Abstract

Public policies portray the proposals of actions on circumstances that affect the population unfavorably. Falls represent an important factor of morbidity and mortality and damage to aging. Thus, the objective of the research was to outline the panorama of falls in the governmental sphere by analyzing and identifying its relevance in official publications. The research, qualitative of document analysis, started with the content analysis of 14 documents and verified that falls are addressed concisely, in most of the documents, and aimed at health professionals. It is noteworthy that falls are highlighted as preventable occurrences and subject to intervention by the elderly themselves, family members, health professionals, and managers.

Keywords:
elderly; fall accidents; government document

Introduction

The health care of the elderly requires a care model that has a design not only of intervention to the losses associated with senescence, but also to improve quality of life and well-being, access to care to strengthen and maintain functional capacity and psychosocial growth of the individual, the family and the community (TOLEDO et al., 2014TOLEDO, A.A.S.F; NITRINI, R.; BOTTINO, C.M.C; CARAMELLI, P. Brazilian research on cognitive impairment and dementia from 199 to 2013. Dement. Neuropsychol, v. 8, n. 4, p. 394-398, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1980-57642014DN84000015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1980-57642014... ; WHO, 2015).

Defined as the "unintentional displacement of the body to a level below the initial position, without timely correction", falls are events resulting from a complex interaction between intrinsic factors, such as physiological deficiencies resulting from aging or diseases and illnesses, and extrinsic factors, related to environmental risks (ARAUJO NETO et al., 2017ARAÚJO NETO, A.H.; PATRÍCIO, A.C.F.A.; FERREIRA, M.A.M.; RODRIGUES, B.F.L.; SANTOS, T.D.; RODRIGUES T.D.B. et al. Falls in institutionalized older adults: risks, consequences and antecedents. Rev Bras Enferm., v.79, n.4, p.719-725, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0107
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017... , p. 753).

Falls in the elderly may cause functional disability, reduced autonomy and independence, impacting morbidity and mortality rates, quality of life and psychological and social damage in this age group. They also have consequences for families, caregivers, institutions and health systems, representing a public health problem despite research and preventive efforts (SHERRINGTON et al., 2016SHERRINGTON, C.; MICHALEFF, Z.A.; FAIRHALL, N.; PAUL, S.S.; TIEDEMANN, A.; WHITNEY, J.C.; CUMMING, R.G.; HERBERT, R.D.; CLOSE, J.C.T.; LORD, S.R. Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, out 4, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096547.
http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1136/bjsports-2016... ; STENHAGEN et al., 2014STENHAGEN, M.; EKSTRÖM, H.; NORDELL, E.; SÖLVE, E. Accidental falls, health-related quality of life and life satisfaction: A prospective study of the general elderly population. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, v. 58, issue 1, p. 965-100, jan-fev 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2013.07.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2013.0... ).

Research shows that there is exponential growth in mortality rates and hospital admissions throughout Brazil. Mortality rates between 1996 and 2012 had an increase of 200% in Brazilian capitals and an increase of 15% per year. Exemplifying the dimension of the problem, spending on hospital admissions of the elderly between the years 2005 and 2010, falls represented a cost of more than four hundred million reais (ABREU et al., 2018ABREU, D.R.O.M.; NOVAES, E.S.; OLIVEIRA, R.R.; MATHIAS, T.A.F.; MARCON, S.S. Internação e mortalidade por quedas em idosos no Brasil: análise de tendência. Ciênc. saúde colet., v.23, n.4, abr. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018234.09962016
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018234... ; BARROS et al, 2015BARROS, L.F.O.; PEREIRA, M.B.; WEILLER, T.H.; ANVERSA, E.T.R. Internações hospitalares por quedas em idosos brasileiros e os custos correspondentes no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde. Revista Kairós Gerontologia, v. 18, n.4, p.63-80, out-dez 2015. Disponível em: <https://revistas.pucsp.br/kairos/article/view/26930/19124>.
https://revistas.pucsp.br/kairos/article... ).

Public health problems such as falls require public policies and normative legislation to solve them. Public policies are actions resulting from decisions and the elaboration of changes on determinants or phenomena that afflict the population. Governmental decision making is influenced by information, ideologies, international relations, the needs of the community, and political interests. Falls represent an important issue concerning health care in this age group, civil society, and public spending on health for the public good (MACEDO et al., 2016MACEDO, A.S.; ALCÂNTARA, V.C.; ANDRADE, L.F.S.; FERREIRA, P.A. O papel dos atores na formulação e implementação de políticas públicas: dinâmicas, conflitos e interesses no Programa Mais Médicos. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, v.14, ed. Especial, artigo 10, Jul 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-395117188
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-395117188... ). Thus, an analysis and evaluation of public policies on falls is pertinent. These are intrinsic to all public policies in the sense of verifying the formulation process, the relevance of the objectives, and adjusting the results on the subjects of interest, as well as evaluating the implementation and increasing the actions to increase their success (FALSARELLA, 2015FALSARELLA, A.M. O lugar da pesquisa qualitativa na avaliação de políticas e programas sociais. Avaliação, v. 20, n. 3, p. 703-715, nov. 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1414-40772015000300009
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1414-40772015... ).

In this sense, evidence indicates that the implementation of policies and programs to promote health, safety and participation of the elderly can enable the active aging of the population and in light of the above, this research seeks to outline the Brazilian official publications regarding falls in the elderly, understanding that reducing the incidence of falls involves the identification and implementation of preventive measures with multifactorial interventions (BAIXINHO; DIXE, 2016BAIXINHO, C.L.; DIXE, M.A. Construction and Validation of the Scale of Practices and Behaviors of Institutionalized Elderly to Prevent Falls. Universal Journal of Public Health, v. 4, n.3, p. 139-143, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujph.2016.040303.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujph.2016.040... ; RESENDE; LOPES; MANSO, 2018RESENDE, J.A.; LOPES, R.G.C.; MANSO, M.E.G. Apontamentos sobre a história das políticas públicas sobre envelhecimento. Revista Portal de Divulgação, n. 55, ano VIII, jan-fev 2018. Disponível em: < https://revistalongeviver.com.br/index.php/revistaportal/article/view/694/764>.
https://revistalongeviver.com.br/index.p... ).

Material and Method

This is a qualitative and descriptive approach research of the Brazilian official publications of public access. Qualitative research is appropriate for the analysis of public policies due to its ability to understand the conceptions in the formulation of policies, such as their relevance, considering the current scientific evidence. The analysis starts from the determination of the problematization, the context, and the interventions that can achieve the resolutions (FALSARELLA, 2015FALSARELLA, A.M. O lugar da pesquisa qualitativa na avaliação de políticas e programas sociais. Avaliação, v. 20, n. 3, p. 703-715, nov. 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1414-40772015000300009
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1414-40772015... ).

In the document analysis, content analysis as a methodological tool outlined through a systematic activity the categorical classification in each document and for understanding that these provide on the theme. The content analysis was divided into three phases: pre-analysis; exploration of the material; data treatment and interpretation (SILVA; FOSSÁ, 2015SILVA, A.H.; FOSSÁ, M.I.T. Análise de conteúdo: exemplo de aplicação da técnica para análise de dados qualitativos. Qualitas Revista Eletrônica, v. 17, n. 1, 2015. Disponível em: < http://revista.uepb.edu.br/index.php/qualitas/article/view/2113/1403>.
http://revista.uepb.edu.br/index.php/qua... ):

Pre-analysis is the phase of organization and the glimpse of the theoretical framework. It began with a definition of the documental body to be analyzed, a superficial reading, and then proceeded to systematized ordering for the formulation of the representativeness of the documents about the target population and pertinence about the researched object in the selected documents. The successive and systematized reading allowed an approximation to the subjects addressed in the documents and their classification.

The material exploration phase consisted of coding tasks involving cutting the texts to choose the registration units, enumeration being the delimitation of the context to understand the units, and the classification of categories. In this phase, the sections or paragraphs that contained programming, goals, or descriptions in accordance with the selected themes were highlighted and transcribed in the file. The cue cards allowed a deeper reading and an evaluation as to the proposed goals, the insertion of the policy relative to the themes and the objective of this research (CAMARA, 2013CAMARA, R.H. Análise de conteúdo: da teoria à prática em pesquisas sociais aplicadas às organizações. Gerais, Rev. Interinst. Psicol., Belo Horizonte, v. 6, n. 2, p. 179-191, jul. 2013. Disponível em <http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1983-82202013000200003&lng=pt&nrm=iso>.
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr... ).

The treatment phase is consecutive to the interpretation of the results obtained in the previous phases, in which they are contemplated, pleaded and grouped. The approximation between the content addressed in the policies and scientific evidence allowed the inference, debate, and interpretation about the visualization of the governmental sphere. To synthesize the analysis, the results were exposed in tables when possible.

Result

The sources included published open public documents such as legislation, official statements and statistics, reference manuals and reports from government agencies, comprising government agencies within the Federal Union and the State of São Paulo, where the research was conducted.

The search for documents was conducted in: Virtual Health Library (VHL), Ministry of Health, State of São Paulo, Palácio do Planalto, Chamber of Deputies of the State of São Paulo. The descriptor used was: "elderly"; "aging".

The publications had different presentation and language profiles in accordance with the target group and were categorized according to their specificity in relation to the issuing source and information from the contextual analysis of the content regarding the nature, characteristic of its scope, target population and how the issue of falls is addressed.

As disposed above, the publications are categorized according to their nature:

Regarding the main characteristic:

As for the specificity of the theme falls and its relevance in the documents, these were categorized according to exposure:

Discussion

Starting from the historical evolution, it is observed, at first, that the legislations had a protectionist design, in which the elderly were considered frail and in need of support. Thus, publications from the Legislative Branch, such as the National Policy of the Elderly (1994) and the Statute of the Elderly (2003) have a characteristic of social support (ROSA; BARROSO; LOUVISON, 2013ROSA, T.E.C.; BARROSO, A.E.S.; LOUVISON, M.C.P. Introdução. In: ________ (Org.). Velhices: experiências e desafios nas políticas do envelhecimento ativo. São Paulo: Instituto de Saúde. Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, 2013. p. 13-26. (Temas em Saúde Coletiva).). Imbued also with this intention, the International Plan of Action on Aging (2003) endorses objectives and management.

Also significant was the publication of the World Health Organization in 2002, called Active aging: a policy framework, which originated the publication in Portuguese “Envelhecimento Ativo: uma política de saúde” (2005). It was a landmark that guided public policies and legislation internationally on health, being the first publication on aging in Brazil by the Ministry of Health. In this publication, the perspective of the genesis and incidence of diseases and illnesses is modified, coming from intersectorial and diverse determinants such as economic conditions, physical and social environments, management and access to health care, safety, among others.

Another important conception presents the elderly as a protagonist and active agent and fundamental for the maintenance of health promotion, influenced by lifestyle and balanced nutrition, for example, which change the quality of life and result in an active aging. Although falls are associated with the physical environment at home in the document, it can be said that its prevention factors in this document also include factors inherent to the protagonism and autonomy of the elderly, such as the proper use of medications, physical activities, abandonment of alcoholism, among others.

Still on the historical evolution of the most relevant documents analyzed, it is evident the first publications of the Ministry of Health that regulated the directives in accordance with the principles of UHS and international goals. The previous publications were the primary legal pillars for the health management of the elderly in 2006: National Policy for the Health of the Elderly and the Pact for Health.

In the same year, the Basic Care Booklet: Aging and Health of the Elderly Person (2006) was the first document focused on standardizing care and included the norms of the National Policy of Basic Care (2006), National Policy on Health of the Elderly Person (2006), Pact for Health (2006), National Policy of Health Promotion (2006), and National Humanization Policy (2003). And following the care line, the Health Handbook for the Elderly Person (2008), the Practical Guide for the Caregiver (2008), and Caring Better and Avoiding Violence - Manual for the Caregiver of the Elderly Person (2008) were published.

The other documents continue to regulate the management, such as the publication Health Care for the Elderly and Aging (2010) and the National Commitment to Active Aging (2013). Two documents were included regarding the state of São Paulo as representative of state legislations: State Law on the Elderly (12.548/07) and Surveillance and prevention of falls in the elderly (2010).

Going deeper into the topic of falls, publications aimed at management do not specify pathologies or aggravations, due to the specifications and nature of the publications. So, falls are not mentioned in design, risk factors, or epidemiological data. In these documents, such as the Decree n. 8,114/13, the Pact for Health (2006), the Law n. 12,548/07 of the State of São Paulo, and the International Plan of Action on Aging (2003), there is a predominance of goals agreed upon among the federated entities for implementation and evaluation of programs regarding the health of the elderly.

In the national policies, there are different presentations and conceptions regarding falls. In the National Policy for the Elderly (1994), health indicators of falls stand out. Alarming data such as mortality rates, hospital admissions, and hospitalization show the importance of this problem and the resulting public spending. Falls are understood as a convergence between violence and accidents, evidenced by the fact that falls are inserted in the Violence Action Plan in the document.

Distinctively, the National Policy for the Health of the Elderly (2006) does not report data on falls. And although not explicit, its conception has an accidental direction towards falls, since it is associated with obstacles in the elderly's residential environment, on public roads, and in urban transportation.

The Primary Health Care Booklet (2006), which fulfilled the need to base the assistance of professionals in primary care on the health of the elderly, stands out. The document, although technical, has a clear language for everyone and describes falls as a public health problem with epidemiological data, associated factors, and consequences.

The publications Better Care and Violence Prevention (2008), Practical Guide for the Caregiver (2008), and the Health Handbook for the Elderly (2017) are tools and documents to educate caregivers and family members about everyday aspects and assist in caregiving. In simple language, they describe in a succinct and practical way the falls and the factors that influence their incidence, especially the adaptation of the home environment.

To quantify falls, the health indicator used is the Rate of Hospitalizations for Fracture of the Femur, which is described by the document Attention to the Health of the Elderly and Aging (2010). This publication details the components of the pact proposed in the Health Pact for the elderly.

The document prepared by the Health Department of the State of São Paulo, called Surveillance and Prevention of Falls in the Elderly (2010), is complete. It presents a discussion on policies for the health of the elderly, describes in detail data on health indicators for falls, risk factors, prevention actions, among others.

In summary, as for documents of a technical nature, their emphasis is on the assistance provided by primary care. Their main focus, in general, is on health professionals, formal and informal caregivers, family members, and the elderly themselves.

The perception about falls presented by the publications is that they are accidental occurrences, according to the concepts described. On the other hand, the documents point out that preventive actions allow a decrease in the incidence of falls, mostly through awareness of the problem, health education, training of multidisciplinary teams and urban and home environmental adaptation.

However, it is emphasized that preventive actions on falls should not be limited to the care of already established pathologies or to the physical space; on the contrary, they require a holistic and integral scope, since falls are the result of a complex multifactorial interaction. Even essential interventions, such as home adaptation, require a social network, information about the importance of falls and related risk factors, guidance about the architectural structures to be changed, and financial conditions. Therefore, each action also encompasses communication, education, and teamwork (PORTELLA; LIMA, 2018PORTELLA, M. R.; LIMA, A. P. de. Quedas em idosos: reflexões sobre as políticas públicas para o envelhecimento saudável. Arq. Cienc. Saúde UNIPAR, Umuarama, v. 22, n. 2, p. 109-115, maio/ago. 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25110/arqsaude.v2212.2018.6366
http://dx.doi.org/10.25110/arqsaude.v221... ).

Therefore, it is understood that health promotion interventions, which include falls prevention, are multidimensional, since aging is the result of a lifetime construction and the comprehensive care of the elderly includes emotional and instrumental support, social inclusion and participation, economic status, environmental conditions, access to health services at all levels of care, functional and cognitive development (VERAS et al., 2013VERAS, R.P.; CALDAS, C.P.; CORDEIRO, H.A. Modelos de atenção à saúde do idoso: repensando o sentido da prevenção. Physis, Rio de Janeiro, v. 23, n. 4, p. 1189-1213, Dec. 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-73312013000400009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-73312013... ).

Public policies, as presented, are in agreement with these proposals for disease prevention, but it is observed that they lack expansion in all the aspects described and strengthening for implementation, especially in primary care, resulting from a dialogue between the elderly, families, the population and government sectors.

The panorama of this research on falls from the perspective of public policies revealed that it is a great challenge to encompass all dimensions included in the prevention of falls. Consequently, its effectiveness through public policies makes it possible to decrease the incidence of falls, reduce public expenses, maintain functional capacity, quality of life, and active aging. It is worth trying.

Final considerations

The official publications analyzed here are considered as proposals of governmental interventions when facing conjunctures of negative impact on a population. This research aims to identify the relevance of falls in the elderly and understand how the phenomenon is portrayed in public policies aimed at the care of the elderly.

It was identified that falls are found significantly in official publications aimed at health professionals and caregivers. It is noteworthy that falls are portrayed as an important public health problem within this population segment, and the potential decreases in incidence rates and morbidity and mortality due to preventive actions are highlighted.

The expectation is that this research will contribute to the evaluation of current public policies in the sense of portraying a picture about the theme, and in the same way educate about the theme among health professionals and managers.¹1 R. F. M. dos R. Fonseca: manuscript conception and writing. S. Matumoto: research guidance.

References

Publication Dates

History