Abstract
Objective:
To describe the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking in the Brazilian adult population, according to sociodemographic characteristics, in 2013 and in 2019.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study using data on heavy episodic drinking among adults (≥ 18 years) from the National Health Survey, analyzed descriptively.
Results:
60,202 participants were included in 2013 and 88,531 in 2019. The prevalence of heavy episodic drinking, in 2019 (17.1%; 95%CI 16.6;17.5), was higher than 2013 (13.1%; 95%CI 13.1;14.2). In the two years, there was a higher prevalence among male sex, adults 18 to 39 years old, individuals with high schooling and Black skin color. In addition, higher prevalence were found among residents in urban areas and in the Midwest and Southeast regions.
Conclusion:
The indication of the growing prevalence of alcohol abuse in Brazil and the differences in prevalence, according to sociodemographic characteristics, show the need to encourage public policies and actions to combat its use.
Keywords:
Alcohol Drinking; Risk Factors; Health Surveys; Epidemiology Descriptive
Main results
An increase in the prevalence of alcohol abuse in the Brazilian population was identified, from 13.1% in 2013 to 17.1% in 2019, in addition to differences according to sociodemographic characteristics.
Implications for the services
The results of the study contribute to the promotion of public policies and their strengthening, in addition to actions to combat this important risk factor for disease burden and mortality in the Brazilian scenario.
Perspectives
Strengthening the perspective of comprehensive healthcare and reinforcing the intersectoral strategies, involving healthcare and regulatory bodies.
Introduction
Alcohol is a psychoactive substance, lawfully used, widely accepted in the social environment, but whose consumption contributes to harm individuals and the community, in addition to posing economic burden on the healthcare system.11. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: WHO; 2018. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274603.
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/2... Its use is an important risk factor for the development of diseases and for mortality across the globe.11. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: WHO; 2018. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274603.
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/2... ,22. Monteiro MG. Políticas públicas para a prevenção dos danos relacionados ao consumo de álcool. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2016;25(1):171-4. doi: 10.5123/S1679-49742016000100017
https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-4974201600...
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that more than 40% of the population aged 15 or over, worldwide, consumed alcoholic beverages in 2016, which corresponded to over 2 billion people.11. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: WHO; 2018. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274603.
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/2... The volume and patterns of alcoholic beverages intake, which vary according to sex, age group, socioeconomic status and effectiveness of public policies, have an impact on the population consumption and on health related consequences.11. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: WHO; 2018. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274603.
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/2...
2. Monteiro MG. Políticas públicas para a prevenção dos danos relacionados ao consumo de álcool. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2016;25(1):171-4. doi: 10.5123/S1679-49742016000100017
https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-4974201600... -33. Garcia LP, Freitas LRS de. Consumo abusivo de álcool no Brasil: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. Epidemiol Serviços Saude 2015;24(2):227-37. doi: 10.5123/S1679-49742015000200005.
https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-4974201500...
Advancing knowledge about the harmful impact of alcohol intake on the health of individuals and populations is imperative, given the evidence of association of the substance with mortality and the occurrence of a wide variety of chronic diseases (cancers, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases), some communicable diseases (HIV, tuberculosis and pneumonia), as well as accidents and violence.11. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: WHO; 2018. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274603.
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/2...
2. Monteiro MG. Políticas públicas para a prevenção dos danos relacionados ao consumo de álcool. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2016;25(1):171-4. doi: 10.5123/S1679-49742016000100017
https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-4974201600... -33. Garcia LP, Freitas LRS de. Consumo abusivo de álcool no Brasil: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. Epidemiol Serviços Saude 2015;24(2):227-37. doi: 10.5123/S1679-49742015000200005.
https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-4974201500... Alcohol consumption was listed as a cause associated with more than 200 diseases and conditions and a necessary causal factor in 40, according to the International Classification of Diseases.11. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: WHO; 2018. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274603.
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/2...
The concepts binge drinking and heavy episodic drinking were created based on evidence that, above a certain amount, the individual is at greater risk of having adverse effects related to its intake.11. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: WHO; 2018. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274603.
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/2... However, the definition for what constitutes excessive drinking, the delimitation of a standard drink and alcohol percentage varies widely between countries and even within countries.
From 2013 to 2019, in Brazil alone, alcohol remained the seventh most relevant risk factor for mortality and the sixth most important for Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY), accounting for 5.5% of all deaths (77 thousand), and 5.7% of the total DALYs (3.16 million).44. IHME. GBD compare. Seattle, WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; 2019. Considering the harm attributed to heavy episodic drinking, in 2011 Brazil launched the Strategic Action Plan to Tackle Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs).55. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Análise de Situação de Saúde. Plano de ações estratégicas para o enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) no Brasil 2011-2022. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2011. Among other goals, this Plan proposed the reduction of abusive consumption of alcoholic beverages, defined as the consumption equal to or greater than five drinks in a single occasion for men, and equal to or greater than four drinks for women, by 10% by 2022.55. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Análise de Situação de Saúde. Plano de ações estratégicas para o enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) no Brasil 2011-2022. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2011.
The consumption of alcoholic beverages also involves considerable costs not only for the consumers but society as a whole.66. Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Yothasamut J, Lertpitakpong C, Chaikledkaew U. The economic impact of alcohol consumption: a systematic review. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2009;25;4: 20. doi: 10.1186/1747-597X-4-20.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-4-20... According to a systematic review, the economic burden of alcohol on society is substantial, accounting for 0.45% to 5.44% of the gross domestic produc.66. Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Yothasamut J, Lertpitakpong C, Chaikledkaew U. The economic impact of alcohol consumption: a systematic review. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2009;25;4: 20. doi: 10.1186/1747-597X-4-20.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-4-20... In order to reduce the burden caused by the harmful use of alcohol and to offer risk-reducing benefits to vulnerable populations, WHO has identified actions that include: increasing taxes on alcoholic beverages; imposing restrictions on their display, advertising and physical availability in environments, in addition to drinking-driving legislation and enforcement measures.11. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: WHO; 2018. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274603.
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/2... To that end, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) launched, in 2019, in Brazil, the SAFER initiative, which aims to promote actions at national and local levels to curb the consumption of alcohol, focused on interventions distributed in five strategic areas, supported by their cost-effectiveness and, consequently, their impact on public health.77. Monteiro MG. A iniciativa SAFER da Organização Mundial da Saúde e os desafios no Brasil para a redução do consumo nocivo de bebidas alcoólicas. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2020;29(1):e2020000. doi: 10.5123/S1679-49742020000100011.
https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-4974202000...
The available evidence is sufficient to place this matter as a priority on the agenda for public policies aimed at developing regulatory interventions to reduce the consumption of this product. Thus, monitoring alcohol consumption, especially through population surveys, can indicate the magnitude of the problem and contribute to the adoption of measures that collaborate to combat harmful alcohol consumption. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking in the Brazilian adult population, according to sociodemographic characteristics, in 2013 and 2019.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional descriptive study using data from the National Health Survey (PNS) carried out in 2013 and 2019. PNS is a population-based health survey, which collects representative data from the Brazilian household population, aiming to provide information on health conditioning factors, determinants and needs, being essential to guide actions and for the development of strategies and public policies in the area of healthcare.88. Stopa SR, Szwarcwald CL, Oliveira MM de, Gouvea ECDP, Vieira MLFP, Freitas MPS de, et al. Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019: histórico, métodos e perspectivas. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2020;29(5):e2020315. doi: 10.1590/S1679-49742020000500004.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-4974202000...
The survey sampling was carried out in three stages, by clusters. First, the stratification of the primary units (census tracts or groups of sectors) was performed, followed by simple random sampling of the households in the National Register of Addresses for Statistical Purposes (Cadastro Nacional de Endereços para Fins Estatísticos- CNEFE). Thirdly, for the interviews, a resident age ≥ 18 years old (2013) and ≥ 15 years old (2019) was randomly selected.88. Stopa SR, Szwarcwald CL, Oliveira MM de, Gouvea ECDP, Vieira MLFP, Freitas MPS de, et al. Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019: histórico, métodos e perspectivas. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2020;29(5):e2020315. doi: 10.1590/S1679-49742020000500004.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-4974202000... The interviews were carried out between August 2013 and February 2014 (PNS 2013), and between August 2019 and March 2020 (PNS 2020), by means of mobile devices. More details concerning information about the PNS can be found in specific publication.88. Stopa SR, Szwarcwald CL, Oliveira MM de, Gouvea ECDP, Vieira MLFP, Freitas MPS de, et al. Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019: histórico, métodos e perspectivas. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2020;29(5):e2020315. doi: 10.1590/S1679-49742020000500004.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-4974202000...
For the present study, in order to maintain data comparability, only individuals age ≥ 18 years were included. Public data made available by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) were used (https://bit.ly/3ySZ9cG, accessed November, 2020), without revealing the identity of the participants.
For the 2013 sample, the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking was calculated considering, as the numerator, the number of male participants who reported having consumed, on a single occasion in the 30 days prior to the interview, five or more alcoholic drinks and, in the case of females, four or more alcoholic drinks. The content of a drink was equivalent to about 12g of ethanol, that means about 60g for men and 48g for women. In 2019, however, the amount considered for heavy episodic drinking in the 30 days prior to the interview was five or more drinks for both males and females, fllowing WHO recommendations that characterize the abusive consumption of alcohol, in both sexes, by consumption of about 60g of alcohol on a single occasion within a period of 30 days.11. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: WHO; 2018. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274603.
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/2... For this purpose, the following question was asked: In the past 30 days, did you consume five or more alcoholic drinks on a single occasion? A standard drink is defined as the equivalent to a shot of cachaça (sugar cane rum), a glass of wine, a can of beer, a shot of whiskey or any other distilled alcoholic beverage. Therefore, those individuals who responded affirmatively to this question were validated as having engaged in heavy episodic drinking, regardless of the number of occurrences. For prevalence estimates, the total number of individuals (≥ 18 years old) interviewed each year was used as the denominator.
The prevalence and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated for the Brazilian adult population, in 2013 and 2019, stratified according to: sex (male; female), age group (18 to 24; 25 to 39; 40 to 59; ≥ 60), level of education (no schooling and incomplete primary education; complete primary education and incomplete secondary education; complete secondary education and incomplete higher education; complete higher education); race/skin color (White; Black; Brown; Yellow; Indigenous), region (North; Northeast; Southeast; South; Midwest), and household location (urban; rural). For the Federative Units (UFs), prevalence and 95%CI were calculated according to sex and age groups.
The selected variables are described according to prevalence and 95%CI, considering the difference in the comparison of categories no interval overlap. All analyses were performed using a standard software package (Stata, version 14.2; StataCorp), through the survey module functions, in order to generate weighted estimates for the adult population in the country.
It is worth noting that PNS was approved by the National Research Ethics Committee/National Health Council (Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa - CONEP) under Opinion No. 3.529.376, issued on August 23, 2019. Informed consent was obtained at the time of the interview and signed on the data collection device.
Results
In the 2013 PNS, collected interviews with 60,202 people aged 18 or over, corresponding to 48.3% male and 51.7% female. In the 2019 PNS, 88,531 people of the same age were interviewed, 46.8% male and 53.2% female.
The prevalence of abusive alcoholic beverages consumption in the 30 days prior to the interview, in 2019, was 17.1% (95%CI 16.6;17.5), showing an increase of 13.7% (95%CI 13.1;14.2) in relation to the results obtained in 2013.
Comparing the data from 2013 and 2019, the prevalence was higher in all categories of the sociodemographic variables studied in 2019. Higher proportions were found among males, being 21.6% (95%CI 20.7;22.5) in 2013, and 26.0% (95%CI 25.2;26.8) in 2019. Among females, it increased from 6.6% (95%CI 6.1;7.1) in 2013 to 9.2% (95%CI 8.7;9.7) in 2019. In the analysis of age groups, the highest prevalence was found among adults aged 18 to 24 (17.2%; 95%CI 15.7;18.8 in 2013, and 22.9%; 95%CI % 21.3;24.5 in 2019), and from 25 to 39 (18.9%; 95%CI 17.9;19.8 in 2013, and 23.7%; 95%CI 22.7;24, 7 in 2019), as shown in Table 1.
Regarding education, there was lower prevalence among people with no schooling or with incomplete primary education: 11.1% (95%CI 10.5;11.8) in 2013, and 12.7% (95%CI 12.0;13.4) in 2019. As for race/skin color, higher prevalence of heavy episodic drinking was found among people who reported Black race/skin color (16.6%; 95%CI 14.9;18.4 in 2013, and 19.6%; 95%CI 18.3;20.8 in 2019) compared to those who reported White race/skin color (12.4%; 95%CI 11.7;13.2 in 2013, and 16.0%; 95%CI 15.3;16.8 in 2019) (Table 1).
In 2019, the Midwest (19.6%; 95%CI 18.4;20.7) and Southeast (17.4%; 95%CI 16.5;18.2) regions had the highest prevalence, while the South region (14.7%; 95%CI 13.8;15.6) showed the lowest, as in 2013. Adults residing in urban areas reported higher rates of alcohol abuse (14.2%; 95%CI 13.6;14.8 in 2013, and 17.6%; 95%CI 17.1;18.1 in 2019), compared to residents in rural areas (Table 1).
The increase in the prevalence of alcohol abuse was also observed in most Federative Units (UFs) (Figure 1). We highlight those with the highest prevalence in 2013 Bahia (18.9%; 95%CI 16.8;20.9), Mato Grosso do Sul (18.4%; 95%CI 16.1;20.6), and Amapá (17.6%; 95%CI 14.6;20.6). In 2019, the UFs with the highest prevalence were Sergipe (23.7%; 95%CI 21.6;25.8), Mato Grosso do Sul (21.7%; 95%CI 19.7;23.6) and Mato Grosso (21.5%; 95%CI 19.0;24.0).
Prevalence (%) of heavy episodic drinking, in the 30 days prior to the interview, among people age ≥ 18 years, by Federative Units, National Health Survey (PNS) 2013 (n = 60,202) and 2019 (n = 88,531), Brazil
In 2013, the highest prevalence among males were observed in Bahia (29.4%; 95%CI 25.6;33.2), Rio Grande do Norte (28.7%; 95%CI 24.7;32.7), and Piauí (28.5%; 95%CI 24.5;32.5); while in 2019, states such as Sergipe (35.8%; 95%CI 32.3;39.3), Rio Grande do Norte (32.8%; 95%CI 28.9;36.7), and Mato Grosso do Sul (32.7%; 95%CI 28.6;36.8) presented indicators above 30%. As for females, in 2013, the highest prevalence occurred in Goiás (10.9%; 95%CI 8.6;13.1), Amapá (10.2%; 95%CI 6.8;13.5), and Mato Grosso do Sul (9.9%; 95%CI 7.7;12.1); in 2019, Bahia (13.0%; 95%CI 11.0;15.0), Sergipe (13.0%; 95%CI 10.8;15.1), and Mato Grosso do Sul (12.2%; 95%CI% 10.0;14.4), as shown in Figure 2.
Prevalence (%) of heavy episodic drinking, in the 30 days prior to the interview, among people age ≥ 18 years, by Federative Units, according to sex, National Health Survey (PNS) 2013 (n = 60,202) and 2019 (n = 88,531), Brazil
When stratified by UFs and age group, in 2019, the highest prevalence was observed in the 18 to 24 age group, mainly in Bahia (32.7%; 95%CI 25.0;40.4), Tocantins (30.3%; 95%CI 21.7;38.9), and Rio Grande do Sul (28.6%; 95%CI 22.3;35.0). For those aged 25 to 39, in Sergipe (32.9%; 95%CI 29.3;36.6), Mato Grosso (31.1%; 95%CI 26.4;35.9), and Mato Grosso do Sul (29.3%; 95%CI 26.0;32.7); between 40 and 59 years old, Sergipe (22.0%; 95%CI 19.0;25.0), Mato Grosso do Sul (20.5%; 95%CI 17.9;23.1), and Tocantins (19.3%; 95%CI 15.5;23.1); ≥ 60 years old: Amapá (9.0%; 95%CI 4.1;14.0), Rio Grande do Norte (8.8%; 95%CI 6.3;11.3), and Mato Grosso do Sul (8.5%; 95%CI 6.0;10.9) (Figure 3A; Figure 3B).
Prevalence (%) of heavy episodic drinking, in the 30 days prior to the interview, among people age ≥ 18 years, by Federative Units, according to age groups, National Health Survey (PNS) 2013 (n = 60,202) and 2019 (n = 88,531), Brazil
Prevalence (%) of heavy episodic drinking, in the 30 days prior to the interview, among people age ≥ 18 years, by Federative Units, according to age groups, National Health Survey (PNS) 2013 (n = 60,202) and 2019 (n = 88,531), Brazil
Discussion
In 2019 the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking in the adult Brazilian population was higher than what was observed for 2013 for the country as a whole and most of the UFs. The increase in prevalence was also observed in the categories of sociodemographic characteristics studied. In the two years of the survey, higher prevalence was observed among males, young adults, people residing in urban areas and in the Midwest and Southeast regions, and with Black skin color. Lower prevalence was observed for individuals with no schooling or incomplete primary education when compared to individuals in the other educational strata.
The present study revealed findings consistent with previous publications that showed that male individuals have higher alcohol consumption than females. 99. Machado IE, Monteiro MG, Malta DC, Lana FCF. Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013: relação entre uso de álcool e características sociodemográficas segundo o sexo no Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2017; 20(3):408-422. doi: 10.1590/1980-5497201700030005.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972017000... ,1010. Pakovik L, Todorovic J, Santric-Milicevic M, Bukumiric D, Terzic-Supic Z. The association between social characteristics, alcoholic beverage preferences, and binge drinking in a Serbian adult population. Nordisk Alkohol Nark 2019 Feb;36(1):36-50. doi: 10.1177/1455072518803281.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1455072518803281... However, despite this higher prevalence of males in 2019, there was an even greater increase in the period in females, around 39%. It is worth mentioning that, in 2013, the consumption of 4 or more doses of alcoholic beverages was considered as abusive consumption for females, and in 2019 this value increased to 5 or more doses. Thus, even with the need for greater consumption to be classified as abusive, there was an increase in the prevalence in the period for females.
Analysis of the temporal evolution of heavy episodic drinking among adults residing in Brazilian capitals indicated, from 2006 to 2013, that the consumption tendency remained stable for the whole population and for both sexes.1111. Munhoz TN, Santos IS, Nunes BP, Mola CL, Silva ICM, Matijasevich A. Tendências de consumo abusivo de álcool nas capitais brasileiras entre os anos de 2006 a 2013: análise das informações do VIGITEL. Cad Saude Publica 2017 ago. 07;33(7):e00104516. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00104516.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0010451... However, between 2006 and 2019, an increase was observed for both the total adult population and females, with no similar trend being shown for the male population.1212. Malta DC, Silva AG da, Prates EJS, Alves FTA, Cristo EB, Machado IE. Convergência no consumo abusivo de álcool nas capitais brasileiras entre sexos, 2006 a 2019: o que dizem os inquéritos populacionais. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2021;24(Suppl 1). doi: 10.1590/1980-549720210022.supl.1.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972021002...
A qualitative study conducted by Rodríguez, Moreno and Gómez (2019),1313. Rodríguez MAF, Moreno SD, Gómez YF. The influence of gender roles in alcohol consumption: a qualitative study of adolescents and young adults in Asturias. Adicciones 2019;31(4):260-273. doi: 10.20882/adicciones.1003.
https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1003... relating gender and alcohol consumption, suggested that the inclusion of alcoholic beverage consumption into the female routine in the past decades has been tied to women’s incorporation into leisure spaces and practices that have traditionally been considered male. In addition, over the past years, women have been experiencing higher exposure to marketing involving alcoholic beverages, with a lot of advertisement focusing on sweeter alcoholic beverages and sparkling beverages, aimed specifically at the female consumer.1414. Pan American Health Organization. Regional Status Report on Alcohol and Health in the Americas 2020. Washington, DC: Paho 2020. Disponível em: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/52705.
https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/527...
Assessing the occurrence of a higher prevalence of abusive alcohol ingestion among younger age groups is also coherent with other national and international studies.99. Machado IE, Monteiro MG, Malta DC, Lana FCF. Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013: relação entre uso de álcool e características sociodemográficas segundo o sexo no Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2017; 20(3):408-422. doi: 10.1590/1980-5497201700030005.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972017000... ,1212. Malta DC, Silva AG da, Prates EJS, Alves FTA, Cristo EB, Machado IE. Convergência no consumo abusivo de álcool nas capitais brasileiras entre sexos, 2006 a 2019: o que dizem os inquéritos populacionais. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2021;24(Suppl 1). doi: 10.1590/1980-549720210022.supl.1.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972021002... ,1515. Chen CM, Dufour MC, Yi HY. Alcohol Consumption Among Young Adults Ages 18-24 in the United States: results from the 2001-2002. NESARC Survey. Alcohol Res Health 2004;28(4):269-80. PMCID: PMC6601671. According to data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), carried out in 2001-2002 with the United States’ adult population, over three quarters of the young adults aged between 21 and 24 years were current drinkers, and almost two thirds of those aged 18 to 20 years.1515. Chen CM, Dufour MC, Yi HY. Alcohol Consumption Among Young Adults Ages 18-24 in the United States: results from the 2001-2002. NESARC Survey. Alcohol Res Health 2004;28(4):269-80. PMCID: PMC6601671. Research of a qualitative nature has been carried out in an attempt to understand the meaning of alcohol abuse among young people and several studies suggest that this behavior is linked to the idea that abusive alcohol consumption is characteristic of this stage of life and normative for this period, intimately related to the process of reaching maturity.1616. García PO, Mira EC. Estilos de consumo de sustancias adictivas en función del género. Una aproximación desde el análisis de discurso. Acta Sociol Sociol 2014;64:121-144. doi: 10.1016/S0186-6028(14)70485-2.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0186-6028(14)70... ,1717. Romo-Avilés N, Marcos-Marcos J, Gil-García E, Marquina-Márquez A, Tarragona-Camacho A. Bebiendo como chicos: consumo compartido de alcohol y rupturas de género en poblaciones adolescentes. Revista Española de Drogodependencias 2015; 40(1):13-28. Furthermore, there is also the existence of intensive marketing strategies aimed at this public, with heavy emphasis on unregulated advertising for beer and easy access to alcohol in bars, parties and stores, justified by its high social acceptance in Brazil.1818. Malta DC, Machado IE, Porto DL, Silva MMA da, Freitas PC de, Costa AWN da, et al. Consumo de álcool entre adolescentes brasileiros segundo a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Escolar (PeNSE 2012). Rev bras epidemiol 2014;17( Suppl 1):203-214. doi: 10.1590/1809-4503201400050016.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-45032014000...
On the other hand, significant increase of alcohol consumption among older individual is also in line with national99. Machado IE, Monteiro MG, Malta DC, Lana FCF. Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013: relação entre uso de álcool e características sociodemográficas segundo o sexo no Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2017; 20(3):408-422. doi: 10.1590/1980-5497201700030005.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972017000... ,1212. Malta DC, Silva AG da, Prates EJS, Alves FTA, Cristo EB, Machado IE. Convergência no consumo abusivo de álcool nas capitais brasileiras entre sexos, 2006 a 2019: o que dizem os inquéritos populacionais. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2021;24(Suppl 1). doi: 10.1590/1980-549720210022.supl.1.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972021002... and international studies.1414. Pan American Health Organization. Regional Status Report on Alcohol and Health in the Americas 2020. Washington, DC: Paho 2020. Disponível em: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/52705.
https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/527... Among the reasons for such finding there is the use of alcohol related to low social involvement, illness, grief, changes in the routine, and economic problems.1919. Veerbeek MA, Ten Have M, Dorsselaer SA, Oude Voshaar RC, Rhebergen D, Willemse BM. Differences in alcohol use between younger and older people: results from a general population study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019;202:18-23. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.201...
In both 2013 and 2019, abusive alcoholic beverage consumption was higher in the lower educational level strata. An increased prevalence was observed in all categories analyzed, even though they were unequal: the highest increment occurred in the population that reported complete higher education, with an increase of 30.8%; the lowest prevalence, on the other hand, was observed among those with no schooling or incomplete primary education. This finding can be explained by less access to alcoholic beverages due to the lower purchasing power of individuals in this educational stratum.2020. Thompson A, Wright AK, Ashcroft DM, Staa TP, Pirmohamed M. Epidemiology of alcohol dependence in UK primary care: results from a large observational study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. PLoS One 2017;12(3):e0174818. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174818.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...
For the other strata, it was found that abusive alcohol consumption was inversely proportional to the educational level, that is, the more years of education, the lower the prevalence of abusive use of alcohol. The 2019 PNS data also showed that the prevalence of alcohol consumption once or more times a week is directly proportional to education, that is, the more years of education, the higher the consumption.2121. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019: percepção do estado de saúde, estilos de vida, doenças crônicas e saúde bucal. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2020. Disponível em: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv101764.pdf.
https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualiza... Even though this seems paradoxical, these findings can be explained by the fact that there is a higher risk of alcohol abuse and/or dependence among the population in the lower socioeconomic strata.2222. Mäkelä P. Alcohol-related mortality as a function of socio-economic status. Addiction 1999;94(6):867-886. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94686710.x.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999... ,2323. Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Saha TD, Chou SP, Jung J, Zhang H, et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(8):757-66. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0584. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26039070/.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2...
Therefore, although alcohol consumption is less frequent among populations of lower socioeconomic status, they are more likely to be negatively affected by alcohol, leading to outcomes such as abusive consumption, dependence, the occurrence of diseases caused by alcohol and death.2222. Mäkelä P. Alcohol-related mortality as a function of socio-economic status. Addiction 1999;94(6):867-886. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94686710.x.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999... In this sense, the increase in prevalence of both regular consumption and abusive consumption, between 2013 and 2019, and the observation that the greatest growth occurred among the population with complete secondary education or incomplete higher education, can be explained by the effects of the global economic crisis, which affected the Brazilian population, yet differently according to the individual’s socioeconomic strata.2424. Stuckler D, Basu S, Suhrcke M, Coutts A, McKee M. The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: an empirical analysis. Lancet 2009;374(9686):315-23. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61124-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61...
A study that analyzed data from the 2013 PNS identified that individuals who reported Black and Brown race/skin color were associated with higher rates of heavy episodic drinking regardless of sex.99. Machado IE, Monteiro MG, Malta DC, Lana FCF. Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013: relação entre uso de álcool e características sociodemográficas segundo o sexo no Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2017; 20(3):408-422. doi: 10.1590/1980-5497201700030005.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972017000... Studies focusing specific populations - elderly, rural workers and urban workers - showed different results in this respect, with higher rates of heavy episodic drinking among individuals with white and brown skin color.2525. Cunha NO, Giatti L, Assunção AA. Factors associated with alcohol abuse and dependence among public transport workers in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2016;89(6):881-90. doi: 10.1007/s00420-016-1124-8. doi: 10.1007/s00420-016-1124-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-016-1124-...
26. Alves MC, Jesus JP de, Diaz LAF. Autodeclaração da raça/cor no SUS: reflexões conceituais a partir da campanha realizada pelo estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Revista Identidade! 2017;22(1):5-15. Disponível em: http://www.periodicos.est.edu.br/index.php/identidade/article/view/3025/2881.
http://www.periodicos.est.edu.br/index.p... -2727. Smolen JR, Araújo EM de. Raça/cor da pele e transtornos mentais no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática. Cienc Saude Colet 2017; 22(12):4021-4030. doi: 10.1590/1413-812320172212.19782016.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017221... The inconsistency of these results can be attributed to differences in the methods and measures for assessing the harmful use of alcohol, but also to the difficulties in using self-reported race/skin color as an ethnic-racial description in Brazil, given its impact on health conditions, notably, on the use of alcohol and other drugs.2626. Alves MC, Jesus JP de, Diaz LAF. Autodeclaração da raça/cor no SUS: reflexões conceituais a partir da campanha realizada pelo estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Revista Identidade! 2017;22(1):5-15. Disponível em: http://www.periodicos.est.edu.br/index.php/identidade/article/view/3025/2881.
http://www.periodicos.est.edu.br/index.p... ,2727. Smolen JR, Araújo EM de. Raça/cor da pele e transtornos mentais no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática. Cienc Saude Colet 2017; 22(12):4021-4030. doi: 10.1590/1413-812320172212.19782016.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017221...
The pattern observed in 2019, with higher abusive alcohol consumption in the Midwest and Southeast regions, differs from the results found by Vigitel in 2019, which pointed to Salvador, Distrito Federal and Palmas as the capitals with the highest prevalence.55. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Análise de Situação de Saúde. Plano de ações estratégicas para o enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) no Brasil 2011-2022. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2011. The study carried out by Marques et al. (2019),2828. Marques MV, Silva Junior DN, Santos EGO, Santos SSAN, Neves SMB, Amador AE. Distribuição espacial das mortes atribuíveis ao uso de álcool no Brasil. J Health Biol Sci 2020;8(1):1-11 doi: 10.12662/2317-3076jhbs.v8i1.2934.p1-11.2020.
https://doi.org/10.12662/2317-3076jhbs.v... on the other hand, identified “pockets” of high mortality rates from causes attributable to alcohol consumption in certain municipalities in the Northeast, Southeast and Midwest. Another study found that, between 2010 and 2012, the highest mortality rates from causes completely attributable to the use of alcohol occurred in the Northeast and Midwest.2929. Garcia LP, Freitas LRS, Gawryszewski VP, Duarte EC. Uso de álcool como causa necessária de morte no Brasil, 2010 a 2012. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2015;38(5):418-424.
Considering that the consumption in each location can be influenced by regional and cultural determinants,11. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: WHO; 2018. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274603.
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/2... ,33. Garcia LP, Freitas LRS de. Consumo abusivo de álcool no Brasil: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. Epidemiol Serviços Saude 2015;24(2):227-37. doi: 10.5123/S1679-49742015000200005.
https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-4974201500... ,2929. Garcia LP, Freitas LRS, Gawryszewski VP, Duarte EC. Uso de álcool como causa necessária de morte no Brasil, 2010 a 2012. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2015;38(5):418-424. consistent patterns might not be observed. Nevertheless, the increase observed for most of the UFs, for both sexes and age groups investigated, reinforce the significance of the problem of abusive alcohol consumption by the Brazilian population. Studies analyzing the evolution of alcohol consumption highlight the uneven tendency by location and population strata, mainly through increased consumption in groups that previously showed lower prevalences.1212. Malta DC, Silva AG da, Prates EJS, Alves FTA, Cristo EB, Machado IE. Convergência no consumo abusivo de álcool nas capitais brasileiras entre sexos, 2006 a 2019: o que dizem os inquéritos populacionais. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2021;24(Suppl 1). doi: 10.1590/1980-549720210022.supl.1.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54972021002... However, these findings provide relevant information, suggesting that strategies and public policies aimed at reducing harmful alcohol consumption should advance in order to reach groups at greater risk of exposure.
As for the limitations of the study, it should be emphasized that determining abusive alcohol consumption based on the condition reported by the interviewee, without measuring the amount of alcohol that was ingested, in addition to the variation in alcoholic content in each type of alcoholic beverage, can generate lack of precision in the estimates. Notwithstanding, this type of self-reported information is widely used in health surveys, proving to be a useful indicator, and a reliable and valid approach to monitor this risk factor in the population. The change in values to measure the indicator among females in 2019 - from four or more drinks to five or more drinks -, also constitutes an important limitation of the study because it makes it difficult to compare the information obtained. Still, even though this difference possibly reduced those classified for the outcome, it was found that the behavior proved to have grown for the group.
Despite these limitations, it is noteworthy that the accuracy of the estimates presented in the study consider the sampling carried out by the PNS, which well represents the total adult population of the country, of the regions, the UFs, the Brazilian capitals, and the Federal District.
The high and growing prevalence of abusive alcoholic beverage consumption in Brazil, confirmed in the present study, highlights the need to encourage public policies and actions to address this significant risk factor for disease burden and mortality, with an alarming scenario in the Brazilian context. In the scope of the healthcare sector, strengthening the perspective of comprehensive healthcare is important, by reinforcing actions ranging from health promotion to improvement of the healthcare network, both through the qualification of screening and diagnosis of abusive consumption and suitable offer of psychosocial rehabilitation. In addition, the indications in the extensive literature on the subject corroborate that intersectoral actions, involving healthcare and regulatory bodies, can produce effective results. For this reason, we believe that the SAFER initiative can help decision makers in the adoption of strategies, protecting public health against external interests.
In this sense, and in light of the results of the present study, reinforcing strategies aimed at reducing the availability of alcoholic beverages through restrictions on sales locations and hours of sale, regulation of advertising in the mass media, and the adoption of taxation and regulation policies, is particularly recommended, needless to say, in combination with the reinforcement of other strategies currently in force.
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Publication Dates
- Publication in this collection
29 June 2022 - Date of issue
2022
History
- Received
22 Apr 2021 - Accepted
19 Nov 2021
