ABSTRACT

Objective:

The aim of this study was the cross-cultural adaptation of the Eating Belief Questionnaire (EBQ)—an instrument that assesses positive, negative, and permissive eating beliefs in relation to binge eating episodes—in its shorted version of 18 questions, into Brazilian Portuguese, for female teenagers.

Methods:

Conceptual, semantic, cultural and operational equivalence of the items were evaluated. The semantic and cultural equivalence involved 12 bilingual people and 12 experts in eating behavior. Operational equivalence consisted of applying the transcultural adapted version of the EBQ-18 to 20 girls with a mean age of 17.55 (SD=1.00) years. Item's clarity and understanding were assessed by the Content Validity Coefficient.

Results:

Questions 5, 6, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, with adequate classification percentage for all equivalences, were not altered. The other items were adapted according to the committee's suggestions and by consensus among researchers. The adapted version of the EBQ-18 in Brazilian Portuguese displayed good content validity coefficient for clarity (CVC=0.975) and comprehension (CVC=0.971); except for item 3, all items had values between 0.88 and 1.00.

Conclusion:

The Brazilian Portuguese version of the EBQ-18 had a good understanding by the adolescent public when it comes to investigate the role of dietary beliefs in the maintenance of binge eating episodes. Future studies with adolescents are recommended, jointly assessing risk for and presence of eating disorders in significant clinical and non-clinical samples, as well as its psychometrics properties.

Keywords:
Binge eating; Beliefs; Questionnaires; Adolescent

INTRODUCTION

Eating behavior involves actions, cognitions and feelings related to eating, including beliefs, thoughts, and principles¹1 Alvarenga MDS, Figueiredo M, Timerman F, Antonaccio C. Nutrição comportamental. Barueri: Manole; 2015.. A common behavior related to binge eating episodes, a key characteristic of binge eating disorder (BED)²2 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Philadelphia: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2013, is uncontrolled eating, described by the feeling of loss of self-control and/or inhibition of restraint behavior with consequent exaggerated consumption, with or without hunger or organic need³3 Gilhooly CH, Das SK, Golden JK, McCrory MA, Dallal GE, Saltzman E, et al. Food cravings and energy regulation: the characteristics of craved foods and their relationship with eating behaviors and weight change during 6 months of dietary energy restriction. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31(12): 1849-58. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803672
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803672... ,⁴4 Stunkard AJ, Messick S. The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. J Psychosom Res 1985; 29(1): 71-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(85)900... . Studies point out that eating disorders can persist based on the individual's beliefs about eating and food⁵5 Smith GT, Simmons JR, Flory K, Annus AM, Hill KK. Thinness and eating expectancies predict subsequent binge-eating and purging behavior among adolescent girls. J Abnorm Psychol 2007; 116(1): 188-97. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.188
https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.... –¹⁰10 Leow S, Beer NJ, Guelfi KJ, Rebar AL, Alderson JA, Jackson B, et al. Perceived daily tension and food cravings and consumption: a within- and between-person investigation. Eat Behav 2021; 40: 101473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101473
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.10... .

Several psychological models for binge eating have been proposed in an attempt to better understand the BED, focusing on the role of dietary restriction, low self-esteem, low tolerance for suffering, excessive valuation of weight and body shape, and specific eating beliefs about binge eating¹¹11 Burton AL, Abbott MJ. Conceptualising binge eating: a review of the theoretical and empirical literature. Behaviour Change 2017; 34(3): 168-98. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2017.12
https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2017.12... . Beliefs about food, which have no rational confirmation¹²12 Michaelis: moderno dicionário da língua portuguesa. Crença [Internet]. [cited on 2022 Mar 10]. Available at: https://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno-portugues/busca/portugues-brasileiro/crença.
https://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno-por... , are related to several social, environmental and cultural factors, as well as socioeconomic level, education, family traditions, access to information about food that directly influence food choices¹³13 Wilson GT, Perrin NA, Rosselli F, Striegel-Moore RH, Debar LL, Kraemer HC. Beliefs about eating and eating disorders. Eat Behav 2009; 10(3): 157-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.03.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.03... .

One of the cognitive processes related to restrictive diets that impacts the decision to give in to eating is compensatory beliefs: the view that the consequences of engaging in a behavior considered indulgent (eating a cake, a sweet, a dessert) by one who restricts “unhealthy” food or caloric intakes can be neutralized by another behavior (e.g., skipping dinner)¹⁴14 Kronick I, Knäuper B. Temptations elicit compensatory intentions. Appetite 2010; 54(2): 398-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.12.011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.12.... . The predictive validity of dietary beliefs was also observed in a longitudinal study, in which the expectation that eating would help control negative affection predicted the development of binge eating in female adolescent⁵5 Smith GT, Simmons JR, Flory K, Annus AM, Hill KK. Thinness and eating expectancies predict subsequent binge-eating and purging behavior among adolescent girls. J Abnorm Psychol 2007; 116(1): 188-97. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.188
https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.... .

Cooper et al.,¹⁵15 Cooper MJ, Wells A, Todd G. A cognitive model of bulimia nervosa. Br J Clin Psychol 2004; 43(Pt 1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466504772812931
https://doi.org/10.1348/0144665047728129... emphasize the role of certain cognitive processes in maintaining binge eating episodes in a model that categorizes a set of beliefs considered positive about the role of compulsion in reducing emotional stress (“eating helps me cope”); permissive beliefs (“it's okay to binge eat”); and negative beliefs of “no control” (“once I start eating, I can't stop”)¹⁵15 Cooper MJ, Wells A, Todd G. A cognitive model of bulimia nervosa. Br J Clin Psychol 2004; 43(Pt 1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466504772812931
https://doi.org/10.1348/0144665047728129... . The most cited cognitive models to explain binge eating focus on the role of cognitive restriction, or the act of dieting⁶6 Kronick I, Auerbach RP, Stich C, Knäuper B. Compensatory beliefs and intentions contribute to the prediction of caloric intake in dieters. Appetite 2011; 57(2): 435-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.306
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.... ,¹⁴14 Kronick I, Knäuper B. Temptations elicit compensatory intentions. Appetite 2010; 54(2): 398-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.12.011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.12.... ,¹⁶16 Coffino JA, Orloff NC, Hormes JM. Dietary restraint partially mediates the relationship between impulsivity and binge eating only in lean individuals: the importance of accounting for body mass in studies of restraint. Front Psychol 2016; 7: 1499. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01499
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01499... , in addition to low self-esteem and concern with body image, shape and weight¹⁷17 Herman CP, Mack D. Restrained and unrestrained eating. J Pers 1975; 43(4): 647-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1975.tb00727.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1975... –¹⁹19 Rohde P, Stice E, Marti CN. Development and predictive effects of eating disorder risk factors during adolescence: implications for prevention efforts. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48(2): 187-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22270
https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22270... . However, few studies evaluate the cognitive processes that contribute to the maintenance of binge eating¹⁵15 Cooper MJ, Wells A, Todd G. A cognitive model of bulimia nervosa. Br J Clin Psychol 2004; 43(Pt 1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466504772812931
https://doi.org/10.1348/0144665047728129... .

The Eating Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ-18) is an instrument used to assess positive, negative and permissive beliefs that maintain compulsive eating²⁰20 Burton AL, Abbott MJ. The revised short-form of the Eating Beliefs Questionnaire: measuring positive, negative, and permissive beliefs about binge eating. J Eat Disord 2018; 6: 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0224-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0224-... and, although other instruments are used to assess beliefs that act as triggers and/or to maintain eating disorders (ED), they focus on beliefs related to anorexia and bulimia nervosa, and not specifically on eating compulsion²¹21 Fairburn CG, Beglin SJ. Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire? Int J Eat Disord 1994; 16(4): 363-70. PMID: 7866415–²⁴24 Cooper PJ, Taylor MJ, Cooper Z, Fairbum CG. The development and validation of the body shape questionnaire. Int J Eat Disord 1987; 6(4): 485-94. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(198707)6:4%3C485::AID-EAT2260060405%3E3.0.CO;2-O
https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(198707... . Most instruments available for evaluating binge eating focus on behaviors and diagnostic criteria rather than beliefs, or evaluate beliefs related to self-acceptance and control over eating²¹21 Fairburn CG, Beglin SJ. Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire? Int J Eat Disord 1994; 16(4): 363-70. PMID: 7866415–²⁵25 Cooper MJ, Todd G, Woolrich R, Somerville K, Wells A. Assessing eating disorder thoughts and behaviors: the development and preliminary evaluation of two questionnaires. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2006; 30(5): 551-70.. Only the EBQ-18 had data validated in a clinical sample and investigates three dietary beliefs (positive, negative and permissive)²⁰20 Burton AL, Abbott MJ. The revised short-form of the Eating Beliefs Questionnaire: measuring positive, negative, and permissive beliefs about binge eating. J Eat Disord 2018; 6: 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0224-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0224-... .

The EBQ was developed with input from experts in ED and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). It is a self-report measure, with originally 27 items addressing positive and negative beliefs that maintain binge eating²⁶26 Burton AL, Hay P, Kleitman S, Smith E, Raman J, Swinbourne J, et al. Confirmatory factor analysis and examination of the psychometric properties of the eating beliefs questionnaire. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17(1): 237. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1394-z
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1394-... . Its factorial structure was explored in a clinical sample of university students in Australia, the community in general, people seeking treatment for ED and participants in a study on obesity²⁶26 Burton AL, Hay P, Kleitman S, Smith E, Raman J, Swinbourne J, et al. Confirmatory factor analysis and examination of the psychometric properties of the eating beliefs questionnaire. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17(1): 237. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1394-z
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1394-... . Subsequently, through literature consultation and input from a committee of 10 experts, 19 permissive belief items were developed and included in the EBQ for online application to psychology students (n=767) and community participants (n=116). An exploratory factor analysis supported a three-factor solution (positive, negative, and permissive beliefs), explaining 63.4% of the variance, and a confirmatory factor analysis supported a shorted 18-item model (Cronbach's α=0.88 — negative beliefs; 0.92 — positive beliefs; and 0.88 — permissive beliefs)²⁰20 Burton AL, Abbott MJ. The revised short-form of the Eating Beliefs Questionnaire: measuring positive, negative, and permissive beliefs about binge eating. J Eat Disord 2018; 6: 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0224-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0224-... . EBQ-18 scores correlated with frequency of binge eating episodes and increase in body mass index (BMI)²⁷27 Burton AL, Mitchison D, Hay P, Donnelly B, Thornton C, Russell J, et al. Beliefs about Binge Eating: Psychometric Properties of the Eating Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ-18) in eating disorder, obese, and community samples. Nutrients 2018; 10(9): 1306. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091306
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091306... .

The EBQ-18's response options consider a 5-point Likert scale (from 1=totally disagree to 5=totally agree). Negative beliefs are related to negative convictions about eating (“I can't control my urge to eat”); positive beliefs, to the perceived benefits of binge eating (“eating makes me feel better”); and permissive beliefs refer to cognitive processes related to permissiveness (“I deserve it”, “it's okay to binge eat from time to time”)²⁰20 Burton AL, Abbott MJ. The revised short-form of the Eating Beliefs Questionnaire: measuring positive, negative, and permissive beliefs about binge eating. J Eat Disord 2018; 6: 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0224-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0224-... .

Studies on the development and application of the EBQ⁸8 Burton AL, Abbott MJ. Processes and pathways to binge eating development of an integrated cognitive and behavioral model of binge eating. J Eat Disord 2019; 7: 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-019-0248-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-019-0248-... ,²⁰20 Burton AL, Abbott MJ. The revised short-form of the Eating Beliefs Questionnaire: measuring positive, negative, and permissive beliefs about binge eating. J Eat Disord 2018; 6: 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0224-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0224-... ,²⁶26 Burton AL, Hay P, Kleitman S, Smith E, Raman J, Swinbourne J, et al. Confirmatory factor analysis and examination of the psychometric properties of the eating beliefs questionnaire. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17(1): 237. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1394-z
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1394-... –²⁹29 Asl EM, Khanjani S, Mahaki B, Mohammadian Y. Disordered eating: the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Eating Attitudes Test-8. J Educ Health Promot 2020; 9: 307. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_193_20
https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_193_20... supported its choice as a conceptually appropriate instrument for assessing dietary beliefs, especially for adolescents, who tend to show less engagement with more extensive instruments of evaluation.

Given the importance of metacognition in eating behavior²⁹29 Asl EM, Khanjani S, Mahaki B, Mohammadian Y. Disordered eating: the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Eating Attitudes Test-8. J Educ Health Promot 2020; 9: 307. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_193_20
https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_193_20... , the observation of a higher prevalence of compulsion among typical ED behaviors (restriction, compulsion and compensation)³⁰30 He J, Cai Z, Fan X. Prevalence of binge and loss of control eating among children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: an exploratory meta-analysis. Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50(2): 91-103. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22661
https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22661... , including national studies³¹31 Ferreira JES, Veiga GV. Eating disorder risk behavior in Brazilian adolescents from low socio-economic level. Appetite 2008; 51(2): 249-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.02.015
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.02.... –³⁷37 Sonneville KR, Horton NJ, Micali N, Crosby RD, Swanson SA, Solmi F, et al. Longitudinal associations between binge eating and overeating and adverse outcomes among adolescents and young adults: does loss of control matter? JAMA Pediatr 2013; 167(2): 149-55. https://doi.org/10.1001/2013.jamapediatrics.12
https://doi.org/10.1001/2013.jamapediatr... , and the fact that studies that specifically assess eating beliefs are scarce, this study aims to cross-culturally adapt the EBQ-18 into Brazilian Portuguese to be used with female adolescents.

METHODS

The cross-cultural adaptation process of the EBQ was based on universal recommendations³⁸38 Reichenheim ME, Moraes CL. Operacionalização de adaptação transcultural de instrumentos de aferição usados em epidemiologia. Rev Saúde Pública 2007; 41(4): 665-73. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102006005000035
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200600... ,³⁹39 Herdman M, Fox-Rushby J, Badia X. A model of equivalence in the cultural adaptation of HRQoL instruments: the universalist approach. Qual Life Res 1998; 7(4): 323-35. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024985930536
https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024985930536... regarding the items’ semantic, idiomatic, conceptual, cultural and operational equivalence. The authors of the original instrument were previously contacted and formally authorized the process of adaptation of the questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese.

Cross-cultural adaptation process

The conceptual equivalence stage consisted of exploring the construct of interest and assessing the relevance of the original instrument's dimensions, being carried out through a broad literature review on available instruments on dietary beliefs and adaptable to different target audiences.

The content equivalence step, aiming to guarantee that the adapted version would keep the same meaning of the original instrument, was carried out in translation steps; synthesis of translations; evaluation by expert and bilingual committees; and back-translation of final synthesized version.

The EBQ-18 was translated from the original English version into Brazilian Portuguese by two independent bilingual translators fluent and linguistically competent in both languages, but laypersons in the subject matter. The two translated versions were compared to define a single version (synthesis version 1).

The synthesis version 1 was submitted, with the original version in English, to a committee of 12 specialists in eating behavior (eight women and four men, with mean age of 31 years), comprising nine nutritionists, one physical education professional, a professor of psychology and a researcher who is also a dental surgeon, to evaluate the criteria of semantic equivalence (meaning of words in relation to vocabulary and grammar), idiomatic equivalence (adequacy of the meaning of expressions), cultural equivalence (adaptation to the cultural context of the target audience) and conceptual equivalence (maintenance of the originally proposed theoretical concept). Each question was evaluated and scored by the specialists, assigning “-1” for “Inadequate”; “0” for “Adequate” or “1” for “Extremely Adequate”⁴⁰40 Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000; 25(24): 3186-91. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-2000121... .

The synthesis version 2 was submitted to a committee of 12 bilingual people (eight women and four men, with mean age of 33.9 years), randomly divided into two groups to respond to the two versions of the questionnaire (in English and in Brazilian Portuguese) with an interval of five days, to verify agreement or incongruity in the understanding of the scale between languages. The paired t-test was performed to compare the responses of the bilingual sample to the original in English and the adapted version in Portuguese. The agreement between responses was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)⁴¹41 Fisher RA. Statistical methods for research workers. In: Kotz S, Johnson NL, eds. Breakthroughs in statistics. Springer series in statistics (Perspectives in statistics). New York; Springer; 1972. p. 66-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-9_6
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-... , obtained through ratio between the variances of subjects and the sum of variances of subjects related to error. The ICC can range from zero to +1, with +1 being considered perfect⁴¹41 Fisher RA. Statistical methods for research workers. In: Kotz S, Johnson NL, eds. Breakthroughs in statistics. Springer series in statistics (Perspectives in statistics). New York; Springer; 1972. p. 66-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-9_6
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-... .

The adapted version was back-translated by a third translator and submitted to the authors of the original questionnaire for approval and confirmation of maintenance of the original meaning. After approval of the adapted version, the operational equivalence stage was carried out to assess the completion time, understanding and clarity of the questions by the target audience.

The questionnaire was completed in a digital form, available via Google Forms®, by a sample of 20 female adolescents enrolled in private schools in São Paulo. Adolescents aged between 14 and 18 years old, who presented the signed consent form by their guardians and assented their participation in the research, via Adobe Sign®, were eligible.

To calculate the content validity coefficient (CVC)⁴²42 Cassep-Borges V, Balbinotti MA, Teodoro MLM. Tradução e validação de conteúdo: uma proposta para a adaptação de instrumentos. Instrumentação psicológica: fundamentos e prática. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2010. p. 506-520., to assess the clarity and understanding of the instrument, each item of the questionnaire was followed by a scale of 1 to 5 points, both for clarity and understanding (where 1=no clarity/understanding; and 5=complete clarity/understanding) and the minimum value accepted was 0.80⁴³43 Hernandez-Nieto RA. Contributions to Statistical Analysis. Merida: Universidad de Los Andes; 2022.. The content validity coefficient was calculated as follows (Equation 1):

To remove possible biases of participants, the error calculation was performed (Equation 2):

So: CVC_final=CVC − Error.

The students answered with their age, family income (alternative salary ranges according to minimum wages, based on Decree 9661/2019, which provides for the value of the minimum wage), parents’ education, self-reported weight and height, and school in which they were enrolled.

After applying the instrument to the selected sample and calculating the CVC, mean and standard deviation were obtained, followed by asymmetry and kurtosis measurements. Data were input in a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet and later transferred for analysis in the R software (version 4.2 for Mac iOS).

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, following the principles of the National Health Council (Resolution 466/2012) of the Ministry of Health for research with human beings.

RESULTS

The main versions of the EBQ-18 during the cross-cultural adaptation process are presented in the supplementary material.

Semantic, idiomatic, conceptual and cultural equivalence

After evaluating the specialists’ comments and classifying the equivalence of questions, changes were made based on the committee's suggestions and consensus between the researchers (Chart 1). Items 5, 6, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 had an adequate percentage classification for equivalences, so no changes were needed. Questions 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 13 underwent changes according to the committee's suggestions and consensus between the researchers.

Although question 1 was assessed as 8% “Inadequate” regarding semantic, idiomatic and conceptual equivalence, 17% regarding conceptual equivalence because of the English term “urge to eat”, suggestions and comments were divergent regarding the best term to be used in the translation.

In question 2, “means” was changed to “is a form of”. In question 3, “só (only)” was included to denote the secrecy of compulsion. In question 4, the adverb “when” was changed to “since”. In question 7, the pronoun “I” was added at the beginning of the sentence. In question 8, “more” was added before the word “bearable”. The expression “all right” in question 9 was replaced by “no problem”. In question 10, “my diet” was changed to “my way of eating”. In question 12, “the compulsion” was changed to “compulsive eating”. The sentence in question 13 “I will never stop eating” was changed to “I never stop eating”.

The synthesis version 2, with these adaptations, was submitted to a committee of 12 bilingual people, randomly divided into two groups to respond to both versions (original and synthesis 2), with an interval of five days. The comparison of responses for the English and Brazilian Portuguese versions is shown in Table 1. There was no significant difference between mean responses for any of the items between versions. The question with the lowest agreement was item 7, “I have no willpower when it comes to food”, and the question with the highest agreement was item 3, “Compulsive eating is something I can have all to myself”. After analyzing the bilingual evaluators’ answers, some questions were discussed again with eight of them to check any difficulties in interpretation or any other reason for different answers to the same questions in different versions. Most of them reported different scores because they responded to the versions at different times.

The observations made by the bilingual evaluators were discussed, and questions 9, 13 and 18 were again submitted to the expert committee for evaluation of possible final adaptations. For question 9, an option in Brazilian Portuguese was requested for the English expression “experience of binge eating” (“experiência comendo compulsivamente”; “experiência de comer compulsivamente”; “experiência de compulsão”). For question 13, “If I don't control myself, I never stop eating”, we inquired about the most appropriate tense between “If I don't control myself, I never stop eating” and “I can't stop eating”. For question 18, “I like to binge”, we requested the best option between “I like to eat compulsively” and “I like to eat compulsively”. Question 1, which brings the term “urge to eat”, was also discussed as for the term in Portuguese, to express will, desire or food impulses.

After this last review by specialists, which resulted in the synthesis version 2 of the EBQ-18, the questionnaire was submitted to back-translation and then for approval by the authors of the original questionnaire. They approved the version adapted to Brazilian Portuguese and confirmed that the meaning and intention of the original EBQ-18 were maintained in the adaptation process, reinforcing that it be pointed out, in the discussion of any publication that presents this translation, that the intention is that the items assess “binge eating” according to the criteria described in the DSM-5¹1 Alvarenga MDS, Figueiredo M, Timerman F, Antonaccio C. Nutrição comportamental. Barueri: Manole; 2015..

The synthesis version 2 was applied to the target audience aiming to assess operational equivalence. The participants (n=20) were aged between 14 and 18 years old (mean=17.55, SD=1.00); their mean weight was 65.97 kg (SD=8.62), mean height was 1.65 m (SD=0.05), mean BMI was 24.11 kg/m² (SD=2.91); and mean Z-score of 0.70 (SD=0.66). As for family income, 10% of the sample reported an income of up to 2 minimum wages; 15%, between 2 and 4 minimum wages; 20%, between 4 and 10 minimum wages; and 55% reported more than 10 minimum wages (data not reported in the table).

The adolescents took, on average, 4.4 minutes (SD=1.23 minutes) to answer the EBQ-18. The average score of each item, respective standard deviations and measures of asymmetry and kurtosis are listed in Table 2.

The clarity grade for the EBQ-18 had a CVCt of 0.975. With the exception of item 3 (CVC=0.79), all items were above the established cutoff point⁴³43 Hernandez-Nieto RA. Contributions to Statistical Analysis. Merida: Universidad de Los Andes; 2022.. As for understanding in the EBQ-18, the CVCt was 0.97, and all items were evaluated with values between 0.88 and 1.00 (Table 3), except item 3 (CVC=0.72).

One participant reported difficulty understanding question 3 (“Compulsive eating is something I can have all to myself”); another one reported being in doubt about the clarity of question 7 (“I don't have any willpower when it comes to food”); and another one described difficulty with questions 3 and 18 (“I like to binge eat.”). The others reported not having difficulty understanding any of the 18 questions.

After evaluating the results, discussing with specialists and confirming the conceptual adequacy of item 3 of the version adapted by the authors of the original instrument, item 3 of the permissive eating beliefs scale was adjusted to “Compulsive eating is something I can have/do just for me”. The item also had the highest ICC (0.893) among all the items when comparing the scores of the bilingual answers to the questions in the original and adapted versions, reinforcing the agreement between the versions and the decision to maintain the item in adequate conformity with the original version (final version of supplementary material).

DISCUSSION

This study achieved the objective of conducting the cross-cultural adaptation of the reduced version of 18 questions of the EBQ into Brazilian Portuguese, aimed at female adolescent, following methodological guidelines. In addition to classic recommendations³⁸38 Reichenheim ME, Moraes CL. Operacionalização de adaptação transcultural de instrumentos de aferição usados em epidemiologia. Rev Saúde Pública 2007; 41(4): 665-73. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102006005000035
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200600... ,³⁹39 Herdman M, Fox-Rushby J, Badia X. A model of equivalence in the cultural adaptation of HRQoL instruments: the universalist approach. Qual Life Res 1998; 7(4): 323-35. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024985930536
https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024985930536... , this process included the application of the questionnaire to a bilingual committee to analyze the agreement between versions, approval of the adapted version by the authors of the original instrument.

The adapted instrument assesses dietary beliefs that maintain episodes of binge eating, an important study for the field of nutrition, especially due to the high prevalence of risk for binge eating in Brazilian adolescents³¹31 Ferreira JES, Veiga GV. Eating disorder risk behavior in Brazilian adolescents from low socio-economic level. Appetite 2008; 51(2): 249-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.02.015
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.02.... ,⁴⁴44 Oliboni CM, Alvarenga MS. Atitudes alimentares e para com o ganho de peso e satisfação corporal de gestantes adolescentes. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2015; 37(12): 585-92. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-720320150005481
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-7203201500... . So far, there are no studies evaluating this aspect of eating compulsion—maintenance beliefs—in Brazil, and even internationally, studies are scarce. Regarding the studies that used the EBQ-18, due to the recent development, there are only studies with adults⁸8 Burton AL, Abbott MJ. Processes and pathways to binge eating development of an integrated cognitive and behavioral model of binge eating. J Eat Disord 2019; 7: 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-019-0248-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-019-0248-... ,²⁰20 Burton AL, Abbott MJ. The revised short-form of the Eating Beliefs Questionnaire: measuring positive, negative, and permissive beliefs about binge eating. J Eat Disord 2018; 6: 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0224-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0224-... ,²⁶26 Burton AL, Hay P, Kleitman S, Smith E, Raman J, Swinbourne J, et al. Confirmatory factor analysis and examination of the psychometric properties of the eating beliefs questionnaire. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17(1): 237. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1394-z
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1394-... –²⁹29 Asl EM, Khanjani S, Mahaki B, Mohammadian Y. Disordered eating: the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Eating Attitudes Test-8. J Educ Health Promot 2020; 9: 307. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_193_20
https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_193_20... . This work is pioneer in presenting a new tool for assessing eating-related beliefs in the Brazilian culture, focused on female adolescents, who are especially more susceptible to eating disorders¹1 Alvarenga MDS, Figueiredo M, Timerman F, Antonaccio C. Nutrição comportamental. Barueri: Manole; 2015.,⁴⁵45 Cattarin JA, Thompson JK. A three-year longitudinal study of body image, eating disturbance, and general psychological functioning in adolescent females. Journal of Treatment & Prevention 1994; 2(2): 114-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640269408249107
https://doi.org/10.1080/1064026940824910... .

The cross-cultural adaptation of the EBQ-18 resulted in an instrument that is easy to use, with satisfactory results in terms of clarity and understanding, and the sample that participated in this evaluation showed characteristics similar to those of the Brazilian population in this age group⁴⁶46 Brasil. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de orçamentos familiares 2017-2018: análise da segurança alimentar no Brasil [Internet]. [cited on 20 Mar. 2022]. Available at: https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/saude/24786-pesquisa-de-orcamentos-familiares-2.html?=&t=resultados
https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/soc... , in which the majority is eutrophic, with adequate height for age, although a high socioeconomic level was observed.

We emphasize the possibility of using this instrument with boys, since minimal adjustments would be necessary (gender pronouns), as observed in previous studies, with the application of the EBQ-18 in other countries for both men and women⁸8 Burton AL, Abbott MJ. Processes and pathways to binge eating development of an integrated cognitive and behavioral model of binge eating. J Eat Disord 2019; 7: 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-019-0248-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-019-0248-... ,²⁰20 Burton AL, Abbott MJ. The revised short-form of the Eating Beliefs Questionnaire: measuring positive, negative, and permissive beliefs about binge eating. J Eat Disord 2018; 6: 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0224-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0224-... ,²⁶26 Burton AL, Hay P, Kleitman S, Smith E, Raman J, Swinbourne J, et al. Confirmatory factor analysis and examination of the psychometric properties of the eating beliefs questionnaire. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17(1): 237. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1394-z
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1394-... –²⁹29 Asl EM, Khanjani S, Mahaki B, Mohammadian Y. Disordered eating: the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Eating Attitudes Test-8. J Educ Health Promot 2020; 9: 307. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_193_20
https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_193_20... . The adapted version does not present any application restriction for adults of the same culture, since it fully kept the concept of the original scale items.

One should consider limiting the use of a convenience sample. However, in the operational equivalence stage, there is no requirement for such a broad and heterogeneous public, as it is intended for the assessment of psychometric properties³⁸38 Reichenheim ME, Moraes CL. Operacionalização de adaptação transcultural de instrumentos de aferição usados em epidemiologia. Rev Saúde Pública 2007; 41(4): 665-73. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102006005000035
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200600... ,⁴³43 Hernandez-Nieto RA. Contributions to Statistical Analysis. Merida: Universidad de Los Andes; 2022.. One difficulty in the process, pointed out by the specialists and by the bilingual committee, was the existence of terms in English without a literal translation into Brazilian Portuguese, such as the term “binge”, which, in English, is also used as a verb, not having a single word that could replace the term. In order to maintain the instrument's original concept, the terms were adapted to expressions describing binge eating according to the DSM-5¹1 Alvarenga MDS, Figueiredo M, Timerman F, Antonaccio C. Nutrição comportamental. Barueri: Manole; 2015..

In order for the EBQ-18 to be used in evaluation studies and epidemiological and clinical protocols focused on eating beliefs and compulsion, it is necessary that new studies evaluate the psychometric properties in each target audience⁴¹41 Fisher RA. Statistical methods for research workers. In: Kotz S, Johnson NL, eds. Breakthroughs in statistics. Springer series in statistics (Perspectives in statistics). New York; Springer; 1972. p. 66-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-9_6
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-... ,⁴²42 Cassep-Borges V, Balbinotti MA, Teodoro MLM. Tradução e validação de conteúdo: uma proposta para a adaptação de instrumentos. Instrumentação psicológica: fundamentos e prática. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2010. p. 506-520.. It is recommended that further studies explore correlations between the EBQ-18 factors and concerns related to body shape, since previous studies highlight their relevance in eating behaviors among adolescents, with significant paths to compulsive eating¹⁹19 Rohde P, Stice E, Marti CN. Development and predictive effects of eating disorder risk factors during adolescence: implications for prevention efforts. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48(2): 187-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22270
https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22270... ,⁴⁵45 Cattarin JA, Thompson JK. A three-year longitudinal study of body image, eating disturbance, and general psychological functioning in adolescent females. Journal of Treatment & Prevention 1994; 2(2): 114-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640269408249107
https://doi.org/10.1080/1064026940824910... ,⁴⁷47 Mantilla EF, Birgegård, A. The enemy within: the association between self-image and eating disorder symptoms in healthy, non help-seeking and clinical young women. Journal of Eating Disorders 2015; 3(30). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-015-0067-x
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-015-0067-... . Studies carried out with the EBQ-18 reported a negative correlation of its subscales with self-compassion, self-esteem and food self-efficacy, central issues studied in binge eating⁸8 Burton AL, Abbott MJ. Processes and pathways to binge eating development of an integrated cognitive and behavioral model of binge eating. J Eat Disord 2019; 7: 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-019-0248-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-019-0248-... ,²⁹29 Asl EM, Khanjani S, Mahaki B, Mohammadian Y. Disordered eating: the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Eating Attitudes Test-8. J Educ Health Promot 2020; 9: 307. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_193_20
https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_193_20... .

After the cross-cultural adaptation, we concluded that the instrument satisfactorily meets the conceptual, idiomatic, semantic, cultural and operational equivalences and is suitable and available for use in a population of Brazilian adolescents.

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