed are quite similar to those reported for other Brazilian states and worldwide: benign tumors were the most frequent 2,8,9; they were more common in females 2,10,11, with the parotid gland most affected 2,8,10,12,13; the most common histological variants were pleomorphic adenoma 2,9,12,14,15 and mucoepidermoid carcinoma 2,9; malignant tumors affecting older individuals 2,10,16,17.
Other relevant data were also found in the present research: in the several clinical variables examined, only consistency was statistically associated with histological diagnosis, when benign and malignant tumors are considered separately. If the tumors are considered jointly, ulceration and consistency also show an association. In this study, mucoepidermoid carcinoma presented as a hard mass with fixed attachment. We found no association in any other tumors, corroborating studies by Ansari 3. Benign tumors were found to be significantly smaller than malignant tumors and disease duration was significantly longer for benign tumors. Regional and distant metastasis are important clinical signs of malignancy 5,6, but in our study, this was rarely observed.
Conclusions
The data presented here corroborate a number of previous studies and are therefore relevant to understanding the diverse characteristics exhibited by these tumors. Our clinical aspects and histological findings suggest possible associations. New studies are needed to help elucidate this matter.
Contributors
M. L. S. A. Morais and A. L. L. Costa participated in the design, the project, analysis and interpretation of data, writing the article, a critical revision of intellectual content and final approval. P. R. Azevedo, C. H. Carvalho and L. Medeiros participated in the design, the project and data analysis and interpretation. T. Lajus participated in writing the article, a critical review of its intellectual content and final approval of the article.
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Correspondence:
M. L. S. A. Morais
Centro de Ciências da Saúde
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias s/n
Natal, RN 59010-180, Brasil
lourd@unp.br
Submitted on 31/Jul/2010
Final version resubmitted on 19/Feb/2011
Aproved on 24/Feb/2011