ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

To characterize the activities of clinical nature developed by pharmacists in basic health units and their participation in educational activities aiming at health promotion.

METHODS

This article is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015), a cross-sectional and exploratory study, of evaluative nature, consisting of a survey of information in a representative sample of cities, stratified by the Brazilian regions that constitute domains of study, and a subsample of primary health care services. The interviewed pharmacists (n=285) were responsible for the delivery of medicines and were interviewed in person with the use of a script. The characterization of the activities of clinical nature was based on information from pharmacists who declared to perform them, and on participation in educational activities aiming at health promotion, according to information from all pharmacists. The results are presented in frequency and their 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS

From the interviewed subjects, 21.3% said they perform activities of clinical nature. Of these, more than 80% considered them very important; the majority does not dispose of specific places to perform them, which hinders privacy and confidentiality in these activities. The main denominations were “pharmaceutical guidance” and “pharmaceutical care.” The registration of activities is mainly made in the users’ medical records, computerized system, and in a specific document filed at the pharmacy, impairing the circulation of information among professionals. Most pharmacists performed these activities mainly along with physicians and nurses; 24.7% rarely participated in meetings with the health team, and 19.7% have never participated.

CONCLUSIONS

Activities of clinical nature performed by pharmacists in Brazil are still incipient. The difficulties found point out to the professionals’ improvisation and effort. The small participation in educational activities of health promotion indicates little integration of pharmacists with the health team and of pharmaceutical services with other health actions.

Pharmacists; Pharmaceutical Care; Pharmaceutical Services; Primary Health Care; Health Services Research; Unified Health System

INTRODUCTION

Drug-related morbidity and mortality has been pointed out as an important public health problem around the world⁶6. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004.^,1414. Johnson JA, Bootman JL. Drug related morbidity and mortality: a cost-of - illness model. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(18):1949-56. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1995.00430180043006
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1995.00... ^,1717. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica: da Filosofia ao gerenciamento da terapia medicamentosa. São Paulo: RCN Editora; 2011.. In Brazil, studies have shown the impact on society and on the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS)³3. Araújo ALA, Pereira LRL, Ueta JM, Freitas O. Perfil da assistência farmacêutica na atenção primária do Sistema Único de Saúde. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2008;13 Supl:611-7. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232008000700010
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123200800... ^,2525. Souza TT, Godoy RR, Rotta I, Pontarolo R, Fernandez-Llimos F, Correr J. Morbidade e mortalidade relacionadas a medicamentos no Brasil: revisão sistemática de estudos observacionais. Rev Cienc Farm Basica Apl. 2014 [cited 2017 Feb 10];35(4):519-32. Available from: http://serv-bib.fcfar.unesp.br/seer/index.php/Cien_Farm/article/view/2971/1621
http://serv-bib.fcfar.unesp.br/seer/inde... . Among the drug-related problems, it is possible to highlight those related to indication, effectiveness, safety, and adherence. These problems cause morbidity and mortality related to these technologies, which result in high social impact within the clinical, humanistic, and economic contexts. The main risk factors associated with the occurrence of these problems include age, presence of comorbidities, and polipharmacotherapy¹⁰10. Hepler CD, Strand LM. Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1990;47(3):533-43.^,1414. Johnson JA, Bootman JL. Drug related morbidity and mortality: a cost-of - illness model. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(18):1949-56. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1995.00430180043006
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1995.00... ^,2525. Souza TT, Godoy RR, Rotta I, Pontarolo R, Fernandez-Llimos F, Correr J. Morbidade e mortalidade relacionadas a medicamentos no Brasil: revisão sistemática de estudos observacionais. Rev Cienc Farm Basica Apl. 2014 [cited 2017 Feb 10];35(4):519-32. Available from: http://serv-bib.fcfar.unesp.br/seer/index.php/Cien_Farm/article/view/2971/1621
http://serv-bib.fcfar.unesp.br/seer/inde... . Preventing and minimizing this impact require actions that interfere in the process of use of medicines by users, by managing the drug therapy⁶6. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004.^,1717. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica: da Filosofia ao gerenciamento da terapia medicamentosa. São Paulo: RCN Editora; 2011.. These are important challenges of the current pharmaceutical services agenda in Brazil.

In several countries⁵5. Bussières JF, Roy P, Lebel D, Binette MC, Cambar J, Colombe, C. Profil de la pratique pharmaceutique de la France et du Québec et perspectives d’échange. Pharmactuel. 2002 [cited 2016 Mar 8];35(1):30-8. Available from: http://www.pharmactuel.com/index.php/pharmactuel/article/view/405/72
http://www.pharmactuel.com/index.php/pha... ^,77. Conill EM. A recente reforma dos serviços de saúde na província do Québec, Canadá: as fronteiras da preservação de um sistema público. Cad Saude Publica. 2000;16(4):963-71. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2000000400015
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200000... ^,99. Dauti M, Alili-Idrizi E, Malaj L. Pharmaceutical care in community pharmacy In the Republic of Macedonia: a compared study with EU countries. Eur Sci J. 2014 [cited 2016 Mar 8];3 Spec Ed:313-8. Available from: http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/2951
http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/artic... ^,2121. Pammett R, Jorgenson D. Eligibility requirements for community pharmacy medication review services in Canada. Can Pharm J (Ott). 2014;147(1): 20-4. https://doi.org/doi:10.1177/1715163513514006
https://doi.org/doi:10.1177/171516351351... ^,2323. Perraudin C, Brion F, Bourdon O, Pelletier-Fleury N. The future of pharmaceutical care in France: a survey of final-year pharmacy students’ opinions. BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2011;11:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6904-11-6
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6904-11-6... ^,2727. Yordanova S, Petkova V. Pharmaceutical care in some European countries, Australia, Canada and USA. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013 [cited 2017 Feb 11];2(5):2291-308. Available from: http://www.wjpps.com/wjpps_controller/abstract_id/313
http://www.wjpps.com/wjpps_controller/ab... , pharmaceutical care^a has been assumed as strategic policy for reducing the impact of drug-related morbidity and mortality ⁶6. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004.^,1212. Isetts BJ, Brummel, AR, Oliveira DR, Moen DW. Managing drug-related morbidity and mortality in the patient-centered. Med Care. 2012;50(11):997-1001. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31826ecf9a
https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31826e... ^,1717. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica: da Filosofia ao gerenciamento da terapia medicamentosa. São Paulo: RCN Editora; 2011.. In Brazil, it is part of the Política Nacional de Assistência Farmacêutica (PNAF – National Policy of Pharmaceutical Services). However, research on this subject are scarce, even in studies that discuss pharmaceutical policies that prescribe these practices in their devices, as an example of the specialized component of pharmaceutical services. The studies that investigate such activities take place in SUS and their results are also incipient.

^a Pharmaceutical care in the National Policy of Pharmaceutical Services is defined as an action of pharmaceutical services, considered a model of the practice performed by the pharmacist. In this policy, the modus operandi of this practice includes the direct interaction of the pharmacist with the user, with the objective of providing a rational pharmacotherapy and obtaining of defined and measurable clinical results, in addition to understanding this practice as important to the completeness of the health actions.

The subject of pharmaceutical care finds some difficulties, especially regarding the understanding of its meaning. Worldwide, the definition adopted by Hepler and Strand¹⁰10. Hepler CD, Strand LM. Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1990;47(3):533-43. (1990) is considered a consensual milestone. However, in Brazil, what is called pharmaceutical care assumes different meanings in what could be called “world of science” and in how the policies in the field of pharmaceutical services understand it. The differences are in the epistemological plan and are repeated during practice.

The names that have been widely used among pharmacists to designate services of clinical nature are: cognitive pharmaceutical services, pharmaceutical consultation, pharmaceutical guidance, patient education, clinical pharmacy, and pharmaceutical care/drug therapy follow-up/management of drug therapy. In several countries, the designation adopted for activities of clinical nature, the way they are performed, and the organizational aspects translate (or not) the elements that reveal the philosophical basis, the modus operandi, and the management aspects of these activities¹⁷17. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica: da Filosofia ao gerenciamento da terapia medicamentosa. São Paulo: RCN Editora; 2011.^,1919. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica e serviços farmacêuticos. In: Acúrcio FA, organizador. Medicamentos: políticas, assistência farmacêutica, farmacoepidemiologia e farmacoeconomia. Belo Horizonte: Coopmed; 2013. p.197-227..

Beyond the “cloudy weather”¹⁷17. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica: da Filosofia ao gerenciamento da terapia medicamentosa. São Paulo: RCN Editora; 2011. that involves what is called pharmaceutical care, in this study we understand as pharmaceutical activity of clinical nature all activities executed directly with the user and that has the purpose to meet the patients’ needs regarding the use of medicines and to express philosophical elements. According to Cipolle, Strand, and Morley⁶6. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004. (p. 73), “the philosophy of pharmaceutical care includes several elements. It starts with the affirmation of a social necessity; it continues with a patient-centered approach to meet this need; it has as central element the care to another person by the development and maintenance of a therapeutic relationship, and concludes with a description of the professional’s actual responsibilities.” Furthermore, a process of formal care, i.e., the modus operandi of care and management aspects.

There are, in Brazil, specific pharmaceutical policies that attribute to the pharmacist the exercise of activities of clinical nature – named in PNAF as pharmaceutical care. In addition, one can observe gaps regarding information on the performance or not of these activities in the primary care in SUS. Considering this, this study aimed to characterize the activities of clinical nature developed by pharmacists in basic health units of SUS and their participation in educational activities aiming at health promotion.

METHODS

This study is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015), whose goal was to characterize the organization of pharmaceutical services in the primary health care of SUS, aiming to promote the access and rational use of medicines, as well as to identify and discuss factors that interfere in the consolidation of pharmaceutical services in the municipal scope.

PNAUM is a cross-sectional exploratory study, with evaluative nature, consisting of a survey of information in a representative sample of primary health care services in representative cities in the regions of Brazil. Several populations were considered in the sampling, with samples stratified by the regions that constitute the domains of study. Face-to-face interviews were carried out with users, physicians, and those responsible for the delivery of medicines in the primary health care services of SUS, in addition to observation of pharmaceutical services and telephone interviews with the professionals responsible for pharmaceutical services and with the public administrators of the selected cities. The methodology of PNAUM, as well as the sampling process, are described in detail by Álvares et al.¹1. Álvares J, Alves MCGP, Escuder MML, Almeida AM, Izidoro JB, Guerra Junior AA, et al. Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos: métodos. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51 Supl 2:4s. https://doi.org/10.11606/S01518-8787.2017051007027
https://doi.org/10.11606/S01518-8787.201...

In this article, only pharmacists were selected among those responsible for the delivery of medicines. This is a descriptive and exploratory study with selected variables.

The characterization of pharmaceutical activities of clinical nature occurred based on the information provided by pharmacists who informed to perform this activity when answering the following question: “Do you perform any activity of clinical character?” From the affirmative to this question, we sought to identify the names and the importance attributed by pharmacists who declared to carry out the activity; among the others, the reasons for not carrying out those activities.

The relationship of the names of the activities of clinical nature included in the interview scripts considered those most used in publications of literature review: pharmaceutical care, drug therapy follow-up, clinical pharmacy, pharmaceutical consultation, pharmaceutical guidance, pharmaceutical assistance. The script also had a space for “other names,” which were little used and were not analyzed in this article. Furthermore, we included questions aiming to set up the presence of philosophical elements⁶6. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004.^,1616. Oliveira DR, Varela ND. La investigación cualitativa en Farmacia: aplicación en la Atención Farmacéutica. Rev Bras Cienc Farm. 2008;44(4):763-72. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-93322008000400024
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-9332200800... of the mentioned activity and of the process of care provided to the user. In addition, elements of a management system with human and material resources were organized, necessary to carry out the activities.

Considering the different conceptions of activities of clinical nature²2. Angonesi D, Sevalho G. Atenção Farmacêutica: fundamentação conceitual e crítica para um modelo brasileiro. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2010;15 Supl 3:3603-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000900035
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201000... ^,66. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004.^,1717. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica: da Filosofia ao gerenciamento da terapia medicamentosa. São Paulo: RCN Editora; 2011., the participation in educational activities/health promotion activities was sought, as they are activities of diverse nature of dispensation or management functions specific to pharmaceutical activities.

The data were analyzed using the software SPSS® version 21. The analyses considered the sampling weights and the structure of the analysis plan for complex samples. A descriptive analysis of the variables used in the study was performed, presented according to the regions of Brazil with a 95% confidence interval.

PNAUM was approved by the National Research Ethics Committee, by Opinion no. 398.131/2013. All participants signed an informed consent form.

RESULTS

We interviewed 1,139 individuals responsible for the delivery of medicines, of which 285 were pharmacists (32.7%); 106, pharmacy assistants (10.6%); 141, nurses (11.5%); 115, nursing technicians (8.3%); and 492 reported other professions or occupations (37%). From all the interviewed pharmacists, 79 (21.4%) said they perform activities of clinical nature.

Among the 285 pharmacists interviewed, more than 3/4 were aged between 30 and 59 years; most were women (except in the Midwest); and most had latu sensu graduate level (specialization addressed to professional practice), with the highest percentage in the Northeast (Table 1).

Table 2 shows that, of the total pharmacists interviewed, just over 1/5 stated performing some activity of clinical nature. The highest percentage was achieved in the Northeast region (47.5%) and the lowest in the South (6.0%).

The main reasons alleged by pharmacists for not performing such activities were: never having been requested, not disposing of the physical space, and not having enough time. Other mentioned reasons include the absence of specific training, lack of encouragement by the city, absence of physical structure, insufficient personnel on the pharmacy, among others.

The main names assigned to these activities were: “pharmaceutical guidance” (Northeast and South) and “pharmaceutical care” (North and Southeast). In the Midwest region, the most frequent name was “pharmaceutical consultation”; the name “pharmaceutical assistance” was observed only in the Southeast; and “clinical pharmacy,” only in the South and Southeast. It was not possible to investigate the explaining factors of these differences.

The most frequent functions performed at the same time with activities of clinical nature were: dispensing of medicines (93.6%), technical responsibility by the pharmacy (90.5%), supervision of other employees of the pharmacy (74.5%), and activities with the health team (61.2%).

In the Northeast, 100% of the pharmacists who claimed to perform activities of clinical nature reported they also perform dispensing of medicines, while in the Midwest, dispensing was declared only by 32.9% of the pharmacists who performed clinical activities. When questioned about the importance they assigned to such activities, most pharmacists who performed activities of clinical nature considered them very important (85.5%) or important (14.2%).

According to Table 3, the conditions and ways of conducting the pharmaceutical activities of clinical nature varied between regions. Most pharmacists said they perform such activities mainly along with physicians and nurses. Among all the pharmacists interviewed in the study, 1/4 of them stated they rarely participate in meetings with the health team and 1/5 said they have never participated (Table 5).

The study identified that, in Brazil, the registration of activities of clinical nature is mainly made in the user’s medical record, in a computerized system, and in a specific document filed at the pharmacy, in that order. The highest percentages of registration of these activities were found in the Southeast and Midwest. In the Northeast, the percentages of registration were negligible (2%; 8.7%; and 6.7%, respectively).

In Brazil, about half of the respondents reported that the pharmaceutical activities of clinical nature are offered to all users of the health unit. This was the most common answer in the Northeast region. In the Midwest, these activities are more often offered only to users who request them.

More than half of the interviewed pharmacists informed to have received some training.

According to Table 4, the provision of information by pharmacists about the use and storage of medicines at home, at the moment of delivery, varies between regions. The Midwest region stands out for providing these information, while the Northeast presents the lowest percentages. The significant majority of pharmacists states that they inform users on the use of medicines, and just over half informs on storage at home. Thus, the provision of information on use surpasses information on storage at home, which may indicate that pharmacists disregard the users’ lack of information about the care required to preserve the quality of the medicine.

Table 5 shows that, in Brazil, only about 1/3 of respondents reported participating in other activities carried out in the health unit. In general, the participation of pharmacists in these activities varies between regions. The Midwest presented the lowest percentage of participation of pharmacists in other activities in the health unit. Despite this, the percentages of participation in activities between them were more expressive when compared to other regions, except regarding the prevention and control of obesity. The Northeast is the region where pharmacists are less involved in family planning activities, and not at all in physical activity programs.

The fact that activities of prevention and control of obesity and those to encourage physical activities have less participation of pharmacists draws attention, as they are the ones that least require the use of medicines for being more related to lifestyle. However, we observed in Brazil a relevant participation of pharmacists in activities that involve other sectors and the community itself (Table 5), except in the Northeast. Such activities could be closer to health promotion.

DISCUSSION

Although still incipient, activities of clinical nature occur in the Brazilian primary health care, but in unequal proportions in all regions.

In general, these activities require minimal resources for their accomplishment: conditions that ensure privacy in the pharmacist/patient therapeutic relationship, criteria for the provision of the service, documentation and training, among others⁶6. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004.^,1111. Isetts BJ, Schondelmeyer SW, Artz MB, Lenarz LA, Heaton AH, Wadd WB, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of medication therapy management services: The Minnesota experience. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2008;48(2):203-14. https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07108
https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07108... ^,1515. Mastroianni PC, Machuca M. Conocimiento de la experiencia farmacoterapéutica de los pacientes como medio para resolver problemas farmacoterapéuticos causados por incumplimiento. Rev OFIL. 2012 [cited 2017 Feb 11];22 Nº Extr:38. FA5-oral. Available from: http://www.revistadelaofil.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/OFILn220.pdf
http://www.revistadelaofil.org/wp-conten... ^,2121. Pammett R, Jorgenson D. Eligibility requirements for community pharmacy medication review services in Canada. Can Pharm J (Ott). 2014;147(1): 20-4. https://doi.org/doi:10.1177/1715163513514006
https://doi.org/doi:10.1177/171516351351... ^,2424. Shoemaker SJ, Hassol A. Understanding the landscape of MTM programs for Medicare. Part D: Results from a study for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2011;51(4):520-6. https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2011.10210
https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2011.10210... .

In this study, most pharmacists who claimed performing activities of clinical nature also stated not disposing of a specific place to perform them, which is an essential condition to the preservation of privacy and confidentiality in the activities with the user. Privacy can be defined as the personal desire to keep secret facts closely linked to the person; the secrecy of information ensures confidentiality. The assurance of privacy and confidentiality contributes to the therapeutic relationship to be more interactive and resolutive⁶6. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004.^,1717. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica: da Filosofia ao gerenciamento da terapia medicamentosa. São Paulo: RCN Editora; 2011..

We were able to identify a set of difficulties to the performance of these activities, according to the interviewed pharmacists. The reasons, in general, refer to structural problems or excess of activities under the responsibility of the pharmacist. These same problems were also reported by those who declared to perform activities of clinical nature concomitantly with other functions.

The incipient institutionalization of pharmaceutical activities of clinical nature in the primary healthcare of SUS, associated with the deficiencies regarding the implementation of PNAF ⁴4. Barreto JL, Guimarães MCL. Avaliação da gestão descentralizada da assistência farmacêutica em municípios baianos, Brasil. Cad Saude Publica. 2010;26(6):1207-20. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2010000600014
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201000... , still limited in its guidelines, can explain the poor development of these activities. Although most pharmacists recognize them as important, only few are currently performing them.

In several countries, an important aspect of the activities of clinical nature concerns the organization of services with this purpose and the character of exclusive dedication by the person who performs these activities. Pharmacists who engage in these services are not authorized by the health systems or class authorities to carry out other activities, to prevent conflicts of interest, as well as to optimize the work they perform¹¹11. Isetts BJ, Schondelmeyer SW, Artz MB, Lenarz LA, Heaton AH, Wadd WB, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of medication therapy management services: The Minnesota experience. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2008;48(2):203-14. https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07108
https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07108... ^,2121. Pammett R, Jorgenson D. Eligibility requirements for community pharmacy medication review services in Canada. Can Pharm J (Ott). 2014;147(1): 20-4. https://doi.org/doi:10.1177/1715163513514006
https://doi.org/doi:10.1177/171516351351... ^,2424. Shoemaker SJ, Hassol A. Understanding the landscape of MTM programs for Medicare. Part D: Results from a study for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2011;51(4):520-6. https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2011.10210
https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2011.10210... .

Difficulties identified regarding the resources needed to carry out these activities, in the Brazilian primary health care, indicate some improvisation that demands efforts by professionals, besides not having criteria that allow rationalizing the provision of those activities on health services.

In several countries, qualification and training are requirements for performing any pharmaceutical activity of clinical nature. Both initial and periodical training are needed, considering the uniqueness of required skills and abilities⁵5. Bussières JF, Roy P, Lebel D, Binette MC, Cambar J, Colombe, C. Profil de la pratique pharmaceutique de la France et du Québec et perspectives d’échange. Pharmactuel. 2002 [cited 2016 Mar 8];35(1):30-8. Available from: http://www.pharmactuel.com/index.php/pharmactuel/article/view/405/72
http://www.pharmactuel.com/index.php/pha... ^,66. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004.^,1111. Isetts BJ, Schondelmeyer SW, Artz MB, Lenarz LA, Heaton AH, Wadd WB, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of medication therapy management services: The Minnesota experience. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2008;48(2):203-14. https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07108
https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07108... ^,2323. Perraudin C, Brion F, Bourdon O, Pelletier-Fleury N. The future of pharmaceutical care in France: a survey of final-year pharmacy students’ opinions. BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2011;11:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6904-11-6
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6904-11-6... ^,2727. Yordanova S, Petkova V. Pharmaceutical care in some European countries, Australia, Canada and USA. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013 [cited 2017 Feb 11];2(5):2291-308. Available from: http://www.wjpps.com/wjpps_controller/abstract_id/313
http://www.wjpps.com/wjpps_controller/ab... . Furthermore, the unmet need of specific training of the pharmacists hinders the understanding of the philosophical principles established for the activities of clinical nature, namely: the values, responsibilities, functions and activities, as well as the modus operandi of the process of care and management of these activities⁶6. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004.^,1313. Isetts BJ. Pharmaceutical care, MTM, & payment: the past, present, & future. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46(4):S47-56. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1Q806
https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1Q806... ^,1919. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica e serviços farmacêuticos. In: Acúrcio FA, organizador. Medicamentos: políticas, assistência farmacêutica, farmacoepidemiologia e farmacoeconomia. Belo Horizonte: Coopmed; 2013. p.197-227.^,2727. Yordanova S, Petkova V. Pharmaceutical care in some European countries, Australia, Canada and USA. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013 [cited 2017 Feb 11];2(5):2291-308. Available from: http://www.wjpps.com/wjpps_controller/abstract_id/313
http://www.wjpps.com/wjpps_controller/ab... .

Concerning the criteria for providing the service, according to the literature, the most used ones consider patients with higher risk of experiencing drug therapy problems and who present chronic medical conditions. This strategy directs resources and efforts to care for groups in which the impact of pharmaceutical interventions are larger⁶6. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004.^,1111. Isetts BJ, Schondelmeyer SW, Artz MB, Lenarz LA, Heaton AH, Wadd WB, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of medication therapy management services: The Minnesota experience. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2008;48(2):203-14. https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07108
https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07108... ^,2424. Shoemaker SJ, Hassol A. Understanding the landscape of MTM programs for Medicare. Part D: Results from a study for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2011;51(4):520-6. https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2011.10210
https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2011.10210... ^,2727. Yordanova S, Petkova V. Pharmaceutical care in some European countries, Australia, Canada and USA. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013 [cited 2017 Feb 11];2(5):2291-308. Available from: http://www.wjpps.com/wjpps_controller/abstract_id/313
http://www.wjpps.com/wjpps_controller/ab... .

In this study, it was not possible to deepen the analysis of the various registration procedures of the activities of clinical nature. We observed that, in Brazil, the percentages of registration of the three modalities were very close, and it called our attention that, despite the Northeast being the region that most declared performing activities of clinical nature, the percentages of registration of these activities were insignificant there.

It should be stressed that the specific registration filed in the pharmacy may hinder the circulation of information among the professionals involved in the user’s care. The absence of registration indicates a low degree of institutionalization of these activities according to the philosophical premises required for a practice related to care, to meet the drug therapy needs of health services’ users⁶6. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004.^,1717. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica: da Filosofia ao gerenciamento da terapia medicamentosa. São Paulo: RCN Editora; 2011..

The registration of pharmaceutical interventions and the exchange of information among the professionals of the health team can contribute to the promotion of the safe and rational use of medicines. The registration of pharmaceutical activities of clinical nature systematizes the monitoring of the drug therapy employed by users and enables to evaluate the need, safety, and effectiveness of the use of medicines, which provides more favorable results during the drug therapy⁶6. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004.^,1818. Oliveira DR, Shoemaker SJ, Ekstrand M, Alves MR. Preventing and resolving drug therapy problems by understanding patients’ medication experiences. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2012;52(1):71-80. https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2012.10239
https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2012.10239... .

The participation of different health professionals – among which is the pharmacist – in clinical meetings usually indicates a recognition, by the health team, of the place of each professional in the care provided to users. Interaction with other professionals in the health team occurs in several models of clinical pharmaceutical practice and it is recommended⁶6. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004.^,1212. Isetts BJ, Brummel, AR, Oliveira DR, Moen DW. Managing drug-related morbidity and mortality in the patient-centered. Med Care. 2012;50(11):997-1001. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31826ecf9a
https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31826e... ^,1919. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica e serviços farmacêuticos. In: Acúrcio FA, organizador. Medicamentos: políticas, assistência farmacêutica, farmacoepidemiologia e farmacoeconomia. Belo Horizonte: Coopmed; 2013. p.197-227..

The philosophy of pharmaceutical care ²2. Angonesi D, Sevalho G. Atenção Farmacêutica: fundamentação conceitual e crítica para um modelo brasileiro. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2010;15 Supl 3:3603-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000900035
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201000... ^,66. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004.^,1717. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica: da Filosofia ao gerenciamento da terapia medicamentosa. São Paulo: RCN Editora; 2011. reinforces the need for this interaction, for understanding that it contributes to ensure the completeness of care. The interaction between professionals is essential for all the required resources and expertise to be available to solve the population’s health problems. Furthermore, care is also based in different interdisciplinary decision-making processes and on the complementarity of knowledge to promote the most appropriate care to people⁶6. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004..

In this study, the names assigned to the activities of clinical nature revealed that the expressions “pharmaceutical guidance” and “pharmaceutical care” are the most used between pharmacists who performed these activities. However, apart from the issue of naming, we identified in the respondents an understanding that the activities they carry out during dispensing would correspond to pharmaceutical activities of clinical nature. This may be related to the insufficient conceptual and philosophical discussion in Brazil on pharmaceutical care and to the disputes of the scientific field²2. Angonesi D, Sevalho G. Atenção Farmacêutica: fundamentação conceitual e crítica para um modelo brasileiro. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2010;15 Supl 3:3603-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000900035
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201000... ^,1919. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica e serviços farmacêuticos. In: Acúrcio FA, organizador. Medicamentos: políticas, assistência farmacêutica, farmacoepidemiologia e farmacoeconomia. Belo Horizonte: Coopmed; 2013. p.197-227.^,1616. Oliveira DR, Varela ND. La investigación cualitativa en Farmacia: aplicación en la Atención Farmacéutica. Rev Bras Cienc Farm. 2008;44(4):763-72. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-93322008000400024
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-9332200800... ^,2222. Pereira LRL, Freitas O. A evolução da Atenção Farmacêutica e a perspectiva para o Brasil. Rev Bras Cienc Farm. 2008;44(4):601-12. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-93322008000400006
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-9332200800... ^,2626. Vieira FS. Possibilidades de contribuição do farmacêutico para a promoção da saúde. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2007;12(1):213-20. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232007000100024
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123200700... .

In the Northeast, the fact that all pharmacists who claimed to perform activities of clinical nature also declared performing the dispensation of medicines stands out. Given that dispensing includes guidance to users, it is possible that these pharmacists understand that the activities of clinical nature they claim to perform are mainly dispensing, because the name most often attributed to those activities was “pharmaceutical guidance.”

Unlike the other regions, in the Midwest, dispensing was an activity reported by 32.9% of the pharmacists who claimed to develop activities of clinical nature. Since, in this region, the name most commonly attributed to the activities of clinical nature was “pharmaceutical consultation,” there may be, between these pharmacists, a clearer understanding of the nature of these activities and of dispensing.

Dispensing requires pharmacists to report, guide, and educate on the use of medicines. Such activity, particular to this professional – essential to the proper use of this technology – does not necessarily imply that the pharmacist who practices dispensing should take responsibility for the results of the patient’s drug therapy, which is required from those who perform the pharmaceutical care²2. Angonesi D, Sevalho G. Atenção Farmacêutica: fundamentação conceitual e crítica para um modelo brasileiro. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2010;15 Supl 3:3603-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000900035
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201000... ^,66. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PL. Pharmaceutical care practice: the clinician’s guide. 2.ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2004.^,1212. Isetts BJ, Brummel, AR, Oliveira DR, Moen DW. Managing drug-related morbidity and mortality in the patient-centered. Med Care. 2012;50(11):997-1001. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31826ecf9a
https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31826e... ^,1515. Mastroianni PC, Machuca M. Conocimiento de la experiencia farmacoterapéutica de los pacientes como medio para resolver problemas farmacoterapéuticos causados por incumplimiento. Rev OFIL. 2012 [cited 2017 Feb 11];22 Nº Extr:38. FA5-oral. Available from: http://www.revistadelaofil.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/OFILn220.pdf
http://www.revistadelaofil.org/wp-conten... ^,1717. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica: da Filosofia ao gerenciamento da terapia medicamentosa. São Paulo: RCN Editora; 2011.^,2121. Pammett R, Jorgenson D. Eligibility requirements for community pharmacy medication review services in Canada. Can Pharm J (Ott). 2014;147(1): 20-4. https://doi.org/doi:10.1177/1715163513514006
https://doi.org/doi:10.1177/171516351351... .

In the Brazilian case, the choice for a definition of pharmaceutical care that includes the activities of dispensing, guidance, and education in health can hinder the understanding of what characterizes what is proper or innovative regarding activities of clinical nature¹²12. Isetts BJ, Brummel, AR, Oliveira DR, Moen DW. Managing drug-related morbidity and mortality in the patient-centered. Med Care. 2012;50(11):997-1001. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31826ecf9a
https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31826e... ^,1616. Oliveira DR, Varela ND. La investigación cualitativa en Farmacia: aplicación en la Atención Farmacéutica. Rev Bras Cienc Farm. 2008;44(4):763-72. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-93322008000400024
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-9332200800... ^,1717. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica: da Filosofia ao gerenciamento da terapia medicamentosa. São Paulo: RCN Editora; 2011.^,1919. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica e serviços farmacêuticos. In: Acúrcio FA, organizador. Medicamentos: políticas, assistência farmacêutica, farmacoepidemiologia e farmacoeconomia. Belo Horizonte: Coopmed; 2013. p.197-227..

In this study, we observed little participation of pharmacists in educational and health-related activities in primary health care services, which indicates that this professional is not yet well integrated into the health team and that pharmaceutical services are still isolated from other health actions. The involvement of pharmacists in less medicalized activities⁸8. Costa EA. Vigilância Sanitária: proteção e defesa da saúde. 2.ed. aum. São Paulo: Sobravime; 2005. can be related to the maintenance of the centrality of medicines in pharmaceutical practices.

With a view to promote the rational use of medicines, strategies that reduce the morbidity and mortality related to these technologies may be clinical in nature and may also include collective educational activities²⁰20. Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. Atenção Farmacêutica no Brasil: trilhando caminhos: relatório 2001 – 2002. Brasília (DF): OPAS; 2002 [cited 2012 Oct 11]. Available from: http://www.paho.org/bra/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=24&Itemid=965
http://www.paho.org/bra/index.php?option... . However, these actions cannot be confused with the pharmaceutical activities of clinical nature observed in other countries²2. Angonesi D, Sevalho G. Atenção Farmacêutica: fundamentação conceitual e crítica para um modelo brasileiro. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2010;15 Supl 3:3603-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000900035
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201000... ^,1717. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica: da Filosofia ao gerenciamento da terapia medicamentosa. São Paulo: RCN Editora; 2011.^,1919. Oliveira DR. Atenção Farmacêutica e serviços farmacêuticos. In: Acúrcio FA, organizador. Medicamentos: políticas, assistência farmacêutica, farmacoepidemiologia e farmacoeconomia. Belo Horizonte: Coopmed; 2013. p.197-227..

This study raises some questions not yet investigated and others that require further development. It is important to investigate how the implementation of these activities occurred in pharmaceutical policies of other countries and in Brazil, which were the structuring elements of these clinical activities, and how the working process of pharmacists performing such activities in SUS takes place. We sought to identify the presence of philosophical elements, a process of care, and management aspects that could characterize what we decided to call, for the purposes of this study, pharmaceutical activities of clinical nature. However, it is necessary to signal the limitations of the results, which did not allow a better understanding of the regions and their pharmaceutical services, neither of the processes regarding the practices of clinical nature developed by the professional pharmacists.

The confrontation of drug-related morbidity and mortality¹⁴14. Johnson JA, Bootman JL. Drug related morbidity and mortality: a cost-of - illness model. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(18):1949-56. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1995.00430180043006
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1995.00... has contributed to the reorganization of pharmaceutical practices. Although important pharmaceutical policies in Brazil have established pharmaceutical care as a guideline, it is necessary to undertake efforts to institutionalize these clinical activities, ensuring proper infrastructure, qualification of professionals, funding, and assessment of the results so that pharmacists and public administrators are encouraged to offer such activities in SUS, promoting the implementation of PNAF regarding all its guidelines.

Acknowledgements

To Prof. PhD. Djanilson Barbosa dos Santos for the review of the manuscript.

REFERENCES

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