Differences in the prevalence of diagnosis of overweight-obesity in Spanish children according to the diagnostic criteria set used

Ajejas Bazán, María Julia; Jiménez Trujillo, María Isab; Wärnberg, Julia; Domínguez Fernández, Silvia; López de Andrés, Ana; Pérez Farinós, Napoleón

doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2017.07.014

Abstract

Objective

To examine relevant differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children aged 2-15 years according to different sets of criteria (Orbegozo Foundation, International Obesity Task Force and World Health Organization), and how their use affects the trends in obesity recorded for both sexes between 1995 and 2011 in Spain.

Method

Cross-sectional study, a population between 2 and 15 years. Three diagnosis criteria of overweight and obesity were be used.

Results

The boys according to the three criteria, showed higher values of overweight and obesity compared to the girls. The lowest levels of overweight and obesity were observed using the Orbegozo tables.

Discussion

The prevalence of overweight and obesity varies significantly according to the criteria used to define overweight and obesity. The percentiles of the Foundation Orbegozo gave the lowest estimates and the standards of growth of the World Health Organization were higher.

Keywords:
Paediatric obesity; Diagnosis

Resumen

Objetivo

Evaluar si existen diferencias relevantes entre los valores de prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad infantil en función de los tipos de criterios utilizados (Fundación Orbegozo, International Obesity Task Force, Organización Mundial de la Salud), y el modo en que su uso afecta a las tendencias sobre obesidad registradas para ambos sexos en España entre 2005 y 2011.

Método

Estudio transversal, en una población de entre 2 y 15 años de edad. Se usaron tres criterios diagnósticos de sobrepeso y obesidad.

Resultados

Los niños, según los tres criterios utilizados, presentaron valores superiores de sobrepeso y obesidad en comparación con las niñas. Las cifras más bajas de sobrepeso y obesidad se observaron al emplear las tablas de Orbegozo.

Discusión

Las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad varían de manera significativa según los criterios utilizados para definir sobrepeso y obesidad. Los percentiles de la Fundación Orbegozo proporcionan las estimaciones más bajas, y los estándares de crecimiento de la Organización Mundial de la Salud las más altas.

Palabras clave:
Obesidad pediátrica; Diagnóstico

Introduction

Obesity, which the World Health Organisation (WHO) refers to as a ‘21st century epidemic’, is an increasingly important problem worldwide. Early diagnosis is vital in the prevention of its associated morbidity.

Despite their limitations, growth curves based on body mass index (BMI) are the tools most often used in epidemiological studies and screening programmes for determining childhood overweight-obesity. Indeed, their use is recommended by different expert groups.¹1. Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Primera conferencia de prevención y promoción de la salud en la práctica clínica en España. Prevención de la obesidad infantil y juvenil. Aten Primaria. 2008; 40:639-40. However, no consensus exists that might allow the establishment of unified diagnostic criteria for childhood obesity. Indeed, several institutions have established cut-offs in the hope of reaching agreement. The choice of reference curve is, of course, of great importance; a child of a particular sex, age and BMI might be classified as obese by one, but not by another²2. Kaufer Horwitz M, Toussaint G. Indicadores antropométricos para evaluar sobrepeso y obesidad en pediatría. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2008;65:502-18. Two of the most commonly used sets of criteria for establishing obesity are those of the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF)³3. International Obesity Task Force. Data based on population weighted estimates from published and unpublished surveys, 1990-2002 (latest available) using IOTF-recommended cut-offs for overweight and obesity. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.iotf.org
http://www.iotf.org... and the 2006 and 2007 criteria of the WHO for children aged 0-5 years and 5-19 years respectively.⁴4. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Patrones de crecimiento infantil. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/es
http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards... Another criteria is Orbegozo Foundation (OF), used in Spain.⁵5. Hernández M, Castellet J, García M, et al. Curvas de crecimiento (0-14 años). Instituto de Investigación sobre Crecimiento y Desarrollo. Fundación Faustino Orbegozo. Bilbao, España; 1988. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/estudios1988.pdf
http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-cont... ^-⁶6. Hernández M, Castellet J, García M, et al. Curvas de crecimiento (0-14 años). Instituto de Investigación sobre Crecimiento y Desarrollo. Fundación Faustino Orbegozo. Bilbao, España; 2011. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/estudios2011.pdf
http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-cont...

The aim of the present work was to examine the differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children aged 2-15 years arising from the use of different sets of criteria (OF, IOTF and WHO), and how their use affects the trends in obesity recorded for both sexes between 1995 and 2011 in Spain.

Methods

Information in the Spanish National Health Survey (ENS, Encuesta Nacional de Salud) (1995, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2006 and 2011) was examined in this cross-sectional descriptive study. The ENS is a survey performed in Spain that gathers data on health and the factors that determine its quality. It provides information on perceived morbidity, lifestyle, habits related to risk factors, the use of health services, and preventive practices. It also allows data to be collected from people who have not recently used any health service. The surveyed population is selected by stratified multistage sampling.⁷7. Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social. Encuesta Nacional de Salud de España. 1995-2011. (Accessed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.msc.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/encuestaNacional/encuesta1995.htm
http://www.msc.es/estadEstudios/estadist...

The present work examined data for the population aged 2-15 years between 1995 and 2011. Information was collected on the body weight, height and sex of the respondents, the BMI of each calculated, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity determined for girls (n=11,663) and boys (n=11,574) (with their 95% confidence intervals) according to three sets of criteria: a) OF tables for the body weight of Spanish children;⁵5. Hernández M, Castellet J, García M, et al. Curvas de crecimiento (0-14 años). Instituto de Investigación sobre Crecimiento y Desarrollo. Fundación Faustino Orbegozo. Bilbao, España; 1988. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/estudios1988.pdf
http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-cont... b) the IOTF criteria, used the percentiles values in children, with the aim of establishing pediatric breakpoints;³3. International Obesity Task Force. Data based on population weighted estimates from published and unpublished surveys, 1990-2002 (latest available) using IOTF-recommended cut-offs for overweight and obesity. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.iotf.org
http://www.iotf.org... and c) the WHO growth standards for 2006/2007, which describe how much children ought to weigh between birth and adolescence.⁴4. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Patrones de crecimiento infantil. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/es
http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards... The prevalence values obtained were then compared using the McNemar test. Significance was set at p ≤0.05. All calculations were made using SPSS v.21.0 software for Windows.

Data were collected from secondary sources (public and anonymised data). It was not necessary to obtain the approval of Research Ethics Committee, according to Spanish law. Also, different national health surveys that were used as a secondary data source, had already obtained the permission of the Committee.

Results

Table 1 shows the results obtained. According to all three sets of criteria, overweight and obesity were nearly always more common among the boys (obesity 1995: 13.7%; 2011: 19.0%) than among the girls (obesity 1995: 10.0%; 2011: 16.0%). The lowest prevalence values for overweight were recorded when using the OF tables (OF 12.0%, IOTF 19.0%, WHO 22.0%), while the lowest for obesity were obtained when using the IOFT criteria (OF 12.0%, IOTF 11.0%, WHO 17.0%). The WHO criteria consistently returned significantly higher overweight and obesity prevalence values for both girls and boys.

Thumbnail

Table 1.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Spanish children according to the set of diagnostic criteria used.

Figure 1 shows all criteria sets to report a rising trend in obesity for both sexes between 1995 and 2003, then a small fall before rising again until 2011.

Thumbnail

Figure 1.
Prevalence of obesity in Spanish children according to sex and year depending on the diagnostic criteria set used. IOTF: International Obesity Task Force; OF: Orbegozo Foundation; WHO: World Health Organization

Discussion

The results show that the diagnostic criteria used to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity can strongly affect the values obtained. The same child might be deemed of normal weight by one set of criteria, yet obese by another. If different sets of criteria are used, confusion can arise when examining trends over time or differences between regions or countries. Certainly, there are more than the three sets of criteria used in the present work, including those developed in the Enkid study,⁸8. Serra Majem L, Ribas Barba L, Aranceta Bartrina J, et al. Obesidad infantil y juvenil en España, Resultados del estudio enKid (1998-2000). Med Clin. 2003;121:725-32. those reported by Carrascosa,⁹9. Carrascosa Lezcano A. Estudio transversal español de crecimiento 2008, Parte II: valores de talla, peso e índice de masa corporal desde el nacimiento a la talla adulta. An Pediatr. 2008;68:552-69. and the two sets provided by the OF (1988⁵5. Hernández M, Castellet J, García M, et al. Curvas de crecimiento (0-14 años). Instituto de Investigación sobre Crecimiento y Desarrollo. Fundación Faustino Orbegozo. Bilbao, España; 1988. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/estudios1988.pdf
http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-cont... and 2011⁶6. Hernández M, Castellet J, García M, et al. Curvas de crecimiento (0-14 años). Instituto de Investigación sobre Crecimiento y Desarrollo. Fundación Faustino Orbegozo. Bilbao, España; 2011. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/estudios2011.pdf
http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-cont... ). OF 1988 was used to monitor the growth and detect changes in its evolution. Moreover, the study is longitudinal as the WHO and IOTF criteria. FO 2011 criteria brings data from a cross-sectional study. So, the comparison of the results is difficult. In the USA, the criteria issued by the Centers for Disease Control are those most commonly used, but the information on which they are based is not representative of all countries; they cannot, therefore, be safely used outside the USA. Certainly, children deemed obese in some countries would be thought of normal weight in North America.¹⁰10. Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, et al. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002;288:1728-32.

Attempts have been made to solve the problems this causes in epidemiological studies when comparing countries with different ethnic and geographical characteristics. Indeed, in an initial proposal, the IOTF criteria were suggested for wider use,³3. International Obesity Task Force. Data based on population weighted estimates from published and unpublished surveys, 1990-2002 (latest available) using IOTF-recommended cut-offs for overweight and obesity. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.iotf.org
http://www.iotf.org... followed by the candidacy of WHO criteria.⁴4. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Patrones de crecimiento infantil. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/es
http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards... However, no international consensus exists regarding which criteria are best, and when nations use their own, home-developed rules, the complications only become worse.¹¹11. Aranceta Bartrina J, Serra-Majem L, Foz-Sala M, et al., Grupo Colaborativo SEEDO. Prevalencia de obesidad en España. Med Clin. 2005;125:460-6.^-¹²12. Marrodán Serrano MD, Mesa Santurino MS, Alba Díaz JA, et al. Diagnosis de la obesidad: actualización de criterios y su validez clínica y poblacional. An Pediatr. 2006;65:5-14. Recently, the ALADINO study undertaken by the Agencia Española de Consumo, Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición also reported large differences in the prevalence values obtained when using different criteria for overweight and obesity.¹³13. Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Estudio ALADINO 2013 (Alimentación, Actividad física, Desarrollo Infantil y Obesidad). (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.naos.aesan.msps.es/naos/investigacion/ALADINO
http://www.naos.aesan.msps.es/naos/inves... ^-¹⁴14. Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Estudio ALADINO 2015 (Alimentación, Actividad física, Desarrollo Infantil y Obesidad). (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.aecosan.msssi.gob.es/AECOSAN/docs/documentos/nutricion/observatorio/EstudioALADINO2015.pdf
http://www.aecosan.msssi.gob.es/AECOSAN/...

It is therefore important that consensus be reached regarding the criteria defining overweight and obesity in children. If none is reached, it will remain very difficult to compare the results of different studies and even come to decisions regarding the interventions that may be required.¹⁵15. World Obesity. World map of obesity trends (boys and girls). (Accessed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.worldobesity.org/resources/trendmaps/?map=trend-maps-girls-boys
http://www.worldobesity.org/resources/tr...

All the criteria sets examined in the present work showed a rise in the prevalence of obesity over the study period. According to the WHO criteria, which consistently returned the highest results, the prevalence of childhood obesity was lower between 1995 and 2003, at 11.9% and 15% respectively, rising to 17% by 2011. The results of the World Obesity Federation¹⁵15. World Obesity. World map of obesity trends (boys and girls). (Accessed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.worldobesity.org/resources/trendmaps/?map=trend-maps-girls-boys
http://www.worldobesity.org/resources/tr... agree with this finding. For example, Australia experienced a rise in childhood obesity from 11% in 1985 to 21% in 2008; in England, 9% of children were obese in 1974 compared to 25% in 2002; in Iceland, a rise was seen from 9% in 1969 to 24% in 1998; and in Scotland an increase was recorded from 9% in 1974 to 24% in 2010.

So, the WHO criteria are better than OF or IOTF because their international applicability and their methodological quality.

The use of different criteria may produce negative consequences at individual and institutional level. An increased in morbidity is produced if the diagnosis and treatment delayed. In relation to public policies would increases consumption of human and material resources.

In conclusion, the prevalence values for overweight and obesity in children may vary widely depending on the criteria used to define these conditions. The present work showed the WHO criteria set to return the highest values for both variables, both in boys and girls. This hinders the comparison of different studies, highlighting the need to formulate consensus criteria. Between 1995 and 2011, Spain experienced a trend towards a greater prevalence in childhood obesity (as shown by all criteria sets), highlighting the need to control this 21st century epidemic.

What is known about the topic?

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in many parts of the world; the WHO refers to it as a 21st century epidemic. Studies on the prevalence of child overweight and obesity in Spain have suggested different results may be returned depending on the criteria used to define these conditions.

What does this study add to the literature?

This work confirms that the use of different criteria sets for overweight-obesity can significantly affect the prevalence values obtained for these conditions. The criteria set proposed by the WHO was found to consistently return higher prevalence values for both conditions than those proposed by the International Obesity Task Force or Orbegozo Foundation. The use of different criteria sets makes it difficult to compare the results of different studies and different populations.

References

¹
Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Primera conferencia de prevención y promoción de la salud en la práctica clínica en España. Prevención de la obesidad infantil y juvenil. Aten Primaria. 2008; 40:639-40.
²
Kaufer Horwitz M, Toussaint G. Indicadores antropométricos para evaluar sobrepeso y obesidad en pediatría. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2008;65:502-18.
³
International Obesity Task Force. Data based on population weighted estimates from published and unpublished surveys, 1990-2002 (latest available) using IOTF-recommended cut-offs for overweight and obesity. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.iotf.org
» http://www.iotf.org
⁴
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Patrones de crecimiento infantil. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/es
» http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/es
⁵
Hernández M, Castellet J, García M, et al. Curvas de crecimiento (0-14 años). Instituto de Investigación sobre Crecimiento y Desarrollo. Fundación Faustino Orbegozo. Bilbao, España; 1988. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/estudios1988.pdf
» http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/estudios1988.pdf
⁶
Hernández M, Castellet J, García M, et al. Curvas de crecimiento (0-14 años). Instituto de Investigación sobre Crecimiento y Desarrollo. Fundación Faustino Orbegozo. Bilbao, España; 2011. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/estudios2011.pdf
» http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/estudios2011.pdf
⁷
Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social. Encuesta Nacional de Salud de España. 1995-2011. (Accessed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.msc.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/encuestaNacional/encuesta1995.htm
» http://www.msc.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/encuestaNacional/encuesta1995.htm
⁸
Serra Majem L, Ribas Barba L, Aranceta Bartrina J, et al. Obesidad infantil y juvenil en España, Resultados del estudio enKid (1998-2000). Med Clin. 2003;121:725-32.
⁹
Carrascosa Lezcano A. Estudio transversal español de crecimiento 2008, Parte II: valores de talla, peso e índice de masa corporal desde el nacimiento a la talla adulta. An Pediatr. 2008;68:552-69.
¹⁰
Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, et al. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002;288:1728-32.
¹¹
Aranceta Bartrina J, Serra-Majem L, Foz-Sala M, et al., Grupo Colaborativo SEEDO. Prevalencia de obesidad en España. Med Clin. 2005;125:460-6.
¹²
Marrodán Serrano MD, Mesa Santurino MS, Alba Díaz JA, et al. Diagnosis de la obesidad: actualización de criterios y su validez clínica y poblacional. An Pediatr. 2006;65:5-14.
¹³
Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Estudio ALADINO 2013 (Alimentación, Actividad física, Desarrollo Infantil y Obesidad). (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.naos.aesan.msps.es/naos/investigacion/ALADINO
» http://www.naos.aesan.msps.es/naos/investigacion/ALADINO
¹⁴
Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Estudio ALADINO 2015 (Alimentación, Actividad física, Desarrollo Infantil y Obesidad). (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.aecosan.msssi.gob.es/AECOSAN/docs/documentos/nutricion/observatorio/EstudioALADINO2015.pdf
» http://www.aecosan.msssi.gob.es/AECOSAN/docs/documentos/nutricion/observatorio/EstudioALADINO2015.pdf
¹⁵
World Obesity. World map of obesity trends (boys and girls). (Accessed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.worldobesity.org/resources/trendmaps/?map=trend-maps-girls-boys
» http://www.worldobesity.org/resources/trendmaps/?map=trend-maps-girls-boys

Editor in charge
Laura I. González Zapata.
Funding
None.
Article history
Received 11 April 2017; Accepted 17 July 2017; Available online 29 September 2017.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
02 Dec 2019
Date of issue
Sep-Oct 2018

History

Received
11 Apr 2017
Accepted
17 July 2017
Published
29 Sept 2017

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

[1] ¹
Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Primera conferencia de prevención y promoción de la salud en la práctica clínica en España. Prevención de la obesidad infantil y juvenil. Aten Primaria. 2008; 40:639-40.

[2] ²
Kaufer Horwitz M, Toussaint G. Indicadores antropométricos para evaluar sobrepeso y obesidad en pediatría. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2008;65:502-18.

[3] ³
International Obesity Task Force. Data based on population weighted estimates from published and unpublished surveys, 1990-2002 (latest available) using IOTF-recommended cut-offs for overweight and obesity. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.iotf.org
» http://www.iotf.org

[4] ⁴
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Patrones de crecimiento infantil. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/es
» http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/es

[5] ⁵
Hernández M, Castellet J, García M, et al. Curvas de crecimiento (0-14 años). Instituto de Investigación sobre Crecimiento y Desarrollo. Fundación Faustino Orbegozo. Bilbao, España; 1988. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/estudios1988.pdf
» http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/estudios1988.pdf

[6] ⁶
Hernández M, Castellet J, García M, et al. Curvas de crecimiento (0-14 años). Instituto de Investigación sobre Crecimiento y Desarrollo. Fundación Faustino Orbegozo. Bilbao, España; 2011. (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/estudios2011.pdf
» http://www.fundacionorbegozo.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/estudios2011.pdf

[7] ⁷
Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social. Encuesta Nacional de Salud de España. 1995-2011. (Accessed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.msc.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/encuestaNacional/encuesta1995.htm
» http://www.msc.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/encuestaNacional/encuesta1995.htm

[8] ⁸
Serra Majem L, Ribas Barba L, Aranceta Bartrina J, et al. Obesidad infantil y juvenil en España, Resultados del estudio enKid (1998-2000). Med Clin. 2003;121:725-32.

[9] ⁹
Carrascosa Lezcano A. Estudio transversal español de crecimiento 2008, Parte II: valores de talla, peso e índice de masa corporal desde el nacimiento a la talla adulta. An Pediatr. 2008;68:552-69.

[10] ¹⁰
Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, et al. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002;288:1728-32.

[11] ¹¹
Aranceta Bartrina J, Serra-Majem L, Foz-Sala M, et al., Grupo Colaborativo SEEDO. Prevalencia de obesidad en España. Med Clin. 2005;125:460-6.

[12] ¹²
Marrodán Serrano MD, Mesa Santurino MS, Alba Díaz JA, et al. Diagnosis de la obesidad: actualización de criterios y su validez clínica y poblacional. An Pediatr. 2006;65:5-14.

[13] ¹³
Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Estudio ALADINO 2013 (Alimentación, Actividad física, Desarrollo Infantil y Obesidad). (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.naos.aesan.msps.es/naos/investigacion/ALADINO
» http://www.naos.aesan.msps.es/naos/investigacion/ALADINO

[14] ¹⁴
Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Estudio ALADINO 2015 (Alimentación, Actividad física, Desarrollo Infantil y Obesidad). (Accesed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.aecosan.msssi.gob.es/AECOSAN/docs/documentos/nutricion/observatorio/EstudioALADINO2015.pdf
» http://www.aecosan.msssi.gob.es/AECOSAN/docs/documentos/nutricion/observatorio/EstudioALADINO2015.pdf

[15] ¹⁵
World Obesity. World map of obesity trends (boys and girls). (Accessed 03/05/2016.) Available at: http://www.worldobesity.org/resources/trendmaps/?map=trend-maps-girls-boys
» http://www.worldobesity.org/resources/trendmaps/?map=trend-maps-girls-boys

		OF			IOTF			WHO
1995
		N	%	(95%CI)	n	%	(95%CI)	n	%	(95%CI)
Total	Overweight	131	7.2	(2.8-11.6)	224	12.4	(8.1-16.7)	260	14.4	(10.1-18.7)
	Obesity^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	161	8.9	(4.5-13.3)	147	8.1	(3.7-12.5)	215	11.9	(7.6-16.2)
Boys	Overweight	65	7	(0.8-13.2)	112	12.1	(6.1-18.1)	149	16.1	(10.2-22)
	Obesity	99	10.7	(4.6-16.8)	84	9.1	(2.9-15.3)	127	13.7	(7.7-19.7)
Girls	Overweight	66	7.5	(1.1-13.9)	112	13	(6.5-18.9)	111	13	(6.4-18.8)
	Obesity	62	7	(0.6-1.4)	63	7.2	(0.8-13.6)	88	10	(3.7-16.3)
1997
Total	Overweight^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	138	7.8	(3.3-12.3)	236	13	(9.0-17.6)	249	14	(9.8-17.3)
	Obesity^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	187	11	(6.1-14.9)	172	9.7	(5.3-14.1)	258	15	(10.2-18.8)
Boys	Overweight	73	8	(1.4-14.2)	128	14.1	(8.1-20.1)	130	14.3	(8.3-20.3)
	Obesity	117	12.9	(6.8-19)	94	10.4	(4.2-16.6)	143	16.9	(10.8-23)
Girls	Overweight	65	7.5	(1.1-13.9)	108	12	(6.2-18.6)	119	14	(7.5-19.9)
	Obesity	70	8.1	(1.7-14.5)	78	9	(2.6-15.4)	105	12	(5.9-18.3)
2001
Total	Overweight^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	598	11	(8.6-13.6)	1038	19	(16.8-21.6)	1243	23	(20.7-25.3)
	Obesity^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	544	10	(7.6-12.6)	510	9.4	(6.9-11.9)	812	15	(12.5-17.5)
Boys	Overweight	309	11	(7.6-14.6)	548	20	(16.4-23.0)	683	25	(21.4-27.8)
	Obesity^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	341	12	(8.8-15.8)	277	10	(6.5-13.5)	475	17	(13.7-20.5)
Girls	Overweight	289	11	(7.4-14.6)	490	19	(15.2-22.2)	560	21	(17.9-24.7)
	Obesity	203	8	(4.0-11.4)	233	8.9	(5.2-12.6)	337	13	(9.2-16.4)
2003
Total	Overweight^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	598	11.1	(8.6-13.6)	1038	19.2	(16.8-21.6)	1243	23	(20.7-25.3)
	Obesity^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	544	10.1	(7.6-12.6)	510	9.4	(6.9-11.9)	812	15	(12.5-17.5)
Boys	Overweight	309	11.1	(7.6-14.6)	548	19.7	(16.4-23.0)	683	24.6	(21.4-27.8)
	Obesity^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	341	12.3	(8.8-15.8)	277	10	(6.5-13.5)	475	17.1	(13.7-20.5)
Girls	Overweight	289	11	(7.4-14.6)	490	19	(15.2-22.2)	560	21	(17.9-24.7)
	Obesity^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	203	7.7	(4.0-11.4)	233	8.9	(5.2-12.6)	337	13	(9.2-16.4)
2006
Total	Overweight^aa Significant difference between OF and IOTF results.,^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	677	11	(8.9-13.7)	1225	20	(18.1-22.7)	1430	24	(21.6-26.0)
	Obesity^aa Significant difference between OF and IOTF results.,^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	680	11	(8.9-13.7)	604	10	(7.7-12.5)	953	16	(13.6-18.2)
Boys	Overweight	366	11.9	(8.6-15.2)	645	20.9	(17.8-24)	788	25.6	(22.6-28.6)
	Obesity^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	427	13.9	(10.6-17.2)	335	10.9	(7.6-14.2)	564	18.3	(15.1-21.5)
Girls	Overweight	311	11	(7.3-14.1)	580	20	(16.7-23.1)	642	22	(18.8-25.2)
	Obesity^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	253	8.7	(5.2-12.2)	269	9.2	(5.7-12.7)	389	13	(9.9-16.7)
2011
Total	Overweight^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	443	12	(8.8-14.8)	723	19	(16.4-22.2)	839	22	(19.6-25.2)
	Obesity^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	445	12	(8.9-14.9)	425	11	(8.3-14.3)	652	17	(14.5-20.3)
Boys	Overweight	265	13	(9.1-17.3)	418	21	(16.9-24.7)	494	25	(20.8-28.4)
	Obesity^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	272	14	(9.5-17.7)	222	11	(7.0-15.2)	381	19	(15.1-22.9)
Girls	Overweight	178	10	(5.8-14.6)	305	18	(13.2-21.8)	345	20	(15.6-24.0)
	Obesity^b,c	173^bb Significant difference between OF and WHO results.,^cc Significant difference between IOTF and WHO results.	10	(5.4-14.4)	203	12	(7.2-16.0)	271	16	(11.2-19.8)

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Differences in the prevalence of diagnosis of overweight-obesity in Spanish children according to the diagnostic criteria set used

Diferencias en la prevalencia del diagnóstico de sobrepeso-obesidad en los niños españoles según el tipo de criterio utilizado

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