ABSTRACT:

Objective:

To analyze the associations between changes in the level of leisure-time physical activity in adults and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

Methods:

This is a population-based study conducted with 818 adults aged 20 years or older from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, between 2009 and 2014. We tested the association of maintenance and/or changes in the level of physical activity with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, adjusted for sociodemographic variables (gender, age, schooling, income, marital status, and ethnicity) and smoking habits. We used logistic regression and estimated the odds ratios (OR) and their respective confidence intervals (95%CI).

Results:

The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 30.9% (95%CI 27.2-34.7). Regardless of adjustment variables, adults who ceased to be active and/or remained physically inactive during leisure time in the study period presented, respectively, 108 and 124% higher odds of developing metabolic syndrome (OR=2.08; 95%CI 1.30-3.33 and OR=2.24; 95%CI 1.38-3.65). Women and individuals younger than 45 years showed lower odds of having metabolic syndrome.

Conclusions:

This sample presented a significant association between remaining or becoming inactive and a greater chance of developing metabolic syndrome.

Keywords:
Metabolic syndrome; Motor activity; Physical exercise; Adult

INTRODUCTION

Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide¹1. Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Williams J, Rayner M, Townsend N. The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the UK 2014. Heart 2015; 101(15): 1182-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fheartjnl-2015-307516
https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.11... . In 2016, they accounted for 30% of the total number of deaths in Brazil²2. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Datasus. Informações de Saúde. Morbidade e informações epidemiológicas [Internet]. Brasil: Ministério da Saúde; 2016 [acessado em março de 2018]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.datasus.gov.br
http://www.datasus.gov.br... . An important factor associated with the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome is a clinical condition described as a set of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular risk factors affecting an individual, usually related to central fat deposition and insulin resistance³3. Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertensão. I Diretriz Brasileira de Diagnóstico e Tratamento da Síndrome Metabólica. Arq Bras Cardiol 2005; 84(Supl. 1): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2005000700001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... .

Individuals diagnosed with metabolic syndrome have twice the chance of presenting cardiovascular diseases compared to those who do not have this syndrome⁴4. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A Joint Interim Statement of The International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009; 120(16): 1640-5. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1161/... .

In the past two decades, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased globally, becoming a public health issue directly related to the rise in obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. Studies indicate that the prevalence of this disease among adults ranges from 20 to 35% throughout the world⁴4. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A Joint Interim Statement of The International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009; 120(16): 1640-5. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1161/... ^,55. Li Y, Zhao L, Yu D, Wang Z, Ding G. Metabolic syndrome prevalence and its risk factors among adults in China: A nationally representative cross-sectional study. PloS One 2018; 13(6): e0199293. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199293
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/... ^,66. Aguilar M, Bhuket T, Torres S, Liu B, Wong RJ. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2003-2012. JAMA 2015; 313(19): 1973-4. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.4260
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/... ^,77. Arsentales-Montalva V, Tenorio-Guadalupe M, Barnabé-Ortiz A. Asociación entre actividad física ocupacional y síndrome metabólico: Un estudio poblacional en Perú. Rev Chil Nutr 2019; 46(4): 392-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-75182019000400392
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.406... ^,88. Vidigal FC, Bressan J, Babio N, Salas-Salvadó J. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adults: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2013; 13: 1198. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1198
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/... ^,99. Martini FAN, Borges MB, Guedes DP. Hábito alimentar e síndrome metabólica em uma amostra de adultos brasileiros. Arch Latinoam Nutri 2014; 64(3): 161-73.^,1010. Lu J, Wang L, Li M, Xu Y, Jiang Y, Wang W, et al. Metabolic syndrome among adults in China: The 2010 China Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102(2): 507-15. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2477
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1210/... .

The regular practice of physical activity has been recommended both for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome, as it acts in the control of their diagnostic components¹¹11. Caceres VM, Stocks N, Adams R, Haag DG, Peres KG, Peres MA, et al. Physical activity moderates the deleterious relationship between cardiovascular disease, or its risk factors, and quality of life: Findings from two population-based cohort studies in Southern Brazil and South Australia. PLoS One 2018; 13(6): e0198769. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198769
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/... . The literature provides robust evidence that being physically active is associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome¹¹11. Caceres VM, Stocks N, Adams R, Haag DG, Peres KG, Peres MA, et al. Physical activity moderates the deleterious relationship between cardiovascular disease, or its risk factors, and quality of life: Findings from two population-based cohort studies in Southern Brazil and South Australia. PLoS One 2018; 13(6): e0198769. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198769
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/... ^,1212. Suliga E, Ciésla E, Rebak D, Koziet D, Gtuszek S. Relationship between sitting time, physical activity, and metabolic syndrome among adults depending on Body Mass Index (BMI). Med Sci Monit 2018; 24: 7633-45. https://dx.doi.org/10.12659%2FMSM.907582
https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.12... ^,1313. Martins CC, Bagatini MD, Cardoso AM, Zanini A, Abdalla FH, Baldissarelli J, et al. Exercise training positively modulates the ectonucleotidase enzymes in lymphocytes of metabolic syndrome patients. Int J Sports Med 2016; 37(12): 930-6. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-114218
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1055/... ^,1414. Najafion J, Mohammadiford N, Naeini FF, Nouri F. Relation between usual daily walking time and metabolic syndrome. Niger Med J 2014; 55(1): 29-33. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0300-1652.128156
https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.41... ^,1515. Lee H, Kim BH. Physical activity disparities by socioeconomic status among metabolic syndrome patients: The Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Exerc Rehabil 2016; 12(1): 10-4. https://dx.doi.org/10.12965%2Fjer.150269
https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.12... ^,1616. Rao DP, Orpana H, Krewski D. Physical activity and non-movement behaviours: their independent and combined associations with metabolic syndrome. Int J Behav Nutr Phy Act 2016; 13: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0350-5
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/... .

However, whether changes in the level of physical activity are associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is unclear and became the object of this study. Knowing how variations in the level of physical activity are related to the presence of metabolic syndrome is important, both for clinical recommendations and the definition of population strategies to prevent the disease. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the association between changes in the level of leisure-time physical activity in adults and the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.

METHODS

This is a longitudinal epidemiological study linked to the Epifloripa Adulto population-based cohort, which investigated a representative sample of adults from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, between 2009 and 2014. According to data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE, 2010), the city has an area of 675.409 km², population density of 623.69 inhabitants/km², and municipal human development index (MHDI) of 0.847. In 2009, the start of the study period, the municipality population was 453,281 inhabitants¹⁷17. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Censo Demográfico 2010: Características urbanísticas do entorno dos domicílios. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; 2010. 171 p..

The sample calculation of Epifloripa 2009 used the following parameters: unknown prevalence (50%), 95% confidence level, 3.5% sampling error, design effect (deff) of 2.0, and 10% increment for potential losses and/or refusals. As the study aimed to test associations, the final sample size was increased by 15%, resulting in 2,016 individuals¹¹11. Caceres VM, Stocks N, Adams R, Haag DG, Peres KG, Peres MA, et al. Physical activity moderates the deleterious relationship between cardiovascular disease, or its risk factors, and quality of life: Findings from two population-based cohort studies in Southern Brazil and South Australia. PLoS One 2018; 13(6): e0198769. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198769
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/... . The study used a two-stage cluster sampling. The first stage organized the 420 urban census tracts of the city according to income deciles of the head of the family, and 60 tracts were drawn. In the second stage, the sampling units were the households, selected by draw¹¹11. Caceres VM, Stocks N, Adams R, Haag DG, Peres KG, Peres MA, et al. Physical activity moderates the deleterious relationship between cardiovascular disease, or its risk factors, and quality of life: Findings from two population-based cohort studies in Southern Brazil and South Australia. PLoS One 2018; 13(6): e0198769. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198769
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/... .

In 2009, data were collected from 1,720 individuals, who represented 85.3% of the sample initially calculated. All adults aged 20 to 59 years living in the selected households of each tract were considered eligible. We excluded individuals who had a limb amputated, used prostheses, were bedridden, unable to stay in the proper position to have their anthropometric parameters measured, and those incapable of answering the questionnaire. Trained interviewers collected the variables in households. In 2009, refusals were defined as the non-acceptance to participate in the interview, even after clarifications about the research, while losses were considered not finding the individuals in the households selected after four visits. The variables collected in 2009 and used in the present study were ethnicity and level of physical activity. In both waves of the Epifloripa Project (2009 and 2014), pregnant women or those who had a child in the six months prior to the study did not have their blood pressure and anthropometric data measured, since such characteristics interfere in these values¹⁸18. Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertensão, Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. VII Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertensão Arterial. Arq Bras Cardiol 2016; 107(3 Supl. 3): 1-83. https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20160151
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5935/... .

In 2014, the same individuals who participated in the 2009 baseline were contacted by phone and invited to go to the university for data collection and laboratory tests. A total of 818 individuals were evaluated, which represented 47.6% of the sample in relation to the initial data collection. The sample size was standardized in the two waves based on the number of exposure and outcome events so as to limit the analysis results to complete data, excluding the missing data. In 2014, refusals were considered the non-participation in the study, and losses corresponded to not going to the university, even when the individuals scheduled an appointment and expressed an interest in participating in the research, after three attempts to rescheduling.

In the second wave, the information was gathered in nutrition and anthropometric laboratories of the university, with the collection of 30 mL samples of peripheral venous blood by venipuncture, after 8- to 10-h fasting, following a standardized protocol for clinical chemistry tests (blood glucose, triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol). The concentration of fasting serum glucose was determined by adapting the hexokinase-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method using the Flex^® Reagent Cartridge GLUC and the Dimension^® Clinical Chemistry System (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., Newark, United States). The serum concentrations of triglycerides were obtained by an automated endpoint bichromatic enzymatic colorimetric method using cartridge kits (Flex^® Reagent Cartridge CHOL and TLG, Newark, United States). HDL-cholesterol was determined by the accelerator selective detergent method (Flex^® Reagent Cartridge AHDL, Newark, United States).

The outcome of this study was the presence of metabolic syndrome, defined according to the Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria⁴4. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A Joint Interim Statement of The International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009; 120(16): 1640-5. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1161/... . Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on the evaluation of five components (Chart 1). The presence of three of these components or the use of medications for glycemic, dyslipidemia, or blood pressure control (equivalent to having the component in the clinical examination or laboratory test) resulted in a conclusive diagnosis of metabolic syndrome⁴4. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A Joint Interim Statement of The International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009; 120(16): 1640-5. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1161/... , which was dichotomized in the 2014 study (no/yes).

The control variables included in the study were sociodemographic characteristics and smoking habits (Chart 1). We defined non-smokers as individuals who reported never having smoked and smokers as those who declared having smoked and/or smoking currently. These variables were considered possible confounding factors, based on the literature¹¹11. Caceres VM, Stocks N, Adams R, Haag DG, Peres KG, Peres MA, et al. Physical activity moderates the deleterious relationship between cardiovascular disease, or its risk factors, and quality of life: Findings from two population-based cohort studies in Southern Brazil and South Australia. PLoS One 2018; 13(6): e0198769. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198769
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/... ^,1919. Malta DC, Oliveira TP, Luz M, Stopa SR, Silva Júnior JB, Reis AAC. Tendências de indicadores de tabagismo nas capitais brasileiras, 2006 a 2013. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva 2015; 20(3): 631-40. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015203.15232014
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... .

The level of physical activity was assessed using the questionnaire of the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico - VIGITEL)²⁰20. Moura EC, Morais Neto OL, Malta DC, Moura L, Silva NN, Bernal R, et al. Vigilância de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico nas capitais dos 26 estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal (2006). Rev Bras Epidemiol 2008; 11(Supl. 1): 20-37. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2008000500003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... ^,2121. Malta DC, Moura EC, Castro AM, Cruz DKA, Morais Neto OL, Monteiro CA. Padrão de atividade física em adultos brasileiros: resultados de um inquérito por entrevistas telefônicas, 2006. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2009; 18(1): 7-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742009000100002
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.512... in the 2009 and 2014 waves. The reproducibility of VIGITEL questions about physical activity is high (kappa coefficient of 0.80 and 0.78 for active and inactive individuals during leisure time, respectively)²²22. Florindo AA, Hallal PC, Moura EC, Malta DC. Prática de atividades físicas e fatores associados em adultos, Brasil, 2006. Rev Saúde Pública 2009; 43(Supl. 2): 65-73. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102009000900009
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... compared to the original VIGITEL interview. The questionnaire consisted of five questions about leisure-time physical activity, covering the practice of physical activity or sport in the previous three months, the modality, the weekly frequency, and the duration of the activity²³23. Malta DC, Andrade SSA, Santos MAS, Rodrigues GBA, Mielke G. Tendências dos indicadores de atividade física em adultos: Conjunto de capitais do Brasil 2006-2013. Rev Bras Ativ Física Saúde 2015; 20(2): 141-51. https://doi.org/10.12820/rbafs.v.20n2p141
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12820... .

The individuals considered physically active during leisure time were those who reported practicing mild and moderate physical activities for at least 30 minutes on five or more days of the week or who practiced vigorous activities for at least 20 minutes on three or more days of the week. Walking, walking on a treadmill, weight training, water aerobics, gymnastics in general, swimming, martial arts, cycling, and volleyball were classified as mild or moderate activities. Running, running on a treadmill, aerobic exercises, soccer, basketball, and tennis were considered vigorous activities²²22. Florindo AA, Hallal PC, Moura EC, Malta DC. Prática de atividades físicas e fatores associados em adultos, Brasil, 2006. Rev Saúde Pública 2009; 43(Supl. 2): 65-73. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102009000900009
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... . The changes in the level of physical activity variable were categorized into four groups (Chart 1), according to the levels identified in the 2009 and 2014 waves.

This study adopted the logistic regression model. All regression results were expressed as odds ratios (OR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals. We performed the χ² test to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to categories of independent variables. The adjusted analysis used the forward method, including the variables one by one in the following order: metabolic syndrome (outcome), changes in the level of physical activity (main exposure), sociodemographic characteristics, and smoking habits.

The analyses took into account the complex sampling process and were all performed in the software Stata 13.0 (Stata Corporation LP, College Station, United States). The Human Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) and Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC) approved Epifloripa Adulto, under protocols No. 351/2008 and No. 724,824/2014. All participants were informed about the objectives of the study and asked to read and sign the Informed Consent Form.

RESULTS

The study sample analysis involved 818 adults. The groups with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome were women, younger individuals, those who were single/divorced/widowed, better educated, black or multiracial, non-smokers, and who remained active between 2009 and 2014 (Table 1). The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the study was 30.9% (95%CI 27.2-34.7) (Table 2).

In the crude analysis, single, divorced, and widowed individuals were associated with lower odds of developing metabolic syndrome. Older men, less-educated adults, smokers, and individuals who remained or became physically inactive presented a greater chance of having metabolic syndrome (Table 3).

In the adjusted analysis, the only variables that remained significantly associated with metabolic syndrome were gender, age group, and changes in the level of physical activity. Men were 76% more likely to develop metabolic syndrome than women (OR=1.76; 95%CI 1.29-2.39). The odds of presenting metabolic syndrome were 178% higher in older individuals (≥45 years) compared to younger ones (OR=2.78; 95%CI 1.97-3.91). In the study period, ceasing to be active and/or remaining physically inactive during leisure time represented, respectively, 108 (OR=2.08; 95%CI 1.30-3.33) and 124% (OR=2.24; 95%CI 1.38-3.65) higher odds of developing metabolic syndrome in comparison with individuals who continued to be active in the same interval (Table 3). Per capita income showed no association with metabolic syndrome, be it in the crude, adjusted, or trend analysis.

DISCUSSION

The main findings of this study showed significant associations of the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome with sociodemographic variables (gender and age group) and changes in the level of leisure-time physical activity. We underline that ceasing to be active and/or remaining physically inactive during leisure time was associated with a higher chance of having metabolic syndrome.

In the present study, the overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the adult population of Florianópolis was 30.9%. Despite the losses to follow-up between the waves, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in this research agrees with that found in national and international studies.

Globally, the mean prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults ranges from 20 to 35%⁵5. Li Y, Zhao L, Yu D, Wang Z, Ding G. Metabolic syndrome prevalence and its risk factors among adults in China: A nationally representative cross-sectional study. PloS One 2018; 13(6): e0199293. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199293
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/... ^,66. Aguilar M, Bhuket T, Torres S, Liu B, Wong RJ. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2003-2012. JAMA 2015; 313(19): 1973-4. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.4260
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/... ^,77. Arsentales-Montalva V, Tenorio-Guadalupe M, Barnabé-Ortiz A. Asociación entre actividad física ocupacional y síndrome metabólico: Un estudio poblacional en Perú. Rev Chil Nutr 2019; 46(4): 392-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-75182019000400392
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.406... ^,2424. Al-Thani MH, Al-Thani AAM, Cheema S, Sheikh J, Mamtani R, Lowenfels AB, et al. Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome in Qatar: results from a National Health Survey. BMJ Open 2016; 6: e009514. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009514
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/... . In Brazil, Vidigal et al.⁸8. Vidigal FC, Bressan J, Babio N, Salas-Salvadó J. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adults: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2013; 13: 1198. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1198
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/... revealed a prevalence of 29.6% in adults.

In the present study, we found that individuals who remained inactive between 2009 and 2014 were more likely to develop metabolic syndrome than those who continued to be active in the same period. Ceasing to be active also increased the odds of being diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Thus, individuals who remained physically inactive and, consequently, had higher chances of presenting metabolic syndrome could reduce this percentage by changing their behavior regarding the level of physical activity. Similarly, the probability (percentage) of developing metabolic syndrome among individuals who ceased to be physically active in the same period was very close to that of adults who continued to be inactive, with the first group being associated with metabolic syndrome at the end of the adjusted analysis.

This finding suggests that remaining physically active is a relevant factor in the prevention of metabolic syndrome. The fact that metabolic syndrome was assessed in only one wave of the study (2014) did not affect the analyses, as our intent was not to verify the causal relationship between the level of physical activity and this condition, but how the maintenance or changes in behavior related to the level of physical activity are associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome measured at the end of this period.

Our results reinforced the importance - already established in the literature - of practicing physical activities to improve overall health and as a major ally in the prevention and non-pharmacological treatment of metabolic syndrome. The assessment of the level of physical activity divided into four categories according to the maintenance and/or changes in the level of physical activity is the methodological differential of this study compared to other research found in the literature.

The practice of physical activity by adults, especially during leisure time, provides opportunities for a healthier life, contributing to the improvement of the quality of life. Some works recommend the practice of physical activities, particularly aerobic exercises, such as walking, running, swimming, and cycling, because they act as protective factors against metabolic syndrome¹²12. Suliga E, Ciésla E, Rebak D, Koziet D, Gtuszek S. Relationship between sitting time, physical activity, and metabolic syndrome among adults depending on Body Mass Index (BMI). Med Sci Monit 2018; 24: 7633-45. https://dx.doi.org/10.12659%2FMSM.907582
https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.12... ^,1313. Martins CC, Bagatini MD, Cardoso AM, Zanini A, Abdalla FH, Baldissarelli J, et al. Exercise training positively modulates the ectonucleotidase enzymes in lymphocytes of metabolic syndrome patients. Int J Sports Med 2016; 37(12): 930-6. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-114218
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1055/... ^,1414. Najafion J, Mohammadiford N, Naeini FF, Nouri F. Relation between usual daily walking time and metabolic syndrome. Niger Med J 2014; 55(1): 29-33. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0300-1652.128156
https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.41... ^,2424. Al-Thani MH, Al-Thani AAM, Cheema S, Sheikh J, Mamtani R, Lowenfels AB, et al. Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome in Qatar: results from a National Health Survey. BMJ Open 2016; 6: e009514. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009514
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/... . Studies suggest that being physically active has a direct relationship with a lower percentage of metabolic syndrome. Possibly, this relationship is justified by the increase in muscle mass, decrease in body fat percentage, especially central obesity, glycemic control, and reduction in systemic blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors in general¹²12. Suliga E, Ciésla E, Rebak D, Koziet D, Gtuszek S. Relationship between sitting time, physical activity, and metabolic syndrome among adults depending on Body Mass Index (BMI). Med Sci Monit 2018; 24: 7633-45. https://dx.doi.org/10.12659%2FMSM.907582
https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.12... ^,1515. Lee H, Kim BH. Physical activity disparities by socioeconomic status among metabolic syndrome patients: The Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Exerc Rehabil 2016; 12(1): 10-4. https://dx.doi.org/10.12965%2Fjer.150269
https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.12... ^,1616. Rao DP, Orpana H, Krewski D. Physical activity and non-movement behaviours: their independent and combined associations with metabolic syndrome. Int J Behav Nutr Phy Act 2016; 13: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0350-5
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/... ^,2424. Al-Thani MH, Al-Thani AAM, Cheema S, Sheikh J, Mamtani R, Lowenfels AB, et al. Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome in Qatar: results from a National Health Survey. BMJ Open 2016; 6: e009514. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009514
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/... . Considering that metabolic syndrome is a disease with high prevalence, described as a public health issue, this study contributes to raising the awareness of the population regarding the importance of remaining physically active by indicating that active individuals have a lower association with this diagnosis. Also, in the study period, ceasing to be physically active and remaining inactive had similar relationships with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Thus, remaining physically active is as important as not becoming inactive.

The present study revealed that males were associated with higher odds of developing metabolic syndrome. This result agrees with those found in other studies²⁴24. Al-Thani MH, Al-Thani AAM, Cheema S, Sheikh J, Mamtani R, Lowenfels AB, et al. Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome in Qatar: results from a National Health Survey. BMJ Open 2016; 6: e009514. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009514
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/... ^,2525. Park E, Kim J. Gender and Age-Specific Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Korean Adults: Analysis of the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2015; 30(3): 256-66. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000142
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/... ^,2626. Song QB, Zhao Y, Liu YQ, Zhang J, Xin SJ, Dong GH. Sex difference in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular-related risk factors in urban adults from 33 communities of China: The CHPSNE Study. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2015; 12(3): 189-98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479164114562410
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/... ^,2727. Al-Rubeaan K, Bawazeer N, Al Farsi Y, Youssef AM, Al-Yahya AA, AlQumaidi H. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Saudi Arabia - a cross sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord 2018; 18: 244. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-018-0244-4
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/... . However, the literature has not reached a consensus on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome related to gender. Some studies have found a similar prevalence in both genders or a greater one in women compared to men²⁸28. França SL, Lima SS, Vieira JRS. Metabolic syndrome and associated factors in adults of the Amazon region. PLoS One 2016; 11(12): e0167320. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167320
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/... ^,2929. Marbou WJT, Kuete V. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in Bamboutos Division’s adults, west region of Cameroon. Biomed Res Int 2019; 2019: 9676984. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9676984
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/... . A possible explanation for this lack of consensus concerning gender is the direct influence of lifestyle on the presence of diagnostic components responsible for metabolic syndrome. The fact that diagnostic components are affected by and sensitive to lifestyle can contribute to the lack of consensus on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, considering the distinct lifestyle of men and women.

In the present study, adults from the older age group (45-65 years) had a greater chance of presenting the outcome compared to the younger age group (25-44 years).

The growth in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome with age is widely documented in the literature⁵5. Li Y, Zhao L, Yu D, Wang Z, Ding G. Metabolic syndrome prevalence and its risk factors among adults in China: A nationally representative cross-sectional study. PloS One 2018; 13(6): e0199293. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199293
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/... ^,2525. Park E, Kim J. Gender and Age-Specific Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Korean Adults: Analysis of the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2015; 30(3): 256-66. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000142
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/... ^,3030. Moore JX, Chaudhary N, Akinyemiju T. Metabolic syndrome prevalence by race/ethnicity and sex in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-2012. Rev Chronic Dis 2017; 14: E24. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd14.160287
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5888/... . Therefore, the increase in the age group was associated with high percentages of metabolic syndrome among adults. This finding can be explained by the fact that older individuals are less physically active and by the physiological and bodily changes inherent to the aging process, such as the increase in the percentage of body fat, particularly central obesity, the decrease in the percentage of lean mass, and the loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia)¹⁵15. Lee H, Kim BH. Physical activity disparities by socioeconomic status among metabolic syndrome patients: The Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Exerc Rehabil 2016; 12(1): 10-4. https://dx.doi.org/10.12965%2Fjer.150269
https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.12... ^,1616. Rao DP, Orpana H, Krewski D. Physical activity and non-movement behaviours: their independent and combined associations with metabolic syndrome. Int J Behav Nutr Phy Act 2016; 13: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0350-5
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/... .

Some methodological limitations of this study should be considered. The second wave of Epifloripa Adulto (2014) presented losses compared to the 2009 wave, which may have decreased the representativeness of the sample. This loss to follow-up might be attributed to the fact that, while in the first wave, the interviewers went to the households to gather the information, in the second one, the research subjects were invited to go to the university for data collection. We have no way of determining if the losses between the waves led to changes in the behavior of the associations found.

Despite the longitudinal assessment (2014) of the level of physical activity, metabolic syndrome was evaluated only in the second moment (2014), limiting the longitudinal inferences from the study. We also emphasize that information on eating habits was not collected in the last wave. Thus, diet was not included in the study as one of the possible control variables, which could have influenced the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

Among the positive points, we can highlight:

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest an association between remaining or becoming inactive and a greater chance of having metabolic syndrome. On the other hand, women, younger individuals, and those who remained physically active in the study period showed lower odds of developing metabolic syndrome.

This research provides important contributions to elucidate issues that are not yet clear in the literature regarding the association between changes in the level of physical activity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The findings confirm the beneficial effects of the practice of leisure-time physical activity upon metabolic syndrome. We identified an inverse association between changes in the level of physical activity and metabolic syndrome.

Furthermore, this study can help reinforce and justify public policies and physical activity programs that promote an active lifestyle, explaining the importance of starting the practice of physical activities at any time and maintaining this habit throughout life.

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