Characterization and completeness of notification sheet of violence against the older adults in Niterói-RJ, 2011-2020

Lima, Vinicius Mendes da Fonseca; Stochero, Luciane; Azeredo, Catarina Machado; Moraes, Claudia Leite de; Hasselmann, Maria Helena; Marques, Emanuele Souza

doi:10.1590/s2237-96222023000100024

Abstract

Objective:

to analyze the profile of violence against the elderly and the degree of completeness of event notification forms in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Methods:

this was a descriptive study having as its data source violence notification forms held on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System for the period 2011-2020; analysis of form completeness was performed according to criteria proposed by the Ministry of Health.

Results:

of the 486 registered cases, physical violence was the most reported type of violence (48.1%), followed by psychological violence (22.2%) and self-harm (21.4%); the fields with the highest degree of incompleteness were victim’s level of schooling (32.8%) and repeat violence (41.5%).

Conclusion:

despite the increase in notifications in the period, predominantly of physical violence, completeness of some of the form fields continues to be poor, which reinforces the importance of training professionals to improve the reporting process and data quality.

Keywords:
Disease Notification; Violence; Elder Abuse; Aged; Epidemiology, Descriptive

Resumen

Objetivo:

Analizar el perfil de la violencia contra los ancianos y el grado de integridad de los formularios de notificación de eventos en Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Métodos:

estudio descriptivo con fuente de datos las fichas de notificación de violencia obtenidas en Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación, 2011-2020; análisis de la exhaustividad se realizó según criterios propuestos por el Ministerio de Sanidad.

Resultados:

De 486 casos registrados, el tipo de violencia más notificado fue física (48,1%), seguida psicológica (22,2%) y autolesión (21,4%); campos con mayor grado de incompletitud fueron: educación de la víctima (32,8%) y reincidencia en la violencia (41,5%).

Conclusiones:

A pesar del aumento de notificaciones en el periodo, predominantemente violencia física, persisten algunos campos importantes con baja completitud, lo que refuerza la importancia de la capacitación de los profesionales para mejorar el proceso de notificación y la calidad de los datos.

Palabras clave:
Notificación de Enfermedades; Violencia; Abuso de Anciano; Anciano; Epidemiología Descriptiva

Study contributions

Main results

The violence against the elderly most notified was physical violencefollowed by psychological and self-inflicted violence. Completeness of some important notification form fields was lower than expected.

Implications for services

Qualifying the surveillance process and completeness of the notification form fields are key elements for the formulation of public policies on prevention and control in keeping with local profiles.

Perspectives

Future studies, focusing on knowledge of the profile and quality of population-based notifications, in other locations and for Brazil as a whole, are necessary for understanding violence against the elderly.

Introduction

The instructions for notification of interpersonal and self-inflicted violence, published by the Ministry of Health in 2016, define cases to be notified on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação − SINAN) as “suspected or confirmed cases of domestic/intrafamily violence, sexual violence, self-inflicted violence, human trafficking, slave labor, child labor, torture, legal intervention, and homophobic violence against females and males of all ages. In the case of extra-family/community violence, only the following shall be notified: violence against children, adolescents, women, elderly people, people with disabilities, Indigenous and LGBT people”.¹1. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância de Doenças e Agravos Não Transmissíveis e Promoção da Saúde. Viva: instrutivo notificação de violência interpessoal e autoprovocada [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2016 [citado 2022 Abr 06]. 92 p. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/viva_instrutivo_violencia_interpessoal_autoprovocada_2ed.pdf
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicaco... Specifically in relation to violence against the elderly (VAE), the instructions classify this type of violence according to its nature, namely psychological violence, physical violence, sexual violence, violence against property, neglect, torture and human trafficking.¹1. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância de Doenças e Agravos Não Transmissíveis e Promoção da Saúde. Viva: instrutivo notificação de violência interpessoal e autoprovocada [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2016 [citado 2022 Abr 06]. 92 p. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/viva_instrutivo_violencia_interpessoal_autoprovocada_2ed.pdf
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicaco...

VAE is a public health problem in many parts of the world, including Brazil.²2. Santana IO, Vasconcelos DC, Coutinho MPL. Prevalência da violência contra o idoso no Brasil: revisão analítica. Arq. bras. psicol. 2016; 68(1):126-139. Disponivel em: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo/pid=S1809-52672016000100011
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo/pid=S18... ^,³3. Yon Y, Mikton CR, Gassoumis ZD, Wilber KH. Elder abuse prevalence in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Global health. 2017;5(2):e147-e56. doi: 10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30006-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30... Data from a systematic review and meta-analysis of VAE prevalence based on 52 articles published between 1992 and 2015, from 28 countries in diverse geographical locations (America, Europe, Asia, Pacific, Mediterranean), found that overall prevalence of different manifestations of violence was 15.7%, i.e., around one in six people over 60 years old had been a victim of violence.³3. Yon Y, Mikton CR, Gassoumis ZD, Wilber KH. Elder abuse prevalence in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Global health. 2017;5(2):e147-e56. doi: 10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30006-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30... Women are the main victims of violence in this age group.²2. Santana IO, Vasconcelos DC, Coutinho MPL. Prevalência da violência contra o idoso no Brasil: revisão analítica. Arq. bras. psicol. 2016; 68(1):126-139. Disponivel em: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo/pid=S1809-52672016000100011
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo/pid=S18... ^,⁴4. Espíndola CR, Blay SL. Prevalência de maus-tratos na terceira idade: revisão sistemática. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(2);301-6. doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102007000200020
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200700...

In Brazil, data on VAE prevalence are still scarce and difficult to systematize because they include only a few types of violence, are measured differently by various studies, and are concentrated in the South and Southeast regions of the country.²2. Santana IO, Vasconcelos DC, Coutinho MPL. Prevalência da violência contra o idoso no Brasil: revisão analítica. Arq. bras. psicol. 2016; 68(1):126-139. Disponivel em: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo/pid=S1809-52672016000100011
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo/pid=S18... ^,⁴4. Espíndola CR, Blay SL. Prevalência de maus-tratos na terceira idade: revisão sistemática. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(2);301-6. doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102007000200020
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200700... In the city of Niterói, located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, one population-based study was conducted on VAE, in 2006, with individuals over 60 years old, non-institutionalized and living in areas covered by the then Family Health Program, now referred to as the Family Health Strategy. In that study the prevalence of physical violence against the elderly was 10.1%.⁵5. Moraes CL, Apratto Júnior PC, Reichenheim ME. Rompendo o silêncio e suas barreiras: um inquérito domiciliar sobre a violência doméstica contra idosos em área de abrangência do Programa Médico de Família de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Cad Saude Publica. 2008;24(10):2289-2300. doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2008001000010
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200800...

Given the accelerated aging of the population in more recent decades,⁶6. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Projeção da população do Brasil por sexo e idade para o período 2000/2060. Projeção da população das unidades da federação por sexo e idade para o período 2000/2030 [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; 2013 [citado 2022 Abr 06]. 21 p. Disponível em: https://ftp.ibge.gov.br/nota_metodologica_2013.pdf
https://ftp.ibge.gov.br/nota_metodologic... and given the implementation of the Violence and Accidents Surveillance System (Sistema de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes − VIVA) as part SINAN, in 2006, and the inclusion of VAE on the list of compulsorily notifiable health conditions, the number of VAE notifications has been increasing in Brazil.⁷7. Mascarenhas MDM, Andrade SSCA, Neves ACM, Pedrosa AAG, Silva MMA, Malta DC, et al. Violência contra a pessoa idosa: análise das notificações realizadas no setor saúde - Brasil, 2010. Cienc Saude Colet. 2012;17(9):2331-41. doi: 10.1590/S1413-81232012000900014
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201200... Between 2006 and 2011, the number of notifications increased by around 261%.⁷7. Mascarenhas MDM, Andrade SSCA, Neves ACM, Pedrosa AAG, Silva MMA, Malta DC, et al. Violência contra a pessoa idosa: análise das notificações realizadas no setor saúde - Brasil, 2010. Cienc Saude Colet. 2012;17(9):2331-41. doi: 10.1590/S1413-81232012000900014
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201200... In the first half of 2020 (first year of the COVID-19 pandemic), reports of VAE received by the Disque 100 rights violations reporting service also showed an increase: 40.3% of the reports of violations against the elderly received by the service referred to neglect; 24.6%, to psychological violence; 20.1%, to violence against property and 12.2%, to physical violence.⁸8. Ministério da Mulher, da Família e dos Direitos Humanos (BR). Secretaria Nacional dos Direitos da Pessoa Idosa. Violência contra a pessoa idosa: vamos falar sobre isso? [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Mulher, da Família e dos Direitos Humanos; 2020 [citado 2022 Abr 07]. 46 p. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2020-2/junho/cartilhacombateviolenciapessoaidosa.pdf
https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/assuntos/no...

Studies analyzing the profile of VAE notifications in Brazil are, for the most part, restricted to the period before the COVID-19 pandemic. Eleven studies on the subject were identified, conducted in different regions of the country: three addressed notifications made nationwide,⁷7. Mascarenhas MDM, Andrade SSCA, Neves ACM, Pedrosa AAG, Silva MMA, Malta DC, et al. Violência contra a pessoa idosa: análise das notificações realizadas no setor saúde - Brasil, 2010. Cienc Saude Colet. 2012;17(9):2331-41. doi: 10.1590/S1413-81232012000900014
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201200... ^,⁹9. Miziara CSMG, Braga MV, Carvalho FI, Teixeira TV, Miziara ID, Muñoz DR, et al. Vítima silenciosa: violência doméstica contra o idoso no Brasil. Saude Etica Justiça. 2015;20(1):1-8. doi: 10.11606/issn.2317-2770.v20i1p1-8
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-2770.... ^,¹⁰10. Souza TA, Gomes SM, Barbosa IR, Lima KC. Action plan for tackling violence against older adults in Brazil: analysis of indicators by states. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2020;23(6):e200106. doi: 10.1590/1981-22562020023.200106
https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562020023... one was conducted in the states of the Southern region,¹¹11. Lange FC, Bolsoni CC, Lindner SR. Caracterização das violências autoprovocadas cometidas pelas pessoas idosas na Região Sul do Brasil de 2009 a 2016. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2021;24(6):e210109. doi:10.1590/1981-22562020024.210109
https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562020024... two were conducted using data from the state of Rio Grande do Sul,¹²12. Hohendorff JV, Paz AP, Freitas CPP, Lawrenz P, Habigzang LF. Caracterização da violência contra idosos a partir de casos notificados por profissionais da saúde. Rev SPAGESP. 2018;19(2):64-80. Disponível em: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo/pid=S1677-29702018000200006&lng=es
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo/pid=S16... ^,¹³13. Arruda GT, Kocourek S, Oliveira JL. Violência contra o idoso no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: análise das notificações de 2009 a 2016. Revista Kairós: Gerontologia. 2018;21(3):181-92. doi:10.23925/2176-901X.2018v21i3p181-192
https://doi.org/10.23925/2176-901X.2018v... one was conducted in the state of Espírito Santo,¹⁴14. Pampolim G, Leite FMC. Neglect and psychological abuse of older adults in a Brazilian state: analysis of reports between 2011 and 2018. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2020;23(6): e190272. doi: 10.1590/1981-22562020023.190272
https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562020023... two involved notifications in the city of São Paulo City,¹⁵15. Rodrigues CL, Armond JE, Gorios C. Physical and sexual aggression against elderly persons reported in the city of São Paulo. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2015;18(4):755-60. doi: 10.1590/1809-9823.2015.14177
https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-9823.2015.1... ^,¹⁶16. Guimarães APS, Górios C, Rodrigues CL, Armond JE. Notification of intrafamily violence against elderly women in the city of São Paulo. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2018;21(1):88-94. doi: 10.1590/1981-22562018021.160213
https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562018021... one in the city of Campinas¹⁷17. Lopes EDS, D´Elboux MJ. Violência contra a pessoa idosa no município de Campinas, São Paulo, nos últimos 11 anos: uma análise temporal. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2021;24(6):e200320. doi:10.1590/1981-22562020023.200320
https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562020023... and one using data from the state of Pernambuco.¹⁸18. Paraíba PMF, Silva MCM. Perfil da violência contra a pessoa idosa na cidade do Recife-PE. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2015;18(2):295-306. doi: 10.1590/1809-9823.2015.14047
https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-9823.2015.1... The completeness of the fields of the notification form for violence against the elderly was not assessed in these studies.

The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the increase in cases of VAE due to the increased vulnerability of the elderly, resulting from isolation, abandonment by family members, reduced purchasing power, as well as a reduction in support networks, access to health services and social protection.¹⁹19. Moraes CL, Marques ES, Ribeiro AP, Souza ER. Violência contra idosos durante a pandemia de Covid-19 no Brasil: contribuições para seu enfrentamento. Cienc Saude Colet. 2020;25(Supl 2):4177-84. doi: 10.1590/1413-812320202510.2.27662020
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020251... It is noteworthy that there are no published national studies that analyze this type of violence during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Studies analyzing the profile of VAE notifications before and during the pandemic, as well as the analysis of the quality of these data, including evaluation of the completeness of the notification form fields, are of great relevance and necessary. Considering Brazil’s size and regional diversity, gaining knowledge about this problem at the local level can contribute to understanding its characteristics, besides enabling evaluation of the quality of this type of information in municipalities with similar characteristics to the municipality we studied here, the results of which we hope will be of great value for raising the awareness of health service managers and workers, in all the Brazilian federative units, given the importance of recording notifications as part of service routines. When this information is of good quality, it enables the development and implementation of concrete actions that are more in keeping with the profile identified, so as to ensure prevention, reception of cases, and follow-up of situations involving VAE.

The objective of this study was to analyze the profile of notifications of VAE and their degree of completeness in the city of Niterói, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Methods

This is a descriptive study having as its data source VAE notification forms held on the SINAN for the period from January 2011 to December 2020.

Niterói is located in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. It has an estimated population of 515,317 inhabitants in 2020,²⁰20. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Diretoria de Pesquisas, Coordenação de População e Indicadores Sociais. Estimativas da população residente com data de referência 1º de julho de 2020 [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; 2020 [citado 2022 Abr 15]. Disponível em: https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/releases/28668
https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/re... 19.5% of whom are over 60 years old, according to data from the Brazilian National Health System’s Department of Information Technology (Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde − DATASUS).²¹ In 2018, 29.5% of the city’s households reported per capita monthly income of up to half a minimum wage.²⁰20. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Diretoria de Pesquisas, Coordenação de População e Indicadores Sociais. Estimativas da população residente com data de referência 1º de julho de 2020 [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; 2020 [citado 2022 Abr 15]. Disponível em: https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/releases/28668
https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/re... Niterói is in seventh place in Brazil, and in first place in the state of Rio de Janeiro, in the classification of municipalities with the highest human development index (HDI): 0.873.²⁰20. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Diretoria de Pesquisas, Coordenação de População e Indicadores Sociais. Estimativas da população residente com data de referência 1º de julho de 2020 [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; 2020 [citado 2022 Abr 15]. Disponível em: https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/releases/28668
https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/re...

The municipality has had a Violence Surveillance Committee since 2014. It is headed by a team from the Methodological Supervision Sector (Setor de Supervisão Metodológica − DESUM), which reports to the Vice Presidency of Collective, Outpatient and Family Care (Vice-Presidência de Atenção Coletiva, Ambulatorial e da Família), within the City Health Department. The Committee is comprised of health professionals from the Primary Care teams, representatives of school institutions, the hospital network, and related bodies, such as the Social Assistance Reference Center (Centro de Referência de Assistência Social) and the Guardianship Council (Conselho Tutelar), among others. This Committee, which meets every two months, monitors the cases notified by technicians working with situations of violence and technicians from the municipal Surveillance Coordination service. All notified cases (new or in progress) are sent to the reference teams for monitoring. The majority of the notifications are made by hospital units, following provision of urgent and emergency care.

In accordance with VIVA-SINAN system instructions, in this study suspected or confirmed cases of VAE were defined as “interpersonal psychological violence, physical violence, sexual violence, violence against property, torture, human trafficking, neglect, as well as self-inflicted violence and/or suicide attempt, against an individual aged 60 or over”.¹1. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância de Doenças e Agravos Não Transmissíveis e Promoção da Saúde. Viva: instrutivo notificação de violência interpessoal e autoprovocada [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2016 [citado 2022 Abr 06]. 92 p. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/viva_instrutivo_violencia_interpessoal_autoprovocada_2ed.pdf
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicaco... The study included the notifications held on the VIVA-SINAN system of cases involving individuals aged 60 or over of both sexes.

The SINAN data were provided to the researchers by the City Health Department’s Epidemiological Surveillance service in March 2021. The data did not contain any information that could enable identification of the people involved in the cases. In order to evaluate the percentage completeness of the different fields of the notification form, the frequency of missing data and fields filled in as “unknown” was analyzed for each of the variables considered in the analysis, performed year by year, according to the standards recommended for the SINAN system: good completeness (category 1), when more than 75.0% of the fields are filled out; regular completeness (category 2), between 50.1% and 75.0%; poor completeness (category 3), from 25.1% to 75.0%; or very poor completeness (category 4), 25.0% or less of the fields filled out.¹1. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância de Doenças e Agravos Não Transmissíveis e Promoção da Saúde. Viva: instrutivo notificação de violência interpessoal e autoprovocada [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2016 [citado 2022 Abr 06]. 92 p. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/viva_instrutivo_violencia_interpessoal_autoprovocada_2ed.pdf
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicaco...

The sociodemographic variables relating to the profile of the victims were: age (in completed years); sex (male; female; unknown); race/skin color (White; mixed race; Black, Indigenous; Asian; and unknown); schooling (illiterate; 1^st to 4^th grade incomplete; 4^th grade complete; 5^th to 8^th grade incomplete; elementary school complete; high school incomplete; high school complete; higher education incomplete; higher education complete; not applicable; unknown); and marital status (single; married/living together; widowed; separated; not applicable; unknown). In addition, we analyzed the variable regarding the presence of any type of disability or disorder (yes; no; unknown).

The variables related to the characterization of the situations of violence were: place of occurrence (residence; collective housing; school; sports facility; bar or similar; public road; commerce/services; industry/construction; other; unknown); recurrence (yes; no; unknown); and means of assault (physical force/pushing; hanging; blunt object; sharp object; hot substance/object; poisoning; intoxication; firearm; threat; other). The types of violence suffered were categorized as follows: psychological, physical, sexual, neglect, self-inflicted injury and/or suicide attempt, other (torture, human trafficking, and violence against property). We also analyzed whether there had been referral to other reference services (yes; no; unknown).

The variables corresponding to the possible perpetrator of the assault were: sex of the probable perpetrator (male; female; both sexes; unknown); number of people involved (one; two or more; unknown); relationship to the victim (father; mother; spouse; ex-spouse; boyfriend/girlfriend, ex-boyfriend/girlfriend; son/daughter; brother/sister; friend/acquaintance; stranger; caregiver; boss; person with institutional relationship; the person him/herself; other; unknown); and suspected use of alcohol (yes; no; unknown).

For the purpose of presenting the profile of the cases reported, the cases were analyzed year by year, according to the variables described. The description of the profile of the reported cases was based only on the fields of the forms that had regular and good completeness.

The results were presented in absolute numbers and percentages. The comparison of each type of violence reported, according to the characteristics of the victim and the possible perpetrator, was analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square test (χ²), with a 5% significance level, to identify statistically significant differences.

The moving-average smoothers method was used to estimate the smoothed trend of the number of notifications over the selected years. All analyses were performed using Stata software, version 15.

The research project was exempted from approval by the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Research Ethics Committee, in accordance with National Health Council Resolution No. 466, dated December 12, 2012,²² since the study used secondary data derived from a public domain database, provided by the Niterói City Health Department’s Epidemiological Surveillance service in March 2021. The database provided contained no information capable of identifying the cases.

Results

There were 486 notifications of VAE in the period from January 2011 to December 2020 in the municipality of Niterói. The following information showed good completeness: sex; age; race/skin color; all types of violence against the elderly; and relationship between the aggressor and the victim. The following fields of the form showed regular completeness: marital status; having a disability/disorder; place of occurrence; number of people involved; and sex of the aggressor. The fields referring to the victim’s schooling, recurrence of the event, suspected alcohol use by the aggressor, and referral to another health sector had very poor/poor completeness in all years of the times series (Table 1).

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Table 1
Completeness of fields on the violence against the elderly notification forms, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2011-2020

The description of the profile of the victims of violence is shown in Table 2. Most victims were female (54.3%), aged between 60 and 69 years (51.2%) and most of them were classified as being of White race/skin color (45.5%). Regarding place of occurrence, 62.3% of the episodes happened at home. The types of violence most reported were physical violence (48.1%), neglect/abandonment (34.3%) and psychological violence (22.2%). About 21% of the reported cases related to self-inflicted injuries and/or suicide attempts. Except for physical violence and neglect/abandonment, which were more present among males, the other types of violence were more frequent among females, especially sexual violence. This type of violence was only reported by females. A small part of the reported cases was referred to another health service (3.3%), and these victims were mainly female.

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Table 2
Characteristics of cases of violence among elderly people notified on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System, according to sex, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2011-2020

Table 3 shows the profile of the alleged perpetrators. Most cases of VAE involved just one perpetrator (52.1%) and 33.5% of these aggressors were male. Regarding the possible perpetrator of the act of violence, the victim him/herself (i.e., self-inflicted violence) was most frequent (24.3%), followed by son/daughter (22.2%) and acquaintances (13.2%).

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Table 3
Characteristics of possible aggressors in cases of violence notified on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System, according to sex, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2011-2020

Table 4 shows the characteristics of the cases reported by type of violence suffered, according to some of the socio-demographic characteristics of the victim. The greater part of the notifications of physical violence referred to elderly people between 60 and 69 years old (64.1%), those who were single (40.1%), with no disability or disorder (75.0%), and most occurred at home (61.2%).

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Table 4
Frequency of notifications against elderly people on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System, according to victim characteristics and type of violence, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2011-2020

Notifications of neglect/abandonment were proportionally higher among elderly males (53.9%), aged 80 years or more (42.5%), single or widowed (75.2%), with physical disability or disorder (61.1%) and history of past victimization (69.7%). The cases of sexual violence notified were exclusively against females, with no record of recurrence, while most of the records of self-inflicted violence related to elderly people with some type of disability or disorder (76.8%). Psychological violence and other types of violence (property, torture and human trafficking) showed no statistically significant differences, according to the characteristics studied (Table 4).

Figure 1 shows the smoothed trend of violence notifications over the period assessed. An increasing trend was found in notifications of self-inflicted violence, sexual violence, neglect/abandonment and other types of violence (torture, property violence and human trafficking). In 2020 (first year of the COVID-19 pandemic) the number of notifications increased for most types of violence analyzed, with the exception of physical and psychological violence.

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Figure 1
Time series of notified cases (n = 486) of violence against elderly people, by type of violence, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2011-2020

Discussion

This study found that some of the notification form fields had a higher degree of incompleteness, namely: repeat violence, suspected alcohol use by the aggressor, victim’s schooling, and referral to another health sector. The type of violence most frequently reported was physical violence, followed by psychological and self-inflicted violence. For most types of violence analyzed, there was an increase in reported cases throughout the period assessed, including in the year in which the pandemic began (2020).

Studies using SINAN data can be useful for a general understanding of the quality of surveillance systems, completeness in filling out forms, besides enabling identification of weaknesses in these systems.²³23. Ribeiro NM. Análise dos Sistemas de Informação em Saúde SIM e SINAN em Relação ao Suicídio na Cidade de Uberaba/MG. [dissertação]. Uberaba: Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro; 2016. 94 p. Our analysis of VAE notification completeness found a variation in the pattern of filling out mandatory and essential variable fields; only the key fields showed good completeness. This evaluation of the key fields, however, should not be analyzed as a positive factor in the notification process, since without these fields it is not possible to input notification form information to the VIVA system database.

As for the mandatory variables, use of alcohol showed poor completeness, which leads to the discussion about possible difficulties in identifying and reporting this characteristic, as well as the importance of filling out this field in order to gain understanding of the problem and develop intervention strategies.²⁴24. Santos MAB, Moreira RS, Faccio PF, Gomes GC, Silva VL. Fatores associados à violência contra o idoso: uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Cienc Saude Colet. 2020;25(6):2153-75. doi: 10.1590/1413-81232020256.25112018
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020256... Although the literature points to the use of alcohol as an important risk factor for the occurrence of all types of violence, including violence against the elderly,²⁴24. Santos MAB, Moreira RS, Faccio PF, Gomes GC, Silva VL. Fatores associados à violência contra o idoso: uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Cienc Saude Colet. 2020;25(6):2153-75. doi: 10.1590/1413-81232020256.25112018
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020256... the poor completeness of these notifications does not allow us to assess whether this occurs in Niterói and therefore compromises assertive planning of health actions that address alcohol use from the perspective of VAE in the municipality.

Regarding the variables identified as essential, we highlight the classification of very poor completeness for the field related to schooling, for which the frequency of “unknown” information was 81.9%, this being high in comparison with the findings of the study conducted in southern Brazil,¹² and the study conducted in the city of Recife,¹⁸18. Paraíba PMF, Silva MCM. Perfil da violência contra a pessoa idosa na cidade do Recife-PE. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2015;18(2):295-306. doi: 10.1590/1809-9823.2015.14047
https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-9823.2015.1... which found frequencies of 30.5% and 52.4%, respectively. It is noteworthy that important aspects for understanding the profile of the victim and the episode of violence showed regular to very poor completeness, namely: schooling, marital status, presence of disorder/disability, and repeat violence. The lack of this information makes it impossible to gain a better understanding of the profile of violence and its victims.

Another aspect to be highlighted, related to the low completeness of some fields of the forms, is that this information does not refer only to 2020, the year in which the COVID-19 pandemic began. The findings of this study show that low completion is a long-standing problem, found in the years prior to the pandemic. Improved completeness of the fields of the form should be encouraged, given its importance for identifying cases and consequently, developing policies more in keeping with the profile most vulnerable to this type of violence.¹²12. Hohendorff JV, Paz AP, Freitas CPP, Lawrenz P, Habigzang LF. Caracterização da violência contra idosos a partir de casos notificados por profissionais da saúde. Rev SPAGESP. 2018;19(2):64-80. Disponível em: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo/pid=S1677-29702018000200006&lng=es
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo/pid=S16... ^,¹⁸18. Paraíba PMF, Silva MCM. Perfil da violência contra a pessoa idosa na cidade do Recife-PE. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2015;18(2):295-306. doi: 10.1590/1809-9823.2015.14047
https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-9823.2015.1... ^,²³23. Ribeiro NM. Análise dos Sistemas de Informação em Saúde SIM e SINAN em Relação ao Suicídio na Cidade de Uberaba/MG. [dissertação]. Uberaba: Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro; 2016. 94 p.

When analyzing the profile of the reported cases, we found a higher number of notifications of violence against females, in addition to the fact that the main victims of VAE were between 60 and 69 years old. The findings of this study concerning the sex of VAE victims are similar to those obtained in most of the studies on the subject, both on the national and the local level, in the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, and in the cities of São Paulo and Recife.⁷7. Mascarenhas MDM, Andrade SSCA, Neves ACM, Pedrosa AAG, Silva MMA, Malta DC, et al. Violência contra a pessoa idosa: análise das notificações realizadas no setor saúde - Brasil, 2010. Cienc Saude Colet. 2012;17(9):2331-41. doi: 10.1590/S1413-81232012000900014
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201200... ^,⁹9. Miziara CSMG, Braga MV, Carvalho FI, Teixeira TV, Miziara ID, Muñoz DR, et al. Vítima silenciosa: violência doméstica contra o idoso no Brasil. Saude Etica Justiça. 2015;20(1):1-8. doi: 10.11606/issn.2317-2770.v20i1p1-8
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-2770.... ^,¹²12. Hohendorff JV, Paz AP, Freitas CPP, Lawrenz P, Habigzang LF. Caracterização da violência contra idosos a partir de casos notificados por profissionais da saúde. Rev SPAGESP. 2018;19(2):64-80. Disponível em: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo/pid=S1677-29702018000200006&lng=es
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo/pid=S16... ^,¹³13. Arruda GT, Kocourek S, Oliveira JL. Violência contra o idoso no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: análise das notificações de 2009 a 2016. Revista Kairós: Gerontologia. 2018;21(3):181-92. doi:10.23925/2176-901X.2018v21i3p181-192
https://doi.org/10.23925/2176-901X.2018v... ^,¹⁶16. Guimarães APS, Górios C, Rodrigues CL, Armond JE. Notification of intrafamily violence against elderly women in the city of São Paulo. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2018;21(1):88-94. doi: 10.1590/1981-22562018021.160213
https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562018021... ^,¹⁸18. Paraíba PMF, Silva MCM. Perfil da violência contra a pessoa idosa na cidade do Recife-PE. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2015;18(2):295-306. doi: 10.1590/1809-9823.2015.14047
https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-9823.2015.1...

Over 20% of the reported cases were self-inflicted violence. Suicide attempts and suicide among the elderly are important public health problems in several parts of the world, including Brazil.²⁴24. Santos MAB, Moreira RS, Faccio PF, Gomes GC, Silva VL. Fatores associados à violência contra o idoso: uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Cienc Saude Colet. 2020;25(6):2153-75. doi: 10.1590/1413-81232020256.25112018
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020256... ^,²⁵25. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicídio entre pessoas idosas: revisão da literatura. Rev Saude Publica. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910201000... When the Brazilian suicide mortality rates were analyzed for the period from 1980 to 2008, higher rates were found in the 70 or older age group. According to the authors, this indicator grew 29.5% in 26 years, although it is lower when compared to global estimates.

The difference between the most frequent types of VAE in the notifications we analyzed and those found in population-based studies. One study investigated the magnitude of VAE in the Ilha da Conceição neighborhood, located in Niterói, in 2006, and found psychological violence (43.2%) to be the most prevalent type of violence in the city, followed by physical violence (15.7%),²⁶26. Apratto Júnior PC. A violência doméstica contra idosos nas áreas de abrangência do Programa Saúde da Família de Niterói (RJ, Brasil). Cienc Saude Colet. 2010;15(6):2983-95. doi: 10.1590/S1413-81232010000600037
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201000... differently from what we found in the present study. This difference reinforces the fact that notifications are “the tip of the iceberg”, since most of them refer to more serious, more visible and/or less socially tolerated situations of violence, such as, for example, physical and sexual violence. Physical violence is more frequently reported because the means of assault used is physical force, making it easier to identify when compared to other types of violence, such as psychological violence, financial violence and neglect/abandonment.²⁷27. Wanderbroocke ACNS, Moré CLOO. Abordagem profissional da violência familiar contra o idoso em uma unidade básica de saúde. Cad Saude Publica. 2013;29(12):2513-22. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00174112
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0017411...

Situations of violence can be aggravated in old age, due to increased dependence on care for carrying out daily activities and, in some cases, financial activities.¹⁹19. Moraes CL, Marques ES, Ribeiro AP, Souza ER. Violência contra idosos durante a pandemia de Covid-19 no Brasil: contribuições para seu enfrentamento. Cienc Saude Colet. 2020;25(Supl 2):4177-84. doi: 10.1590/1413-812320202510.2.27662020
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020251... ^,²⁸28. Alves-Silva JD, Scorsolini-Comin F, Santos MA. Idosos em instituições de longa permanência: desenvolvimento, condições de vida e saúde. Psicol Reflex Crit. 2013;26(4):820-30. doi: 10.1590/S0102-79722013000400023
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-7972201300... In this sense, understanding intra-family dynamics favors identification of possible situations of intra-household violence. The present study found that the perpetrator of VAE is mainly an individual from the family environment who is close to the victim. This result is consistent with the literature, according to which most VAE is done by people close to them, such as children, spouses, ex-spouses, grandchildren and/or caregivers.⁸8. Ministério da Mulher, da Família e dos Direitos Humanos (BR). Secretaria Nacional dos Direitos da Pessoa Idosa. Violência contra a pessoa idosa: vamos falar sobre isso? [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Mulher, da Família e dos Direitos Humanos; 2020 [citado 2022 Abr 07]. 46 p. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2020-2/junho/cartilhacombateviolenciapessoaidosa.pdf
https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/assuntos/no... ^,²⁹29. Minayo MCS. Violência contra idosos: o avesso de respeito à experiência e à sabedoria. 2. ed. Brasília: Secretaria Especial dos Direitos Humanos; 2005. 48 p. As such, it is important to know the family dynamics,¹⁵ in which the Family Health Strategy can play a key role. Recognition of family members’ participation in these occurrences increases the potential for identifying these situations and, consequently, enables interventions to interrupt the cycle of violence, promoting the reduction/elimination of the recurrence of VAE.¹⁸18. Paraíba PMF, Silva MCM. Perfil da violência contra a pessoa idosa na cidade do Recife-PE. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2015;18(2):295-306. doi: 10.1590/1809-9823.2015.14047
https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-9823.2015.1... It is noteworthy that important variables for identifying and understanding the profile of aggressors had regular to poor completeness, which may hinder the drawing of a more detailed portrait of the possible perpetrator(s) of violence, reinforcing the importance of the training of health service professionals responsible for filling out notification forms.

In this study, referral of victims to other health sectors was recorded as not having taken place for most of the notifications (94.2%). This suggests a weakness of protection institutions in the municipality, since adequate referral of cases to reference sectors favors the formation of a network providing support and guaranteeing rights, thus contributing to the interruption of the cycle of violence.¹⁹19. Moraes CL, Marques ES, Ribeiro AP, Souza ER. Violência contra idosos durante a pandemia de Covid-19 no Brasil: contribuições para seu enfrentamento. Cienc Saude Colet. 2020;25(Supl 2):4177-84. doi: 10.1590/1413-812320202510.2.27662020
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020251... It is worth noting that the COVID-19 pandemic has further reduced governmental actions aimed at the well-being of the elderly and the social support network.¹⁹19. Moraes CL, Marques ES, Ribeiro AP, Souza ER. Violência contra idosos durante a pandemia de Covid-19 no Brasil: contribuições para seu enfrentamento. Cienc Saude Colet. 2020;25(Supl 2):4177-84. doi: 10.1590/1413-812320202510.2.27662020
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020251... It is important to point out that the number of referrals made in Niterói in 2020 was similar to that for 2019; however, these percentages are below what was expected (data not shown).

This study indicated an increasing trend in the number of reported cases of VAE in Niterói between 2011 and 2020. This growth may be related to both health service managers and health workers having greater access to information about the importance of identifying and notifying suspected cases, provided to them via booklets, documents and training courses held in the city. It is noteworthy that the results of this study are similar to those found in other national studies.⁹9. Miziara CSMG, Braga MV, Carvalho FI, Teixeira TV, Miziara ID, Muñoz DR, et al. Vítima silenciosa: violência doméstica contra o idoso no Brasil. Saude Etica Justiça. 2015;20(1):1-8. doi: 10.11606/issn.2317-2770.v20i1p1-8
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-2770.... ^,¹²12. Hohendorff JV, Paz AP, Freitas CPP, Lawrenz P, Habigzang LF. Caracterização da violência contra idosos a partir de casos notificados por profissionais da saúde. Rev SPAGESP. 2018;19(2):64-80. Disponível em: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo/pid=S1677-29702018000200006&lng=es
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo/pid=S16... ^,¹³13. Arruda GT, Kocourek S, Oliveira JL. Violência contra o idoso no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: análise das notificações de 2009 a 2016. Revista Kairós: Gerontologia. 2018;21(3):181-92. doi:10.23925/2176-901X.2018v21i3p181-192
https://doi.org/10.23925/2176-901X.2018v...

Most of the types of violence analyzed increased in 2020. The opposite to that found by another study which focused on notifications of violence against children and adolescents in the state of Santa Catarina, also during the pandemic.³⁰30. Platt VB, Guedert JM, Coelho EBS. Violence against children and adolescents: notification and alert in times of pandemic. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2021;39:e2020267. doi: 10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2020267
https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2021/3... One hypothesis for the continuing rising trend in notifications in Niterói, during the period covered here, may be related to the organization of the City Health Department, in particular the work of the city’s Violence Surveillance Committee. The Committee held periodic meetings with the purpose of reinforcing the importance of notifying suspected cases of violence during the social distancing period of the pandemic. According to Moraes et al.,¹⁹19. Moraes CL, Marques ES, Ribeiro AP, Souza ER. Violência contra idosos durante a pandemia de Covid-19 no Brasil: contribuições para seu enfrentamento. Cienc Saude Colet. 2020;25(Supl 2):4177-84. doi: 10.1590/1413-812320202510.2.27662020
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020251... the carrying out (i) of continuous monitoring by Family Health Strategy teams in their territories, through home visits, (ii) prioritization of care in services aimed at priority groups, even during lockdown, (iii) advertising campaigns to encourage the reporting of violence and (iv) intersectoral articulations, are initiatives that certainly contribute to cases of violence being notified.

This study should be analyzed in light of its limitations and strengths. The first limitation refers to the fact that it was carried out in a medium-sized municipality in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan region, with high socioeconomic and quality of life indicators and, therefore, is not representative of most Brazilian municipalities, which limits the generalization of the findings to other places in the country. Another possible limitation, related to the use of secondary data derived from information systems, is possible underreporting and data recording errors, leading the study to underestimate this type of violence. Training and qualification of health professionals involved in the process of notifying suspected cases of VAE is fundamental in this sense, so as to minimize the problem in similar future situations.

Standing out among the strengths of this study is its analysis of notification form completeness, allowing identification of fields that are important for understanding cases of VAE, as well as those that need reinforcement and training regarding their completeness. Another strong point of the study refers to the inclusion of data for 2020, the year in which the COVID-19 pandemic began. Although publications are available dedicated to the topic of EAV in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, this is the first study with empirical data that includes this period in Brazil.

Most notified suspected cases of VAE in the municipality of Niterói related to physical violence. When analyzing the time series, a rising trend in notifications can be seen, including in the initial period of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020), for most of the types of violence analyzed. The completeness of important fields for understanding the problem continues to be lower than expected, that is, the victim’s level of schooling, repeat violence and suspicion of alcohol use by the aggressor, which are fundamental for decision making for the protection of the elderly and prevention of VAE. Qualifying the surveillance process and valuing the quality of information are key elements for the formulation of public policies on prevention and control that are more in keeping with with Niterói's profile.

In conclusion, we highlight the importance of conducting population-based epidemiological studies in order to identify the real magnitude of the problem, at the local and the national level. Descriptive studies, focusing on gaining knowledge of the profile of violence against the elderly and the quality of its notification using data from the SINAN, both in other locations and for Brazil as a whole, are needed.

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¹³
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¹⁹
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» https://conselho.saude.gov.br/ultimas_noticias/2013/06_jun_14_publicada_resolucao.html
²³
Ribeiro NM. Análise dos Sistemas de Informação em Saúde SIM e SINAN em Relação ao Suicídio na Cidade de Uberaba/MG. [dissertação]. Uberaba: Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro; 2016. 94 p.
²⁴
Santos MAB, Moreira RS, Faccio PF, Gomes GC, Silva VL. Fatores associados à violência contra o idoso: uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Cienc Saude Colet. 2020;25(6):2153-75. doi: 10.1590/1413-81232020256.25112018
» https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020256.25112018
²⁵
Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicídio entre pessoas idosas: revisão da literatura. Rev Saude Publica. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020
²⁶
Apratto Júnior PC. A violência doméstica contra idosos nas áreas de abrangência do Programa Saúde da Família de Niterói (RJ, Brasil). Cienc Saude Colet. 2010;15(6):2983-95. doi: 10.1590/S1413-81232010000600037
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000600037
²⁷
Wanderbroocke ACNS, Moré CLOO. Abordagem profissional da violência familiar contra o idoso em uma unidade básica de saúde. Cad Saude Publica. 2013;29(12):2513-22. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00174112
» https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00174112
²⁸
Alves-Silva JD, Scorsolini-Comin F, Santos MA. Idosos em instituições de longa permanência: desenvolvimento, condições de vida e saúde. Psicol Reflex Crit. 2013;26(4):820-30. doi: 10.1590/S0102-79722013000400023
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722013000400023
²⁹
Minayo MCS. Violência contra idosos: o avesso de respeito à experiência e à sabedoria. 2. ed. Brasília: Secretaria Especial dos Direitos Humanos; 2005. 48 p.
³⁰
Platt VB, Guedert JM, Coelho EBS. Violence against children and adolescents: notification and alert in times of pandemic. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2021;39:e2020267. doi: 10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2020267
» https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2020267

Associated academic work
This article was derived from the academic master’s degree dissertation entitled Surveillance of violence against the elderly in Niterói, RJ: analysis of Notifiable Health Conditions Information System notification forms, 2011-2020, submitted by Vinicius Mendes da Fonseca Lima to the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Public Health Postgraduate Program in 2021.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
20 Mar 2023
Date of issue
2023

History

Received
04 July 2022
Accepted
07 Nov 2022

This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons license

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Santos MAB, Moreira RS, Faccio PF, Gomes GC, Silva VL. Fatores associados à violência contra o idoso: uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Cienc Saude Colet. 2020;25(6):2153-75. doi: 10.1590/1413-81232020256.25112018
» https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020256.25112018

[25] ²⁵
Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicídio entre pessoas idosas: revisão da literatura. Rev Saude Publica. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020

[26] ²⁶
Apratto Júnior PC. A violência doméstica contra idosos nas áreas de abrangência do Programa Saúde da Família de Niterói (RJ, Brasil). Cienc Saude Colet. 2010;15(6):2983-95. doi: 10.1590/S1413-81232010000600037
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000600037

[27] ²⁷
Wanderbroocke ACNS, Moré CLOO. Abordagem profissional da violência familiar contra o idoso em uma unidade básica de saúde. Cad Saude Publica. 2013;29(12):2513-22. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00174112
» https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00174112

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» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722013000400023

[29] ²⁹
Minayo MCS. Violência contra idosos: o avesso de respeito à experiência e à sabedoria. 2. ed. Brasília: Secretaria Especial dos Direitos Humanos; 2005. 48 p.

[30] ³⁰
Platt VB, Guedert JM, Coelho EBS. Violence against children and adolescents: notification and alert in times of pandemic. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2021;39:e2020267. doi: 10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2020267
» https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2020267

Variables	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	Total	Completeness
	(n = 3)	(n = 14)	(n = 9)	(n =6)	(n = 44)	(n = 37)	(n = 79)	(n = 75)	(n = 109)	(n = 110)	(n = 486)
	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%
Individual notification
Sex	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	Good
Age	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	Good
Race/skin color	100.0	92.8	88.9	83.3	75.0	67.5	91.1	81.3	69.7	70.0	76.7	Good
Schooling	100.0	14.3	55.5	50.0	27.2	13.5	11.4	23.5	11.0	21.8	32.8	Very poor
Marital status	100.0	85.7	66.6	83.3	47.7	43.2	55.7	54.6	44.0	55.4	52.9	Regular
Disability or disorder	66.6	64.3	55.5	50	36.3	37.8	70.9	36	66.0	66.3	57.0	Regular
Occurrence
Place of occurrence	100.0	100.0	88.9	66.6	63.6	72.9	65.8	78.6	92.6	97.2	82.9	Good
Recurrence	100.0	64.3	77.8	66.6	43.2	35.1	30.4	37.3	35.8	50.9	41.5	Poor
Type of violence
Physical	100.0	92.8	100.0	100.0	97.7	97.3	98.7	96	98.1	95.4	97.1	Good
Neglect/abandonment	100.0	92.8	100.0	83.3	97.7	97.3	98.7	96	99.1	98.1	97.7	Good
Psychological	100.0	100.0	100.0	83.3	90.9	97.3	97.4	89.3	96.3	92.7	94.2	Good
Sexual	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	93.2	100.0	98.7	94.6	99.1	99.1	97.2	Good
Self-inflicted and/or suicide attempt	100.0	92.8	88.9	83.3	97.7	100.0	97.4	94.6	99.1	98.2	97.3	Good
Other	100.0	92.8	100.0	83.3	93.2	94.6	97.4	89.3	96.3	94.5	94.4	Good
Probable aggressor
Number of people involved	100.0	64.3	100.0	100.0	43.2	32.4	59.5	64.0	84.4	87.2	70.1	Regular
Sex	100.0	71.4	100.0	100.0	50	35.1	48.1	66.6	79.8	84.6	68.1	Regular
Relationship to the victim	100.0	92.8	88.9	100.0	54.5	51.3	70.9	76.0	92.6	92.7	80.0	Good
Alcohol misuse	33.3	42.8	44.4	66.6	15.9	37.8	45.5	37.3	37.6	56.3	41.7	Poor
Referral	66.6	71.4	33.3	83.3	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	97.5	Good

Variables	Total		Male		Female		p-value^a
	n	%	n	%	n	%
	486	100.0	222	45.7	264	54.3
Age (years)
60-69	249	51.2	117	52.7	132	50.0	0.112
70-79	134	27.6	67	30.2	67	25.4
≥ 80	103	21.2	38	17.1	65	24.6
Race/skin color
White	221	45.5	106	47.7	115	43.9	0.698
Black	152	31.3	67	30.2	85	32.4
Unknown/missing	113	23.2	49	22.1	64	23.7
Schooling (years of study)
< 4	20	4.1	5	2.2	15	5.7	0.138
4-7	16	3.3	7	3.2	9	3.4
8-10	14	2.9	4	1.8	10	3.8
≥ 11	38	7.8	16	7.2	22	8.3
Unknown/missing	398	81.9	190	85.6	208	78.8
Marital status
Single	95	19.5	48	21.6	47	17.8	<0.001
Married/living together	69	14.2	45	20.3	24	9.1
Widowed	73	15.0	12	5.4	61	23.1
Separated	20	4.1	9	4.1	11	4.2
Unknown/missing	229	47.2	108	48.6	121	45.8
Disability or disorder
Yes	132	27.2	55	24.8	77	29.2	0.034
No	145	29.8	57	25.7	88	33.3
Unknown/missing	209	43.0	110	49.5	99	37.5
Place of occurrence
Residence	303	62.3	114	51.3	189	71.6	<0.001
Outros	100	20.6	55	24.7	45	17.0
Unknown/missing	83	17.1	53	24.0	30	11.4
Recurrence
Yes	114	23.4	30	13.5	84	31.8	<0.001
No	88	18.2	43	19.3	45	17.0
Unknown/missing	284	58.4	149	67.2	135	51.2
Type of violenceb
Psychological	108	22.2	41	18.4	67	25.4	0.060
Physical	234	48.1	108	48.6	126	47.7	0.989
Sexual	12	2.4	0	0.0	12	4.5	0.001
Neglect/abandonment	167	34.3	77	34.7	90	34.1	0.947
Others^c	17	3.5	7	3.1	10	3.8	0.660
Self-inflicted injury and/or suicide attempt	104	21.4	43	19.3	61	23.1	0.251
Means of assault
Physical force	95	37.9	44	38.6	51	37.2	0.081
Sharp object	17	6.8	9	7.9	8	5.8	0.037
Threat	14	5.6	1	0.9	13	9.5	0.002
Poisoning	11	4.4	5	4.4	6	4.4	0.132
Blunt object	9	3.6	6	5.3	3	2.2	0.046
Firearm	6	2.4	4	3.5	2	1.5	0.039
Hot substance/object	4	1.6	0	0.0	4	2.9	0.019
Hanging	1	0.4	0	0.0	1	0.7	0.028
Outros	72	28.7	32	28.1	40	29.2	0.017
Referral
Yes	16	3.3	2	1.0	14	5.3	0.207
No	458	94.2	214	96.3	244	92.5
Unknown/missing	12	2.5	6	2.7	6	2.2

Variables	Total		Male		Famale
Variables	n	%	n	%	n	%
Number of people involved in violence
One	253	52.1	99	44.6	154	58.3
Two or more	88	18.1	39	17.6	49	18.6
Unknown/missing	145	29.8	84	37.8	61	23.1
Sex of the aggressor
Male	163	33.5	90	40.5	73	27.6
Female	125	25.7	24	10.8	101	38.3
Both	43	8.9	20	9.0	23	8.7
Unknown/missing	155	31.9	88	39.7	67	25.4
Aggressor’s relationship to the victim
Spouse/ex-spouse	33	6.8	13	5.9	20	7.6
Son/daughter	108	22.2	41	18.5	67	25.4
Brother/sister	22	4.5	11	5.0	11	4.2
Friend/acquaintance	64	13.2	25	11.3	39	14.8
Caregiver	19	3.9	5	2.3	14	5.3
The victims themselves	118	24.3	49	22.1	69	26.1
Aggressor suspected of being under the influence of alcohol
Yes	52	10.7	19	8.6	33	12.5
No	151	31.1	60	27.0	91	34.5
Unknown/missing	283	58.2	143	61.4	140	53.0

Variables	Physical		Neglect/abandonment		Psychological		Sexual		Self-inflicted		Other^a
Variables	n (%)	p-value^b	n (%)	p-value^b	n (%)	p-value^b	n (%)	p-value^b	n (%)	p-value^b	n (%)	p-value^b
Sex		0.989		0.947		0.060		0.001		0.251		0.660
Male	108 (46.2)		77 (53.9)		41 (38.0)		0 (0.0)		43 (58.6)		7 (58.8)
Female	126 (53.8)		90 (46.1)		67 (62.0)		12 (100.0)		61 (41.4)		10 (41.2)
Age (years)		< 0.001		< 0.001		0.233		0.449		0.331		0.344
60-69	150 (64.1)		46 (27.5)		64 (59.2)		8 (66.7)		59 (56.7)		6 (35.3)
70-79	61 (26.1)		50 (30.0)		26 (24.1)		3 (25.0)		28 (27.0)		6 (35.3)
≥ 80	23 (9.8)		71 (42.5)		18 (16.7)		1 (8.3)		17 (16.3)		5 (29.4)
Race/skin color		0.393		0.961		0.370		0.754		0.272		0.994
White	113 (56.7)		89 (58.9)		49 (54.5)		7 (63.6)		34 (66.7)		10 (58.8)
Black	86 (43.3)		61 (41.1)		41 (45.5)		4 (36.3)		17 (33.3)		7 (41.2)
Schooling (years of study)		0.835		0.254		0.523		0.657		0.291		0.416
< 4	13 (23.6)		7 (35.0)		6 (25.0)		1 (33.3)		2 (12.5)		2 (50.0)
4-7	9 (16.4)		4 (20.0)		4 (16.7)		0 (0.0)		3 (18.8)		0 (0.0)
8-10	10 (18.2)		4 (20.0)		6 (25.0)		0 (0.0)		1 (6.2)		0 (0.0)
≥ 11	23 (41.8)		5 (25.0)		8 (33.3)		2 (66.7)		10 (62.5)		2 (50.0)
Marital status		0.001		0.003		0.157		0.128		0.724		0.368
Single	53 (40.1)		37 (36.6)		22 (34.9)		4 (44.4)		10 (30.3)		3 (30.0)
Married/living together	41 (31.1)		22 (21.8)		23 (36.6)		0 (0.0)		11 (33.3)		5 (50.0)
Widowed	23 (17.4)		39 (38.6)		13 (20.6)		5 (55.6)		10 (30.3)		2 (20.0)
Separated	15 (11.4)		3 (3.0)		5 (7.9)		0 (0.0)		2 (6.1)		0 (0.0)
Disability or disorder		< 0.001		< 0.001		0.022		0.121		< 0.001		0.233
Yes	33 (25.0)		66 (61.1)		19 (33.9)		2 (22.2)		43 (76.8)		6 (66.7)
No	99 (75.0)		42 (38.9)		37 (66.1)		7 (77.8)		13 (23.2)		3 (33.3)
Place of occurrence		< 0.001		0.184		0.603		0.058		0.001		0.762
Residence	98 (61.2)		119 (78.8)		58 (73.4)		5 (50.0)		88 (87.1)		10 (71.4)
Outros	62 (38.8)		32 (21.2)		21 (26.6)		5 (50.0)		13 (12.9)		4 (28.6)
Recurrence		0.439		0.008		0.014		0.001		0.485		0.173
Yes	55 (53.9)		46 (69.7)		37 (71.1)		0 (0.0)		22 (51.2)		5 (83.3)
No	47 (46.1)		20 (30.3)		15 (28.9)		8 (100.0)		21 (48.8)		1 (16.7)

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Characterization and completeness of notification sheet of violence against the older adults in Niterói-RJ, 2011-2020

Caracterización y completitud de las fichas de notificación de violencia contra las personas mayores en Niterói-RJ, 2011-2020

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