Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Trends in the evolution of Brazilian eating patterns show a significant increase in the consumption of processed foods with high levels of simple sugars, sodium and lipids (foods which characterize an unhealthy diet). Associated with reduced consumption of fresh foods (standard markers of healthy eating).¹⁰10. Levy RB, Claro RM, Mondini L, Sichieri R, Monteiro CA. Distribuição regional e socioeconômica da disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2012;46(1):6-15. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102011005000088
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910201100...

The nutritional profile of Brazilian adults has changed significantly since the 1970s. This transition process is characterized by the gradual decrease in the proportion of malnourished individuals and the continued increase in prevalence of obesity.¹²12. Monteiro CA, Conde WL, Popkin BM. Is obesity replacing or adding to under-nutrition? Evidence from different social classes in Brazil. Public Health Nutr. 2002;5(1A):105-12.

The change in Brazilian eating patterns is allied to life style changes due to urbanization and technological advances, such as the progressive reduction in energy expenditure at work and on household tasks. This results in an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity.¹⁸18. World Health Organization. Diet, physical activity and health. Geneva; 2002. ^{, 19}19. World Health Organization. The world report 2002: Reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva; 2002.

The result of the changing nutritional panorama in the country includes increased prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population and changes in the national morbidity profile, burdening the health care system.³3. Bloom DE, Cafiero ET, Jané-Llopis E, Abrahams-Gessel S, Bloom LR, Fathima S, et al. The global economic burden of non-communicable diseases. Geneva: World Economic Forum; 2011. ^{, 15}15. Philippi ST, Latterza AR, Cruz ATR, Ribeiro LC. Pirâmide alimentar adaptada: guia para escolha dos alimentos. Rev Nutr. 1999;12(1):65-80. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-52731999000100006
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-5273199900... ^{, 17}17. World Health Organization. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Geneva; 2003. (Technical Report Series, 916).

Food consumption is influenced by a wide variety of factors, especially economic determinants, such as relative prices and income.⁴4. Claro RM, Carmo HCE, Machado FMS, Monteiro CA. Income, food prices, and participation of fruit and vegetables in the diet. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(4):1-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102007000400009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200700... ^{, 11}11. Mondini L, Levy RB, Silva EN. Alimentação na região metropolitana de São Paulo por classe de renda. An Indic Agroneg. 2010;5(12):1-5. ^{, 17}17. World Health Organization. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Geneva; 2003. (Technical Report Series, 916). ^{, a}a European Food International Council. The determinants of food choice. Brussels; 2005. Since the end of the 1930s, factors linked to supply, such as improved technology and increased scales of production, accompanied by increased demand, have enabled the price per calorie of processed food to be reduced.⁸8. Farina EMMQ, Nunes R. Evolução do sistema agroalimentar no Brasil e a redução de preços para o consumidor: Os efeitos da atuação dos grandes compradores. Rev Econ Aplic. 2004;8(2):347-76. ^{, b}b Lavinas L. Acessibilidade alimentar e estabilização econômica nos anos 90. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada; 1998. (Texto para discussão, 591). Studies show that the price per calorie of fresh food, more subject to weather conditions and pests (so-called supply shock), is greater than that of processed food.

Analysis of the development of cost distribution and of relative prices of food categories and groups, according to parameters of nutritional interest,^4,5 support the proposal of public policies in favor of healthy eating.⁵5. Claro RM, Sarti FM, Bandoni DH. Evolução da disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos no município de São Paulo no período de 1979 a 1999. Rev Nutr. 2007;20(5):483-90. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-52732007000500004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-5273200700... ^{, 16}16. Sarti FM, Claro RM, Bandoni DH. Contribuições de estudos sobre demanda de alimentos à formulação de políticas públicas de nutrição. Cad Saude Publica. 2011;27(4):639-47. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011000400003
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... ^{, c}cInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de orçamentos familiares 2002-2003: análise da disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos e do estado nutricional no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro; 2003.

There is the possibility of increasing tax rates on food considered unhealthy, as well as subsidizing the cost of foods considered to be healthier, from the analysis of the effects on prices of specific food groups.⁵5. Claro RM, Sarti FM, Bandoni DH. Evolução da disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos no município de São Paulo no período de 1979 a 1999. Rev Nutr. 2007;20(5):483-90. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-52732007000500004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-5273200700... ^{, 6}6. Drewnowski A, Darmon N. Food choices and diet costs: An economic analysis. J Nutr. 2005;135(4):900-4. Studies of the impact of taxation and food subsidies should be based on observation of historical patterns of the evolution of food prices, coupled with analysis of dietary patterns in the population. Such analyses and the evolution of relative prices allow the relationships of substitution and complementarity between foods and food groups, considering the complexity of the tax structure in Brazil.¹1. Belik W. Muito além da porteira: mudanças nas formas de coordenação da cadeia alimentar no Brasil [tese de doutorado]. Campinas: UNICAMP; 2001.

The main databases used for carrying out such studies are the Household Budget Surveys (POF) and sets of food prices, which make up the databases necessary for calculating the Consumer Price Index (IPC).

The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of relative prices of food group products and its influence on public healthy eating policies.

METHODS

This article was based on analysis of historical data from the IPC of the Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (FIPE) from the 1930s onwards.^dd Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas. Banco de dados de preços do IPC-FIPE. São Paulo; 2011. The methodology used to calculate the series of index-numbers of deflated prices, relative prices for the groups and food basket for the last seven decades was based on "index-number theory".^ee Carmo HCE. Índice de preços ao consumidor: teoria e análise de modelos factíveis considerando as bases de dados disponíveis [tese de livre docência]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 2004.

The series of index-numbers for deflated and relative prices of food groups in Sao Paulo, SP, Southeastern Brazil between 1939 and 2010, was carried out based on the database constructed from the following sources: the municipality of Sao Paulo database of food prices based on the municipality of Sao Paulo Consumer Price Index Research, known as IPC-FIPE,^dd Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas. Banco de dados de preços do IPC-FIPE. São Paulo; 2011. and weighted structures generated based on the Household Budget Survey carried out by the Sao Paulo city hall and FIPE (representative of the municipality of Sao Paulo) and Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE (representative of the Sao Paulo metropolitan region).^ccInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de orçamentos familiares 2002-2003: análise da disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos e do estado nutricional no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro; 2003. ^{, f}f Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de orçamentos familiares 2008-2009: análise da disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos e do estado nutricional no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro; 2009.

The database of prices used was made up of two historical sets of nominal prices referring to food and drinks included in price research for calculating the IPC-FIPE. The first set of data (prices from January 1939 to December 1996) referred to monthly price records without distinguishing the establishments surveyed.

The second set of data (prices from January 1989 to May 2010) referred to weekly prices recording the establishments surveyed. The number of food products included between a minimum of 36 items at the start of the data set and a maximum of 89 items in the most recent period. In general each product had more than one specification of type, brand, unit, among other characteristics.

The two sets were made compatible by converting the data of the second set into mean monthly prices. Priority was given to prices in the most recent set in the time period in which the two sets overlapped, for greater accuracy.

Due to the significant inflation accumulated in the period, as well as various changes in the Brazilian currency^gg Banco Central do Brasil. Síntese dos padrões monetários brasileiros. Brasília; 2000 [cited 2010 May 1]. Available from: http://www.bcb.gov.br/htms/museu-espacos/S%C3%ADntesePadroesMonetariosBrasileiros.pdf (from a thousand Reis to the Real), changes in the reference units of measurement for foods and missing data, a lot of work was involved in making the data compatible to convert the values into Reais, based on the conversion of the data to the current currency.

The prices series were deflated using the general IPC-FIPE for converting prices into Reais as of May 2010. The deflation procedure was based on the formula used to calculate IPC-FIPE.^hh Rizzieri J, Carmo HCE. Retrospectiva histórica e metodológica do IPC-FIPE. São Paulo: Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas; 1995.

Price sets for each of the food products was tested for consistency to identify and rectify discrepant observations (outliers). The values were excluded from the database in the case of distortions for which the source of the error could not be identified. Imputation methods were used to estimate missing data in the case of omission of prices and/or weighting.

The monthly price set data were converted into mean annual price sets considering seasonal variations, the temporal extent of the set and the aim of the study. Based on the POF, weighting structures were determined which represented the distribution patterns of household spending on foodstuffs.

The analysis of the evolution of spending patterns on foodstuffs in the municipality of Sao Paulo is based on weighted structures obtained for the modal income class limited to the range of one to eight minimum wagesⁱ in the POFs carried out by the IBGE in 1987 to 1988, 1995 to 1996 and 2002 to 2003 (Sao Paulo metropolitan region).^jj Carmo HCE. Impacto nutricional da evolução dos preços dos alimentos em São Paulo, 1980 [dissertação de mestrado]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 1980. ^{, k}k Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor - INPC. Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática (SIDRA). Rio de Janeiro; 2011 [cited 2011 May 15]. Available from: http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/snipc/default.asp

An index-number of prices is a statistical mean of the relative variation in the price level of a heterogeneous set of good and services in a sequence of periods. Index-numbers may be seen as a method of statistical measuring and estimating, as in the case of the IPC, in which the process of obtaining the data (products, location of data collection, consumers etc.) require the use of sampling methods.^ff Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de orçamentos familiares 2008-2009: análise da disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos e do estado nutricional no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro; 2009. ^{, j}j Carmo HCE. Impacto nutricional da evolução dos preços dos alimentos em São Paulo, 1980 [dissertação de mestrado]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 1980.

The theory of index-numbers of consumer prices is based on the premise of the consumers' rational behavior and their searching to achieve the maximum level of satisfaction via consuming goods and services. The restrictions in this theory are disposable income, prices of consumer goods and personal characteristics among other attributes in a set of periods.

Assuming the consumption of foodstuffs in a fixed proportion, as a simplifying hypothesis, the corresponding formula would be the modified Laspeyres formula (weighted arithmetic mean of relative price). The formula was applied to generating series of index-numbers for each food group and the set of foodstuffs.^ff Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de orçamentos familiares 2008-2009: análise da disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos e do estado nutricional no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro; 2009. ^{, h}h Rizzieri J, Carmo HCE. Retrospectiva histórica e metodológica do IPC-FIPE. São Paulo: Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas; 1995. ^{, j}j Carmo HCE. Impacto nutricional da evolução dos preços dos alimentos em São Paulo, 1980 [dissertação de mestrado]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 1980.

The POF are carried out sporadically and their results are presented with a significant lag, making it necessary to estimate the evolution of the weightings, period by period, between them. Using the modified Laspeyres formula as a reference, the weights for each food and food group are updated for each period, using the following formula.^jj Carmo HCE. Impacto nutricional da evolução dos preços dos alimentos em São Paulo, 1980 [dissertação de mestrado]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 1980.

When: w_i,t-1 the weighting of item i in the period t-1 (base of the calculation); w_i,t-2 the weighting of item i in the preceding period (t-2); R_i,(t-1,t-2) is the relative of item i between the periods t-1 and t-2; and I_(t-1,t-2) is the general price index between periods t-1 and t-2. As this is a recursive formula, it is important to define the initial period and the corresponding weighting structure ₍w_i,0), obtained directly from a POF denominated the weighting base period.^jj Carmo HCE. Impacto nutricional da evolução dos preços dos alimentos em São Paulo, 1980 [dissertação de mestrado]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 1980.

The time series representative of the evolution in the level of prices and relative prices of each group were generated by the accumulation of mobile indices between the two periods based on a base period for comparison which, by convention, assumes a value of 100, although to simplify the presentation of results it is was decided to use the value 1.00 as reference.

The foodstuffs recorded in the price database were classified into food categories and groups according to the nutritional characteristics of the groups. Six categories were defined, based on 17 food groups: Fresh food (fruit, legumes, vegetables); Processed food (sugars, animal fats, vegetable oils, processed foods); Beverages (sweetened drinks, alcoholic drinks, tea, coffee and others); Meat, pulses, dairy and eggs (meat, pulses, milk and milk derivatives, and eggs); Cereals and tubers (cereals, flour and pasta, tubers and root vegetables); Eating out.

Inclusion of food products in each category and group was based on objective criteria concerning their nutritional composition, including levels of added salt, sugar, fat and oil in their production process (in the case of the processed food group). Items such as processed meat (sausage, salami among others), pre-packaged foods (instant, dough-based meals), sweets (chocolate, candies, cookies among others) and savory snacks (crackers, pre-packaged snacks among others) were included in the processed food group. The sweetened drink group included soft drinks and other drinks with added sugar, and were considered separately from non-alcoholic drinks without added sugar (tea and coffee, among others), although all belong to the overall "beverages" category.

RESULTS

The share of food expenses in the family budget in the city showed a downward trend during the period: from 58.6% (in the 1930s) to 25.6% (in the 2000s) of household spending (Table 1).

The food categories and groups behaved differently with regards to relative participation. The share of spending on eating out was relatively insignificant until the beginning of the 1970s and then showed a significant increase until the end of the 1990s. After this, it slowed, displacing the proportional share of the other food groups consumed in the home.

Fresh food tended to increase its share in household food from 1972 to 1988, then moving to a lower share, whereas processed foods maintained their proportional share in household spending over time.

The share occupied by the cereals, flour and dough category in the family budget decreased over time (35.99% in 1939 to 13.17% in 2006); in the meat, pulses, dairy and eggs category, the percentage of their share in spending oscillated around 30%, with the significant exception of the share in the 1989-1990 POF.

The percentage share of sweetened drinks in household spending increased from 1991 to 1998 and has remained at the same level since then. Alcoholic drinks kept the same share throughout the period (with the exception of 1991 to 1998) and the other, non-alcoholic, drinks (tea, coffee and others) showed a slight decline in their percentage share of the household budget.

With regards to the evolution of the index number of overall relative food process (index of nominal food prices, deflated by the IPC-FIPE) and of the index numbers of the relative prices of the food groups (index of nominal food group prices, deflated using the index of nominal food prices), it was observed that the index number of accumulate prices was 2.723, which indicates an increase of around 170% of the relative price of food between 1939 and 2010. The greatest increases in relative food price took place in the years 1972 and 1988.

With regards the behavior of the relative food prices of the food categories, it was found that over the period analyzed the relative prices of fresh food, beverages and eating out showed a tendency to increase (Table 2). On the other hand, the categories which showed a reduction in relative prices were: meat, pulses, dairy, eggs and processed food. The relative prices of cereals and tubers fell, but less than the percentage difference between the index numbers generated for the two alternatives.

The most detailed analysis of evolution according to categories and food groups can be seen in the Figure (a-f). The indicators regarding fruit and vegetables show variation rates above the indicators of the prices of legumes. Moreover, significant oscillations were recorded in the period, especially at the beginning of the 1940s and 1950s (Figure, a).

Fat, oil, sugar and processed foods, markers of patterns of unhealthy eating, showed more representative oscillations until the mid-1960s. The gradual replacement of animal fats by vegetable oils was marked by the substantial fall in the price of vegetable oil until the 1950s. From the 1970s onwards, both groups fell at a constant rhythm until 2010 (Figure, b).

There was significant oscillation in the group of tea and coffee, whereas alcoholic drinks maintained indicators of low price variation, remaining below the overall index of food prices. The index of relative prices for sweetened drinks remained below that of overall food until the end of the 1980s, showing a significant increase until the mid-1990s (Figure, c).

The price indices regarding the groups of meat, dairy, eggs and pulses, high-protein foods, showed two distinct patterns in their price evolution. There were greater fluctuations in the price levels of meat and pulses, maintaining levels above those of eggs, and dairy; the greatest oscillations were in the price levels of the pulses group (beans), a food product which is more exposed to supply shocks related to climate. There was a tendency for eggs and dairy to decrease until the mid-1970s, followed by stabilization at levels lower than food in general (Figure, d).

The price index for cereals, flours and dough tended to increase until the mid-1950s, returning to previous levels at the end of the 1970s (Figure, e).

Eating out had a slight tendency to increase, mainly due to the increased share of eating out in the household budget from the 1990s onwards (Figure, f).

DISCUSSION

There was a significant fall in the proportion of the household budget spent on food; in contrast, spending on eating out had positive impetus over time, due to life style changes in Brazilian urban centers throughout the period. The food groups analyzed evolved differently according to their respective conditions of production, linked to lifestyle changes of people living in Sao Paulo.

Relative prices for processed foods showed a visible tendency to fall compared with the other food items.

A significant decrease was noted in the relative prices of vegetable oils at the beginning of the period analyzed (until the 1950s). This resulted in the first symbolic change of people living in Sao Paulo spending patterns on food to be consumed in the home, the beginning of a process of urbanization and industrialization in the municipality: the substitution of animal fat for vegetable oils.

The relative prices of fresh food such as fruit and vegetables tended to increase, especially due to variability in the conditions of production and supply, as well as greater perishability and less practicality in terms of preparation time and method of consumption.

The observed tendencies of the relative prices are consistent with the results of other studies with regards the recent evolution in prices of different food groups, especially in the comparison between those considered healthy and unhealthy.²2. Bezerra IN, Sichieri R. Características e gastos com alimentação fora do domicílio no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2010;44(2):221-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000200001
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910201000... ^{, 6}6. Drewnowski A, Darmon N. Food choices and diet costs: An economic analysis. J Nutr. 2005;135(4):900-4. ^{, 11}11. Mondini L, Levy RB, Silva EN. Alimentação na região metropolitana de São Paulo por classe de renda. An Indic Agroneg. 2010;5(12):1-5.

A study carried out in Mexico evaluated variations in food prices and their nutrients for the last three decades. The prices of basic foodstuffs (such as corn and wheat) increased over the last decade and prices of protein based foods (such as beef and fish) initially increased, but then became cheaper over the course of the 1990s. The prices of the majority of oils, fats and processed foods increased at rates below the inflation of overall food prices, making them cheaper than fresh foods. Correlation analysis showed a negative association between a food's energy density and its cost.¹⁴14. Ortiz-Hernández L. Evolución de los precios de los alimentos y nutrimentos en México entre 1973 y 2004. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2006;56(3):201-15.

Drewnowski & Specter⁷ analyzed the prices of different type of foods and observed that those considered unhealthy are comparatively cheaper in terms of price per calorie than healthy foodstuffs.

The decline in the relative index of processed foods, linked to higher incomes and high concentration of calories encourage th consolidation of unhealthy eating habits. This results in unbalanced diets which may lead to nutritional deficiencies and/or the onset of chronic diseases such as obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension.¹⁷17. World Health Organization. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Geneva; 2003. (Technical Report Series, 916).

The fluctuation in food prices is strongly linked to changes in consumption, considering the need to alter the family budget in line with price variations in order to maintain the patterns of family life. Price increases in food items lead to reductions in the resources available to spend on other, necessary products and services such as medicines, rent and transport. Substituting more expensive food with cheaper items, the family seeks food alternatives which enable them to maintain other unavoidable household expenses.

Monteiro¹³ emphasized the negative aspects of such foodstuffs for human health, based on their characteristics of low nutritional content (nutrient per unit of energy) and high energy density (energy by volume). The evolution of relative price indices is additional evidence of the stimulated consumption of unhealthy products observed in the last few decades.¹⁰10. Levy RB, Claro RM, Mondini L, Sichieri R, Monteiro CA. Distribuição regional e socioeconômica da disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2012;46(1):6-15. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102011005000088
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910201100...

In socioeconomic terms, the following stand out: the effects of technological advances in food production, including changes in food distribution in Brazil associated with modernization and the increasing market power of food retailers; economic stability; the economic liberalization of the country, stimulating competition;¹1. Belik W. Muito além da porteira: mudanças nas formas de coordenação da cadeia alimentar no Brasil [tese de doutorado]. Campinas: UNICAMP; 2001. ^{, b}b Lavinas L. Acessibilidade alimentar e estabilização econômica nos anos 90. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada; 1998. (Texto para discussão, 591). ^{, l}lCyrillo DC. O papel dos supermercados no varejo de alimentos. São Paulo: Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas; 1987. advances in agricultural research with consequent increased productivity; decreases in the margin of processing and commercialization; eventual tax reductions;^mm Barros JMD, Rizzieri JB, Picchetti P. Os efeitos da pesquisa agrícola para o consumidor. São Paulo: Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas; 2001. profits from productivity transferred from agriculture to industry; efficiency gains in logistics, supply and distribution systems.⁸8. Farina EMMQ, Nunes R. Evolução do sistema agroalimentar no Brasil e a redução de preços para o consumidor: Os efeitos da atuação dos grandes compradores. Rev Econ Aplic. 2004;8(2):347-76.

The principal implication of the overall fall in food prices is increased spending power, notably in lower income groups, especially after inflation stabilized in the mid-1990s. The evolution of the relative prices of processed food has shown a consistent decrease over the period, resulting in consumers having more potential to buy.

In cultural terms: intense urbanization, together with women's entrance into the labor market, has reduced time spent preparing and consuming meals in the home and redirected the selection of foods for daily consumption based on the combinations of desirable, intrinsic characteristics of such products: practicality in preparation and consumption, taste and durability derived from the inclusion of ingredients which encourage the flavor and the preservation of the food (salt, sugar and fat) and variety in the options based on the possibility of diversifying the final product (adding flavor, changes in texture, fortifying nutrients, size of packaging, among others), in addition to reputation through brand building by marketing campaigns and guaranteeing satiation at a lower cost through the composition of the food itself (energy density).

Public nutrition policies should aim to promote healthy eating, incentivizing the consumption of fresh foods based on strategies of increasing the populations' access to such products. At the same time, there should be restrictions on stimuli to consume processed foods of high calorie density, low nutritional content and high levels of sodium, fat and sugars.¹⁴14. Ortiz-Hernández L. Evolución de los precios de los alimentos y nutrimentos en México entre 1973 y 2004. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2006;56(3):201-15.

Stimulating the choice of health foodstuffs by the consumer may be conditioned through education programs and changes in the tax systems based on imposing high tax on unhealthy items⁹ and subsidizing foodstuffs classed as healthy. The primary objective of such public policies is to constitute a set of preventative public health actions, through reducing the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the Brazilian population, aiming to control the onset of non-transmissible chronic diseases and improve the population's quality of life. To conclude, the trends in evolution of relative prices in the municipality of Sao Paulo do not encourage long term healthy eating habits in households.

References

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History