Abstracts

INTRODUCTION

The aging of the population is a prominent global phenomenon.²2 Anderson GF, Hussey PS. Population aging: a comparison among industrialized countries. Health Aff (Millwood). 2000;19(3):191-203. DOI:10.1377/hlthaff.19.3.191^,77 Camarano AA, Kanso S, Melo Jl. Como vive o idoso brasileiro. In: Camarano AA, organizadora. Os novos idosos brasileiros, muito além dos 60? Rio de Janeiro: IPEA; 2004. Capítulo 1; p.25-73. In Brazil, individuals above 65 years represented 4.8% of the population in 1991; however, in 2010, this group comprised 7.4%.^aa Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Census first final results: Brazil has a population of 190,755,799 residents. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2010 [cited 2013 Feb 2]. Available from: http://saladeimprensa.ibge.gov.br/en/noticias?view=noticia&id=1&busca=1&idnoticia=1866 The increase in the aging population has led to a greater frequency of chronic diseases; consequently, an increase in the demand for health services and medication.¹²12 Lima-Costa MF, Barreto S, Giatti L, Uchôa E. Desigualdade social e saúde entre idosos brasileiros: um estudo baseado na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios. Cad Saude Publica. 2003;19(3):745-57. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2003000300007^,2020 Veras R, Parahyba MI. O anacronismo dos modelos assistenciais para os idosos na área da saúde: desafios para o setor privado. Cad Saude Publica. 2007;23(10):2479-89. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2007001000022 In the United States, it is estimated that approximately one-third of all medication used is for individuals above 60 years.²¹21 Williams CM. Using medications appropriately in older adults.Am Fam Physician. 2002;66(10):1917-24. In addition, studies show that the majority of older adults use more than one medication.¹¹11 Jorgensen T, Johansson S, Kennerfalk A, Wallander MA, Svärdsudd K. Prescription drug use, diagnoses, and healthcare utilization among the elderly.Ann Pharmacother. 2001;35(9):1004-9. DOI:10.1345/aph.10351^,1818 Rozenfeld S. Prevalência, fatores associados e mau uso de medicamentos entre os idosos: uma revisão. Cad Saude Publica. 2003;19(3):717-24. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2003000300004

Assuring access to essential medication for older adults has been a priority for the Brazilian Medication Policy^bb Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Políticas de Saúde, Departamento de Formulação de Políticas de Saúde. Política nacional de medicamentos. Brasília (DF); 2001. (Série C. Projetos, Programas e Relatórios, 25). and the Statute for the Elderly^cc Brasil. Lei nº 10.741 de 1º de outubro de 2003. Dispõe sobre o Estatuto do Idoso e dá outras providências. Diario Oficial Uniao. 3 out 2003. Artigo 15, Seção V,§ 2o. since 2003. Thus, some of the initiatives of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) have been performed for these purposes, such as the distribution of medication for Alzheimer or Parkinson’s disease,¹⁴14 Miyata DF, Vagetti GC, Fanhani JGP, Andrade OG. Políticas e programas na atenção à saúde do idoso: um panorama nacional. Arq Cienc Saude Unipar. 2005;9(2):135-40. or thePrograma Farmácia Popular (People’s Pharmacy Program) and thePrograma Saúde Não Tem Preço (Health Has No Price Program),^dd Ministério da Saúde. Portaria nº 184, de 3 de fevereiro de 2011. Dispõe sobre o Programa Farmácia Popular no Brasil. Brasília (DF); 2011 [cited 2014 Oct 9]. Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2011/prt0184_03_02_2011.html which offer free medication for diabetes and hypertension.

Epidemiological research has discovered a high prevalence of medication use in older adults in Brazil, which varies⁵5 Bertoldi AD, Barros AJ, Wagner A, Ross-Degnan D, Hallal PC. Medicine access and utilization in a population covered by primary health care in Brazil.Health Policy. 2009;89(3):295-302. DOI:10.1016/j.healthpol.2008.07.001^,88 Carvalho MF, Pascom ARP, Souza-Júnior PRB, Damacena GN, Szwarcwald CL. Utilization of medicines by the Brazilian population, 2003. Cad Saude Publica. 2005;21(Suppl 1):S100-8. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2005000700011 based on socioeconomic characteristics and the seriousness of the disease.⁵5 Bertoldi AD, Barros AJ, Wagner A, Ross-Degnan D, Hallal PC. Medicine access and utilization in a population covered by primary health care in Brazil.Health Policy. 2009;89(3):295-302. DOI:10.1016/j.healthpol.2008.07.001 Thus, it is more difficult or impossible for certain groups to access said medication. This fact can contribute to problems such as the spending of an uneven amount of family income⁶6 Boing AC, Bertoldi AD, Peres KG. Desigualdades socioeconômicas no gasto e comprometimento da renda com medicamentos no Sul do Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2011;45(5):897-905. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102011005000054 or under the use of necessary medication.¹³13 Luz TCB, Loyola Filho AI, Lima-Costa MF. Estudo de base populacional da subutilização de medicamentos por motivos financeiros entre idosos na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25(7):1578-86. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2009000700016

In 2009, Brazilian families spent 56.2 billion reals on medications.^ee Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Conta-satélite de Saúde Brasil - 2007-2009: despesas de consumo intermediário e final da administração pública: uma análise dos dados de medicamentos. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2012. (Contas Nacionais, 37). A population-based study conducted in Florianópolis, SC, Southeastern Brazil, showed that the difference in the amount of income dedicated to the purchase of medications was four times higher for the poor when compared to the wealthier class.⁶6 Boing AC, Bertoldi AD, Peres KG. Desigualdades socioeconômicas no gasto e comprometimento da renda com medicamentos no Sul do Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2011;45(5):897-905. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102011005000054 In turn, the underuse of medication can lead to worse clinical outcomes and a lower quality of life for patients. It also can increase their spending on secondary and tertiary care and often leads to the need for greater doses of medication, and consequently, a greater risk of adverse events.¹⁰10 Gurwitz JH, Rochon P. Considerations in designing an ideal medication-use system: lessons from caring for the elderly. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000;57(6):548-51.^,1717 Rochon PA, Gurwitz JH. Prescribing for seniors: neither too much nor too little. JAMA. 1999;282(2):113-5. DOI:10.1001/jama.282.2.113

Data about access to medication are important tools for characterizing the health system¹⁵15 Paniz VM, Fassa AG, Facchini LA, Bertoldi AD, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, et al. Acesso a medicamentos de uso contínuo em adultos e idosos nas regiões Sul e Nordeste do Brasil. Cad Saude Publica. 2008;24(2):267-80. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2008000200005 and supporting policies and actions aimed at expanding access to priority groups. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the prevalence of continued-use prescription drugs and the factors associated with accessing and obtaining them.

METHODS

Data obtained from the National Household Survey (PNAD) in 2008^ff Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios 2008 - Suplemento. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2009 [cited 2013 Feb]. Available from: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/panorama_saude_brasil_2003_2008/ was used seeing that it was the most recent study containing health questions. The PNAD is a cross-sectional study with national coverage conducted annually with the aim of providing information about the general characteristics of the population, such as education, work, and income.^ff Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios 2008 - Suplemento. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2009 [cited 2013 Feb]. Available from: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/panorama_saude_brasil_2003_2008/

The PNAD sampling plan includes complex samples, incorporating the stratification of sampling units, conglomeration (sample selection in various stages, with compound sampling units), unequal selection probabilities in one or more stages, and adjustments made for the weighting of the sample to calibrate it with the total known population.

Of the 391,868 individuals studied in the PNAD in 2008, those above 60 years who reported that they used continued-use prescription drugs were selected to participate in this study. They totaled 27,333 individuals.

The outcome variable was access to medication and was measured by the following questions:

• Question 1: “The last time that you needed continued-use prescription drugs, how many of them did you receive for free?” Response categories: All, Some, and None.

• Question 2: “Of the continued-use prescription drugs that you did not receive for free, how many of them did you have to buy?” Response categories: All, Some, and None.

The individuals were categorized by their type of access to medication based on their responses to these questions:

• Free – individuals who stated that they had received all the medication for free, i.e., those who responded “all” to question 1.

• Purchasers – individuals who purchased all their medications, i.e., those who responded “none” to question 1 and “all” to question 2.

• Mixed – individuals who received some of their medication for free and purchased the rest, i.e., those who responded “some” to question 1 and “all” to questions 2.

• Partial or no access – individuals who only received or purchased some of the medication they needed (either for free or through purchase) or did not receive or purchase any medication. This group includes those who responded “some” to question 1 and “some” or “none” to question 2, as well as those who responded “none” to question 1 and “some” or “none” to question 2.

The group that responded as receiving the drugs for free was analyzed in this study as though they received SUS drugs. This is because they are used on a regular basis, and although some individuals may have received the drugs from friends, relatives, health plans, or another source, it is likely that these represent a small percentage of those who receive medication.

The independent variables were chosen according to the Andersen theoretical model¹1 Andersen RM. Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: does it matter? J Health Soc Behav.1995;36(1):1-10. (1995) and the availability of the PNAD. This model has often been used in studies investigating access to and use of health services.¹⁹19 Travassos C, Martins M. Uma revisão sobre os conceitos de acesso e utilização de serviços de saúde. Cad Saude Publica. 2004;20(Supl 2):S190-8. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2004000800014

The independent variables were geographic region (North, Northeast, Southeast, South, and Midwest), age range (60-64, 65-69, 70-74, and ≥ 75 years), sex (feminine and masculine) location of home (urban and rural), perceived health status (good or very good, regular, and bad or very bad), number of morbidities stated (0, 1, 2-3, and ≥ 4), medical consultation in the last twelve months (yes or no), regularly seeks the same health service (yes or no), and income (group 1, group 2, and group 3). As for the reported morbidity variable, only the 12 morbidities investigated in the PNAD were included, i.e., spine diseases or back pain; arthritis or rheumatism, cancer, diabetes, bronchitis or asthma, hypertension, heart disease, chronic kidney failure, depression, tuberculosis, tendinitis or tenosynovitis, and cirrhosis.

The income group variable was constructed from the monthly family income per capita available on the National Household Survey database. The cutoff points for each income group were chosen to categorize three income groups, seeking greater homogeneity within the defined categories. The income groups were defined as group 1 – individuals with family income per capita above the 90^th percentile, i.e., monthly family income greater than R$1,635.00, group 2 – family incomes between the 90^th percentile and the 50^th, i.e., monthly family income between R$460.00 and R$1,635.00, and group 3 – monthly per capita income below the 50^th percentile, i.e., those with a family monthly per capita income less than R$460.00.^gg Central Bank of Brazil. Currency conversion. [Internet]. Brasília (DF); 2008 [cited 2008 Jun 1]. Available from: http://www4.bcb.gov.br/pec/conversao/

Prevalence rates were estimated for each type of access to continued-use prescription drugs and for each type of access by income group.

The statistical association between the dependent and independent variables was assessed using the Chi-square test. The variables associated with the dependent variable (p < 0.05) in the bivariate analysis were included in a multivariate multinomial logistic regression model.

Analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows software, version 17, and we took the sample weights and structural information of the sampling plan (conglomerates and stratification) into consideration. To maintain the use of sample size in the inferences made, corrected sample weights were used for adjustment purposes (said weights were defined by the ratio between the natural weights of the design and their arithmetic mean).

RESULTS

Table 1 presents a description of the population studied and the frequency of each type of access, according to socioeconomic, demographic, and health variables. The majority of older adults who reported using continued-use prescription drugs came from the Southeast and had the following characteristics: they were women, resided in urban areas, had health insurance plans, and had at least one chronic disease.

The majority (86.0%) of older adults had access to continued-use prescription drugs the last time they needed them. The Figureshows that the majority of older adults bought all their continued-use prescription drugs the last time they needed them (41.6%), and 14.1% of them did not have any access to the medication through health services. The majority of the latter group (14.1%) received some medication and bought the rest, 5.4% never obtained any medication, 3.2% did not receive any medication but bought some, and 1.4% received some medication but did not buy any.

Those who belonged to income group 3 (lower income) and those living in rural areas had a higher prevalence of full free access to medication. On the other hand, in all of the other subgroups analyzed, the main method of access was by purchase. The groups whose individuals with a higher prevalence of a total lack of access to medication reported that their health was bad or very bad, mainly belonged to income group 3 (lower income) and had four or more chronic diseases (Table 1).

Table 2 shows the results of the bivariate and multivariate multinomial analyses, in which the group of individuals who received all their medication for free was compared to the other three groups, i.e., those who had full access by purchase, those who had mixed access, and who did not have full access. Given that they were deemed statistically significant in the bivariate analysis, all control variables were included in the multivariate analysis. Adjusted association measurements (Table 2) showed that the possibility of purchasing the medication, compared to those who received it all free of charge, was higher for older adults who had health insurance (OR = 7.4), belonged to older age groups, consulted at least one doctor in the last 12 months (OR = 0.9) and did not always return to the same healthcare service (OR = 0.7).

The possibility of having mixed access to medication was greater for older adults who had a worse state of health, a greater number of medical visits in the last 12 months, held health insurance plans, and belonged to the older age groups, when compared to those who had free access.

The possibility of not having full access, when compared to those who obtained all their medications for free, was greater for those who had a worse state of health, a greater number of morbidities, did not visit the same healthcare center, were in the older age groups, and were residents of the South or Southeast regions.

Out of all the variables tested, only the socioeconomic variable and the location of the household were statistically significant. The measurements of the ratios of possibility of access to medication for these variables are presented in Table 3.

In the interaction (Table 3) analysis, the chance of purchasing all medications needed compared to receiving all for free was greater in urban areas, in income groups 1 and 2, and in income group 1, regardless of the location of the household. In income group 3 (lowest income), there was no difference between urban and rural households. On the other hand, the possibility of having mixed access to medication compared to having free access did not present a large difference in regards to region for all income groups. The possibility of not having full access compared to that of acquiring medication for free was less for the members of income group 1 living in urban areas (OR = 0.4).

DISCUSSION

The results of this study showed that a significant proportion of older adults who use medication regularly had access to medication the last time they needed it. However, these results were different between subgroups of varying socioeconomic levels, demographic regions, and state of health. Furthermore, more than 50.0% of the older adults who had access to medication purchased all the medication they needed. A significant percentage of older adults (86.0%) had access to all the continued-use prescription drugs the last time they needed them roughly the same as has been found in other studies, despite the differences in methodologies used.⁸8 Carvalho MF, Pascom ARP, Souza-Júnior PRB, Damacena GN, Szwarcwald CL. Utilization of medicines by the Brazilian population, 2003. Cad Saude Publica. 2005;21(Suppl 1):S100-8. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2005000700011^,1515 Paniz VM, Fassa AG, Facchini LA, Bertoldi AD, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, et al. Acesso a medicamentos de uso contínuo em adultos e idosos nas regiões Sul e Nordeste do Brasil. Cad Saude Publica. 2008;24(2):267-80. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2008000200005 As has already been mentioned, this prevalence varied between subgroups. The lack of access to medication, which affected 14.0% of older adults, reached 22.0% in older adults who had four or more chronic diseases.

Ensuring access to medication is considered one of the millennium goals and has often been discussed in the literature.¹⁶16 Ritz LS, Adam T, Laing R. A bibliometric study of publication patterns in access to medicines research in developing countries. South Med Rev. 2010;3(1):2-6. Consequently, understanding the aging population (which is the main consumer of medications) in terms of their access to and use of drugs is extremely important when trying to achieve this goal. Thus, the results of this study showed that the older adults who were in the group that did not receive all their medications had worse states of health, (a greater number of chronic diseases and a worse perceived state of health) and were in older age ranges than those who had free access. This could be due to the fact that the public health system only offers treatment and medication for certain types of illnesses, which inherently deprives some patients of the possibility of obtaining medication for at least one disease.

The majority of older adults bought all or part of their continued-use prescription drugs, a fact that was already highlighted in the medical literature.⁵5 Bertoldi AD, Barros AJ, Wagner A, Ross-Degnan D, Hallal PC. Medicine access and utilization in a population covered by primary health care in Brazil.Health Policy. 2009;89(3):295-302. DOI:10.1016/j.healthpol.2008.07.001 In this study, approximately 29.0% of the older adults who belonged to the lowest income group (Group 3) bought all their continued-use prescription drugs the last time they needed them, which could certainly compromise their household incomes, even for basic needs.

The possibility of purchasing medication was greater for those who lived in urban areas and belonged to the higher income groups (Groups 1 and 2). This may be due to the fact that urban areas have more pharmacies than rural areas. However, different factors could also lead individuals to purchase medication instead of accessing public healthcare services, such as a lack of availability of medication through public channels, which appears to be the cause of the problem.⁵5 Bertoldi AD, Barros AJ, Wagner A, Ross-Degnan D, Hallal PC. Medicine access and utilization in a population covered by primary health care in Brazil.Health Policy. 2009;89(3):295-302. DOI:10.1016/j.healthpol.2008.07.001 Furthermore, the availability of generic medications in the public healthcare system is lower than expected, and consequently, patients tend to purchase their medication in private pharmacies.⁵5 Bertoldi AD, Barros AJ, Wagner A, Ross-Degnan D, Hallal PC. Medicine access and utilization in a population covered by primary health care in Brazil.Health Policy. 2009;89(3):295-302. DOI:10.1016/j.healthpol.2008.07.001 However, the individuals who reported purchasing medications may be buying them at a low price via the People’s Pharmacy Program. The inability to differentiate this group in the analysis is a limitation of this study.

Access to medications was associated with state of health and sociodemographic variables. In general, when compared with the other groups, individuals who had free access were in the youngest age range of older adults, returned more often to the same places for health care, had consulted a doctor in the last 12 months, and did not have health insurance. These results are similar to what was found in other studies that characterized the population that received free medications through the SUS.³3 Aziz MM, Calvo MC, Schneider IJC, Xavier AJ, d´Orsi E. Prevalência e fatores associados ao acesso a medicamentos pela população idosa em uma capital do sul do Brasil: um estudo de base populacional. Cad Saude Publica. 2011;27(10):1939-50. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2011001000007^,44 Bertoldi AD, Barros AJD, Wagner A, Ross-Degman D, Hallal PC. A descriptive review of the methodologies used in household surveys on medicine utilization. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008;8:222-30. DOI:10.1186/1472-6963-8-222

The absence of a recall period is also a limitation to this study, and it does not allow for comparability with other studies and may not capture the full scale of the problem, since it does not define how long the patients may be without their medication. The group that reported obtaining all their medication free of charge is also a limiting factor because of the fact that although they have been categorized as using the SUS, there may be other older adults in the group who received the free medication by other means.

Income has been identified as one of the single best indicators of lifestyle in epidemiological studies.⁹9 Galobardes B, Shaw M, Lawlor DA, Lynch JW, Davey Smith G. Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 1). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(1):7-12. DOI:10.1136/jech.2004.023531Nevertheless, due to the lack of a clear definition of the best cut-off point for the division of income groups in Brazil, the cut-off points used were chosen in order to categorize three different income groups with established proportions. However, it is possible that the values used did not fully reflect Brazilian economic groups.

Another limitation of the study is that people tend to underestimate their drug needs;⁴4 Bertoldi AD, Barros AJD, Wagner A, Ross-Degman D, Hallal PC. A descriptive review of the methodologies used in household surveys on medicine utilization. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008;8:222-30. DOI:10.1186/1472-6963-8-222 therefore, the results about necessary medication that was not obtained should be interpreted with caution.⁴4 Bertoldi AD, Barros AJD, Wagner A, Ross-Degman D, Hallal PC. A descriptive review of the methodologies used in household surveys on medicine utilization. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008;8:222-30. DOI:10.1186/1472-6963-8-222

This study provides nationally representative data on the prevalence of the types of access to medication and investigates possible factors associated with each type of access. It indicates that there are still older adults who did not have full access to continued-use prescription drugs the last time they needed them, and even more significantly, that those in lower income groups continue buying the medication they need. In conclusion, it is expected that this study will be able to guide actions aimed at achieving greater availability and quality of pharmaceutical care in the public health system in Brazil.

REFERENCES

Publication Dates

History