ABSTRACT

The aim of this study has been to study whether the top-down method, based on the average value identified in the Brazilian Hospitalization System (SIH/SUS), is a good estimator of the cost of health professionals per patient, using the bottom-up method for comparison. The study has been developed from the context of hospital care offered to the patient carrier of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency with severe adverse effect because of the use of primaquine, in the Brazilian Amazon. The top-down method based on the spending with SIH/SUS professional services, as a proxy for this cost, corresponded to R$60.71, and the bottom-up, based on the salaries of the physician (R$30.43), nurse (R$16.33), and nursing technician (R$5.93), estimated a total cost of R$52.68. The difference was only R$8.03, which shows that the amounts paid by the Hospital Inpatient Authorization (AIH) are estimates close to those obtained by the bottom-up technique for the professionals directly involved in the care.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, economics; Primaquine, adverse effects; Malaria, prevention & control; Health Care Costs; Unified Health System, economics

INTRODUCTION

Primaquine, an 8-aminoquinoline, is currently the only drug licensed in Brazil for the radical treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria. It contributes to avoid relapses in this type of malaria and, consequently, decreases the number of persons with this parasite. However, this medication has been associated with severe hemolysis, hospitalization, and even death of male individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, being the main threat to persons with G6PD deficiency in Brazil¹1. Monteiro WM, Franca GP, Melo GC, Queiroz ALM, Brito M, Peixoto HM, Oliveira MRF, et al. Clinical complications of G6PD deficiency in Latin American and Caribbean populations: systematic review and implications for malaria elimination programmes. Malar J. 2014;13:70. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-70
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-70... ^,22. Peixoto HM, Brito MA, Romero GA, Monteiro WM, Lacerda MV, Oliveira MRF. G6PD deficiency in male individuals infected by Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Brazilian Amazon: a cost study. Malar J. 2015;14:126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0647-x
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0647-... . In the Brazilian Amazon, the estimated prevalence of G6PD deficiency is 4.5%³3. Santana MS, Monteiro WM, Siqueira AM, Costa MF, Sampaio V, Lacerda MV, et al. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient variants are associated with reduced susceptibility to malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2013;107(5):301-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trt015
https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trt015... . Estimates presented by Peixoto et al.²2. Peixoto HM, Brito MA, Romero GA, Monteiro WM, Lacerda MV, Oliveira MRF. G6PD deficiency in male individuals infected by Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Brazilian Amazon: a cost study. Malar J. 2015;14:126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0647-x
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0647-... indicate that G6PD deficiency in the field of malaria is costly for the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), especially from the hospitalization costs of patients with severe adverse events associated with the use of primaquine. In this context, the cost-effectiveness analysis presented by Peixoto et al.⁴4. Peixoto HM, Brito MAM, Romero GAS, Monteiro WM, Lacerda MVG, Oliveira MRF. Cost-effectiveness analysis of rapid diagnostic tests for G6PD deficiency in patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Malar J. 2016;15:82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1140-x
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1140-... shows that the use of the CareStart^TM G6PD rapid diagnostic test before the administration of primaquine is efficient to diagnose G6PD deficiency and to avoid hospitalization in the Brazilian Amazon.

The validity of economic evaluations depends, largely, on the method and accuracy of the costs evaluated⁵5. Clement FM, Ghali WA, Donaldson CAM, Manns BJ. The impact of using different costing methods on the results of an economic evaluation of cardiac care: microcosting vs gross-costing approaches. Health Economics. 2009;18(4):377-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1363
https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1363... . Costs can be obtained from the detailing of items and resources used (bottom-up), from global estimates (top-down), or from mixed approaches that use both bottom-up and top-down. An approach based on top-down may be more adequate when the variability of a given region needs to be represented, increasing the external validity of the evaluation; on the other hand, bottom-up reflects the characteristics of a sample, which limits the generalization, despite being more precise⁶6. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Diretrizes metodológicas: diretriz de avaliação econômica. 2.ed. Brasília (DF); 2014 [cited 2017 Jul 27]. Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/diretrizes_metodologicas_diretriz_avaliacao_economica.pdf
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... .

In Brazil, the Hospitalization System (SIH/SUS) provides the values of hospitalizations paid by the SUS to health institutions, which subsidizes the overall costs according to the cause of hospitalization and contemplates hospital and professional services. Because of the debate on the underfunding related to the amounts paid by the SUS, the development of bottom-up methodologies in order to estimate hospital costs could contribute to more accurate economic analyses.

The purpose of this study was to identify whether the top-down method for professional services, based on the average value paid for these services identified in the SIH/SUS, is a good estimator of the cost of health professionals. This was carried out in relation to the bottom-up method based on the salaries of the physician, nurse, and nursing technician in the context of hospital care given to the male patient with G6PD deficiency with severe adverse event from the use of primaquine in the Brazilian Amazon.

METHODS

A comparison of costing methods was carried out in the context of an economic analysis developed from the perspective of the SUS for 2013, considering all nine States of the Brazilian Amazon. We analyzed the cost of professional service with the hospitalization of patients with G6PD deficiency submitted to the radical treatment of P. vivax infection with primaquine. To obtain this cost, we used two techniques: the top-down, performed from an administrative database based on the Professional Service component of the Hospitalization Authorization (AIH) paid by SUS, and the bottom-up, based on the casuistry of the Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), a center of reference in malaria care and research in the State of Amazonas, fully funded by the SUS, located in the city of Manaus.

The top-down technique obtained the average value of the Professional Service component of the AIH from the analysis of the SIH/SUS databases, using the following procedure: the 108 files that contain the SIH/SUS registry data from the nine States of the Brazilian Amazon, of 2013, were obtained in the *.dbf format and exported to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS®) software, version 20.0, being transformed into the *.sav format; the databases were analyzed individually in the SPSS®. Using the localization function of the SPSS®, we identified the male individuals older than six months hospitalized for the treatment of hemolytic anemia from G6PD deficiency (ICD-10 D550). Subsequently, the results of the analyses were grouped into a single file, allowing us to obtain the average value of said component. Although the professional service component of the AIH refers mainly to the costs of the physician’s service, this component was also used as a proxy for the total professional costs (physician, nurse, and nursing technician), since we cannot discriminate the cost of the service of other professionals from the hospital service component of the AIH.

The bottom-up technique was based on the average salaries practiced by the State of Amazonas in 2013, for the physician, nurse, and nursing technician (total professional cost), which allowed us to compare the total professional cost, physician cost, and the value obtained from the analysis of the professional service component of the AIH. From the monthly salary, we identified the value of one hour of work (monthly salary divided by the monthly work hours), followed by its multiplication by the estimated hours dedicated to the patient, which was obtained by multiplying the average number of days of hospitalization (4.58 days) and 24 hours. This product was then weighted by the proportion of patients hospitalized for G6PD deficiency at the FMT-HVD, since health professionals do not exclusively treat patients hospitalized for G6PD deficiency (Table). The average number of days hospitalized and the number of patients hospitalized for G6PD deficiency who subsidized the calculation of the proportion of inpatients were obtained from unpublished information from the monitoring of 33 males with G6PD deficiency, and mean age of 24.3 years, hospitalized at FMT-HVD between 2009 and 2011 for the adverse events of primaquine. Thus, the proportion of inpatients with G6PD deficiency was calculated based on the division between the 33 hospitalizations of patients with enzyme deficiency and the 8,654 hospitalizations from all causes in the institution in the same period (amounting to 0.38%).

Univariate sensitivity analyses were performed based on the 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of the following parameters: proportion of hospitalization from G6PD deficiency and average days of hospitalization.

RESULTS

The average cost of professional services obtained by the top-down technique, based on the analysis of hospitalizations identified in the SIH/SUS, corresponded to R$60.71. The bottom-up, based on the salaries of the physician, nurse, and nursing technician, indicated a cost of R$52.68, with a preponderance of the cost with the physician (R$30.43), followed by the nurse (R$16.33), and the nursing technician (R$5.93). We can observe that the difference between the costs obtained from the different techniques, considering the total professional cost, was only R$8.03, and considering only the physician costs it was R$30.28 (Table). The univariate sensitivity analysis performed with the proportion of hospitalization and the average number of days hospitalized for G6PD deficiency showed that the total professional cost obtained using the bottom-up method ranged between R$34.66 and R$70.70 and between R$29.70 and R$75.64 (Table), respectively.

DISCUSSION

The hospital costs obtained from the analysis of the regional and national registries of the SIH/SUS have subsidized several economic analyses developed from the SUS perspective, thus enabling, according to Silva et al.⁷7. Silva EN, Silva MT, Pereira MG. Identificação, mensuração e valoração de custos em saúde. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2016;25(2):437-9. https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742016000200023
https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-4974201600... , a more comprehensive view. According to the guidelines for the economic evaluation proposed by the Ministry of Health (MS), the hospitalization costs obtained from the AIH values have been used in almost all studies conducted in Brazil, although the AIH is criticized for representing the values reimbursed and not necessarily the actual costs⁶6. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Diretrizes metodológicas: diretriz de avaliação econômica. 2.ed. Brasília (DF); 2014 [cited 2017 Jul 27]. Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/diretrizes_metodologicas_diretriz_avaliacao_economica.pdf
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... . In this context, we can observe the use of the average value of the AIH, which was obtained from the analysis of the SIH/SUS, in studies with the most varied objectives, such as: disease cost assessment²2. Peixoto HM, Brito MA, Romero GA, Monteiro WM, Lacerda MV, Oliveira MRF. G6PD deficiency in male individuals infected by Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Brazilian Amazon: a cost study. Malar J. 2015;14:126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0647-x
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0647-... ^,88. Bahia L, Coutinho ESF, Barufaldi LA, Abreu GA, Malhão TA, Souza CPR, et al. The costs of overweight and obesity-related diseases in the Brazilian public health system: cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):440. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-440
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-440... , analysis of vaccine efficacy⁹9. Novaes HMD, Soárez PC, Silva GA, Ayres A, Itria A, Rama CH, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of introducing universal human papillomavirus vaccination of girls aged 11 years into the National Immunization Program in Brazil. Vaccine. 2015;33 Suppl 1:A135-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.031
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.1... ^,1010. Sartori AMC, Soárez PC, Fernandes EG, Gryninger LCF, Viscondi JYK, Novaes HMD. Cost-effectiveness analysis of universal maternal immunization with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine in Brazil. Vaccine. 2016;34(13):1531-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.026
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.0... , efficiency of new diagnostic technologies⁴4. Peixoto HM, Brito MAM, Romero GAS, Monteiro WM, Lacerda MVG, Oliveira MRF. Cost-effectiveness analysis of rapid diagnostic tests for G6PD deficiency in patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Malar J. 2016;15:82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1140-x
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1140-... , efficiency of programs¹¹11. Ribeiro RA, Caleffi M, Polanczyk CA. Custo-efetividade de um programa de rastreamento organizado de câncer de mama no Sul do Bras. Cad Saude Publica. 2013;29 Supl 1:S131-45. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00005213
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0000521... , and efficiency of new therapeutic technologies¹²12. Ribeiro RA, Stella SF, Zimerman LI, Pimentel M, Rohde LE, Polanczyk CA. Custo-efetividade de cardiodesfibriladores implantáveis no Brasil nos setores público e privado. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(5):577-86. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000134
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X201000... , among others.

The discussion about the devaluation of the amounts paid by the AIH should also be considered in economic analyses. In this regard, Sampaio et al.¹³13. Sampaio GB, Moraes DF, Meguins LC, Adry RARC, Sampaio PVC. O custo da neurocirurgia no Sistema Único de Saúde no Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto. Arq Bras Neurocir. 2014 [cited 2017 Jul 27];33(3):186-91. Available from: http://files.bvs.br/upload/S/0103-5355/2014/v33n3/756170.pdf
http://files.bvs.br/upload/S/0103-5355/2... , when studying the financial management of neurosurgery, have compared the amounts paid by the AIH with the expenses cataloged by patients during the period from August 2012 to June 2013. The authors¹³13. Sampaio GB, Moraes DF, Meguins LC, Adry RARC, Sampaio PVC. O custo da neurocirurgia no Sistema Único de Saúde no Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto. Arq Bras Neurocir. 2014 [cited 2017 Jul 27];33(3):186-91. Available from: http://files.bvs.br/upload/S/0103-5355/2014/v33n3/756170.pdf
http://files.bvs.br/upload/S/0103-5355/2... have identified a deficit of R$395,329.17 between the amounts obtained by the bottom-up technique (R$718,036.70) and the amount reimbursed by the AIH (R$321,607.45). Lucarevschi et al.¹⁴14. Lucarevschi BR, Escobar AMU, Grisi S. Custos hospitalares da meningite causada por Streptococcus pneumoniae na cidade de São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brasil. Cad Saude Publica. 2012;28(4):740-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2012000400013
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201200... , when combining the bottom-up and top-down techniques to assess direct hospital costs related to pneumococcal meningitis in children, have identified costs 10 to 20 times higher than those paid by the AIH. Given the variety of health outcomes, we can assume that the amount paid by the AIH may also overestimate the cost of hospitalization for some outcomes, although this study has not identified publications that support this assumption.

In this study, the bottom-up value of professional services, initially considering only the cost of the physician, compared to the top-down, presented value corresponding to half of the amount reimbursed by the AIH. However, when simultaneously considered the costs of the physician, the nurse, and the nursing technician, the value obtained was very close to the top-down value, indicating that the AIH can be a good proxy of the estimation of costs of services of the professionals directly involved in the care of persons with G6PD deficiency when compared with the bottom-up technique.

This study presents some limitations, such as the fact that some epidemiological parameters and the costs used in the bottom-up technique come from the casuistry of the State of Amazonas and they are extrapolated to the entire Brazilian Amazon. The uncertainties considered in the univariate sensitivity analysis indicated that the professional costs did not show significant variations, although they were influenced by the variation of the proportion of hospitalized patients for G6PD deficiency and days of hospitalization.

The comparison between the bottom-up and top-down methods is an unprecedented contribution to the discussion of costing techniques for professional costs in malaria care settings in the Brazilian Amazon, with the potential to support future economic studies in the area. It should be noted that the AIH is widely used in Brazil as a source of hospital care costs, as it facilitates the comparison between economic studies and represents the values practiced in the service routine.

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