Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

to report the experience on infant mortality surveillance (IMS) in the municipality of Recife-PE, Brazil.

METHODS:

a documentary research and a query with key-informants who participated in the implementation and consolidation of the IMS were conducted; data of the Mortality Information System (SIM) and of the surveillance worksheets were used to measure the coverage of the investigated deaths.

RESULTS:

the implementation of the IMS has occurred gradually since 2003; the strategy is composed by (i) identification of deaths, (ii) investigation, (iii) discussion, (iv) recommendations and correction of vital statistics; upon completion of implementation (2006), 98.5% (256) of the deaths had been investigated and discussed, with the participation of those involved in the cases; in 2015, this coverage corresponded to 97.7%.

CONCLUSION:

the main recommendations consisted of expanding the access, coverage and improvement of primary, secondary and tertiary care quality; IMS is able to support changes in health care practices, as well as planning and organization of maternal and child care.

Keywords:
Infant Mortality; Epidemiological Surveillance; Information Systems

Introduction

Infant mortality surveillance (IMS) is recognized as an important strategy for raising awareness on the situation of health and assistance given by the maternal-infant care network. Therefore, it is an important tool to assess the Health System effectiveness.¹1. Frias PG, Lira PIC, Vidal SA, Vanderlei LC. Vigilância de óbitos infantis como indicador da efetividade do sistema de saúde - estudo em um município do interior do Nordeste brasileiro. J Pediatr. 2002 nov-dez;78(6):509-16.

2. Mathias TAF, Uchimura TT, Assunção AN, Predebon KM. Atividades de extensão universitária em comitê de prevenção de mortalidade infantil e estatísticas de saúde. Rev Bras Enferm. 2009 mar-abr;62(2):205-311.

3. Merali HS, Lipsitz S, Hevelone N, Gawande AA, Lashoher A, Agrawal P et al. Audit-identified avoidable factors in maternal and perinatal deaths in low resource settings: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2014 Aug;14:280.^-44. Bamber JH, Kinsella SM. MBRRACE-UK - the new home for the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths - reports for the first time. Anaesthesia. 2015 Jan;70(1):5-9. From 2010 onward, the Brazilian Ministry of Health established infant and fetal mortality surveillance as mandatory in the whole country.⁵5. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria nº 72, de 11 de janeiro de 2010. Estabelece que a Vigilância fetal é obrigatória nos serviços de saúde (públicos e privados) que integram o Sistema Único de Saúde. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília (DF), 2010 jan 12;Seção 1:29. Under this legal support, death investigation began to be recognized institutionally as a tool to understand the chain of death determinants, especially the preventable ones.⁵5. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria nº 72, de 11 de janeiro de 2010. Estabelece que a Vigilância fetal é obrigatória nos serviços de saúde (públicos e privados) que integram o Sistema Único de Saúde. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília (DF), 2010 jan 12;Seção 1:29.^,66. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Manual de Vigilância do óbito infantil e fetal e do comitê de prevenção do óbito infantil e fetal. 2 ed. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2009. (Série A. Normas e manuais técnicos). However, the number of infant deaths investigated in the country still needs to be expanded.⁷7. Caetano SF, Vanderlei LCM, Frias PG. Avaliação da completitude dos instrumentos de investigação do óbito infantil no município de Arapiraca, Alagoas. Cad Saude Colet. 2013 jul-set;21(3):309-17.

8. Santana IP, Santos JM, Costa JR, Oliveira RR, Orlandi MHF, Mathias TAF. Aspectos da mortalidade infantil conforme informações da investigação de óbito. Acta Paul Enferm. 2011;24(4):556-62.

9. Santana M, Aquino R, Medina MG. Efeito da Estratégia Saúde da Família na vigilância de óbitos infantis. Rev Saude Publica. 2012 fev;46(1):59-67.

10. Santos HG, Andrade SM, Silva AMR, Carvalho WO, Mesas AE, Gonzáles AD. Concordância sobre causas básicas de morte infantile entre registros originais e após investigação: análise de dois biênios dos anos 2000. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2014 abr-jun;17(2):313-22.

11. Silva VLS, Santos IS, Medronha NS, Matijasevich A. Mortalidade infantil na cidade de Pelotas, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, no período 2005-2008: uso da investigação de óbitos na análise de causas evitáveis. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2012 abr-jun;21(2):265-74.^-1212. Dutra IR, Andrade GN, Rezende EM, Gazzinelli A. Investigação dos óbitos infantil e fetal no Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Min Enferm. 2015 jul-set;19(3):597-604.

In the municipality of Recife, capital of Pernambuco State, the IMS was implemented as a critical-reflective tool for organizing health network, different from other Brazilian regions/ federative units where these activities were linked to the Municipal, Regional and States Committees for Mortality Prevention.²2. Mathias TAF, Uchimura TT, Assunção AN, Predebon KM. Atividades de extensão universitária em comitê de prevenção de mortalidade infantil e estatísticas de saúde. Rev Bras Enferm. 2009 mar-abr;62(2):205-311.^,1313. Venâncio SI, Paiva R. O processo de implantação dos comitês de investigação do óbito infantil no estado de São Paulo. Rev Bras Saude Mater Infant. 2010 jul-set;10(3):369-75. The knowledge on the development process of IMS can contribute to the effectiveness of the strategy, besides providing relevant information on the challenges of operation and benefiting institutions that have not yet implemented or need to strengthen their IMS, by anticipating difficulties related to the rules established in the country and the socio-economic and organizational local context.

This study aimed to report the experience of infant mortality surveillance in Recife, where the activity used to be performed before the establishment of this surveillance by the Ministry of Health. We addressed the utility of this strategy for managing maternal and infant health policy, producing relevant information and raising Health professionals' critical thinking.

Methods

A documentary research was carried out to rebuild the history of that intervention. Key-informants and files - printed and digital - of Recife's Health Department were consulted.

Recife, capital Pernambuco State, is located in the Brazilian Northeast region. According to 2010 Demographic Census, it comprised the fourth biggest urban population in Brazil: 1,537,704 inhabitants, of which 19,142 (1.24%) were children under one year old.¹⁴14. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pernambuco: Recife: censo demográfico 2010: resultados do universo - características da população e dos domicílios [Internet]. Brasília: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; 2010 [citado em 2015 jul 29]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/temas.php?lang=&codmun=261160&idtema=67&search=pernambuco|recife|censo-demografico-2010:-resultados-do-universo-caracteristicas-da-populacao-e-dos-domicilios
http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/tem...

The following documents were revised: implementation of IMS project,¹⁵15. Secretaria de Saúde (Recife). Projeto de implantação da vigilância do óbito infantil no Recife. Recife (PE), 2002. reports, presentations given to professionals of sanitary districts, congress presentations,¹⁶16. Lima RGS, Oliveira CM, Antonino VCS, Guimarães MJB. Contribuições da vigilância do óbito em menores de um ano para o sistema de informação sobre mortalidade, distrito sanitário III, Recife, 2003. VI Congresso Brasileiro de Epidemiologia, 2004, Recife. Recife: Anais do VI Congresso Brasileiro de Epidemiologia; 2004.

17. Oliveira CM. Processo de validação de endereço de residência dos óbitos infantis como aprimoramento do cálculo do coeficiente de mortalidade infantil - Recife-PE. 2ª Mostra de Saúde SUS Recife, 2009, Recife. Recife: Anais da Mostra de Saúde SUS Recife; 2009.

18. Rodrigues MOS, Antonino VCS, Oliveira CM. Contribuição da vigilância do óbito infantil para a qualidade do sistema de informação sobre nascidos vivos. VIII Congresso Brasileiro de Epidemiologia, 2011, São Paulo. São Paulo: Anais do VIII Congresso Brasileiro de Epidemiologia; 2011.^-1919. Guimarães ALS, Marques LJP, Silva MG, Oliveira CM, Bonfim CV. Análise da completitude da ficha confidencial de investigação da Vigilância do Óbito Infantil. II Congresso IMIP de Saúde Integral do Vale do Médio São Francisco, Juazeiro, 2013. Juazeiro: IMIP; 2013. official letters, internal communications and summary-files from infant deaths which had been investigated and discussed. The research and analysis of these documents were based on the identification and comprehension of core elements of the process of implementation, components, operation and recommendations from IMS, revealing its visible and latent content. Documents from 2002 (when the proposal for implementing the strategy was filed) to 2015 were selected.

After that, queries to key-informants and participants of the implementation and setting of this surveillance were conducted. The process of implementation, components, operation and recommendations of the IMS were described. To measure the strategy range, were used the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the worksheets built by the Municipal Health Department as a source of data to monitor the practice of IMS, related to the 2003-2015 period. The databases were provided by the aforementioned Department, in which we could access the absolute and relative frequencies of the investigated deaths. In Recife, SIM information is considered stable: historically, Recife has presented improvements in the coverage and quality of this system's data, which is used as a source of information on deaths and to the direct calculation of infant mortality.²⁰20. Rodrigues M, Bonfim C, Portugal JL, Frias PG, Gurgel IGD, Costa TR, et al. Análise espacial da mortalidade infantil e adequação das informações vitais: uma proposta para definição de áreas prioritárias. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2014 jul;19(7):2047-54.

This study was authorized by Recife's Health Department and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee from Aggeu Magalhães Research Center/ Oswaldo Cruz Foundation: Protocol No. 07336313.6.0000.5190, dated April 3^rd, 2013.

Results

Implementation process of infant mortality surveillance - IMS

In 2002, after analyzing infant mortality situation in Recife, a proposal for IMS was presented; it was built collectively, with the participation of managers and workers from the health care and surveillance. The strategy had the following objectives: (i) to identify flaws in maternal and infant health care which contributed to deaths, defining their preventability, (ii) to improve the quality of information systems and (iii) to use them for pondering, planning and adopting measures designed to reduce infant mortality.¹⁵15. Secretaria de Saúde (Recife). Projeto de implantação da vigilância do óbito infantil no Recife. Recife (PE), 2002.

IMS operation occurred gradually in the six sanitary districts (SD) of Recife, which were conditioned by the availability of human resources and by the magnitude of the problem, being concluded in 2006. This strategy had been implemented in Recife before the Ministry of Health made it mandatory,⁵5. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria nº 72, de 11 de janeiro de 2010. Estabelece que a Vigilância fetal é obrigatória nos serviços de saúde (públicos e privados) que integram o Sistema Único de Saúde. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília (DF), 2010 jan 12;Seção 1:29. as other experiences in other municipalities²2. Mathias TAF, Uchimura TT, Assunção AN, Predebon KM. Atividades de extensão universitária em comitê de prevenção de mortalidade infantil e estatísticas de saúde. Rev Bras Enferm. 2009 mar-abr;62(2):205-311.^,88. Santana IP, Santos JM, Costa JR, Oliveira RR, Orlandi MHF, Mathias TAF. Aspectos da mortalidade infantil conforme informações da investigação de óbito. Acta Paul Enferm. 2011;24(4):556-62.^,1010. Santos HG, Andrade SM, Silva AMR, Carvalho WO, Mesas AE, Gonzáles AD. Concordância sobre causas básicas de morte infantile entre registros originais e após investigação: análise de dois biênios dos anos 2000. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2014 abr-jun;17(2):313-22.^,1111. Silva VLS, Santos IS, Medronha NS, Matijasevich A. Mortalidade infantil na cidade de Pelotas, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, no período 2005-2008: uso da investigação de óbitos na análise de causas evitáveis. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2012 abr-jun;21(2):265-74. and states of the country.⁹9. Santana M, Aquino R, Medina MG. Efeito da Estratégia Saúde da Família na vigilância de óbitos infantis. Rev Saude Publica. 2012 fev;46(1):59-67.^,1313. Venâncio SI, Paiva R. O processo de implantação dos comitês de investigação do óbito infantil no estado de São Paulo. Rev Bras Saude Mater Infant. 2010 jul-set;10(3):369-75.

In each SD, as well as at the central-municipal level, at least one technician with higher education degree was responsible for IMS and was trained to develop the expected activities. Among the desired requirements, this professional should have a global view of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS), especially its health care model, be a good listener and stimulate reflection, organize the investigation and lead discussions about the deaths, show abilities to assemble the group and to mediate conflicts. Their attributions were related to the execution and organization of investigation actions, promotion of inter-institutional contacts, management of discussions and reports elaboration.

Components, objectives and operationalization

The IMS is consisted of four components:

Figure 1 represents a summary of the work process developed at IMS, highlighting the different roles of the central-municipal and SD levels.

The first component (identification of infant deaths) aims to capture - via the responsible area at the Municipal Health Department - all deaths registered through Death Certificates (DC), at health facilities, at the Services of Death Investigation (SDI), at the Forensic Medicine Institute (FMI) and in registry offices. After that, the eligible deaths that occurred in Recife are selected (excluding congenital malformations). Each of these deaths is directed to the IMS team, who is responsible for locating the respective Certificate of Live Birth (CLB) in the database of the Information System on Live Births (Sinasc). Considering the mother's residence address, the copies of the DC and the CLB are forwarded weekly to the sanitary districts, responsible for the investigation process in their territories.

The mother's address validation is done through a household visit, using a specific form, under responsibility of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) and Community Health Agents Program (CHAP) teams, in the areas covered by the FHS and CHAP. In areas where there is no coverage, this activity is performed by the IMS team of the district. As a result of this procedure, about 10% of the records of mothers' household addresses related to infant deaths need to be rectified to another municipality.¹⁷17. Oliveira CM. Processo de validação de endereço de residência dos óbitos infantis como aprimoramento do cálculo do coeficiente de mortalidade infantil - Recife-PE. 2ª Mostra de Saúde SUS Recife, 2009, Recife. Recife: Anais da Mostra de Saúde SUS Recife; 2009.

The second component (epidemiological investigation) aims to identify the events that led to death, and its activity consists of investigation at households, at maternal and infant healthcare facilities (since their pregnancy) and at necropsy services, depending on the case. For this step, a confidential form is used, which is composed of variables related to (i) the identification of the child and their mother, (ii) family characteristics, data of (iii) pregnancy, (iv) prenatal care, (v) childbirth, (vi) childcare, (vii) ambulatory and hospital care to the pregnant woman and the child, and (viii) the occurrence of death. The form used in Recife encompasses all variables recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health.⁶6. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Manual de Vigilância do óbito infantil e fetal e do comitê de prevenção do óbito infantil e fetal. 2 ed. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2009. (Série A. Normas e manuais técnicos).

The professionals of primary health care and/or the IMS of the SD carry out researches on outpatient medical records and interviews at households. Hospital investigations are conducted by the IMS team of the sanitary district and of the Centers of Hospital Epidemiology; and at the necropsy services, by the IMS team of central-municipal level.

The discussion about the deaths, the third component, aims to evaluate the Health sector's role in the occurrence of deaths. For that purpose, a summary of the information gathered by the investigation is prepared, destined to the discussion of the deaths by the Technical-Management Group of IMS. This group is formed by the coordinator of mortality surveillance in the sanitary district, the FHS and CHAP teams, professionals from hospitals involved with pregnant women and child care, DS managers/technicians and from the central level of surveillance and health care (specific policies for children and women, and primary health care). The discussion about the deaths with the individuals involved in health care is a strong characteristic of Recife's IMS, making it different from other initiatives in which this discussion happens only at committees of infant mortality investigation, of municipal, regional or state levels.²2. Mathias TAF, Uchimura TT, Assunção AN, Predebon KM. Atividades de extensão universitária em comitê de prevenção de mortalidade infantil e estatísticas de saúde. Rev Bras Enferm. 2009 mar-abr;62(2):205-311.^,1313. Venâncio SI, Paiva R. O processo de implantação dos comitês de investigação do óbito infantil no estado de São Paulo. Rev Bras Saude Mater Infant. 2010 jul-set;10(3):369-75.

The discussions are conducted at the SD or in hospitals where the deaths occurred, with educative, contemplative and propositional purposes, other than coercive or punitive, and with a focus on the search for determinants and preventability factors, to evaluate health care and propose intervention measures.²¹21. Oliveira CM, Guimarães MJB, Bonfim CV, Frias PG, Antonino VCS, Guimarães ALS, et al. Adequação da investigação dos óbitos infantis no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil [no prelo]. Cienc Saude Coletiva [Internet]. 2016 [citado em 2016 ago 20]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.cienciaesaudecoletiva.com.br/ingles/artigos/artigo_int.php?id_artigo=15697
http://www.cienciaesaudecoletiva.com.br/... A recent recommendation of the Ministry of Health⁵5. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria nº 72, de 11 de janeiro de 2010. Estabelece que a Vigilância fetal é obrigatória nos serviços de saúde (públicos e privados) que integram o Sistema Único de Saúde. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília (DF), 2010 jan 12;Seção 1:29. establishes that, after this discussion, the summary-form of the infant death must be filled in; this document aims to register the analysis or closure of the case investigated and discussed by the Technical-Management Group.

The fourth and last component of IMS refers to issuing proposals for promotion, health care and correction of vital statistics of infant mortality. Activities in this component are related to preparing and sending reports with propositions destined to the Health sector and its responsible areas, for their proper arrangements. The required corrections are made at SIM and Sinasc.²¹21. Oliveira CM, Guimarães MJB, Bonfim CV, Frias PG, Antonino VCS, Guimarães ALS, et al. Adequação da investigação dos óbitos infantis no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil [no prelo]. Cienc Saude Coletiva [Internet]. 2016 [citado em 2016 ago 20]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.cienciaesaudecoletiva.com.br/ingles/artigos/artigo_int.php?id_artigo=15697
http://www.cienciaesaudecoletiva.com.br/... From 2010 onward, the state started typing the data of the summary-form in the module ‘Investigation of infant and fetal mortality’ at SIM-Web, as recommended by the Ministry of Health.⁵5. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria nº 72, de 11 de janeiro de 2010. Estabelece que a Vigilância fetal é obrigatória nos serviços de saúde (públicos e privados) que integram o Sistema Único de Saúde. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília (DF), 2010 jan 12;Seção 1:29.

Situation and contributions

In 2003, the first year of implementation of the infant mortality surveillance, 27.5% of deaths with no congenital malformation were investigated and discussed. This proportion reached 98.5% in 2006, with the conclusion of the implementation process in all SD, maintaining the same level until 2015 - the last year of the analyzed time series (Table 1).

After more than ten years of IMS implementation, among other several recommendations of the Technical-Management Group to avoid new deaths, the expansion of access and coverage, and improvement in the quality of primary, secondary and tertiary care were addressed with higher emphasis. All these actions are related to reproductive life planning, prenatal care, delivery and childbirth care, and child care during their first year of life.

Discussion

All components of IMS in Recife, in the search for comprehensive care and involvement of health professionals responsible for maternal and infant care (on the several assistance levels in the health care network, specified in each evaluated event), promote the reflection about assistance networks of inter-federative management, articulating clinical and organizational dimensions in its operationalization. This procedure has been helping on the acknowledgement that no organization or professional, isolated, gathers enough competence to solve health issues of complex determination.²²22. Hartz ZMA, Contandriopoulos AP. Integralidade da atenção e integração de serviços de saúde: desafios para avaliar a implantação de um "sistema sem muros". Cad Saude Publica. 2004;20 supl 2:S331-6.

According to results of studies performed in Paraná (2000-2001 and 2007-2008, 2005 and 2005-2008),²2. Mathias TAF, Uchimura TT, Assunção AN, Predebon KM. Atividades de extensão universitária em comitê de prevenção de mortalidade infantil e estatísticas de saúde. Rev Bras Enferm. 2009 mar-abr;62(2):205-311.^,88. Santana IP, Santos JM, Costa JR, Oliveira RR, Orlandi MHF, Mathias TAF. Aspectos da mortalidade infantil conforme informações da investigação de óbito. Acta Paul Enferm. 2011;24(4):556-62.^,1010. Santos HG, Andrade SM, Silva AMR, Carvalho WO, Mesas AE, Gonzáles AD. Concordância sobre causas básicas de morte infantile entre registros originais e após investigação: análise de dois biênios dos anos 2000. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2014 abr-jun;17(2):313-22. Rio Grande do Sul (2005-2008),¹¹11. Silva VLS, Santos IS, Medronha NS, Matijasevich A. Mortalidade infantil na cidade de Pelotas, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, no período 2005-2008: uso da investigação de óbitos na análise de causas evitáveis. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2012 abr-jun;21(2):265-74. São Paulo (2006),¹³13. Venâncio SI, Paiva R. O processo de implantação dos comitês de investigação do óbito infantil no estado de São Paulo. Rev Bras Saude Mater Infant. 2010 jul-set;10(3):369-75. Minas Gerais (2014),¹²12. Dutra IR, Andrade GN, Rezende EM, Gazzinelli A. Investigação dos óbitos infantil e fetal no Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Min Enferm. 2015 jul-set;19(3):597-604. Alagoas (October, 2009 to December, 2010)⁷7. Caetano SF, Vanderlei LCM, Frias PG. Avaliação da completitude dos instrumentos de investigação do óbito infantil no município de Arapiraca, Alagoas. Cad Saude Colet. 2013 jul-set;21(3):309-17. and Bahia (2008),⁹9. Santana M, Aquino R, Medina MG. Efeito da Estratégia Saúde da Família na vigilância de óbitos infantis. Rev Saude Publica. 2012 fev;46(1):59-67. the number of infant deaths investigated in the country was small. In Recife, since 2006, almost all infant deaths - except those due to congenital malformation - have been investigated and discussed.

Infant mortality surveillance, when trying to eliminate barriers of dialogue between professionals with different knowledge and competence, inserted in different health services, promotes the social and technical-care knowledge of the situation in their territories and the cohesion in the search for better ways to tackle complex situations, experienced daily by the health services.³3. Merali HS, Lipsitz S, Hevelone N, Gawande AA, Lashoher A, Agrawal P et al. Audit-identified avoidable factors in maternal and perinatal deaths in low resource settings: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2014 Aug;14:280.^,44. Bamber JH, Kinsella SM. MBRRACE-UK - the new home for the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths - reports for the first time. Anaesthesia. 2015 Jan;70(1):5-9.^,1010. Santos HG, Andrade SM, Silva AMR, Carvalho WO, Mesas AE, Gonzáles AD. Concordância sobre causas básicas de morte infantile entre registros originais e após investigação: análise de dois biênios dos anos 2000. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2014 abr-jun;17(2):313-22.^,1111. Silva VLS, Santos IS, Medronha NS, Matijasevich A. Mortalidade infantil na cidade de Pelotas, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, no período 2005-2008: uso da investigação de óbitos na análise de causas evitáveis. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2012 abr-jun;21(2):265-74.^,2222. Hartz ZMA, Contandriopoulos AP. Integralidade da atenção e integração de serviços de saúde: desafios para avaliar a implantação de um "sistema sem muros". Cad Saude Publica. 2004;20 supl 2:S331-6.^,2323. Stratulat P, Curteanu A, Caraus T, Petrov V, Gardosi J. The experience of the implementation of perinatal audit in Moldova. BJOG. 2014 set;121 Suppl 4:167-71.

The infant mortality surveillance in Recife, when gathering - in the discussion - the individuals involved in the assistance of the case, brings an innovative experience, capable of supporting changes in health care practices, in the qualification of Health workers and managers, in planning and organizing maternal and infant care network.

References

Publication Dates

History