Abstract

Objective:

to estimate the prevalence of acute poisoning by pesticides and associated factors in Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Methods:

this was a cross-sectional study, the outcome of which was acute intoxication in the month prior to the interview, as diagnosed by a physician; multivariate analysis was performed using Poisson regression.

Results:

we interviewed 753 individuals; acute intoxication occurred at a rate of 17%; the main associated factors were living near plantations (PR=2.81 - 95%CI 1.79;4.41), having incomplete high school education or less (PR=1.80 - 95%CI 1.22;2.71), living less than 500 meters from maize crops (PR=1.57 - 95%CI 1.05;2.35) and cotton plantations (PR=1.43 - 95%CI 1.02;2.02).

Conclusion:

Individuals living near to corn and cotton plantations reported higher occurrence of acute intoxication.

Keywords:
Pesticides; Environmental Pollution; Environmental Health Surveillance; Primary Health Care; Cross-Sectional Studies

Introduction

Brazil has been leading the international ranking as the biggest consumer of pesticides in the world since 2008. The country accounts for 86% of all pesticides used in Latin America.¹1. Sindicato Nacional das Indústrias de Defensivos Agrícolas. Dados de produção e consumo de agrotóxicos [Internet]. Porto Alegre: Sindicato Nacional das Indústrias de Defensivos Agrícolas; 2018 [citado 2018 ago 21]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.sindag.com.br
http://www.sindag.com.br... ^,22. Ferreira MJM, Viana Júnior MM. The expansion of agribusiness in Ceará semiarid region and their implications for health, work and environment. Interface [Internet]. 2016 fev [citado 2019 jun 24];20(58):649-60. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://interface.org.br/expansao-do-agronegocio-no-semiarido-cearense-e-suas-implicacoes-para-saude-o-trabalho-e-o-ambiente-2/ . doi: 10.1590/1807-57622015.0029
https://interface.org.br/expansao-do-agr...

Data from the Brazilian Chemical Industry Association (ABIQUIM) show that, in the period between 2007 and 2013, the amount of pesticides traded increased from 643 million to 1.2 billion kilos. In 2014, sales of pesticides increased 13% in Brazil. This represented net revenue of approximately BRL 25 billion.³3. Associação Brasileira da Indústria Química. O desempenho da indústria química brasileira em 2014 [internet]. São Paulo: Associação Brasileira da Indústria Química; 2014 [citado 2017 out 21]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.abiquim.org.br/pdf/livreto-de-dados-2014-paginas.pdf
http://www.abiquim.org.br/pdf/livreto-de...

Mato Grosso is in first place among the Brazilian states that most consume pesticides, with around 207 million liters used in its plantations; Paraná (135 million liters) and Rio Grande do Sul (134 million liters) are in second and third place.⁴4. Pignati WA, Lima FANS, Lara SS, Correa MLM, Barbosa JR, Leão LHC, et al. Distribuição espacial do uso de agrotóxicos no Brasil: uma ferramenta para a Vigilância em Saúde. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 out [citado 2019 jun 24];22(10):3281-93. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n10/1413-8123-csc-22-10-3281.pdf . doi: 10.1590/1413-812320172210.17742017
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n10/1413... According to the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA), out of 50 most used pesticides in the country, 22 are prohibited by the European Union. This makes Brazil the biggest consumer of pesticides already banned by other countries.⁵5. Carneiro FF, Rigotto RM, Augusto LGS, Friedrich K, Búrigo AC. Dossiê ABRASCO: um alerta sobre os impactos dos agrotóxicos na saúde [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio, Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; São Paulo: Expressão Popular; 2015 [citado 2019 jun 24]. 624 p. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.abrasco.org.br/dossieagrotoxicos/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/DossieAbrasco_2015_web.pdf
https://www.abrasco.org.br/dossieagrotox...

Notwithstanding intensive and uncontrolled pesticide use, Bill of Law No. 6.299/2002 has been under analysis in the National Congress since 2002 and proposes changes in the pesticide regulation system, pesticide components and the like. This Bill seeks to institute a range of measures with the objective of loosening the regulatory framework and reducing costs for the productive sector, neglecting environmental and health impacts on populations.⁶6. Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva - Abrasco. Dossiê científico e técnico contra o projeto de lei do veneno (PL 6.229/2002) e a favor do projeto de lei que institui a política nacional de redução de agrotóxicos - PNARA[Internet]. Brasília: Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva; 2018 [citado 2019 jun 24]. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.abrasco.org.br/site/publicacoes/dossie-cientifico-e-tecnico-contra-o-projeto-da-lei-do-veneno-6299-2002-e-favor-do-projeto-de-lei-que-instituiu-politica-nacional-de-reducao-de-agrotoxicos-pnara/36015/
https://www.abrasco.org.br/site/publicac... ^,77. Paiva AB, Mesquita ACS, Jaccoud L, Passos L, organizadoras. O novo regime fiscal e suas implicações para a política de assistência social no Brasil [Internet]. Brasília: Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada; 2016 [citado 2019 jun 24]. 34 p. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/images/stories/PDFs/nota_tecnica/160920_nt_27_disoc.pdf
http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/images/sto...

Added to this context of proposals to loosen regulatory framework for pesticide use and trading, is the lack of financial resources invested in the Brazilian National Health System and, as a result, the risk of pesticide intoxication increases. According to the National Toxicological Information System (SINITOX), indiscriminate use of pesticides makes this category the third largest cause of intoxication in Brazil.⁸8. Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Informação Científica e Tecnológica. Sistema nacional de informações tóxico-farmacológicas. Estatística anual de casos de intoxicação e envenenamento [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; 2009 [citado 2017 ago 12]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.fiocruz.br/sinitox/cgi/ cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?sid=349
http://www.fiocruz.br/sinitox/cgi/ cgilu...

In 2013, the exogenous pesticide intoxication incidence rate was 6.23 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. In the period from 2007 to 2014, notified cases increased 87%, totaling 68,873 cases.⁹9. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental e Saúde do Trabalhador. Relatório nacional de vigilância em saúde de populações expostas a agrotóxicos [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2016 [citado 2019 jun 24]. 2 v. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/relatorio_nacional_vigilancia_populacoes_expostas_agrotoxicos.pdf
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe...

While agribusiness strengthens its expansion, investments in health decrease.10 As a consequence, evidence increases on how pesticides promote negative impacts on health: deaths, acute intoxications, chronic effects, besides all the environmental harm.¹⁰10. Rigotto RM, Carneiro FF, Marinho AMCP, Rocha MM, Ferreira MJM, Pessoa VM, et al. O verde da economia no campo: desafios à pesquisa e às políticas públicas para a promoção da saúde no avanço da modernização agrícola. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2012 jun [citado 2019 jun 24];17(6):1533-42. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v17n6/v17n6a17.pdf . doi: 10.1590/S1413-81232012000600017
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v17n6/v17n6...

In Mato Grosso state, soybean, corn and cotton crops stand out as heavy users of pesticides⁴4. Pignati WA, Lima FANS, Lara SS, Correa MLM, Barbosa JR, Leão LHC, et al. Distribuição espacial do uso de agrotóxicos no Brasil: uma ferramenta para a Vigilância em Saúde. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 out [citado 2019 jun 24];22(10):3281-93. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n10/1413-8123-csc-22-10-3281.pdf . doi: 10.1590/1413-812320172210.17742017
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n10/1413... ^,1111. Pignati WA, Oliveira NP, Silva AMC. Vigilância aos agrotóxicos: quantificação do uso e previsão de impactos na saúde-trabalho-ambiente para os municípios brasileiros. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2014 dez [citado 2019 jun 24];19(12):4669-78. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/csc/v19n12/1413-8123-csc-19-12-04669.pdf . doi: 10.1590/1413-812320141912.12762014
https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/csc/v19n12/... However, efforts are being made to implement actions in Mato Grosso state to strengthen health surveillance in populations exposed to pesticides, as a way of expanding mechanisms of health surveillance action and participation in territories impacted by agribusiness.¹²12. Oliveira NP, Silva AMC, Mattos IE, Pignati WA. Exposição ambiental da população aos agrotóxicos usados na agricultura no Estado de Mato Grosso. In: Santos MA, Pignatti MG, organizadores. Questões ambientais em saúde coletiva. Cuiabá: Ed UFMT; 2012. v. 1. p. 118-128.

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of acute pesticide intoxication and associated factors in a region of intense agricultural production in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study using data from a survey carried out in six municipalities elected as a priority for the implementation of the Health Surveillance of Populations Exposed to Pesticides (VSPEA) model. This falls under the responsibility of the Health Surveillance Superintendency Sector of the Mato Grosso State Health Department (SVS/SES/MT) and is funded by the Ministry of Health’s National Health Fund.¹³13. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria MS/GM nº 2.938, de 20 de dezembro de 2012. Autoriza o repasse do Fundo Nacional de Saúde aos Fundos Estaduais de Saúde e do Distrito Federal, para o fortalecimento da Vigilância em Saúde de Populações Expostas a Agrotóxicos, destinado aos Estados e Distrito Federal [Internet]. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília (DF), 21 dez 2012 [citado 2019 jan 08]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2012/prt2938_20_12_2012.html
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis...

Mato Grosso is Brazil’s third largest state in terms of territorial extension, with an estimated population of 3,441,998 inhabitants in 2018 and population density of 3.36 inhabitants/km². According to the 2010 demographic census,¹⁴14. Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento. Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. Fundação João Pinheiro. Atlas do desenvolvimento humano no Brasil [Internet]. Brasília: Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento; 2013[citado 2019 jan 02]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.atlasbrasil.org.br/2013/pt/perfil_uf/mato-grosso
http://www.atlasbrasil.org.br/2013/pt/pe... in that year, approximately 82% of the state’s inhabitants lived in urban areas and its Human Development Index (IDH) was in 11th place among the 27 Brazilian Federative Units.¹⁵15. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Censo demográfico 2010: características da população [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; 2015 [citado 2019 jan 08]. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/mt/panorama
https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/mt/pa...

The municipalities evaluated were Diamantino, Nova Mutum, Pedra Preta, Campo Verde, Sorriso and Primavera do Leste, which together are responsible for around 70% of the state’s agricultural production.¹⁶16. Gonzaga AM. Perfil epidemiológico das intoxicações por agrotóxicos notificadas no estado de Mato Grosso no período de 2001 a 2004 [Dissertação]. Florianópolis(SC): Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 2006. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/89322
https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/12345... The survey was carried out in the first quarter of 2013, under the responsibility of the respective Municipal Health Departments. After systematizing the information, SVS/SES/MT had a convenience sample of 753 individuals to be interviewed and provided this study’s researchers with a copy of the respective database in CSV format.

On order to carry out field work, the municipalities recruited and trained Community Health Agents (CHA) as interviewers. Interviewees were asked if they had worked in a place where there were pesticides, if they had worked directly with pesticides and if they had washed clothes that had been worn for working with pesticides. The target population was selected considering Family Health Strategy (FHS) coverage areas under greater direct or indirect exposure to pesticides. The following criteria were used to select individuals to be interviewed: (i) living in the outskirts of the municipality, next to plantations; (ii) living in rural area served by FHS; and (iii) living in an FHS area where pesticide handling activities take place (sales, stocking, transportation, disposal of used packaging etc.).

The database was comprised of six groups of questions on the following topics: sociodemographic characteristics; direct and/or past exposure to pesticides; current occupation; use of pesticides in the workplace; handling contaminated clothing; and rural or urban area workplace.

The dependent variable for this study was having reported any acute intoxication symptom in the month prior to the interview and which had been diagnosed by a doctor. We considered the following symptoms found to have occurred in the respondents’ medical history: convulsions, coma, vomiting, headache, disorientation, dizziness, breathing difficulties, nausea and skin problems. We did not ask whether those symptoms were related to pesticides or not. The independent variables were comprised of socioeconomic aspects: sex (male; female); age group (in years: up to 17; 18-29; 30-39; 40-49; 60 or more); education level (incomplete and complete elementary education; incomplete and complete high school education; incomplete and complete higher education); and ethnicity/skin color (white, black; brown; Asian; indigenous). We also considered aspects related to occupation: length of time working in agriculture and other activities with pesticide use; current occupation sector; and workplace location.

In order to calculate the crude prevalence ratio for acute intoxications, the variables were categorized as: sex (male; female); age group (in years: 30 and more; up to 29); education level (up to incomplete high school; complete high school and above); current occupation (agriculture and similar activities; other); living less than least 500 meters from a plantation (yes; no); workplace location (urban; rural); living next to soybean crops (yes; no); living next to maize crops (yes; no); living next to cotton plantations (yes; no); and living next to bean crops (yes; no).

We also asked about the kind of crops grown and the type of pesticide used on them.

We conducted descriptive analysis for the distribution of simple frequencies. In the bivariate analysis, we carried out the Mantel-Haenszelem test and all comparisons. Variables having statistical significance with p-value <0.20 were included in the multivariate analysis model, using Poisson regression. We used the backward model, whereby variables were gradually removed from the final model after adjustment. Only variables with statistical significance (p<0.05) were kept in the model.

This study was conducted by the Ministry of Health, based on the National Guidelines for Health Surveillance of Populations Exposed to Pesticides, jointly with SVS/SES/MT which is responsible for Health Surveillance in Mato Grosso, collected the data and authorized its use.¹¹11. Pignati WA, Oliveira NP, Silva AMC. Vigilância aos agrotóxicos: quantificação do uso e previsão de impactos na saúde-trabalho-ambiente para os municípios brasileiros. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2014 dez [citado 2019 jun 24];19(12):4669-78. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/csc/v19n12/1413-8123-csc-19-12-04669.pdf . doi: 10.1590/1413-812320141912.12762014
https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/csc/v19n12/... Since it is a public domain free access existing secondary database, there was no requirement to submit the study project to the Research Ethics Committees system nor to the National Research Ethics Committee (CEP-CONEP), as per National Health Council (CNS) Resolution No. 510, dated April 7, 2016.

Results

A total of 753 people were interviewed from six municipalities elected as a priority for the implementation of VSPEA actions. More than half of the participants were male (59.2%), with predominance of the 30-49 years age group (50.4%). Regarding education level, 40.2% had not completed elementary education. In relation to current occupation, more than a third of participants worked in the agriculture sector and similar activities (38.9%), with commerce being the second most reported occupation sector (18.8%). Fifty-three percent of those who worked in agriculture and the like lived in rural areas (Table 1).

Among the population studied, 17.0% (95%CI 8.5;25.5) of the interviewees reported they had received a diagnosis of acute pesticide intoxication issued by medical professionals in the month prior to the interview. The main symptoms reported were dizziness (23.1%), headache (22.2%) and nausea (15.8%) (Table 1).

Table 2 shows the crude prevalence ratio for acute pesticide intoxication associated with the interviewees’ sociodemographic characteristics. Occurrence of acute intoxication was 3.47 (95%CI 2.24;5.35) times higher among males when compared to females. The 30 years old or over age group was the most exposed (PR=1.60 - 95%CI 1.01;2.54). Among the participants with low education level, acute intoxication was more prevalent in those who had incomplete high school education (PR=2.19 - 95%CI 1.46;3.30) when compared to those having complete high school or higher education.

With regard to current occupation, workers in the agricultural sector or similar had 2.52 (95%CI 1.83;3.46) times higher occurrence of acute intoxication when compared to workers in other occupations. Similarly, living next to plantations (less than 500 meters away) (PR=2.39 - 95%CI 1.61;3.53) and working in a rural area (PR=2.35 - 95%CI 1.67;3.31) were also situations associated with higher prevalence of acute intoxication (Table 2).

Participants who worked near bean crops (PR=3.28 - 95%CI 2.35;4.59), soybean crops (PR=2.46 - 95%CI 1.71;3.56) and maize crops (PR=2.26 - 95%CI 1.62;3.14) had higher prevalence of acute intoxication when compared to other participants (Table 2).

In the final model, after adjustments, the following variables remained statistically associated with acute pesticide intoxication: having incomplete high school education (PR=1.80 - 95%CI 1.22;2.71); living near any kind of crop (PR=2.81 - 95%CI 1.79;4.41); and living less than 500 meters away from maize crops (PR=1.57 - 95%CI 1.05;2.35) and living less than 500 meters away from cotton plantations (PR=1.43 - 95%CI 1.02;2.02) (Table 3).

Discussion

This study found 17% prevalence of self-reported acute intoxications. Living near any crop, especially maize and cotton plantations, and having low education level were variables associated with higher occurrence of acute intoxications.

Our study found that approximately one in every six participants reported having received medical diagnosis of acute pesticide intoxication in the month prior to the interviews. A study by Gonzaga¹⁶16. Gonzaga AM. Perfil epidemiológico das intoxicações por agrotóxicos notificadas no estado de Mato Grosso no período de 2001 a 2004 [Dissertação]. Florianópolis(SC): Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 2006. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/89322
https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/12345... on the profile of pesticide intoxication in Mato Grosso, in the period 2001 to 2004, had already shown considerable prevalence of notifications (63.1%), although it used data provided by the Ministry of Health via the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). Today, more than ten years after Gonzaga’s study, it can be seen that acute pesticide intoxication is still a public health problem to be overcome in the region.¹⁷17. Rigotto RM, Silva AMC, Ferreira MJM, Rosa IF, Aguiar ACP. Tendências de agravos crônicos à saúde associados a agrotóxicos em região de fruticultura no Ceará, Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol [Internet]. 2013 set [citado 2019 jun 24];16(3):763-73. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbepid/v16n3/pt_1415-790X-rbepid-16-03-00763.pdf . doi: 10.1590/S1415-790X2013000300019
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbepid/v16n3/pt...

In our research, the main symptoms of acute intoxications reported by participants were dizziness, headache and nausea. These findings are in agreement with Taveira and Albuquerque¹⁸18. Taveira BLS, Albuquerque GSC. Análise das notificações de intoxicações agudas, por agrotóxico, em 38 municípios do estado do Paraná. Saúde Debate [Internet]. 2018 dez [citado 2019 jun 24];42(esp):211-22. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/sdeb/v42nspe4/0103-1104-sdeb-42-spe04-0211.pdf . doi: 10.1590/0103-11042018s417
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/sdeb/v42nspe4/0... who, when analyzing a pesticides use database, showed symptoms of dizziness and nausea, among others, to be the most reported in the Brazilian state of Paraná.¹⁸18. Taveira BLS, Albuquerque GSC. Análise das notificações de intoxicações agudas, por agrotóxico, em 38 municípios do estado do Paraná. Saúde Debate [Internet]. 2018 dez [citado 2019 jun 24];42(esp):211-22. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/sdeb/v42nspe4/0103-1104-sdeb-42-spe04-0211.pdf . doi: 10.1590/0103-11042018s417
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/sdeb/v42nspe4/0...

The findings of this study revealed greater occurrence of acute intoxication in males than in females. Silva¹⁹19. Silva JM, Novato Silva E, Faria HP, Pinheiro TMM. Agrotóxico e trabalho: uma combinação perigosa para a saúde do trabalhador rural. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2005 dez [citado 2019 jun 24];10(4):891-903. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v10n4/a13v10n4.pdf . doi: 10.1590/S1413-81232005000400013
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v10n4/a13v1... also found that males working in agriculture had higher intoxication incidence rates and considered them to be a group at greater risk. The predominance of male cases, almost 3 males to 1 female, found by us does not differ from Gonzaga’s findings.¹⁶16. Gonzaga AM. Perfil epidemiológico das intoxicações por agrotóxicos notificadas no estado de Mato Grosso no período de 2001 a 2004 [Dissertação]. Florianópolis(SC): Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 2006. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/89322
https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/12345... These results strengthen the hypothesis that potential intoxication in males is higher than in females. This situation may be explained by work division in rural areas, where men usually carry out activities with more direct contact with pesticides, such as working in chemical storerooms mixing pesticides, use of backpack sprayers, driving tractors and harvesters, equipment maintenance and equipment washing. Women, in turn, usually carry out activities with less direct exposure to pesticides: administrative departments, production quality control, packing and so on.

Acute intoxication prevalence was highest in people in the 30 to 39 years age group. Silva²⁰20. Silva SA. O agronegócio e as intoxicações agudas por agrotóxicos em Mato Grosso, Brasil [Dissertação]. Cuiabá (MT): Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - Instituto de Saúde Coletiva; 2014. Disponível em: http://ri.ufmt.br/handle/1/476
http://ri.ufmt.br/handle/1/476... and Araújo et al.²¹21. Pignati WA, Oliveira NP, Silva AMC. Vigilância aos agrotóxicos: quantificação do uso e previsão de impactos na saúde-trabalho-ambiente para os municípios brasileiros. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2014 dez [citado 2019 jun 24];19(12):4669-78. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v19n12/1413-8123-csc-19-12-04669.pdf . doi: 10.1590/1413-812320141912.12762014
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v19n12/1413... also found a higher proportion of intoxications in this age group. The data is alarming in that it shows that in different territories, a significant part of young adult rural workers get sick because of direct or indirect contact with pesticides.

Interviewees who reported living near crops had higher occurrence of acute intoxication, when compared to those who did not live near crops. This data is important, mainly because of two aspects. First of all, it is known that use of pesticides near schools, residences, towns and water sources is still a reality in Mato Grosso. Additionally, this fact gets worse with aerial, tractor or manual spraying, contaminating breast milk, blood and urine of the surrounding population, besides contaminating water, air and food consumed by them.¹¹11. Pignati WA, Oliveira NP, Silva AMC. Vigilância aos agrotóxicos: quantificação do uso e previsão de impactos na saúde-trabalho-ambiente para os municípios brasileiros. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2014 dez [citado 2019 jun 24];19(12):4669-78. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/csc/v19n12/1413-8123-csc-19-12-04669.pdf . doi: 10.1590/1413-812320141912.12762014
https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/csc/v19n12/... Secondly, although the objective of the Bill of Law is to loosen the regulatory framework for pesticide use in crops all over Brazil,⁶6. Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva - Abrasco. Dossiê científico e técnico contra o projeto de lei do veneno (PL 6.229/2002) e a favor do projeto de lei que institui a política nacional de redução de agrotóxicos - PNARA[Internet]. Brasília: Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva; 2018 [citado 2019 jun 24]. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.abrasco.org.br/site/publicacoes/dossie-cientifico-e-tecnico-contra-o-projeto-da-lei-do-veneno-6299-2002-e-favor-do-projeto-de-lei-que-instituiu-politica-nacional-de-reducao-de-agrotoxicos-pnara/36015/
https://www.abrasco.org.br/site/publicac... the situation identified in the state of Mato Grosso is even more serious than this. According to a Normative Instruction and Decree issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA), it is prohibited to use pesticides in areas less than 500 meters away from villages, cities, towns, neighborhoods and water catchment sources for supplying the population.²²22. Brasil. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa MS/GM nº 2, de 3 de janeiro De 2008. Regulamenta o Decreto-Lei nº 917, de 07 de outubro de 1969, que dispõe sobre o emprego da aviação agrícola no País e dá outras providências. [internet]. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília (DF), 2008 jan 8 [citado 2018 maio 20];Seção 1. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.agricultura.gov.br/assuntos/insumos-agropecuarios/insumos-agricolas/agrotoxicos/arquivos/in2.pdf
http://www.agricultura.gov.br/assuntos/i... Contrary to this ruling, a significant number of state laws and decrees have reduced the minimum distance for pesticide use from 500 to 90 meters.²⁰20. Silva SA. O agronegócio e as intoxicações agudas por agrotóxicos em Mato Grosso, Brasil [Dissertação]. Cuiabá (MT): Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - Instituto de Saúde Coletiva; 2014. Disponível em: http://ri.ufmt.br/handle/1/476
http://ri.ufmt.br/handle/1/476... This measure represents a severe setback because it neglects possible impacts on human and environmental health.

The entire context described above constitutes a scenario of chronic exposures to pesticides, resulting in health problems, including transgenerational health problems and cancer in particular. A study carried out in eight municipalities in Mato Grosso state in relation to the period 2000 to 2009, identified 100% more occurrences of congenital malformation among children of mothers exposed to pesticides during the periconceptional period, in relation to other expectant mothers.²³23. Oliveira NP, Moi GP, Atanaka Santos M, Silva AMC, Pignati WA. Malformações congênitas em municípios de grande utilização de agrotóxicos em Mato Grosso, Brasil. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2014 out [citado 2019 jun 24];19(10):4123-30. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://scielosp.org/pdf/csc/2014.v19n10/4123-4130/pt . doi: 10.1590/1413-812320141910.08512014
https://scielosp.org/pdf/csc/2014.v19n10... Another study, carried out in the semi-arid region of the Brazilian state of Ceará, showed a cancer mortality rate 38.0% higher in three municipalities neighboring large crop areas, when compared to the corresponding rate found in a further 11 control-municipalities; according to the same study, neoplasm hospitalization rates in the first three municipalities were 1.76 times higher than those of the other 11 municipalities studied, which did not have agribusiness in their territories.¹⁷17. Rigotto RM, Silva AMC, Ferreira MJM, Rosa IF, Aguiar ACP. Tendências de agravos crônicos à saúde associados a agrotóxicos em região de fruticultura no Ceará, Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol [Internet]. 2013 set [citado 2019 jun 24];16(3):763-73. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbepid/v16n3/pt_1415-790X-rbepid-16-03-00763.pdf . doi: 10.1590/S1415-790X2013000300019
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbepid/v16n3/pt...

The institutional weaknesses of pesticide use monitoring in Brazil can be seen more clearly when taking as an example health surveillance measures related to drinking water quality control. Of Brazil’s 5,570 municipalities, only 25.1% analyze and monitor residual pesticides in drinking water; and in only 2.3% of these municipalities is this done jointly by the water supply service and the health surveillance service.²⁴24. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Monitoramento de agrotóxicos na água para consumo humano no Brasil, 2011. Bol Epidemiol [Internet]. 2013 [citado 2019 jun 24];44(10):1-24. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://portalarquivos2.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2014/junho/11/BE-2013-44--10----Agua--agrotoxicos-.pdf
http://portalarquivos2.saude.gov.br/imag...

Another variable associated with occurrence of acute intoxication is low education level. In this study, interviewees with incomplete high school education had more acute intoxications when compared to participants with complete higher education. Data from notifications of exogenous intoxications by pesticides in the Brazilian state of Bahia for the period 2007-2011, showed that approximately 40% of registered cases were individuals who had only elementary education. Moreover, when workers have low education levels this makes it difficult for them to understand security information contained in pesticide package labels.²⁵25. Soares W, Almeida RM, Moro S. Trabalho rural e fatores de risco associados ao regime de uso de agrotóxicos em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública [Internet] . 2003 ago [citado 2019 jun 24];19(4):1117-27. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csp/v19n4/16860.pdf . doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2003000400033
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csp/v19n4/16860... In this sense, implementation of public policies, especially those aimed at rural workers’ access to education, is a measure that promotes health and prevents disease.

Workers and people in general who lived near maize and cotton crops had almost twice the number of acute intoxications, when compared to other participants. Beyond the issue of crops being close to housing, this data should also be analyzed in the light of the volume and potential toxicity of active ingredients used in both crops: pesticides used in seed treatment and in the maize crop itself, such as triazoles and strobilurin, are among products that are very hazardous (Toxicity Class II) and hazardous (Toxicity Class III) for human health.²⁶26. Cosmann NJ, Drunkler DA. Agrotóxicos utilizados nas culturas de milho e soja em Cascavel-PR. Rev Eletr Cient Inov Tecnol [Internet]. 2012 [citado 2019 jun 24];2(6):15-32. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://periodicos.utfpr.edu.br/recit/article/view/97/pdf
https://periodicos.utfpr.edu.br/recit/ar... In 2017 alone, consumption of agricultural supplies used in growing maize in Mato Grosso was the second largest in Brazil. Moreover, the country’s Midwest region is the largest maize producer.²⁷27. Alvarenga RP, Nadae J, Queiroz TR. Risco tóxico e potencial perigo ambiental no ciclo de vida da produção de milho. Rev Espacios [Internet]. 2017 jan [citado 2019 jun 24];38(1):73-89. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://repositorio.unesp.br/handle/11449/174271
https://repositorio.unesp.br/handle/1144... ^,2828. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Produção agrícola municipal, 2011 [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; 201[-] [citado 2018 abr 29]. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.ibge.gov.br
https://www.ibge.gov.br...

Mato Grosso has the country’s biggest cotton plantations.²⁹29. Silva AR, Menezes PJ, Niveiros SI. Auditoria ambiental: um estudo investigativo de investimentos destinados ao reparo de danos ambientais causados pela cultura de algodão em Rondonópolis, MT. RBC [Internet]. 2014 set-out [citado 2019 jun 24];42(209):55-67. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://amacic.org.br/auditoria-ambiental-um-estudo-investigativo-de-investimentos-destinados-ao-reparo-de-danos-ambientais-causados-pela-cultura-de-algodao-em-rondonopolis-mt/
https://amacic.org.br/auditoria-ambienta... This monoculture demands high pesticide use, with intense polluting potential. Many chemical products are used in cotton seed treatment, especially fungicides and insecticides, increasing risk of intoxication among workers directly involved, as well as inhabitants of regions neighboring this kind of crop.⁴4. Pignati WA, Lima FANS, Lara SS, Correa MLM, Barbosa JR, Leão LHC, et al. Distribuição espacial do uso de agrotóxicos no Brasil: uma ferramenta para a Vigilância em Saúde. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2017 out [citado 2019 jun 24];22(10):3281-93. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n10/1413-8123-csc-22-10-3281.pdf . doi: 10.1590/1413-812320172210.17742017
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v22n10/1413... Furthermore, herbicides and insecticides are used in cotton plantations: organophosphates are the main type of pesticides used in cotton growing culture, besides being among the main causes of acute intoxication, according to the literature.²⁶26. Cosmann NJ, Drunkler DA. Agrotóxicos utilizados nas culturas de milho e soja em Cascavel-PR. Rev Eletr Cient Inov Tecnol [Internet]. 2012 [citado 2019 jun 24];2(6):15-32. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://periodicos.utfpr.edu.br/recit/article/view/97/pdf
https://periodicos.utfpr.edu.br/recit/ar...

This study has some limitations. The first of them is inherent to studies using secondary data. Record retrieval and quality may lead to statistical treatment quality loss. Moreover, this study is not representative of the entire state of Mato Grosso: we selected six municipalities with the largest pesticide consumption in the state. For this reason, this selection may be biased, especially with regard to the generalization of results to the total Mato Grosso population. A further possibility of selection bias relates to the deliberate choice of the study participants. Nevertheless, it is our understanding that the study has good internal validity for populations of municipalities with high pesticide use.

The study’s cross-sectional design, when evaluating exposure factors and outcomes simultaneously, may result in reverse causality, which occurs when exposure changes from cause to outcome, after the individual knows their disease status. As an example, an interviewee’s knowledge about acute intoxications may alter conditions of variables classified as exposure variables, such as moving house to live farther away from crops where pesticides are used. Another limitation to be considered is self-reported information, even if confirmed by medical diagnosis, since it may underestimate the real prevalence of possibly underdiagnosed intoxications.³⁰30. Levigard YE, Rozemberg B. A interpretação dos profissionais de saúde acerca das queixas de “nervos” no meio rural: uma aproximação ao problema das intoxicações por agrotóxicos. Cad Saúde Pública [Internet]. 2004 dez [citado 2019 jun 24];20(6):1515-24. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csp/v20n6/08.pdf . doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2004000600008
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csp/v20n6/08.pd...

With the increase of pesticide use in Brazil in the last decade, together with its excessive use and, to some extent, lack of control by government organs, not only in agribusiness but also in family farming, evidence is growing that the use of pesticides is ceasing to be an issue specific to agricultural production and is becoming a Public Health problem.

The results presented in this manuscript indicate that pesticides intensely used in agricultural production in the region studied lead to more occurrences of acute intoxications in workers and nearby populations. Some elements may contribute to understanding this phenomenon. Health and safety actions involving rural workers are often limited to inspection of personal protective equipment (PPE). Their lack of knowledge about the risks of contact with pesticides owing to their low education level and living near maize and cotton crops should not be neglected because they are among the main problems associated with the growing number of acute pesticide intoxications and, consequently, with the increase in the occurrence of adverse health outcomes in rural populations, especially agricultural workers in the 18 to 59 years age range.

Finally, we recommend new studies to achieve improved evaluation of exposure to pesticides by the population we studied and by other Brazilian rural populations, using a longitudinal design, with biological markers capable of measuring and providing understanding, with wider range and greater accuracy, of the complexity of acute exposure to pesticides and their effects on health. It is important that interventions be made in the short, medium and long-term in order to reduce harm to the health of populations facing this risk.

Acknowledgments

To the Health Surveillance Superintendency Sector of the Mato Grosso State Health Department (SVS/SES/MT), for kindly providing access to the database and authorizing our research. To the General Coordination of Environmental Health Surveillance, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Ministry of Health (CGVAM/SVS/MS), for funding actions for Health Surveillance of Population Exposed to Pesticides.

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