ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

Evaluate the variations in energy, nutrients, and food groups intake between days of the week and weekend days in the Brazilian population.

METHODS

We used data from the first National Food Survey (2008-2009) of a one-day food log of a representative sample of the Brazilian population aged 10 years or older (n = 34,003). For the analyses, we considered the sample weights and the effect of the study design. The mean (and standard deviations) and frequencies (%) of energy, nutrients, and food groups consumption were estimated for weekdays (Monday to Friday) and weekend (Saturday and Sunday), we then estimated the differences according to the days of the week for the population strata analyzed.

RESULTS

The average daily energy intake for the weekend was 8% higher than the one observed for weekdays. The average percentage contribution of carbohydrate to the daily energy intake was higher during the week compared to Saturday and Sunday (56.3% versus 54.1%, p < 0.01). The inverse was observed for averages of the contribution to the daily intake of energy from total fat (26.8% versus 28.4%), saturated fat (9.1% versus 9.9%) and trans fat (1.4% versus 1.6%). The most significant changes between weekdays and weekend days were observed for eggs, sugar-added beverages, puff snacks and chips, beans, and pasta. During weekends, the frequency of beverage with added sugar consumption increased by 34%, the amount consumed increased by 42%, and the contribution to energy intake increased by 62% when compared to weekdays.

CONCLUSIONS

The Brazilian population increases energy intake and unhealthy food markers on weekends compared to weekdays.

Food Consumption; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Diet Surveys

INTRODUCTION

In the last few decades, significant changes occurred in food consumption in several countries¹1. Bauer KW, Larson NI, Nelson MC, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D. Fast food intake among adolescents: secular and longitudinal trends from 1999 to 2004. Prev Med. 2009;48(3):284-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.12.021
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.12.... . In Brazil, there has been an increase in the participation of processed products in the availability of food in Brazilian households¹⁸18. Martins APB, Levy RB, Claro RM, Moubarac JC, Monteiro CA. Participação crescente de produtos ultraprocessados na dieta brasileira (1987-2009). Rev Saude Publica. 2013;47(4):656-65. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910.2013047004968
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910.20130... . Data from Family Budget Surveys showed that, between 2002-2003 and 2008-2009, the relative participation of cookies, soft drinks and ready meals in the availability of energy at home increased by 10%, 16%, and 40%, respectively¹⁶16. Levy RB, Claro RM, Bandoni DH, Mondini L, Monteiro CA. Disponibilidade de “açúcares de adição” no Brasil: distribuição, fontes alimentares e tendência temporal. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2012;15(1):3-12. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2012000100001
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X201200... . The process of eating in Brazil has been set up as being of high energy density, high content of sugars and sodium and low content of fibers and micronutrients. Thus, our diet is an important risk factor for increasing the prevalence of obesity and chronic non-transmissible diseases²⁰20. Moura EC, Silva SA, Malta DC, Morais Neto OL . Fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas: vigilância por meio de inquérito telefônico, VIGITEL, Brasil, 2007. Cad Saude Publica. 2011;27(3):486-96. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011000300009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... ^,2525. Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Silva GA, Menezes AM, Monteiro CA, Barreto SM, et al. Doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no Brasil: carga e desafios atuais. London: The Lancet; 2011 [cited 2017 Apr 4]. (Saúde no Brasil, 4). Available from: http://actbr.org.br/uploads/conteudo/926_Doencas.pdf
http://actbr.org.br/uploads/conteudo/926... .

It should be emphasized that the days of the week are classically considered as sources of intraindividual variability of food consumption²2. Beaton GH, Milner J, McGuire V, Feather TE, Little JA. Source of variance in 24-hour dietary recall data: implications for nutrition study design and interpretation: carbohydrate sources, vitamins, and minerals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1983;37(6):986-95., considered important in the evaluation of error in food and nutrient consumption estimates in food surveys based on a 24-hour recall and food diary survey²⁹29. Willet W. Nutritional epidemiology. 3.ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013. (Monographs in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 40)..

Studies that evaluated food consumption according to the days of the week reported that food consumption during weekends presented worse nutritional quality than on weekdays, due to higher consumption of soft drinks and other sugary drinks, alcoholic drinks and fats, and lower participation of whole foods, leading to higher energy intake during weekends¹⁰10. Haines PS, Hama MY, Guilkey DK, Popkin BM. Weekend eating in the United States Is linked with greater energy, fat, and alcohol Intake. Obes Res. 2003;11(8):945-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.130
https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.130... ^,2323. Rothausen BW, Matthiessen J, Hoppe C, Brockhoff PB, Andersen LF, Tetens I. Differences in Danish children’s diet quality on weekdays v. weekend days. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15(9):1653-60. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012002674
https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001200267... ^,2424. Rothausen BW, Matthiessen J, Andersen LF, Brockhoff PB, Tetens I. Dietary patterns on weekdays and weekend days in 4-14-year-old Danish children. Br J Nutr. 2013;109(9):1704-13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512003662
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451200366... .

In addition, the systematic increase in energy intake can lead to a positive energy balance and favors weight gain, as shown by Brown et al.⁴4. Brown WJ, Williams L, Ford JH, Ball K, Dobson AJ. Identifying the energy gap: magnitude and determinants of 5-year weight gain in midage women. Obes Res. 2005;13(8):143-41. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.173
https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.173... These authors, when evaluating middle-aged women included in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health, observed that an energy imbalance of only 10 kcal per day was associated with an average weight gain of approximately 0.5 kg per year⁴4. Brown WJ, Williams L, Ford JH, Ball K, Dobson AJ. Identifying the energy gap: magnitude and determinants of 5-year weight gain in midage women. Obes Res. 2005;13(8):143-41. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.173
https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.173... .

There are few studies evaluating changes in eating habits according to the days of the week, particularly in Brazil. The characterization of the food consumption according to the days of the week can contribute to the refinement of the food consumption evaluation and support actions of health promotion and healthy eating. The present study aimed to estimate the variations in energy, nutrients, and food groups intake between days of the week and weekend days in the Brazilian population.

METHODS

Data from the first National Food Survey (INA) were used, included as a module of the Family Budget Survey (POF 2008-2009), which was developed by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The INA was performed in a subsample of the households included in the POF 2008-2009 and a total of 34,003 residents who were least 10 years old participated in the survey¹¹11. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009: análise do consumo alimentar pessoal no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2011 [cited 2017 Apr 4]. Available from: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/pof/2008_2009_analise_consumo/
http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/... .

Food consumption was estimated using two non-consecutive dietary records obtained in one week. Participants were instructed to report all food and beverages (except water) consumed, the amount consumed, the day of the week, and the time and place of consumption (inside or outside the home). This study used data from the food registered on the first day by the evaluated population.

Intake of energy, carbohydrate, lipid and protein, saturated fat, trans fat, and added sugar was estimated based on the composition table of foods consumed in Brazil¹³13. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009: tabelas de composição nutricional dos alimentos consumidos no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2011 [cited 2017 Apr 4]. Available from: http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv50002.pdf
http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizac... .

The foods cited in the food records were categorized into 58 groups, according to the grouping adopted by Pereira et al.²¹21. Pereira RA, Duffey KJ, Sichieri R, Popkin BM. Sources of excessive saturated fat, trans fat and sugar consumption in Brazil: an analysis of the first Brazilian nationwide individual dietary survey. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(1):113-21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012004892
https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001200489... Briefly, this grouping system considers nine main groups disaggregated into subgroups according to the nutritional characteristics of foods and beverages and their use in the diet. Many subgroups considered in this categorization were reported in very low proportions in the INA (< 2%). For the analysis of the variation in the prevalence of consumption between weekdays and weekends, we decided to evaluate only the subgroups of foods referred by at least 10% of the population (20 subgroups) (Box).

Reports between Monday and Friday were considered as weekdays, and Saturdays and Sundays were treated as weekend consumption (Weekend). The inclusion of Friday on weekdays was based on exploratory analyses that allowed us to identify that, in the studied population, the consumption of energy and macronutrients for Friday was more compatible with consumption from Monday to Thursday than from Saturday to Sunday. The data were evaluated by gender, age group, and by per capita family income. In the categorization by age group, we considered adolescents between 10 and 19 years old, adults between 20 and 59 years old, and older adults were those aged 60 and over.

To estimate the per capita family income, the total household income was divided by the number of residents. Family income was categorized into five groups: < 0.5 minimum wage per capita, 0.5 ≤ minimum wage per capita < 1, 1 ≤ minimum wages per capita < 2, 2 ≤ minimum wages per capita < 5 and ≥ 5 minimum wages per capita. For this classification, the value of the minimum wage was R$415.00 (four hundred and fifteen reais) in use on January 15, 2009, the reference date of the survey¹²12. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2010: antropometria e estado nutricional de crianças, adolescentes e adultos no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2010. Available from: http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv45419.pdf
http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizac... .

The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 19. In the analyses, we considered the sample weights and the effect of the sample design.

Variations in energy and nutrient intake among the population strata were estimated using generalized linear models (GLM) developed in the Complex Sample module, with correction for Bonferroni in the comparison according to income class. We evaluated the differences between the population strata of the categorical variables through the chi-squared test.

The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Medicina Social of the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (CAAE 0011.0.259.000-11, of July 19, 2011).

RESULTS

Only subjects aged ≥ 60 years old did not change their dietary intake between weekdays and the weekend for any of the components analyzed. In adults, changes were observed for all dietary factors evaluated. Among adolescents, there was a reduction in the contribution of carbohydrates to energy intake and an increase in the participation of total lipids and trans fat in daily energy intake. For women, only added sugar did not show any variations. For men, besides added sugar, there was also no variation for carbohydrates.

There was a mean increase of 8% in the daily energy intake in weekends when compared to weekdays (2,059 kcal versus 1,906 kcal; p < 0.01). Significant differences in daily energy intake between weekdays and weekends were observed for women and men, adults and individuals with per capita income above two monthly minimum wages. This difference was more significant among the individuals who belonged to families with monthly income ≥ 5 minimum wages per capita, for which a mean increase of 16% in daily energy intake was observed, which was 2.3 times higher than the one observed in the general population (Table 1).

The percentage contribution of carbohydrates to daily energy intake was lower in the weekends, and this reduction was, on average, of 4%, with no significant oscillations observed between the different strata. However, for men, older adults, and individuals with monthly income ≥ 5 minimum wages per capita, there was no change in the proportion of daily energy provided by carbohydrates (Table 1).

The percentage contribution of total lipids, saturated fat, and trans fat in the weekends was higher than on weekdays. These changes occurred similarly in all strata analyzed (sex, age range, and income). The most significant increases in the contribution of total lipids, saturated fat, and trans fat to daily energy intake were observed for the monthly family income range below 0.5 minimum wage per capita. In this group, the contribution of total lipids to daily energy increased, on average, 10% between weekdays and weekends, from 25% to 28% (p < 0.01); saturated fat, during the days of the week corresponded, on average, to 7.9% of the daily energy intake and on weekends, to 9.1%, which represented an average increase of 13% (p < 0.01); for trans fat, the mean increase over the days of the week was 29% (p < 0.01) and this rate was higher than twice the average increase observed in the general population (Table 1).

We observed that the contribution of added sugar to the daily energy intake increased over the weekend in relation to the weekdays and the most significant increases occurred among individuals from families with monthly income per capita ≥ 5 minimum wages. In this group, the participation of added sugar in daily energy intake between weekdays and weekends increased from an average of 13% to an average value of 15%, which represented an average increment of 16% (p < 0.05). This increase was four times higher than the mean increase in the general population (Table 1).

The most consumed foods and those that represented the highest caloric contribution to daily energy intake both on weekdays and on the weekends, were rice, coffee or tea, beans, bread, and meats. Food groups whose prevalence of consumption varied significantly (> 20% variation) between the weekdays and weekends were: eggs (-35%), sugar-added beverages (+34%), puff snacks and chips (-22%), beans (-21%), and pasta (+20%) (Table 2).

For men, on weekdays and weekends, we observed a reduction in the prevalence of rice and beans consumption and an increase in the prevalence of consumption of oils and fats, eggs, and beer. For women, there was a reduction in the prevalence of consumption of beans, vegetables, fruit juices, and puff snacks and chips. For both men and women, the prevalence of sugar-added beverages and pasta increased in the weekends compared to the weekdays. The prevalence of bean consumption was reduced for all age groups. Among adults, in weekdays and weekends, the prevalence of consumption of oils and fats, pasta, and beer increased; on the other hand, the prevalence of consumption of rice, vegetables, eggs, and maize and corn preparations decreased. During the days of the week and weekends, adolescents and adults also reduced the prevalence of consumption of fruit juices and puff snacks and chips, and older adults only increased the frequency of consumption of oils and fats. We found that beer was among the 20 foods most consumed by adults and men during weekends and that their consumption in the weekends was three times higher than that estimated for weekdays (data not shown).

Comparing dietary intake between weekdays and weekends, changes were observed in the caloric contribution of food to daily energy intake. The most relevant changes (> 20%) were observed for sugar-added beverages (+62%), eggs (-33%), pasta (+30%), beans (-23%), fruit juices (-21%), and puff snacks and chips (-21%). In addition, there was also a reduction in the caloric contribution of fruits, vegetables, and rice (Table 2). For eggs, beans, fruit juices, vegetables, fruits, and rice, there was a reduction both in the prevalence of consumption and in the quantities consumed, as well as in the caloric contribution between the weekdays and weekends, with the most important reductions observed for eggs and beans. On the other hand, during weekdays and weekends, for sugar-added beverages, pasta, and oils and fats, there was an increase both in the prevalence of consumption and in the quantities consumed and in the contribution to energy intake. The significant variation observed for sugar-added beverages, with a 42% increase in the amounts consumed and 62% of the contribution to the daily energy intake (Table 2), should be noted.

During weekdays and weekends, there was a reduction in the average amounts consumed of eggs, beans, fruit juices, rice, fruits, and vegetables; on the other hand, there was an increase in the average amounts consumed of sugar-added beverages, pasta, sweets and desserts based on flour, oils and fats, and puff snacks and chips. It should be noted that the most significant variations (> 20% variation) in the amounts consumed were observed for sugar-added beverages (+42%), eggs (-39%), beans (-30%), and pasta (+30%) (Table 2).

Figures 1 and 2 show the variations between weekdays and weekends recorded for sugar-added beverages and beans, as these groups presented the most significant variations and underwent significant modifications for almost all categories of variables analyzed. Compared with weekdays, the statistically significant increase in the frequency of consumption of sugar-added beverages in weekends was observed in all strata analyzed, except for older adults. For beans, the reduction in the frequency of consumption between weekdays and weekends was also consistent for all strata evaluated, except for individuals belonging to families with monthly income < 0.5 minimum wage per capita (Figure 1, A).

We observed variations between the days of week and weekends in the caloric contribution for the daily energy intake of sugar-added beverages and beans. For example, there was a reduction in the average caloric contribution of beans (10.5 versus 89%; p < 0.01), except among individuals with monthly income between 1 e 2 and ≥ 5 minimum wages per capita (Figure 2, B). For sugar-added beverages, the caloric contribution did not increase for individuals with monthly income < 0.5 minimum wages per capita (Figure 2, A).

DISCUSSION

This is the first study that compared the intake of energy, nutrients, and food between weekdays and weekends in a representative sample of the Brazilian population. This study showed that during weekends significant changes in food consumption occur in comparison to the days of the week. During weekends, there was a higher consumption of energy, lipids, saturated and trans fats, and added sugar. These findings may be related to the reduction, during weekends, of the frequency and quantities of food groups consumed that are part of the traditional pattern of Brazilian food and healthy food markers (rice, beans, fruits, and vegetables), together with the increase in consumption of foods such as sugar-added beverages, oils and fats, and pasta.

Surveys conducted in the United States and Finland⁵5. Castro JM. Weekly rhythms of spontaneous nutrient intake and meal pattern of humans. Physiol Behav. 1991;50(4):729-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(91)90010-L
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(91)900... ^,1010. Haines PS, Hama MY, Guilkey DK, Popkin BM. Weekend eating in the United States Is linked with greater energy, fat, and alcohol Intake. Obes Res. 2003;11(8):945-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.130
https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.130... ^,1414. Jula A, Seppänen R, Alanen E. Influence of days of the week on reported food, macronutrient and alcohol intake among an adult population in south western Finland. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53(10):808-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600853
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600853... have observed results similar to those of the present study, particularly with regards to increased energy intake during weekends in relation to days of the week. Haines et al.¹⁰10. Haines PS, Hama MY, Guilkey DK, Popkin BM. Weekend eating in the United States Is linked with greater energy, fat, and alcohol Intake. Obes Res. 2003;11(8):945-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.130
https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.130... , identified higher energy consumption during weekends (from Friday to Sunday) for the total sample evaluated, with a more significant increase in the age group between 19 to 50 years. In addition, they found an increase in the consumption of fat and alcohol for adults and a decrease in the proportion of carbohydrate ingested during weekends compared to the weekdays. Haines et al.¹⁰10. Haines PS, Hama MY, Guilkey DK, Popkin BM. Weekend eating in the United States Is linked with greater energy, fat, and alcohol Intake. Obes Res. 2003;11(8):945-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.130
https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.130... and Jula et al.¹⁴14. Jula A, Seppänen R, Alanen E. Influence of days of the week on reported food, macronutrient and alcohol intake among an adult population in south western Finland. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53(10):808-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600853
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600853... considered weekends as the period between Friday and Sunday. In the present study, the period from Saturday to Sunday was used, since the consumption of energy and macronutrients referring to Friday by the population studied was similar to consumption from Monday to Thursday.

The Brazilian population’s increase in caloric intake during the weekend was on average 153 kcal, which can lead to an average increment of 1,224 kcal over a month and almost 15,000 kcal at the end of a year. This increase, if not offset by increased energy expenditure, can lead to a gain of 2 kg in a year. Thus, this variation in energy intake according to the weekdays may be a factor contributing to the increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the country¹²12. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2010: antropometria e estado nutricional de crianças, adolescentes e adultos no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2010. Available from: http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv45419.pdf
http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizac... ^,1919. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância de Doenças e Agravos Não Transmissíveis e Promoção da Saúde. Vigitel Brasil 2014: vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas por Inquérito telefônico. Brasília (DF); 2015 [cited 2017 Apr 4]. Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/vigitel_brasil_2014.pdfr
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... . Other studies related the increase in caloric intake during weekends with the increase in body weight⁷7. De Craemer M, De Decker E, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Vereecken C, Deforche B, Manios Y, et al. Correlates of energy balance-related behaviours in preschool children: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2012;13 Suppl 1:13-28. https://doi.org10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00941.x
https://doi.org10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.... ^,2222. Racette SB, Weiss EP, Schechtman KB, Steger-May K, Villareal ET, Obert KA, et al. Influence of weekend lifestyle patterns on body weight. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(8):1826-30. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.320
https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.320... . Craemer et al.⁷7. De Craemer M, De Decker E, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Vereecken C, Deforche B, Manios Y, et al. Correlates of energy balance-related behaviours in preschool children: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2012;13 Suppl 1:13-28. https://doi.org10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00941.x
https://doi.org10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.... , in order to evaluate whether changes in diet or physical activity during the week contributed to weight gain or to impede weight loss, developed a systematic review with preschoolers and observed increases in weight gain during weekends but not on weekdays. This increase in weight was attributed to higher energy intake and reduction of physical activity practice at the weekend in relation to the days of the week⁷7. De Craemer M, De Decker E, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Vereecken C, Deforche B, Manios Y, et al. Correlates of energy balance-related behaviours in preschool children: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2012;13 Suppl 1:13-28. https://doi.org10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00941.x
https://doi.org10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.... .

For Castro⁵5. Castro JM. Weekly rhythms of spontaneous nutrient intake and meal pattern of humans. Physiol Behav. 1991;50(4):729-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(91)90010-L
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(91)900... , the observed differences in dietary intake between weekdays and weekends can be attributed to changes in the daily routine. During the week, mealtime is generally reduced due to work, study, and other duties⁵5. Castro JM. Weekly rhythms of spontaneous nutrient intake and meal pattern of humans. Physiol Behav. 1991;50(4):729-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(91)90010-L
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(91)900... . During weekends, it is possible that there is more consumption outside the home, a higher frequency of celebrations and parties, and more time available for meals, conditions that may contribute to the increase of consumption during the weekend⁵5. Castro JM. Weekly rhythms of spontaneous nutrient intake and meal pattern of humans. Physiol Behav. 1991;50(4):729-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(91)90010-L
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(91)900... ^,66. Collaço JHL. Um olhar antropológico sobre o hábito de comer fora. CAMPOS Rev Antropol Soc. 2003;4:171-94. https://doi.org/10.5380/cam.v4i0.1615
https://doi.org/10.5380/cam.v4i0.1615... ^,88. Diez Garcia RW. Práticas e comportamento alimentar no meio urbano: um estudo no centro da cidade de São Paulo. Cad Saude Publica.1997;13(3):455-67. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102311X1997000300021
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102311X1997000... .

The results of this study are consistent with the analyses that evaluated food consumption and food availability in the country. Pereira et al.²¹21. Pereira RA, Duffey KJ, Sichieri R, Popkin BM. Sources of excessive saturated fat, trans fat and sugar consumption in Brazil: an analysis of the first Brazilian nationwide individual dietary survey. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(1):113-21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012004892
https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001200489... evaluated data from this same survey and identified a high participation of foods with excessive content of solid fats and added sugar in the diet of Brazilians. Levy et al.¹⁶16. Levy RB, Claro RM, Bandoni DH, Mondini L, Monteiro CA. Disponibilidade de “açúcares de adição” no Brasil: distribuição, fontes alimentares e tendência temporal. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2012;15(1):3-12. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2012000100001
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X201200... , when evaluating the household availability of food between 1987 and 2003, found that household availability of added sugar in Brazil reached 16.7% of the total calories available in households and that participation was high in all the regional and income strata.

Additionally, the results presented are also compatible with studies that evaluated food consumption by income class, which have observed that the higher income classes present more significant consumption of energy-rich foods, such as soft drinks¹⁸18. Martins APB, Levy RB, Claro RM, Moubarac JC, Monteiro CA. Participação crescente de produtos ultraprocessados na dieta brasileira (1987-2009). Rev Saude Publica. 2013;47(4):656-65. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910.2013047004968
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910.20130... ^,2727. Souza AM, PereiraI RA, Yokoo EM, Levy RB, Sichieri R. Alimentos mais consumidos no Brasil: Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação 2008-2009. Rev Saude Publica. 2013;47 Supl 1:190S-9S. https://doi.org/10.1590/S003489102013000700005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S003489102013000... . In this analysis, individuals with a higher income (≥ 5 minimum wages per capita) presented a significant increase in the consumption of sugar-added beverages during weekends, which did not occur among individuals of the lowest income level (< 0.5 minimum wages per capita), although there has been an increase in the contribution of fats to daily energy intake.

Analysis based on a single day of food registration may be considered a limitation of this study. However, data from a single food log day obtained in a representative sample of the population can provide reliable estimates of population averages⁹9. Dodd KW, Guenther PM, Freedman LS, Subar AF, Kipnis V, Midthune D, et al. Statistical methods for estimating usual intake of nutrients and foods: a review of the theory. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(10):1640-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.07.011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.07.0... . In addition, the quality of information on the first day has been considered superior to that recorded on subsequent days²⁸28. Subar AF, Kipnis V, Troiano RP, Midthune D, Schoeller DA, Bingham S, et al. Using intake biomarkers to evaluate the extent of dietary misreporting in a large sample of adults: the OPEN Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwg092
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwg092... . We chose to use only the first day of food registration because, when analyzing food, the proportion of zeros in the response is very high, which prevents adequate statistical adjustment¹⁵15. Kipnis V, Midthune D, Buckman DW, Dodd KW, Guenther PM, Krebs-Smith SM, et al. Modeling data with excess zeros and measurement error: application to evaluating relationships between episodically consumed foods and health outcomes. Biometrics. 2009;65(4):1003-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2009.01223.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2009... ^,2626. Souverein OW, Dekkers AL, Geelen A, Haubrock J, Vries JH, Ocké MC, et al. Comparing four methods to estimate usual intake distributions. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011;65 Suppl 1:S92-101. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2011.93
https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2011.93... . In addition, since the dietary variable is dependent on the model, the effect of random error (intrapersonal variability) increases the total variance but does not influence the differences between the means. The variance increase could lead to the reduction of the sample’s power³3. Beaton GH. Approaches to analysis of dietary data: relationship between planned analyses and choice of methodology. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(1Suppl):253S-61S.; however, the sample size evaluated allows us to detect differences in the proportions of consumption of food groups and in the averages of energy, nutrients, and food groups intake with high power and level of confidence.

As a strong point of this study, we highlight the representativeness of the sample at the national level. Another aspect that can be considered a strong point of this study is the validity of the method applied to obtain food consumption data, evaluated in a study that adopted, as a reference for comparison, the estimate of the energy expenditure by doubly marked water, which indicated that the sub-report on energy intake was approximately 30%¹⁷17. Lopes TS, Luiz RR, Hoffman DJ, Ferriolli E, Pfrimer K, Moura AS, et al. Misreport of energy intake assessed with food records and 24-h recalls compared with total energy expenditure estimated with DLW. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(11):1259-64. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.85
https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.85... .

This study found that, in Brazil, there is an increase in energy intake and markers of a diet related to deleterious effects on health during the weekends, especially sugar-added beverages. At the same time, on the weekends, there is a reduction in the consumption of healthy food markers, such as the combination of rice and beans, vegetables, and fruits. These findings should be the subject of studies that consider the repercussion of these changes over time since the systematic increase in energy intake can lead to an energy imbalance and favor excessive weight gain. Also, regular increases in the consumption of added sugar contained in beverages may increase the risk of developing metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance and diabetes. The evidence observed in the present study should be considered in the formulation of initiatives to promote healthy eating, and the importance of maintaining healthy eating habits and physical activity on weekends should also be emphasized.

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