ABSTRACT:

Objectives:

Vaccines represent an important advancement for improving the general health of a population. The effective recording of vaccine data is a factor for the definition of its supply chain. This study investigated vaccine data recording relatively to data collected from vaccination rooms and data obtained from a government-developed Internet platform.

Methods:

The monthly recorded total number of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (alone or in combination with the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine) doses administered in a medium-sized city of the Southeast region of Brazil was collected for the period January/2006 through December/2010 from two sources: City level (directly from vaccination rooms, the study "gold standard"), and Federal level (from an Internet platform developed by the country government). Data from these sources were compared using descriptive statistics and the Percentage error.

Results:

The data values made available by the Internet platform differed from those obtained from the vaccination rooms, with a Percentage error relatively to the actual values in the range [-0.48; 0.39]. Concordant values were observed only in one among the sixty analyzed months (1.66%).

Conclusions:

A frequent and large difference between the number of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine doses administered in the two levels was detected.

Keywords:
Vaccines; Health planning; Statistics as Topic; Immunization; Statistics & numerical data; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine.

RESUMO:

Objetivos:

Vacinas representam um importante avanço para melhorar a saúde de uma população. O registro adequado dos dados vacinais é um fator crítico para a programação da distribuição de vacinas. Este estudo investiga os registros de uma vacina aplicada à população, de acordo com dados coletados nas salas de vacinação e dados obtidos a partir de uma plataforma governamental de Internet.

Métodos:

O número mensal total de doses aplicadas da vacina contra difteria, tétano e coqueluche (isolada ou combinada à vacina contra Haemophilus influenzae tipo b) de uma cidade de médio porte da Região Sudeste do Brasil foi coletado no período de Janeiro/2006 a Dezembro/2010, de duas fontes: a nível Local (diretamente de salas de vacinação, o "padrão ouro") e a nível Federal (a partir de uma plataforma governamental de Internet). Os dados dessas fontes foram comparados utilizando estatística descritiva e a Percentagem de erro.

Resultados:

Os valores dos dados disponibilizados pela plataforma governamental diferem daqueles obtidos nas salas de vacinação, com uma Percentagem de erro compreendida no intervalo [-0,48; 0,39]. Valores concordantes foram observados somente em um dentre os sessenta meses analisados (1,66%).

Conclusões:

Detectou-se uma frequente e acentuada diferença entre o número de doses aplicadas da vacina observada relativamente às duas fontes de dados da pesquisa.

Palavras-chave:
Vacinas; Planejamento em saúde; Estatística como Assunto; Imunização; Estatística & dados numéricos; Vacina contra Difteria; Tétano e Coqueluche.

INTRODUCTION

By now, at least 25% of the world deaths are caused by infectious diseases, most of which in children between zero and five years of age; and more than 60% of these deaths could be avoided by effective immunization programs¹1. Duclos P, Okwo-Bele JM, Gacic-Dobo M, Cherian T. Global immunization: status, progress, challenges and future. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 2009; 9(Suppl 1): S2.. Therefore, vaccines arguably represent the most important advancement for improving the general health and the quality of life of a population²2. Chahed MK, Bellali H, Alaya NB, Mrabet A, Mahmoudi B. Auditing the quality of immunization data in Tunisia. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2013; 3(1): 65-70. ³3. Aranda CMSS, Moraes JC. Vaccine storage cold chain in public health units of the City of São Paulo: knowledge and practice. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2006; 9(2): 172-85.. They are a relatively cheap medical procedure with an excellent potential to control and even to eradicate infectious diseases.

Worldwide vaccine coverage has been increasing since the 1980s, showing the importance of the immunization programs currently under way, especially in developing countries¹1. Duclos P, Okwo-Bele JM, Gacic-Dobo M, Cherian T. Global immunization: status, progress, challenges and future. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 2009; 9(Suppl 1): S2. ²2. Chahed MK, Bellali H, Alaya NB, Mrabet A, Mahmoudi B. Auditing the quality of immunization data in Tunisia. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2013; 3(1): 65-70.. However, in these countries, immunization programs suffer from the lack of technical and human resources, resulting in vaccine data quality problems and in poor data interchange between local level (vaccination rooms) and central government level (federal), hindering policies for health care planning²2. Chahed MK, Bellali H, Alaya NB, Mrabet A, Mahmoudi B. Auditing the quality of immunization data in Tunisia. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2013; 3(1): 65-70. ³3. Aranda CMSS, Moraes JC. Vaccine storage cold chain in public health units of the City of São Paulo: knowledge and practice. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2006; 9(2): 172-85. ⁴4. Placzek H, Madoff LC. The use of immunization registry-based data in vaccine effectiveness studies. Vaccine 2011; 29(3): 399-411. ⁵5. India. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. National vaccine policy. New Delhi: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare; 2011.. These problems may result in an inadequate evaluation of vaccine supply chain and vaccine campaigns, with serious repercussions in immunization program strategies³3. Aranda CMSS, Moraes JC. Vaccine storage cold chain in public health units of the City of São Paulo: knowledge and practice. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2006; 9(2): 172-85. ⁶6. Bosch-Capblanch X, Ronveaux O, Doyle V, Remedios V, Bchir A. Accuracy and quality of immunization information systems in forty-one low income countries. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14(1): 2-10..

In Brazil, the National Immunization Program (NIP) was created in 1973, with the aim of coordinating national vaccine programs⁷7. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Programa Nacional de Imunizações - 30 anos. [In Portuguese]. Brasília: Fundação Nacioanl de Saúde; 2003.. Available: <Available: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/livro_30_anos_pni.pdf > (Accessed: Jan, 2012).
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... . The expansion of these programs created the necessity to improve vaccine distribution logistics, so as to achieve a high vaccination coverage⁸8. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Manual de Rede de Frio do Programa Nacional de Imunizações; 2013. [In Portuguese]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2013. Available: <Available: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/manual_rede_frio4ed.pdf >. (Accessed: Dec, 2013).
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... . NIP data can be accessed via an Internet platform, the NIP/Datasus, which also makes available immunization data according to vaccines, age group and monitoring vaccination coverage in different target groups of immunization, according to health units, municipalities and states (the Information System of Evaluation of National Immunization Program - SIAPI)⁹9. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Sistema de Informações do Programa Nacional de Imunizações. Avaliação do Programa de Imunizações. Manual do usuário. Versão do sistema 6.0. [In Portuguese]. 2. ed.; Brasília: Ministério da Saúde 2001. Available: <Available: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/funasa/si_pni_api.pdf >. (Accessed: Jan, 2013).
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... .

The present study aimed to assess the agreement between data sources for diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTP) doses administered in a city of Brazil. To this end, the total number of DTP doses (alone or in combination with the Haemophilus ­influenzae type b conjugate vaccine) administered in the city vaccination rooms was collected and then compared with that from the federal level, obtained from an information system managed by the Ministry of Health of Brazil (NIP/Datasus)¹⁰10. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações. Apresentação. Available: <Available: http://tinyurl.com/khmc9rf > [Accessed: Jan/2012] 2012
http://tinyurl.com/khmc9rf... .

METHODS

RESEARCH SET UP

An observational, ecological study was performed, in which the monthly total number of DTP doses administered in the period January, 2006 through December, 2010 was obtained for a Brazilian city. The vaccine was introduced in the city in 1973; data were collected between January, 2012 and April, 2012.

As mentioned, data were collected from two sources: directly from the vaccination rooms in operation at the time of the study (City level, the study "gold standard") and from an information system (an Internet-available platform) developed by the federal government, the National Immunization Program/Datasus (NIP/Datasus) (the Federal level)¹⁰10. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações. Apresentação. Available: <Available: http://tinyurl.com/khmc9rf > [Accessed: Jan/2012] 2012
http://tinyurl.com/khmc9rf... . This system offers access to consolidated vaccine data from all the cities of the country since 1991¹¹11. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde. Available: <http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS> 2011. (Accessed: March, 2012).
http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS... , and is openly accessible via an Internet platform. Data from the vaccination rooms were collected with the permission of the City Health Secretariat/Juiz de Fora (CHS-JF).

The research took place in a typical southeastern Brazilian city (Juiz de Fora, MG), a medium-sized city¹²12. Chaves ST. Estudo de caso - a cidade de Juiz De Fora, MG - sua centralidade e problemas sócio-econômicos. Revista de Geografia, Meio Ambiente e Ensino 2011; 2(1): 155-70., located 275 km from the capital of the Minas Gerais State (Belo Horizonte city), 180 km from the city of Rio de Janeiro and 480 km from the city of São Paulo. The city is basically urban, with about 550,710 inhabitants¹³13. IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Cidades. 2014. Available: <Available: http://cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/perfil.php?codmun=313670 >. (Accessed: Jul, 2015).
http://cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/perfil.... in an area of 1.435,664 km². Its Municipal Development Human Index (MDHI) is 0.828 (state average: 0.719, country average: 0.699); it has three schools of medicine, one public and two private¹³13. IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Cidades. 2014. Available: <Available: http://cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/perfil.php?codmun=313670 >. (Accessed: Jul, 2015).
http://cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/perfil.... . Health care is provided by four public and seven private hospitals. The vaccination rooms offered the fourteen vaccines recommended by the Brazilian National Immunization Program (NIP) at the time of data collection. DTP was chosen for analysis since it is considered as one of the best indicators for the performance of a health system, as well as an indicator of vaccine coverage¹⁴14. Burton A, Monasch R, Lautenbach B, Gacic-Dobo M, Neill M, Karimov R, et al. WHO and UNICEF estimates of national infant immunization coverage: methods and processes. Bull World Health Organ 2009; 87: 535-41. ¹⁵15. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO vaccine preventable diseases: monitoring system - 2010 global summary. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010..

INFORMATION SOURCES, DATA FLOW AND ANALYSIS

Two variables were developed for the present study: the first indicates the "Number of doses administered at the city vaccination rooms" (CiDo) and the second the "Number of doses reported at the NIP/Datasus system" (NIPDo).

Vaccine data flow is basically the same as from other Brazilian cities and, in the vaccination rooms, the management of vaccine supplies and information recording is usually performed by nurses. Data are processed at the city level, sent to the regional level and finally to the federal level, as below (see also Figure 1):

For this study, data were collected from maps of the monthly vaccine doses administered in each vaccination room, and then grouped into monthly totals for all vaccination rooms (CiDo). These values were compared with the data related by the NIP/Datasus (NIPDo) by means of the Percentage (or Percent) error (Pe)¹⁶16. Green K, Tashman L. Percentage error: What denominator? Foresight 2009; 12: 36-43.. Pe indicates the inaccuracy of a measurement and is expressed as¹⁶16. Green K, Tashman L. Percentage error: What denominator? Foresight 2009; 12: 36-43.:

In this paper the Estimated value = NIPDo and the Actual value=CiDo; and the equation above becomes:

A positive Pe indicates that the number of doses administered is overestimated, and a negative Pe that this number is underestimated. If Pe is zero, NIPDo is the same as CiDo (a concordance between the two data sources, a desirable situation). Pe was estimated monthly, given that this was the study smallest observational unit. 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for Pe were also estimated using standard statistical formula:

Where d is the mean, s is the estimated standard error, 1.96 is the critical α = 5% Normal distribution value and n is the sample size.

RESULTS

The staff of the vaccination rooms receives periodic training on the correct procedures for administering vaccine doses, especially before large immunization campaigns or before the introduction of a new vaccine in the immunization schedule. However, it was not possible to identify training specifically directed to the management of vaccine supplies or to the importance of adequate data reporting. Checklists, procedures for data quality control or information feedback systems were not used, and data input had little or no direct supervision.

Table 1 shows the monthly and yearly CiDo, NIPDo and mean Pe values. This table shows that the mean Pe among different years varies from -8.24 to 11.04. Thus, for May, the mean of the DTP vaccine doses notified in the NIP/Datasus Internet platform was 8.24% lower than the number registered in the vaccination rooms, and for July the NIP/Datasus number was 11.04% higher than the number at the vaccination rooms. Figure 2 shows the NIPDo juxtaposed to the CiDo (x axis: Months; y axis: Number of doses); the peaks observed in Figure 2 correspond to well-publicized mass vaccination campaigns, when Poliomyelitis vaccine and DTP are, if necessary, administered at the same time. Figure 3 shows that Pe had, monthly, values from -0.48 to 0.39 (x axis: Months; y axis: Pe). In one of the sixty observed months (March/2007) Pe was zero (CiDo = NIPDo), resulting in an agreement between the two data sources of 1.66%. Overestimation was present in 37/60 months (61.66%) and underestimation in 22/60 months (36.66%). In Figure 3, a 95%CI was plotted (Mean = 2, Standard deviation = 11.86); Pe values in April/2006, May/2006, April/2008, May/2008, July/2008, Jan/2010 and May/2010 were not included in the CI.

DISCUSSION

In 2008, WHO estimated that 1.5 million of deaths among children under 5 years of age (17% of global total mortality in this age) were due to diseases that could have been prevented by routine vaccination¹⁷17. Black RE, Cousens S, Johnson HL, Lawn JE, Rudan I, Bassani DG, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2010; 375(9730): 1969-87.. Immunization is, therefore, one of the most effective strategies for preventing illnesses in children¹⁸18. Canavati S, Plugge E, Suwanjatuporn S, Sombatrungjaroena S, Nosten F. Barriers to immunization among children of migrant workers from Myanmar living in Tak province, Thailand. Bull World Health Organ 2011; 89(7): 528-31. .

However, despite its importance, studies on the effective recording of vaccine data are not common, with few studies performed in Latin America¹⁹19. Barros ENC, Silva EM. Epidemiologic surveillance of measles and rubella in Campinas (SP), Brazil: the reliability of the data. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2006; 19(3): 172-8.. Without adequate recording, it is to be expected that the planning and evaluation of immunization campaigns is seriously hindered⁶6. Bosch-Capblanch X, Ronveaux O, Doyle V, Remedios V, Bchir A. Accuracy and quality of immunization information systems in forty-one low income countries. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14(1): 2-10.. Logistic planning for vaccine distribution should be based on solid and ­well-defined information, including previous supply and wastage values, so that future vaccine needs can be estimated with less error²⁰20. Tao W, Petzold M, Forsberg BC. Routine vaccination coverage in low- and middle-income countries: further arguments for accelerating support to child vaccination services. Glob Health Action 2013; 6: 20343.. ²¹21. Chiu R, Chang CM, Chang YC. A forecasting model for deciding annual vaccine demand. In: Fourth International Conference on Natural Computation; 2008 Aug; Jinan. China: IEEE Explore; 2008; 107-11. Available: <Available: http://tinyurl.com/m9wqwhu >. (Accessed: Dec, 2012).
http://tinyurl.com/m9wqwhu... .

The Brazilian NIP began in 1973 with the purpose of coordinating vaccination policies at the national level. At first, only seven vaccines were made freely available by NIP: Poliomyelitis, Measles, Smallpox, Tuberculosis, DTP, Yellow fever and Tetanus vaccine⁷7. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Programa Nacional de Imunizações - 30 anos. [In Portuguese]. Brasília: Fundação Nacioanl de Saúde; 2003.. Available: <Available: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/livro_30_anos_pni.pdf > (Accessed: Jan, 2012).
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... . Eventually, NIP was expanded and now includes fourteen vaccines, which are freely administered in about 30,000 vaccination rooms²²22. Cunha J, Krebs LS, Barros E. Vacinas e imunoglobulinas: consulta rápida. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2009..

The choice of DTP to evaluate data concordance was based on the fact that this vaccine requires a minimum of three intramuscular shots, demanding a high degree of commitment by both the vaccination team and the target population¹⁵15. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO vaccine preventable diseases: monitoring system - 2010 global summary. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.. The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) finances children vaccination in 52 developing countries taking into account the results of DTP doses administered¹⁵15. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO vaccine preventable diseases: monitoring system - 2010 global summary. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010..

Although the worldwide number of vaccinated people increased in recent decades, information on the actual number of doses administered has been questioned, with reports on large discrepancies between data at vaccination rooms and data notified by government information systems²2. Chahed MK, Bellali H, Alaya NB, Mrabet A, Mahmoudi B. Auditing the quality of immunization data in Tunisia. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2013; 3(1): 65-70. ¹⁴14. Burton A, Monasch R, Lautenbach B, Gacic-Dobo M, Neill M, Karimov R, et al. WHO and UNICEF estimates of national infant immunization coverage: methods and processes. Bull World Health Organ 2009; 87: 535-41. ²³23. Crabb C. Developing countries overstate vaccination coverage. Bull World Health Organ 2003; 81(11): 851.. This is a serious problem, especially for developing countries, and such discrepancies have been identified, for instance, in Tunisia and Myanmar²2. Chahed MK, Bellali H, Alaya NB, Mrabet A, Mahmoudi B. Auditing the quality of immunization data in Tunisia. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2013; 3(1): 65-70. ¹⁴14. Burton A, Monasch R, Lautenbach B, Gacic-Dobo M, Neill M, Karimov R, et al. WHO and UNICEF estimates of national infant immunization coverage: methods and processes. Bull World Health Organ 2009; 87: 535-41..

Besides mis-recording and over-reporting, sometimes registering errors may arise from the need to overestimate the number of doses administered, in order to fulfill governmental planning targets²⁴24. Sorensen HT, Sabroe S, Olsen J. A framework for evaluation of secondary data sources for epidemiological research. Int J Epidemiol 1996; 25(2): 435-42.. However, the probability of these errors in the Brazilian case is small, since, as mentioned, vaccine doses are registered in a specific spreadsheet. Additionally, recording takes place at the moment of vaccination, and each vaccination room manages a relatively small amount of information, so that it is expected that under (or over) estimation is not to be a great concern in the present case.

The results showed important differences in the city level data relatively to the federal level. These differences are especially visible when data are considered monthly - a necessary information, for instance, for vaccine purchasing, stocking and administering²⁵25. Fedson DS. Pandemic Influenza and the global vaccine supply. Clin Infecti Dis 2003; 36(12): 1552-61.. Thus, for instance, in May, 2010 it can be seen that NIPDo = 1,512 and CiDo = 2,959, and in April, 2006, NIPDo = 2,168 and CiDo = 1,749.

A lower number of doses administered was reported by the federal level in 36.66% of the months, while overestimation was present in 61.66% of them. Thus, in 59/60 (98.33%) of the months data disagreed between the two levels (Figures 2 and 3). This disagreement suggests the existence of serious errors in the data information flow, and implies in a severe problem for vaccine demand estimation, since the city level data are "lost" for planners. Although these errors cannot be expected to seriously affect coverage estimation (which is based on longer periods of time) errors in monthly vaccine data may hinder the construction of mathematical and epidemiological demand models²⁶26. World Health Organization (WHO). Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. Vaccine Management and Logistics - Logistics Support. Vaccine forecast and needs estimation. 2015. Available: <Available: http://tinyurl.com/mzt3gyd >. (Accessed: Jan, 2015).
http://tinyurl.com/mzt3gyd... . These models, already widely used in some countries, depend on data as disaggregated as possible (for example, city level, weekly). Other concerns refer to disease outbreaks, demanding a rapid response and a good knowledge of the available vaccine supply and the mentioned need for an adequate balance of vaccine purchase and supply²⁵25. Fedson DS. Pandemic Influenza and the global vaccine supply. Clin Infecti Dis 2003; 36(12): 1552-61..

It follows from the above that studies relying on federal data probably incurred in large errors²⁷27. Mphatswe W, Mate KS, Bennett B, Ngidi H, Reddy J, Barker PM, et al. Improving public health information: a data quality intervention in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Bull World Health Organ 2012; 90: 176-82. . This is also a problem, since the federal level data is easy to access, is endorsed by the Ministry of Health and has a very wide coverage (all the cities of the country). An additional concern is that data inconsistency was detected in a typical southeastern city (one of the most developed regions of the country). Under these conditions, one could only fathom the degree of discrepancy that would have been found if the study had been performed in regions with less reliable information systems, such as the North-east and the North (Amazon). Unfortunately, these are the regions where this type of information is the most critical, since inaccurate estimation of vaccine needs can result in inadequate vaccine distribution and coverage, with the generation of preventable disease foci. On the other hand, demand overestimation will most probably cause vaccine wastage and monetary losses²⁸28. Novaes MLO, Almeida RMV, Bastos RR, Novaes MM, Novaes LM, Afonso MW, et al. Wastage of Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type-b vaccine and its impact on the increase of dose costs. In: Pan American Health Care Exchanges [PAHCE 2011]; 2011 mar-28/apr-1; Rio de Janeiro (Br). Rio de Janeiro: PAHCE; 2011; 140-3. Available: <Available: http://tinyurl.com/lmum6x3 >. (Accessed: Nov, 2012).
http://tinyurl.com/lmum6x3... .

Variations in recorded data also may be due to inconsistent data checking routines and lack of specialized training²2. Chahed MK, Bellali H, Alaya NB, Mrabet A, Mahmoudi B. Auditing the quality of immunization data in Tunisia. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2013; 3(1): 65-70. ²⁴24. Sorensen HT, Sabroe S, Olsen J. A framework for evaluation of secondary data sources for epidemiological research. Int J Epidemiol 1996; 25(2): 435-42.. Since 2010, the Ministry of Health of Brazil is developing an Internet platform, the Brazil´s Nominal Information System of the National Immunization Program²⁹29. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Coordenação Geral do Programa Nacional de Imunizações. Datasus. Manual do Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações- SIINIP - 2014. Available: <Available: http://tinyurl.com/n3o6m84 > 2014. [Accessed: Oct/2014].
http://tinyurl.com/n3o6m84... , with the purpose of registering individual vaccination data for all residents in Brazil. This platform, to be installed in all vaccination rooms of the country, will be able to transmit data directly to the managers of the National Immunization Program²⁹29. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Coordenação Geral do Programa Nacional de Imunizações. Datasus. Manual do Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações- SIINIP - 2014. Available: <Available: http://tinyurl.com/n3o6m84 > 2014. [Accessed: Oct/2014].
http://tinyurl.com/n3o6m84... . However, although computers are already in use for the processing of vaccine administrative data in most of the world, for the most part procedures and routines for data transfer are still far from adequate⁶6. Bosch-Capblanch X, Ronveaux O, Doyle V, Remedios V, Bchir A. Accuracy and quality of immunization information systems in forty-one low income countries. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14(1): 2-10. ¹⁹19. Barros ENC, Silva EM. Epidemiologic surveillance of measles and rubella in Campinas (SP), Brazil: the reliability of the data. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2006; 19(3): 172-8. ³⁰30. Ledikwe JH, Grignon J, Lebelonyane R, Ludick S, Matshediso E, Sento BA, et al. Improving the quality of health information: a qualitative assessment of data management and reporting systems in Botswana. Health Res Policy Syst 2014; 12(7): 1-10.. Thus, the implementation of computerized tools for public health data processing is indeed necessary, but that this endeavor also requires a high commitment to the improvement of human resources, towards an effective management of information systems³¹ 31. Doherty J. Cost-effectiveness analysis for priority-setting in South Africa - What are the possibilities? S Afr Med J 2010; 100(12): 816-21. ³² 32. Anwar F, Shamim A. Barriers in adoption of health information technology in developing societies. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 2011; 2(8): 40-5. ³³33. Turban E, Leidner D, McLean E, Wetherbe J. Information technology for management: transforming organizations in the digital economy. 7th ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2010. ³⁴34. Mushi HP, Mullei K, Macha J, Wafula F, Borghi J, Goodman C, et al. The challenges of achieving high training coverage for IMCI: case studies from Kenya and Tanzania. Health Policy Plan 2011; 26: 395-404..

Another problem resulting from inadequate data recording is that international comparisons of vaccination rates and population coverage are hindered if no standardization can be expected in data collection²⁵25. Fedson DS. Pandemic Influenza and the global vaccine supply. Clin Infecti Dis 2003; 36(12): 1552-61.. Surveys can be used for such comparisons, but these are not equivalent to good quality administrative data, since the information provided by surveys pertains only to limited cohorts, which do not allow for consistent and reliable information flow⁶6. Bosch-Capblanch X, Ronveaux O, Doyle V, Remedios V, Bchir A. Accuracy and quality of immunization information systems in forty-one low income countries. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14(1): 2-10. ²⁰20. Tao W, Petzold M, Forsberg BC. Routine vaccination coverage in low- and middle-income countries: further arguments for accelerating support to child vaccination services. Glob Health Action 2013; 6: 20343... Regarding the improvement of data collection and transmission systems, an ongoing effort concerns the implementation of the Information System of the National Immunization Program (SINIP), with the objective of facilitating vaccine demand planning and stock control¹⁰10. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações. Apresentação. Available: <Available: http://tinyurl.com/khmc9rf > [Accessed: Jan/2012] 2012
http://tinyurl.com/khmc9rf... .

A limitation of the present study is that the data collection concerned only one Brazilian city and one vaccine type. Although a rationale was offered for this approach, it would be interesting to obtain a more complete picture of the global situation of vaccine data recording in Brazil. However, as argued before, at the present time it is not possible to have an optimistic view about this situation, and higher degrees of discrepancy are to be expected in more rural areas of the country.

CONCLUSION

This study investigated the discrepancies between the monthly total number of DTP doses administered at vaccination rooms and that reported by the federal government. The large differences are, most probably, due to errors in the vaccine information transmission chain, which did not have the help of adequate backup and support systems, and thus, could not prevent human errors. The implementation of tools for vaccine data processing and analyzing is recommended.

REFERENCES

Publication Dates

History