ABSTRACT

This study is a synthesis of the main results of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines), Evaluation Component of the Basic Pharmaceutical Services. Based on the critical narrative of the elements of Brazil’s pharmaceutical policies, we discuss aspects related to the structure of the pharmaceutical services, the medicines’ sanitary state, human resources, access to medicines, rational use and management. Despite the advances that reflect the commitment of the group of actors involved, the results of the Survey indicate challenges, such as equitable access to medicines, the structuring of pharmaceutical services, the improvement of logistics and administration, and the implementation of actions directed to pharmaceutical care in the health units.

Pharmaceutical Services, trends; Primary Health Care; Health Services Administration; Health Services Research; Unified Health System

INTRODUCTION

Social policies must be based on the health needs of the population, in particular of the socially most vulnerable segments, seeking equity and rationality in the access to health care and treatments⁴4. Bermudez JAZ, Barros MBA. Perfil do acesso e da utilização de medicamentos da população brasileira: contribuições e desafios da PNAUM – Inquérito Domiciliar. Rev Saude Publica. 2016;50 Supl 2:2s. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1518-8787.201605000supl2ap
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The Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) must be structured so as to properly answer these needs, which have been changing by the rapid epidemiological and nutritional transitions observed in the country. The possibility to take care of those needs depends on integrated systems that foster access with a continuous assistance, an intergral care, and the rational use of existing resources. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the primary health care key agency responsible for planning and coordinating healthcare, as it is the main access to SUS¹²12. Mendes EV. As redes de atenção à saúde. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2010;15(5):2297-305. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000500005
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Although the advances achieved by SUS since its creation are undeniable, it is increasingly necessary to overcome the fragmentation of health services actions, the disarticulation between the practices developed by different professionals of one or more services, the fragility in the relationship between the instances administrating the system or between the latter and those administrating services, as well as the qualification of care⁹9. Lavras C. Atenção primária à saúde e a organização de redes regionais de atenção à saúde no Brasil. Saude Soc. 2011;20(4):867-74. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902011000400005
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Scientific and technological advances, in particular those relating to diagnoses and treatments, contributed to emphasize the use of medicines in the treatment, control, and prevention of diseases⁴4. Bermudez JAZ, Barros MBA. Perfil do acesso e da utilização de medicamentos da população brasileira: contribuições e desafios da PNAUM – Inquérito Domiciliar. Rev Saude Publica. 2016;50 Supl 2:2s. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1518-8787.201605000supl2ap
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The expansion of public investment destined to pharmaceutical services (PS) in the country rose from around R$ 2 billion in 2003 to about R$ 15 billion in 2015, which shows the importance of this sector in the public policies. However, one understands that increasing efforts is not enough to ensure the entire’s population access to PS; it is also necessary to evaluate how much of these efforts become effective impacts on people’s health⁶6. Gadelha CAG, Costa KS, Soeiro OM, Mengue SS, Carvalho ACC, Motta ML, et al. PNAUM: uma abordagem integradora da Assistência Farmacêutica, Ciência, Tecnologia & Inovação. Rev Saude Publica. 2016;50 Supl 2:3s. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1518-8787.2016050006153
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Thus, this article aims to analyze the results of PNAUM, Evaluation Component of the Basic Pharmaceutical Services, broadening the discussion on the advances and challenges for PS in the Brazilian primary health care.

Evaluation Strategiy of the Pharmaceutical Services in Primary Health Care – The Experience Of PNAUM

The Brazilian Ministry of Health has invested systematically in surveys to evaluate public policies, such as the Health Supplement of the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD – National Household Sample Survey), the Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL – Surveillance System of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases by Telephone Survey), the Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE – National Survey on School Student’s Health), the Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal (SB Brasil – National Survey on Oral Health), the Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher (PNDS – National Survey on Demography and on Child and Women’s Health), and the Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS – National Survey on Health)¹⁷17. Szwarcwald CL, Malta DC, Pereira CA, Vieira MLFP, Conde WL, Souza Júnior PRB, et al. Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde no Brasil: concepção e metodologia de aplicação. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2014;19(2):333-42. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014192.14072012
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Most of these researches addressed the medicine issue. However, the information obtained did not allow an expanded understanding of fundamental aspects on pharmaceutical policies implemented in the country. In this context, PNAUM is the first specific national and regional survey in this area that evaluates the access, use, and promotion of the rational use of medicines by the Brazilian population and that investigates the organization of PS in the primary health care and the factors interfering with its implementation in SUS¹³13. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Portaria nº 2.077, de 17 de setembro de 2012. Institui a Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos no Brasil (PNAUM). Diario Oficial Uniao. 19 set 2012; Seção 1:36..

Before PNAUM, there was no information with national representation allowing one to evaluate the practice of PS in the country and, particularly in Brazilian cities. The limitations of previous studies, either by their representativeness or for choosing specific research themes, guided the group of researchers to develop a method that could cover the objectives of the study and also those gaps. For this purpose, representivity was defined so to cover the whole country and each of its five regions to obtain a national and regional setting on PS in the primary care.

Different approaches to data collection is a main characteristic, such as in loco surveys on primary care services, by applying scripts of direct observation and interviews (users, those responsible for the delivery of medicines, and those who prescribe them); telephone interviews with municipal administrators by semi-structured questionnaires; and, complementarily, a survey of data from secondary sources, aiming to characterize the cities²2. Álvares J, Guerra Junior AA, Araújo VE, Almeida AM, Dias CZ, Oliveira BA, et al. Acesso aos medicamentos pelos usuários da atenção primária no Sistema Único de Saúde. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51 Supl 2:20s. https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2017051007139
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The survey was conducted successfully because of the judicious planning of the conducting team and researchers from the universities involved, as well as by the articulation with main actors, such as the municipal secretaries of health and municipal coordinators of PS. They contributed to disseminate the research and raise awareness to participate through institutional representations, such as the National Council of Municipal Secretaries of Health and the State Councils of Municipal Secretaries of Health.

Through this methodological strategy, combined with a well-designed sample plan with focus on geographic macro-region, the researches were able to characterize the organization of PS, as well as to identify and discuss the factors that interfere with the pharmaceutical policy implementation in the country¹1. Álvares J, Alves MCGP, Escuder MML, Almeida AM, Izidoro JB, Guerra Junior AA, et al. Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos: métodos. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51 Supl 2:4s. https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2017051007027
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Researches such as PNAUM are essential in the process of monitoring the national progress in healthcare, because it generates information for governments and administrations to be accountable for their actions in the area and to be able to evaluate and correct current policies³3. Barros AJD. Inquéritos nacionais de saúde são importantes demais para depender dos humores da política [editorial]. Rev Saude Publica. 2016;50 Supl 2:1s. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1518-8787.201605000supl2ed
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Advances and Challenges for Pharmaceutical Service in The Primary Health Care

The results of PNAUM pointed out advances in PS that reflect the effort of the group of actors involved in the implementation of this policy in the Brazilian cities. They also raise challenges that need to be analyzed, discussed, and addressed by society, based on this national diagnosis.

Regarding the structure of pharmaceutical services, an increase of the amount of computarized systems for PS management was noticed. However, the challenge now is to integrate them to the network of different healthcare services. There is still a need to guarantee more suitable conditions in the environments where those services are provided, whether regarding the physical area, the furniture or the waiting time in pharmacies, seeking a humanisation in patient care, as well as an improvement of the working conditions of the healthcare practitionaires⁷7. Gerlack LF, Karnikowski MGO, Areda CA, Galato D, Oliveira AG, Álvares J, et al. Gestão da Assistência Farmacêutica na Atenção Primária no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51 Supl 2:15s. https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2017051007063
https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2017... ^,1010. Leite SN, Manzini F, Álvares J, Guerra Junior AA, Costa EA, Acurcio FA, et al. Infraestrutura das farmácias da atenção básica no Sistema Único de Saúde: análise dos dados da PNAUM – Componente serviço. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51 Supl 2:13s. https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2017051007120
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Concerning the medicines sanitary conditions, we verified inadequate conditions both of storage and of a broad set of requirements that are essential to the conservation of the medicines in health units, which can negatively affect their quality, efficacy, and safety⁵5. Costa EA, Araújo PS, Pereira MT, Souto AC, Souza GS, Guerra Junior AA, et al. Situação sanitária dos medicamentos na Atenção Básica no Sistema Único de Saúde, Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51 Supl 2:12s. https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2017051007106
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Regarding access, most users obtained the needed medicines in SUS pharmacies, which may suggest positive effects of organizing the funding plan, defining executive responsibilities, and strategies based on agreements between administrators to improve the access to medicines in the cities. However, a low average availability was observed for some medicines related to primary care. Thus, the challenge of ensuring and increasing the equitable access of medicines still remains²2. Álvares J, Guerra Junior AA, Araújo VE, Almeida AM, Dias CZ, Oliveira BA, et al. Acesso aos medicamentos pelos usuários da atenção primária no Sistema Único de Saúde. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51 Supl 2:20s. https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2017051007139
https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2017... ^,1414. Nascimento R, Alvares J, Guerra Junior AA, Gomes IC, Costa EA, Soeiro OM, et al. Disponibilidade de medicamentos essenciais na Atenção Primária do Sistema Único de Saúde. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51 Supl 2:10s. https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2017051007062
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Regarding promotion of rational use of medicines, there is a noticeable availability and awareness of the list of standardized medicines among doctors. However, most prescribers still consider it insufficient to meet the population’s needs, which would require more specific research for a better understanding. The authors observed a broadening of individual or collective activities in search for information on medicines, but the presence of clinical pharmaceutical services in the administration of medicine therapy is still incipient¹¹11. Lima MG, Alvares J, Guerra Junior AA, Costa EA, Guibu IA, Soeiro OM, et al. Indicadores relacionados ao uso racional de medicamentos e seus fatores associados. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51 Supl 2:23s. https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2017051007137
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The results show an advanced level of PS institutionalization of formal structures in the Brazilian cities, being an outstanding item in municipal health plans together with the existence of a standardized list of medicines¹⁶16. Souza GS, Costa EA, Barros RD, Pereira MT, Barreto JL, Guerra Junior AA, et al. Caracterização da institucionalização da assistência farmacêutica na atenção básica no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51 Supl 2:7s. https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2017051007135
https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2017... . In most cities, despite the existence of an updated list of medicines, the presence of a formally constituted Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee was incipient. According to those who are responsible for the municipal PS, the list does not fully meet the health needs of the assisted population⁸8. Karnikowski MGO, Galato D, Meiners MMMA, Silva EV, Gerlack LF, Bós AJG, et al. Caracterização da seleção de medicamentos para a Atenção Primária no Brasil: dados da PNAUM. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51 Supl 2:9s. https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2017051007065
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Most of the interviewd users were satisfied with the PS. The interpersonal relationship, as well as the quality of medicines and of dispensation, were relevant factors in the user’s satisfaction with the services. On the other hand, the lowest degree of satisfaction was found in the opportunity/convenience dimension, followed by the environment, which suggests the need to rethink the structure for carrying out the services provided to the population¹⁵15. Soeiro OM, Tavares NUL, Nascimento Júnior JM, Guerra Junior AA, Costa EA, Acurcio FA, et al. Satisfação dos usuários com os serviços da assistência farmacêutica na atenção básica nos municípios brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51 Supl 2:21s https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2017051007145
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FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

Significant advances have been achieved in the field of pharmaceutical policies in the primary health care of SUS, but challenges in the expansion and assurance of fair access and in the structuring of the services still remain. Furthermore, there is also the need to enhance the activities related to the medicines and supplies’ administration and logistics.

The current condition of the Brazilian population’s health needs – aging population, high use of medicines, low adherence to treatments, and disarticulation of professional practices – imposes on health professionals, in particular on the pharmacist, the need to advance in the qualification of the care offered to medicine users.

In this context, we expect that the actors involved with policies and administration see PNAUM – Services as a strategic tool for the evaluation and monitoring of pharmaceutical policies in the country, which also allows society to monitor the implementation of these policies in Brazil.

Acknowledgements

To the Department of Science and Technology (Decit) and the Department for Pharmaceutical Services and Strategic Health Supplies (DAF) of the Secretariat of Science, Technology and Strategic Inputs (SCTIE) of Ministry of Health, by the funding and technical support for the realization of PNAUM; to Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, by the coordination of the Service Component of PNAUM; and to all researchers and institutions involved in the research.

REFERENCES

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