Abstract

Objective

To describe the drugs prescribed for hormone treatment as part of the transsexualization process in health facilities providing specialized care for transsexual and transvestite persons in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Methods

This was a descriptive study based on data collected in health facilities between May and September 2020 using the instrument developed by the researchers.

Results

The survey covered all seven services in the state. Antiandrogen drugs and spironolactone were prescribed for transsexuals and transvestites women in all services. Only one service did not prescribe cyproterone. All health facilities prescribed estrogen-based drugs, although with differences in the route of administration. In the case of transsexuals men, all services prescribed androgens to be administered via the intramuscular route.

Conclusion

The study indicates which drugs are prescribed and their diversity, ratifying the need to produce information for the implementation of equity policies in the Brazilian National Health System.

Transgender Persons; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Epidemiology, Descriptive

INTRODUCTION

Despite gaps in the data, estimates indicate that transsexual and transvestite persons account for 0.69% of the general population in Brazil.¹1. Spizzirri G, Eufrásio R, Lima MCP, Carvalho Nunes HR, Kreukels BPC, Steensma TD, et al. Proportion of people identified as transgender and non-binary gender in Brazil. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):2240. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81411-4 Within the Brazilian National Health System (SUS), the so-called transsexualization process, guaranteed by law since 2008, together with the guidelines of the National Policy for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transvestite and Transsexual (LGBT) Comprehensive Health, are indispensable.²2. Popadiuk GS, Oliveira DC, Signorelli MC. A política nacional de saúde integral de lésbicas, gays, bissexuais e transgêneros (LGBT) e o acesso ao processo transexualizador no sistema Único de saúde (SUS): avanços e desafios. Cienc e Saude Coletiva. 2017;22(5):1509–20. doi: 10.1590/1413-81232017225.32782016
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017225... The Ministry of Health has expanded the process, with guidelines for comprehensive care, multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity, and has highlighted the need for its integration with Primary Care.³3. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria de Consolidação no 2, de 28 de setembro de 2017. Consolidação das normas sobre as políticas nacionais de saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília (DF), 2017. Those wishing to undergo the procedures must be at least 18 years old and no more than 75 years old. Follow-up is mandatory for at least two years before surgery, and for up to one year after surgery.⁴4. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria de Consolidação no 6, de 28 de setembro de 2017. Consolidação das normas sobre o financiamento e a transferência dos recursos federais para as ações e os serviços de saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília (DF), 2017.

Hormone treatment is described as the administration of exogenous endocrine agents to induce changes in the body,⁵5. Bracanović T. Sex reassignment surgery and enhancement. J Med Philos. 2017;42(1):86–102. doi: 10.1093/jmp/jhw036
https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhw036... reduce levels of endogenous sex hormones and increase levels of hormones consistent with the person’s gender identity.⁶6. Rocon PC, Sodré F, Zamboni J, Rodrigues A, Roseiro MCFB. O que esperam pessoas trans do sistema único de saúde?. Interface. 2018;22(64):43–53. doi: 10.1590/1807-57622016.0712
https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622016.07... In Brazil it is indicated for people who have been diagnosed as having ‘gender incongruence or being transgender’.⁷7. Conselho Federal de Medicina. Resolução no 2.265, de 20 de setembro de 2019 [Internet]. Diário Oficial da União (DF), 2020 jan 01 [citado 2021 Dez 03]; Seção 1:96. Disponível em: https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-n-2.265-de-20-de-setembro-de-2019-237203294
https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resol... The National List of Essential Medicines (Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais – RENAME), which contains the list of available medication, is a fundamental instrument in the SUS.⁸8. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Relação nacional de medicamentos essenciais: 2020 [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2019 [citado 2020 nov 1]. 217 p. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/relacao_medicamentos_rename_2020.pdf
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicaco...

Hormone treatment is another critical point in the process of care for transsexual and transvestite persons. Other critical points include scarce specialized health care facilities, misinformation, lack of care standardization, use of hormones and follow-up.⁹9. Lima F, Cruz KT. Os processos de hormonização e a produção do cuidado em saúde na transexualidade masculina. Sex Salud Soc (Rio Janeiro). 2016;(23):162–86. doi: 10.1590/1984-6487.sess.2016.23.07.a
https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-6487.sess.2...

In the Southern region of Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul is the state with the largest number of health facilities specialized in providing care for transsexual and transvestite persons. However, only one of them comprises a hospital capable of performing the transsexualization process.

Considering the issues at hand, the objective of this study was to describe the drugs prescribed for hormone treatment as part of the transsexualization process in health facilities providing specialized care for transsexual and transvestite persons in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

METHODS

This was a descriptive study of SUS health facilities providing specialized care for transsexual and transvestite persons in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, between May and September 2020.

The sample comprised all the specialized outpatient and inpatient services informed by the State Health Department. According to the Ministry of Health, qualification of a health service to provide the transsexualization process, with funding for procedures, requires fulfillment of a series of criteria and rules. At that time, in Rio Grande do Sul, only one hospital was qualified to carry out this process. The seven facilities were located in Porto Alegre (state capital), Canoas (metropolitan region), Santa Maria (central region), Passo Fundo (northern region), Pelotas and Rio Grande (southeastern region).

The State Health Department’s LGBT Health Policies Division provided the researchers with a list of contacts at the services, enabling them to send emails to the respective people in charge to present the research objectives, provide explanations about data collection and a link to the questionnaire to be filled out.

The data were obtained using the standardized questionnaire prepared on the Google® platform. It was answered remotely without interference by the researchers between May and September 2020. The questions related to period of time in which the health facilities were operational. The State Health Department’s LGBT Health Policies Division took part in reviewing the instrument and assessing data quality.

The instrument included questions organized into four dimensions: i) profile of service users; ii) profile of health professionals; iii) characteristics of health care; and iv) pharmacological characteristics of the hormone treatment provided. The variables presented in this research note were: length of time the facility had been in operation, in years or months; protocol or recommendation used as technical support by the service; number of people attended to, according to gender identity; number of people in regular consultations and information on service user follow-up time during hormone treatment (data reported by the respondents, indicating the approximate number of years); and name of the drugs prescribed by the health facility. The data were described according to absolute frequency.

The research project was submitted to the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul and approved as per Certificate of Submission for Ethical Appraisal No. 82036018.6.0000.5347/2018.

RESULTS

There were no refusals to fill out the questionnaire. Table 1 presents the characteristics of the seven health facilities specialized in the care of transsexual and transvestite persons in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in 2020. They had been operating for between five months and 20 years. With regard to protocols or recommendations for medication prescription, five services followed those used in the United States,¹²12. Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, Hannema SE, Meyer WJ, Murad MH, et al. endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017; 102(11):3869-3903. doi: 10.1210/jc.2017-01658
https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01658... two followed those used in Canada,¹³13. Rainbow Health Ontario. Guidelines for gender-affirming primary care with trans and non- binary patients [Internet]. Ontario: Rainbow Health Ontario; 2019 [cited 2022 Jan 02]. Available from: http://www.transforumquinte.ca/downloads/Guidelines-and-Protocols-for-Comprehensive-Primary-Care-for-Trans-Clients-2019.pdf
http://www.transforumquinte.ca/downloads... and one followed those used in Uruguay.¹⁴14. Ministerio de Salud (UY). Salud y diversidad sexual: guía para profesionales de la salud [Internet]. [Montevideo]: Ministerio de Salud; 2016 [cited 2022 Jan 02]. Available from: https://psico.edu.uy/sites/default/files/files_ftp/libros/guia-salud-y-diversidad-sexual.pdf
https://psico.edu.uy/sites/default/files... Two services reported not using international protocols or recommendations for prescribing medication.

The monthly number of appointments of people self-identified as transsexual women ranged from three to 52. In the case of transvestite persons, the number ranged between zero and ten; for transsexual men it ranged between three and 69; and for non-binary persons it ranged between zero and nine (Table 2). The number of people regularly followed-up in health facilities ranged from one to 130. The health facility that had been in operation for the longest period of time provided follow-up to service users during hormone treatment for between three and four years. Two health facilities reported that follow-up occurred while the necessary treatment was being carried out, while three reported follow-up of one to two years.

The medication prescribed for transsexual women and transvestite persons is listed in Table 3. Antiandrogen drugs and spironolactone were prescribed in all services. All the health facilities except one prescribed cyproterone: two prescribed cyproterone and ethinyl estradiol combination therapy; four prescribed a combination of cyproterone and finasteride; and one prescribed cyproterone and dutasteride. All health facilities prescribed estrogen-based medication, although using different routes of administration: six proscribed oral use of estradiol estradiol valerate; five prescribed transdermal use of estrogen; three prescribed estradiol gel and estradiol hemihydrate gel; and three prescribed estradiol hemihydrate adhesive transdermal patches. One health facility prescribed combined oral intake of estradiol and progesterone; two prescribed a combination of estradiol and injected norethindrone; one prescribed a combination of medroxyprogesterone and estradiol; and one prescribed a combination of estradiol enanthate and algestone acetophenide. The remaining services did not prescribe injected estrogen and progesterone combination therapy (Table 3).

All seven health facilities reported prescribing medication for transsexual men (Table 3), namely intramuscular or transdermal androgen administration. In the case of intramuscular administration, seven prescribed testosterone cypionate; five prescribed testosterone undecylenate; while four prescribed mixed testosterone esters. Transdermal testosterone gel was prescribed by five health facilities.

DISCUSSION

The findings point to a number albeit limited of transsexual and transvestite persons receiving care, and a diversity of medications prescribed for hormone treatment in the seven specialized services available in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The results presented are preliminary, derived from multidimensional research developed in the context of equity policies that, although recent in the SUS, must be evaluated and ensured as inalienable guarantees of users of the public health system.¹⁵15. Lionço T. Atenção integral à saúde e diversidade sexual no processo transexualizador do SUS: avanços, impasses, desafios. Physis. 2009;19(1):43-63. doi: 10.1590/S0103-73312009000100004

Use of hormones is part of this scenario, as a biomedical technology for making changes to the body which, when desired by transsexual and transvestite persons and performed safely, is important for the quality of life of those who are benefited by it.¹⁷17. Silva ACA, Alcântara AM, Oliveira DC, Signorelli MC. Implementação da Política Nacional de Saúde Integral de Lésbicas, Gays, Bissexuais, Travestis e Transexuais (PNSI LGBT) no Paraná, Brasil. Interface. 2020;24,e190568. doi: 10.1590/Interface.190568 Notwithstanding, this study revealed a low number of people receiving care, which is in line with other studies¹⁹19. Braz C. Vidas que esperam? Itinerários do acesso a serviços de saúde para homens trans no Brasil e na Argentina. Cad Saude Publica. 2019;35(4):e00110518. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00110518 which portray a common panorama for transsexual and transvestite persons in the SUS: persistence of obstacles to access and long waiting times for care. Expansion of services and opportunities for hormone treatment are therefore recommended, so as to contribute to comprehensive care and leave behind the gender identity disorder viewpoint.²²22. Arán M, Murta D. Do diagnóstico de transtorno de identidade de gênero às redescrições da experiência da transexualidade: uma reflexão sobre gênero, tecnologia e saúde. Physis. 2009;19(1):15-41. doi: 10.1590/S0103-73312009000100003

Prescription of different kinds of drugs, as well as health facilities reporting use of several international protocols, indicates the need to expand production of information on the subject in the SUS. Considering that current legislation submits part of these drugs to special control,²⁶26. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria nº 344, de 12 de maio de 1998. Aprova o Regulamento Técnico sobre substâncias e medicamentos sujeitos a controle especial. [Internet]. Diário Oficial da União (DF), 1998 maio 15 [citado 2021 Dez 03]; Seção 1:3. Disponível em: https://pesquisa.in.gov.br/imprensa/jsp/visualiza/index.jsp?data=15/05/1998&jornal=1&pagina=3&totalArquivos=240
https://pesquisa.in.gov.br/imprensa/jsp/... as is the case of testosterone, the State should enable the best therapeutic choice for all health service users so as to avoid self-medication. Use of hormones without a medical prescription, or hormones obtained illegally, besides the risks and costs imposed on the SUS, affects the daily life of transsexual, transvestite, intersex and non-binary people, and increases their vulnerability.²⁷27. Carrara S, Hernandez JG, Uziel AP, Conceição GMS, Panjo H, Baldanzi ACO, et al. Body construction and health itineraries: a survey among travestis and trans people in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 2019;35(4): e00110618. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00110618 Uruguay,¹²12. Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, Hannema SE, Meyer WJ, Murad MH, et al. endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017; 102(11):3869-3903. doi: 10.1210/jc.2017-01658
https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01658... Argentina²⁹29. Ministerio de Salud (AR). Dirección de Generos y Diversidad. Dirección Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva. Secretaría de Acceso a la Salud. Atención de la salud integral de personas trans, travestis y no binarias: guía para equipos de salud [Internet]. Buenos Aires: Ministério de Salud; 2020 [cited 2022 Jan 03]. Available from: https://bancos.salud.gob.ar/sites/default/files/2020-10/guia-salud-personas-trans-travestis-nobinarias.pdf
https://bancos.salud.gob.ar/sites/defaul... and Germany³⁰30. Nieder TO, Strauss B. Transgender health care in Germany: participatory approaches and the development of a guideline. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2015;27(5):416-26. doi: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1074562 report successful experiences in their health systems in this respect, adopting protocols for hormone therapy, guides for health professionals produced by those countries’ respective Health Ministries, as well as active participation of those who are benefited by the transsexualization process.

Even though this study involved all the health services specialized in providing care to transsexual and transvestite persons in Rio Grande do Sul, nevertheless there are limitations to be considered. They relate to respondent memory bias, the different record keeping methods used by the services and remote data collection. However, the researchers did adopt procedures for reviewing and assessing the quality of the data collected.

In conclusion, the National Comprehensive LGBT Health Policy needs to be implemented in an articulated manner, in the different levels of health care services and in Brazil’s Federative Units. We also reiterate the need for interaction between the different areas of pharmacological care and incorporation of technology by the SUS.

Hormone therapy is a right and should be seen as urgent. The SUS is under an obligation to make progress with producing scientific evidence on hormone therapy drugs, their efficacy and safety, as well providing the best therapeutic choices for transsexual, transvestite and non-binary persons.

References

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