Abstract

Introduction

Cisgender women (when the individual experience of their own gender corresponds to the sex assigned at birth), lesbians and bisexuals, due to still present discrimination and prejudice, face inequities and vulnerabilities that make their health situation quite complex¹1 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Gestão Estratégica e Participativa. Política nacional de saúde integral de lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis e transexuais. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2013.. The entry of their agendas into health policies took place in the face of a long process of struggles and the construction of a political agenda.

The first registered Brazilian lesbian social movement emerged in 1979 as a subgroup of SOMOS – Grupo de Afirmação Homossexual, called the Lesbian-Feminist Group (LF), which was initially expressive in São Paulo. In 1980, it definitively withdrew from SOMOS and the name was then changed to GALF – Grupo de Ação Lésbica Feminista, which acted significantly towards the lesbian agenda visibility and defense, becoming known nationally²2 Soares GS, Costa JC. Movimento lésbico e movimento feminista no Brasil: recuperando encontros e desencontros [Internet]. Salvador: Ministério Público do Estado da Bahia; 2011 [citado 4 Mar 2022]. Disponível em: https://www.mpba.mp.br/sites/default/files/biblioteca/direitos-humanos/direitos-da-populacao-lgbt/artigos_teses_dissertacoes/movimento_lesbico_e_movimento_feminista_no_brasil_recuperando_encontros_e_desencontros_1.pdf
https://www.mpba.mp.br/sites/default/fil... .

The entry of the movement demands into public policies took place through health, more specifically by means of the policy to combat Aids. Since the mid-1980s, homosexual groups, mostly composed of gay men and financed by state programs, began to coordinate projects to prevent and fight against HIV/Aids, which allowed some of them to organize themselves as non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Gradually, lesbian NGOs began to vocalize their own discourse on this topic, which ended up becoming a strategy for strengthening the right to sexual health³3 Almeida G. Argumentos em torno da possibilidade de infecção por DST e Aids entre mulheres que se autodefinem como lésbicas. Physis. 2009; 19(2):301-31..

In 2003, the Brazilian Lesbian League (LBL) was created, a network composed of feminist and Marxist lesbians and bisexuals²2 Soares GS, Costa JC. Movimento lésbico e movimento feminista no Brasil: recuperando encontros e desencontros [Internet]. Salvador: Ministério Público do Estado da Bahia; 2011 [citado 4 Mar 2022]. Disponível em: https://www.mpba.mp.br/sites/default/files/biblioteca/direitos-humanos/direitos-da-populacao-lgbt/artigos_teses_dissertacoes/movimento_lesbico_e_movimento_feminista_no_brasil_recuperando_encontros_e_desencontros_1.pdf
https://www.mpba.mp.br/sites/default/fil... . In relation to health, the LBL and the lesbian and bisexual movement, in general, criticized the perspective on women’s health focused on the reproduction control, pointed out the frequent discrimination suffered in gynecological care, and brought as a central demand the recognition of diversity in policy formulation⁴4 Selem MCO. A Liga Brasileira de Lésbicas: produção de sentidos na construção do sujeito político lésbica [dissertação]. Brasília: Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Universidade de Brasília; 2007..

In 2004, the National Policy for Integral Attention to Women’s Health (PNAISM) recognized, based on the organized movements’ demands, the need to pay attention to the particularities of different groups of women, such as black, indigenous, and lesbian⁵5 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Política nacional de atenção integral à saúde da mulher: princípios e diretrizes. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2004..

The 1^st National Conference of Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals, Transvestites and Transsexuals took place in 2008, when, not without conflicts, the use of the initialism LGBT (which stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transvestite and Transgender) was approved and standardized by the movement and the government, and the order of the terms was justified by the proposal to give visibility to the lesbian segment. The heterogeneity of the movement and the alternation between cooperation and disputes reflected in subsequent discussions regarding the initialism, as well as the coexistence of different denominations⁶6 Facchini R, França IL. De cores e matizes: sujeitos, conexões e desafios no movimento LGBT brasileiro. Sex Salud Soc. 2009; 3:54-81..

In 2011, the National Policy for Comprehensive Health of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgender People was finally enacted and marked the recognition of the effects of discrimination and exclusion on the health-disease process of this population¹1 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Gestão Estratégica e Participativa. Política nacional de saúde integral de lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis e transexuais. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2013..

Despite the achievements expressed in policies and regulatory frameworks, there are still many obstacles in the implementation of these proposals. Scientific production points to the invisibility of homosexuality in women in health practices, and the scarcity of studies itself can be understood as a disqualification of this theme as relevant⁷7 Fernandes NFS, Galvão JR, Assis MMA, Almeida PF, Santos AM. Acesso ao exame citológico do colo do útero em região de saúde: mulheres invisíveis e corpos vulneráveis. Cad Saude Publica. 2019; 35(10):e00234618. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00234618.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0023461... ^,88 Sousa AJM, Barros AL. Saúde das mulheres lésbicas: atravessamentos sobre uma temática necessária. Rev Enferm UFPI. 2020; 9:e11546. doi: https://doi.org/10.26694/reufpi.v9i0.11546.
https://doi.org/10.26694/reufpi.v9i0.115... .

Carvalho et al.⁹9 Carvalho CS, Calderaro F, Souza SJ. O dispositivo “saúde de mulheres lésbicas”: (in)visibilidade e direitos. Rev Psicol Polit. 2013; 13(26):111-27., based on Deleuze, consider the health nucleus of lesbians as a scheme crossed by lines of force of knowledge-power, from the negotiation between discourses and practices, and suggest that the device of heteronormativity scheme is favored with this invisibility. Thus, the assumption of heterosexuality as a guide for health practices can be seen as the main obstacle to lesbians’ and bisexual women’s health, as it makes it difficult to dialogue about their sexual practices and, consequently, to identify specific health needs.

It is important to discuss the distinctions that arise when the lesbian and bisexual identities are crossed by other social markers of difference, such as, for example, socioeconomic status. Using a study with gay men as a reference, because there is little research on homosexuality in women, marked differences are described between homosexuals from class A and B and classes C, D and E, with the last ones showing a greater loss of self-esteem related to the prejudice experienced¹⁰10 Almeida V. A mídia perversa e o universo de homens que fazem sexo com homens. In: Rios LF, Almeida V, Parker R, Pimenta C, Terto Junior V, organizadores. Homossexualidade: produção cultural, cidadania e saúde. Rio de Janeiro: ABIA; 2004. p. 163-76.. Ethnicity or race can also play a similar role, as structural racism in Brazil has strong expression in the most varied spheres¹¹11 Lima F. Raça, interseccionalidade e violência: corpos e processos de subjetivação em mulheres negras e lésbicas. Cad Genero Divers. 2018; 4(2):66-82..

The reflection on the specificities of health care for this population refers to the map of health needs proposed by Cecílio¹²12 Cecilio LCO. Sobre as necessidades de saúde. In: Cecílio LCO, Lacaz FAC. O trabalho em saúde. Rio de Janeiro: Cebes; 2012. p. 10-23.. There are four quadrants in this representation: need for good living conditions; consumption of available health technologies to improve and prolong life; bonding with a professional or health team, and autonomy in the ways of living life.

Bonding is highlighted here, since, in general, this need is still little explored in the design of unique therapeutic projects and planning of health actions. According to Cecílio¹²12 Cecilio LCO. Sobre as necessidades de saúde. In: Cecílio LCO, Lacaz FAC. O trabalho em saúde. Rio de Janeiro: Cebes; 2012. p. 10-23., bonding has important implications for health care, as it favors access and the path to equity and integrality. But it is evident that it can also be strongly permeated by discrimination and prejudice and therefore even denied to lesbian and bisexual users.

The object of this article is the bond creation in the health care for lesbians and bisexuals. The assumptions considered for this study were: a) the discrimination and prejudice suffered by lesbians and bisexual women in society are reproduced by services, health teams and professionals, which makes it difficult to create bonds, impacting health care; b) lesbians and bisexual women who participate in social movements have access to more knowledge of their rights, health policies and the functioning of services, which favors their protagonism and facilitates the bond creation in health care, and c) in the face of certain social markers of difference, the lesbian and/or bisexual identity is secondary, since such markers anticipate the situation of exclusion.

The objective of the study was to understand the ways of creating bonds in the health care for lesbians and bisexual women, based on the analysis of social markers of difference and participation in social movements.

Methodology

This qualitative research sought to understand processes, relationships and meanings in view of a complex and contradictory object in permanent transformation¹³13 Minayo MCS. O desafio do conhecimento: pesquisa qualitativa em saúde. 8a ed. São Paulo: Hucitec; 2004..

The population was intentionally chosen and invited to participate in the study using the snowball sampling technique, in which each interviewee was asked to indicate other women who belonged to the same target population, until a saturation point was reached¹⁴14 Hoga LAK, Borges ALV. Pesquisa empírica em saúde: guia prático para iniciantes [Internet]. São Paulo: EEUSP; 2016 [citado 14 Set 2020]. Disponível em: https://repositorio.usp.br/directbitstream/228e30da-9a5a-4467-9814-e4a5cff919a3/HOGA,%20L%20A%20K%20doc%20112e.pdf
https://repositorio.usp.br/directbitstre... . The participants were divided into two groups, one with six participants in social movements, and the other with eight non-participants, totaling 14 women. As inclusion criteria, the following were considered: cisgender women with a lesbian or bisexual orientation, over 18 years of age, and residing in the city of São Paulo. We sought to guarantee diversity within the two groups in relation to social markers of difference.

On this, Zamboni¹⁵15 Zamboni M. Marcadores sociais da diferença [Internet]. São Paulo: E-disciplinas; 2014 [citado 4 Mar 2022]. Disponível em: https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/5509716/mod_resource/content/0/ZAMBONI_MarcadoresSociais.pdf
https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.p... clarifies that:

The author emphasizes that they are always articulated in individual experience, in discourses and in politics, intimately linked to power relations.

In this sense, Saffioti¹⁶16 Saffioti HIB. Quem tem medo dos esquemas patriarcais de pensamento? Crit Marx. 2000; 1(11):71-5. proposes an articulated reflection on gender, race/ethnicity and class categories based on the metaphor of the knot. According to her, we should not seek the primacy of one or another category, isolate them as separate structures, or even consider them a sum, since they have merged historically, in an overlapping that makes the analysis complex.

Motta¹⁷17 Motta D. Desvendando o nó: a experiência de auto-organização das mulheres catadoras de materiais recicláveis do Estado de São Paulo [tese]. Campinas (SP): Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2017. adds that, in the overlapping of these structures, other forms of differentiation pass as lines between this loose knot, and mentions age, sexuality, religiosity, and nationality, among others.

In dialogue with the Saffioti’s knot, the concept of intersectionality, coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw, “[...] aims to give theoretical-methodological instrumentality to the structural inseparability of racism, capitalism and cisheteropatriarchy”¹⁸18 Akotirene C. Interseccionalidade. São Paulo: Pólen; 2019. (p. 14). She also criticizes hierarchies between axes of oppression, which should be observed through the understanding of which structural conditions cross the bodies, considering the identity contours in each subject or context.

Historically, the majority of people involved in social movements were middle-class white gays, lesbians and bisexuals. This fact brings non-whites a feeling of exclusion and the perception that activism is incapable of considering racism and cultural differences¹⁹19 Almeida G, Heilborn ML. Não somos mulheres gays: identidade lésbica na visão de ativistas brasileiras. Genero (Niteroi). 2008; 9(1):225-49.. In recent decades, this criticism has led to the emergence of black lesbian and bisexual movements, but the transformation is procedural. Therefore, when discussing the differences between activists and non-activists, it is important to consider this historicity, even though in this study there was a racial diversity among the women interviewed.

The semi-structured interview was used as the instrument for data collection. It followed a previously defined question script, but maintained some flexibility to modify or formulate new questions in order to obtain the information of interest to the study objective¹³13 Minayo MCS. O desafio do conhecimento: pesquisa qualitativa em saúde. 8a ed. São Paulo: Hucitec; 2004.. Face-to-face and online interviews were conducted individually, from January to June 2020, with 1-hour duration on average. The script sought to know aspects of the women’s history, such as: experience in relation to sexuality, health history and experience with health and illness, use of services, and relationships with health teams and professionals. In order to preserve the participants’ identity, they were identified by names that played a role in defending the lesbian and bisexual women’s agendas in Brazil.

The content analysis technique²⁰20 Bardin L. Análise de conteúdo. São Paulo: Edições 70; 2011., whose primary function is a critical unveiling, was used for the material analysis. The objective was to understand what is behind word meaning and divided into three phases: pre-analysis, material exploration, and result treatment.

Specific thematic fields were identified, which reflected repetitions, similarities, and differences in the participants’ statements, systematized in visibility plans. From them and through the dialogue with the literature, we sought to answer or even point out new directions for the research questions.

This article is based on a master’s thesis, which received a funding grant from the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). The study was approved by the Universidade Federal de São Paulo’s Research Ethics Committee (CEP), under CAAE 17221919.0.0000.5505. All participants signed the Informed Consent Form (ICF).

Results and discussion

Identity and self-recognition

The interviewees’ age ranged between 27 and 57 years. Three identify as bisexual, but in the study there were no significant differences in statements between bisexuals and lesbians. Regarding race, half of them identify as non-white, with the greatest participation of brown and black women in this group. Most have completed higher education, which was not necessarily linked to income. The three women with the lowest income – less than one minimum wage – do not participate in social movements. Among the activists, there are members from the LGBT, feminist and black movements. Frame 1 describes the participants.

When telling about themselves, each of the women brought a little of their identity construction, showing different ways of recognizing themselves as social subjects, including the perception of their sexuality.

Among women who do participate in social movements, especially those of lower social class, the stories were perceived and narrated as not very interesting or relevant to the study. Regarding sexuality, they presented different ways of understanding and expressing it, adopting both discretion and confrontation, particularly in relation to the family.

In relation to women who participate in social movements, a common aspect was the construction of analytical narratives, with an emphasis on contributions to the lesbians’ and bisexuals’ demands. Some similarities were also highlighted in the interpretation on sexuality, which is brought up as a political issue, an experience related to a way of being in the world and that can have different social impacts.

Differences were identified between these two groups and, without the intention of homogenizing or reducing them within such systematization, the objective was to understand the subjectivities that emerged from the narratives.

Participation in social movements seems to play an important role in the development of a certain way of living the identity. This action brings knowledge, signifiers and meanings, awareness of issues that are sometimes veiled and usually drives transformation in the scope of personal relationships and processes of rejection experienced. A way of re-signifying the pain that marked their stories would be through stressing pride, related to an ideology of visibility presented by most of the lesbian movement¹⁹19 Almeida G, Heilborn ML. Não somos mulheres gays: identidade lésbica na visão de ativistas brasileiras. Genero (Niteroi). 2008; 9(1):225-49.. Thus, we understand that a lesbian or bisexual activist brings conceptions about her sexuality and right to health that project her in a potentially more active manner in the relationship with health professionals when compared to a non-activist.

Prejudice and discrimination

Identity is also crossed by social markers of difference, which relate to different experiences of prejudice.

In the statements, it was identified that the social interpretation of women’s bodies, based on a sexist pattern, impacts those who adopt masculinized appearance in greater degrees of prejudice. Deleuze and Parnet ²¹21 Deleuze G, Parnet C. Diálogos. São Paulo: Escuta; 1998. point to the existence of a binary machine that dictates the distribution of roles, making all the possibilities of subjectivities necessarily fit into them, making what does not fit unintelligible. Thus, by rejecting traditional female roles, some lesbians position themselves outside the dominant gender paradigm, generating social malaise.

From another aspect of physical appearance and based on experiences, the highlight is stories were racism, fatphobia and prejudice in the face of a congenital malformation are evidenced first or bring greater suffering than homophobia. At other times, such identities are seen as cumulative, in the sense of increasing exclusion.

The concepts of social markers of difference, intersectionality and Saffioti’s knot metaphor, discussed earlier, dialogue with the different ways of managing gender, race/ethnicity, sexuality, body image, and disability – among others – of each of the interviewees regarding how they build and experience their identities, impacting the uniqueness of discrimination processes.

With the authors¹⁵15 Zamboni M. Marcadores sociais da diferença [Internet]. São Paulo: E-disciplinas; 2014 [citado 4 Mar 2022]. Disponível em: https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/5509716/mod_resource/content/0/ZAMBONI_MarcadoresSociais.pdf
https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.p...

16 Saffioti HIB. Quem tem medo dos esquemas patriarcais de pensamento? Crit Marx. 2000; 1(11):71-5.

17 Motta D. Desvendando o nó: a experiência de auto-organização das mulheres catadoras de materiais recicláveis do Estado de São Paulo [tese]. Campinas (SP): Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2017.^-1818 Akotirene C. Interseccionalidade. São Paulo: Pólen; 2019., it is possible to understand that the idea of lesbian/bisexual identity being subsumed or secondary to certain social markers of difference that would anticipate exclusion, raised in the assumptions, would be a simplistic analysis that isolates the categories and reproduces the generalized hierarchy between axes of oppression. Each woman ends up making this hierarchy or considering the sum of these markers from the unique conditions that cross her identity, history, experiences, and context.

Consequently, such contours also impact their health care processes.

Approaches and strategies to use health services

It was found that little is said about homosexuality in women in health services and that when they reveals being lesbian or bisexual even in the face of the initial obstacle, those women are subject to explicitly homophobic approaches, which even propose heterosexuality as a solution for their health issues.

Even when there is no such violence, sexuality is rarely considered in the definition of health needs. Non-activists see this approach in a natural and positive manner.

In turn, activists criticize and think it interferes in health care. They show discomfort in the face of questions in appointments related to sexual and reproductive health that presupposes heterosexuality and, when they answer that they have sex with women, the women realize that the professionals change their behavior.

A study carried out by Barbosa and Facchini²²22 Barbosa RM, Facchini R. Acesso a cuidados relativos à saúde sexual entre mulheres que fazem sexo com mulheres em São Paulo, Brasil. Cad Saude Publica. 2009; 25 Supl 2:291-300. indicates the disappointment of lesbians with the professionals’ lack of preparation to assist them with the same readiness that they do regarding heterosexuals, which ends up putting them in illegitimacy because their sexual health demands are not met or due to lack of essential information that they should be provided with.

As already pointed out, the construction of identity within activism facilitates access to knowledge of sexuality, one’s own body, needs, health rights and, therefore, provides a critical look at the situations experienced.

From the narratives, it became evident that, based on their life stories and accumulated (lack of) care, strategies to use health services are developed in order to avoid or manage prejudice situations. One of them is not attending health services, failing to perform, for example, screening tests at the recommended frequency. Although worrying, such a strategy is a refusal to accept biased or even disrespectful care, and it cannot be used to blame the user for an alleged non-adherence to treatment. For Merhy²³23 Merhy EE. Humanizar o que (des)humanizamos? Como assim? [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015 [citado 4 Mar 2022]. p.14-5. (Suplemento: Em defesa do SUS universal e igualitário). Disponível em: http://www.abrasco.org.br/site/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/encarte-SUS-le-monde.pdf
http://www.abrasco.org.br/site/wp-conten... , resistance is a place of power, as it is a way of denying acts that exclude individuals as desiring and singular subjects.

Some women reported that, faced with negative experiences or the fear that they would occur, they seek services or health professionals who clearly do not have discriminatory approaches. It is necessary to consider that this strategy would collide with the way the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) is organized and operate, in which choosing the professional is rarely possible³3 Almeida G. Argumentos em torno da possibilidade de infecção por DST e Aids entre mulheres que se autodefinem como lésbicas. Physis. 2009; 19(2):301-31.. Thus, it ends up being more adopted by middle-class women, who are able to afford the costs of a private health plan.

(In)visibility of sexuality in the search for care

Connected to the ways of dealing with some situations already mentioned, the attempt to make sexuality invisible, as a way of minimizing discrimination, is particularly important, as it is full of meanings and significations. In addition to considering that talking about sexuality is not necessary, there are some interviewees who believe that it should be put on hold during care.

However, a contrary gesture was evident among some activists: to make their sexuality clear and speak spontaneously about it. Among these, the adoption of pride or combative postures was also highlighted, in contrast to the others’ appeasement attitudes.

Rich²⁴24 Rich A. Heterossexualidade compulsória e existência lésbica. Bagoas [Internet]. 2012 [citado 4 Mar 2022];4(5):1-28. Disponível em: https://periodicos.ufrn.br/bagoas/article/view/2309
https://periodicos.ufrn.br/bagoas/articl... popularized the term “compulsory heterosexuality” based on the understanding of heterosexuality as a political institution that works in favor of maintaining male domination. Its inevitable consequence would be the invisibility of lesbian existence in the various spheres of society, since it is seen as a rejection of domination and this compulsory way of life.

Medeiros²⁵25 Medeiros CP. “Uma família de mulheres”: ensaio etnográfico sobre homoparentalidade na periferia de São Paulo. Estud Fem. 2006; 14(2):535-47. understands that being linked or not to the lesbian movement produces different lesbian policies: non-activists tend to protect themselves and claim for themselves a status of normality, trying to adapt to the homophobic social environment, while the activists adopt the policy of assuming themselves politically and understanding sexuality as a way of life, facing lesbophobic reactions whenever necessary.

In this sense, one of the interviewees, participant in social movements, brought a symbolic statement:

She refers to using the term “sapatão” [dyke] as a political issue, that is, as a form of self-affirmation and visibility through the re-signification of a historically pejorative term, but also because of intimacy, within the scope of trusting relationships. Thus, it can be thought that intimacy favors visibility and freedom, and can permeate the ways in which women circulate and interact with professionals. When talking about trusting and intimate relationships, we are talking about bonding.

Bonding and acceptance

The path taken so far indicated the various aspects that impact the process of creating bonds in the health care for these women. In an expanded perception, and thinking about the bond between anyone and a health professional, this was pointed out as a great challenge, considering the structure and functioning of the services. However, these are aggravating factors for lesbians and bisexual women, since there is difficulty in access due to fear of judgment.

For them, it became evident that creating a bond, in addition to the aforementioned aspects, also involves the acceptance of their identity and sexuality.

It is important at this point to focus on the meaning of the word “bonding.” Pichon-rivière²⁶26 Pichon-Rivière E. Teoria do vínculo. 7a ed. São Paulo: Martins Fontes; 2007., anchored in psychoanalysis, argues that the concept of bonding belongs to the psychosocial field of interpersonal relationships, which are governed by a permanent game of assumed and assigned roles, which fulfill a certain function, giving them coherence. In this way, it is in continuous movement and is triggered by psychological motivations, outlining the particular way in which each individual relates to others.

This conception instigates the reflection that lesbian and bisexual users, from their psychological motivations and based on their life history, discrimination and health care experiences, assume and attribute certain roles in the relationship with the professional. The same can be thought about the health professional, who also brings psychological motivations to that encounter, which can be based on their life history, relationship with the chosen profession, understanding and valuation of homosexuality. The meeting of these motivations and roles seems to determine how each one will place themselves in this particular relationship and how it will then be structured.

Cecílio¹²12 Cecilio LCO. Sobre as necessidades de saúde. In: Cecílio LCO, Lacaz FAC. O trabalho em saúde. Rio de Janeiro: Cebes; 2012. p. 10-23., an author working in the field of Public Health, characterizes as a bonding constitutive element an intersubjective meeting that has strong components of spontaneity, empathy, and exchange. According to him, bonding has a therapeutic nature, especially when it favors a more autonomous user posture. From the perspective of producing user-professional relationships, the ability to create a bond is identified as one of the elements that make up the professional dimension of health care management.

Bonding is a central element for the person to feel cared for, and it is considered a health need¹²12 Cecilio LCO. Sobre as necessidades de saúde. In: Cecílio LCO, Lacaz FAC. O trabalho em saúde. Rio de Janeiro: Cebes; 2012. p. 10-23.. Nevertheless, the acceptance of lesbian and bisexual women’s sexuality for the establishment of this relationship is resumed. Because it is a topic still seen as taboo by society, a bond is created only with the acceptance of the other, that is, it is only with the professional’s endorsement that the possibility of dialogue and bond creation exists.

In this sense, the establishment of a bond with certain professionals working in the field of mental health, specialized in sexually transmitted infections (STIs), who are part of the LGBT population or linked to institutions that have the trust of women – such as university services and services linked to social movements –, stood out in the interviews. Whether due to more progressive individual and collective values, or because they usually deal with already stigmatized diseases in their practice, or because they also experience discriminatory processes, these professionals and services seem to have greater openness, empathy and care regarding the issue of sexuality, which articulates with the psychological motivations pointed out by Pichon-rivière²⁶26 Pichon-Rivière E. Teoria do vínculo. 7a ed. São Paulo: Martins Fontes; 2007..

Among the activists, creating a bond with health professionals who also participate in social movements was relevant.

In this “parallel network” described by the interviewee, there is no need to worry about acceptance, since it is already obvious, and the fact that they share ideals and a space for struggle favors relationships of empathy and care. However, she mentioned this alternative as “an ace up her sleeve,” that is, a strategy, which requires initiative and contacts.

Almeida³3 Almeida G. Argumentos em torno da possibilidade de infecção por DST e Aids entre mulheres que se autodefinem como lésbicas. Physis. 2009; 19(2):301-31. points out that when the LGBT movement was mobilized to face the HIV/Aids epidemic, it had the collaboration of some health professionals in the preparation of materials with scientifically legitimized information. Some of these professionals have since become references for lesbian NGOs and started receiving their members in their offices.

In addition to the importance of creating a bond in health care, as discussed so far, the women explained its relevance and the desire to create it with health professionals, through the statements and also the strategies adopted for using the services, seeking safety and fulfillment of their needs.

Bonding is from the relational field and includes subjective components. It is delicate and complex to try to make recommendations to make it effective. As a health need and a way to meet other needs, it demands a careful look from health services and professionals.

Thinking about the bond creation process, Moscheta²⁷27 Moscheta MS. Responsividade como recurso relacional para a qualificação da assistência à saúde de lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis e transexuais [tese]. Ribeirão Preto: Universidade de São Paulo; 2011. advocates responsiveness as a relational resource for the qualification of health care for the LGBT population. According to him, responsiveness is an attitude, “[...] a disposition to human relationships that is based on ethical choices and that aims to create a context that favors the emergence of interaction that articulates differences creatively”²⁷27 Moscheta MS. Responsividade como recurso relacional para a qualificação da assistência à saúde de lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis e transexuais [tese]. Ribeirão Preto: Universidade de São Paulo; 2011. (p. 155). Throughout the discussion, elements that make it difficult to create a bond with lesbian and bisexual women were pointed out – presumption of the user’s heterosexuality, discriminatory practices, non-recognition and/or delegitimization of sexuality – and attitudes that make it easier – free-judgment listening, recognition of identity /sexual practices, investigation of needs and involvement in meeting them. Such information can indicate ways to both confront discourses that lead to detachment and develop discourses and practices that bring people closer, placing emphasis on the joint creation of possibilities in health care.

Conclusion

Activist women, in their way of placing themselves in the world and in their relationship with others, express pride and an ideology of visibility, projecting themselves in a more active manner when claiming for their health care.

Social markers of difference such as race, class, territory, in addition to physical appearance, were presented as important intermediaries in the prejudice and discrimination experiences, often increasing them. In contrast to the primacy of one or another category, the articulated understanding of the categories is presented as a more productive path, based on the analysis of how the structural conditions impact each subject uniquely.

These two components interpenetrate their maps of care, based on different ways of perceiving (lack of) care and the adoption of different strategies to meet professionals and use health services.

In view of all these aspects, creation of a bond between lesbian and bisexual women and health professionals is a challenge and involves the logic of their identities and sexualities being accepted. Considering this, powerful relationships were identified between some specific profiles of professionals who agree with non-oppressive moral values and diversity valuation. Among the activists, the establishment of bonds with health professionals who are fellow activists stood out.

It is understood that bonding presents itself as a possibility to face situations of vulnerability. Therefore, knowing the challenges, strategies and paths taken by these women is relevant so that there is investment in services and organization of processes that favor this care.

Acknowledgements

We thank each of the women interviewed, who generously shared their life story with all pain and love, making this research possible.

References

Publication Dates

History