ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

To estimate the proportion of unmet need for personal assistance for basic and instrumental activities of daily life and to evaluate socioeconomic inequalities related to the unmet need among community-dwelling Brazilian older adults.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study with data from the last National Health Survey in Brazil. Unmet need was considered as the presence of at least one unmet need for basic or instrumental activities of daily life among individuals reporting the need for assistance. Logistic regression models were used to assess the correlates and probabilities of unmet need.

RESULTS

The proportion of unmet need was 18% and 7.1% for basic and instrumental activities of daily life, respectively. Unmet need was significantly related to living arrangements and socioeconomic status. Individuals in the first quintile of wealth status had about 50% higher probability of having an unmet need. A family member was the most prevalent type of caregiver.

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term care policy is needed to reduce the proportion of unmet need, especially among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Future studies should address the availability, training, and remuneration of caregivers, as those are an indispensable labor force in an aging society.

Aged; Disabled Persons; Activities of Daily Living; Health Services Needs and Demand; Old Age Assistance; Socioeconomic Factors; Health Inequalities

INTRODUCTION

The increase in life expectancy has raised the number of older individuals living in the community with disabilities and with a higher risk of dependence, who need frequent human help or care beyond the kind habitually required by a healthy adult¹1. Harwood RH, Sayer AA, Hirschfeld M. Current and future worldwide prevalence of dependency, its relationship to total population, and dependency ratios. Bull World Health Organ. 2004 [cited 2018 Jan 16];82(4):251-8. Available from: http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/82/4/251.pdf
http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/82/4... . As a result, the aging population is increasing the attention to the challenges and demands for long-term care²2. World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. Geneva: WHO; 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-report-2015-launch/en/
http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-r... , especially in low- and middle-income countries, where most older individuals will live²2. World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. Geneva: WHO; 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-report-2015-launch/en/
http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-r... .

Long-term care are the activities undertaken by informal (family, friend, or neighbors) or formal (health and social professionals or paraprofessionals) caregivers to ensure that people with or at risk of an ongoing loss of intrinsic capacity can maintain a level of functional ability and quality of life²2. World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. Geneva: WHO; 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-report-2015-launch/en/
http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-r... ^,33. World Health Organization; Milbank Memorial Fund. Towards an international consensus on policy for long-term care of the ageing. New York: Milbank Memorial Fund; 2000 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. Available from: http://www.milbank.org/uploads/documents/000712oms.pdf
http://www.milbank.org/uploads/documents... . Accordingly, unmet need for personal assistance for activities of daily life is related to increased risk of mortality⁴4. Zhen Z, Feng Q, Gu D. The impacts of unmet needs for long-term care on mortality among older adults in China. J Disabil Policy Stud. 2015;25(4):243-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207313486521
https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207313486521... and morbidity (e.g. falls, weight loss)⁵5. LaPlante MP, Kaye HS, Kang T, Harrington C. Unmet need for personal assistance services: estimating the shortfall in hours of help and adverse consequences. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2004;59(2):S98-S108. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.2.S98
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.2.S98... , hospitalization and re-hospitalization^6–8, and psychological distress⁹9. Quail JM, Wolfson C, Lippman A. Unmet need for assistance to perform activities of daily living and psychological distress in community-dwelling elderly women. Can J Aging. 2011;30(4): 591-602. https://dli.org/10.1017/S0714980811000493
https://dli.org/10.1017/S071498081100049... .

Unmet need for basic activities of daily life (BADL) was found to range from 14% in the United States⁸8. Xu H, Covinsky KE, Stallard E, Thomas J 3rd, Sands LP. Insufficient help for activity of daily living disabilities and risk of all-cause hospitalization. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(5):927-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03926.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012... , to 61% in China⁴4. Zhen Z, Feng Q, Gu D. The impacts of unmet needs for long-term care on mortality among older adults in China. J Disabil Policy Stud. 2015;25(4):243-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207313486521
https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207313486521... . Regarding instrumental activities of daily life (IADL) unmet need ranged from 18% in the United States⁵5. LaPlante MP, Kaye HS, Kang T, Harrington C. Unmet need for personal assistance services: estimating the shortfall in hours of help and adverse consequences. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2004;59(2):S98-S108. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.2.S98
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.2.S98... , to 40%, among women in Montreal⁹9. Quail JM, Wolfson C, Lippman A. Unmet need for assistance to perform activities of daily living and psychological distress in community-dwelling elderly women. Can J Aging. 2011;30(4): 591-602. https://dli.org/10.1017/S0714980811000493
https://dli.org/10.1017/S071498081100049... . Moreover, the main source of support and care worldwide is the family²2. World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. Geneva: WHO; 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-report-2015-launch/en/
http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-r... ^,1010. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Health at a glance 2015: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2015. https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2015-en
https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-20... , which is becoming a critical aspect for the success of aging in place, given the changes in family structures and the lack of public community-based long-term systems³3. World Health Organization; Milbank Memorial Fund. Towards an international consensus on policy for long-term care of the ageing. New York: Milbank Memorial Fund; 2000 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. Available from: http://www.milbank.org/uploads/documents/000712oms.pdf
http://www.milbank.org/uploads/documents... . In Brazil, less than 1% of the older adults are in long-term care institutions. Although healthcare is delivered free of charge through its public health system, there is no national policy for home-based long-term care¹¹11. Camarano AA, organizadora. Cuidados de longa duração à pessoa idosa: um novo risco social a ser assumido. Rio de Janeiro: Ipea; 2010 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. Available from: http://www.ipea.gov.br/agencia/images/stories/PDFs/livros/livro_cuidados.pdf
http://www.ipea.gov.br/agencia/images/st... . Understanding the correlates of unmet care is not only essential for planning long-term policy¹²12. Desai MM, Lentzner HR, Weeks JD. Unmet need for personal assistance with activities of daily living among older adults. Gerontologist. 2001;41(1):82-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.1.82
https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.1.82... ^,1313. Mitra M, Bogen K, Long-Bellil LM, Heaphy D. Unmet needs for home and community-based services among persons with disabilities in Massachusetts. Disabil Health J. 2011;4(4):219-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2011.08.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2011.08.0... , but also for avoiding poor health outcomes.

Regarding factors related to unmet need, associations were found in relation to sociodemographic factors¹⁴14. Wilkinson-Meyers L, Brown P, McLean C, Kerse N. Met and unmet need for personal assistance among community-dwelling New Zealanders 75 years and over. Health Soc Care Community. 2014;22(3):317-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12087
https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12087... , level of disability¹²12. Desai MM, Lentzner HR, Weeks JD. Unmet need for personal assistance with activities of daily living among older adults. Gerontologist. 2001;41(1):82-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.1.82
https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.1.82... ^,1515. Newcomer R, Kang T, Laplante M, Kaye S. Living quarters and unmet need for personal care assistance among adults with disabilities. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005;60(4):S205-13. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.4.S205
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.4.S205... , and living arrangements¹²12. Desai MM, Lentzner HR, Weeks JD. Unmet need for personal assistance with activities of daily living among older adults. Gerontologist. 2001;41(1):82-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.1.82
https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.1.82... ^,11. Harwood RH, Sayer AA, Hirschfeld M. Current and future worldwide prevalence of dependency, its relationship to total population, and dependency ratios. Bull World Health Organ. 2004 [cited 2018 Jan 16];82(4):251-8. Available from: http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/82/4/251.pdf
http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/82/4... ⁴4. Zhen Z, Feng Q, Gu D. The impacts of unmet needs for long-term care on mortality among older adults in China. J Disabil Policy Stud. 2015;25(4):243-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207313486521
https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207313486521... ^,1515. Newcomer R, Kang T, Laplante M, Kaye S. Living quarters and unmet need for personal care assistance among adults with disabilities. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005;60(4):S205-13. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.4.S205
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.4.S205... , which is the most consistent relationship. As few studies have investigated the unmet need for activities of daily life, its correlates remain inconclusive. Moreover, most of the studies were conducted in developed countries.

In Brazil, there is no national estimate of the proportion of unmet need regarding BADL and IADL. A previous study investigated the prevalence of formal and informal care for overall activities of daily life. In addition, the study investigated the prevalence of lack of any help compared with help provided by formal and informal caregivers¹⁶16. Lima-Costa MF, Peixoto SV, Malta DC, Szwarcwald CL, Mambrini JVM. Informal and paid care for Brazilian older adults (National Health Survey, 2013). Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51 Suppl 1:6s. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1518-8787.2017051000013
https://doi.org/10.1590/s1518-8787.20170... . As each group of activities generates different care demands, there is a need for information regarding both activities for future policy planning. BADL often implies the need for direct assistance from others, which is expensive and complex. On the other side, as IADL are related to community life, they are less related to a direct assistance¹⁷17. Duarte YAO, Lebrão ML; Lima FD. Contribuição dos arranjos domiciliares para o suprimento de demandas assistenciais dos idosos com comprometimento funcional em São Paulo, Brasil. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2005;17(5-6):370-8 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. Available from: https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v17n5-6/26274.pdf
https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v17n5-... .

The present study fills these gaps and uses data from a national sample of community-dwelling older people from Brazil with the following objectives: 1) estimate the proportion of unmet need for personal assistance for BADL and IADL; 2) evaluate socioeconomic inequalities related to unmet need.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study with data from the last Brazilian National Health Survey, conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and the Ministry of Health in 2013. The sample comprised 64,348 households and was stratified into three cluster stages. The primary sampling units were census tracts, households were the second-stage units, and the adults in these households (18 years of age and over) were the third-stage units. Detailed information about the study has been published elsewhere¹⁸18. Szwarcwald CL, Malta DC, Pereira CA, Vieira MLFP, Conde WL, Souza Júnior PRB, et al. [National Health Survey in Brazil: design and methodology of application]. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2014;19(2):333-42. Portuguese. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014192.14072012
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014192... . All participants were interviewed in their own homes by interviewers specifically trained to apply a comprehensive questionnaire on sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics, lifestyle, quality of life, use of health services, and general health information.

This study included all participants aged ≥ 60 years, with disabilities in basic (n = 2,165) and instrumental activities of daily living (n = 5,762) that reported the need for help. Disability was defined as any difficult to perform one or more basic BADL (bathing, dressing, walking, using the toilet, feeding, and moving in and out of bed)¹⁹19. Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW, Jackson BA, Jaffe MW. Studies of illness in the aged. The index of ADL: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. JAMA. 1963;185(12):914-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1963.030601... or one or more IADL (managing finances, using transportation, shopping, and taking medication)²⁰20. Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969;9(3):179-86. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179
https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_... .

Unmet need was considered as the presence of at least one unavailable need for BADL and IADL. Individuals reporting difficulty to perform BADL or IADL were asked whether they received personal assistance to perform each activity; with three possible answers: 1) yes; 2) no, there is no need; 3) no, because there is no help available. Based on the answers, participants were categorized as: 1) met need (answered “yes”, have assistance for all activities they have difficulty performing), 2) unmet (answered “no, because there is no help available” for one or more activities with they have difficulty performing). The BADL and IADL were evaluated separately.

Independent variables assessed demographic characteristics (age [60–69 years, 70–79 years, ≥ 80 years], sex [male, female], ethnicity [white; nonwhite, i.e., black, brown, yellow, indigenous]), and living arrangement (no marital relationship and doesn’t live alone, no marital relationship and lives alone, marital relationship and doesn’t live alone); socioeconomic status (wealth [1st quintile, 2nd quintile, 3rd quintile, 4th quintile, 5th quintile]), education (0–3, 4–7, 8–11, and 12 years or more of formal education) and number of disabilities (BADL [1–2, 3–4, 5–6] and IADL [1, 2, 3–4]).

The wealth status was obtained from factor analysis of principal components²¹21. O’Donnell OA, Doorslaer E, Wagstaff A, Lindelow M. Analyzing health equity using household survey data: a guide to techniques and their implementation. Washington (DC): The World Bank; 2008. using the following variables: household assets (internet [yes, no], television, refrigerator, washing machine, computer, desk phone, cell phone, microwave, motorcycle), household characteristics (maid [yes, no], coated floor [yes, no], wall of masonry or wood [yes, no], roof of tile, slab, or wood [yes, no], piped water [yes, no], sewage treatment or septic tank [yes, no], garbage collection [yes, no], crowding [number of people living in the household divided by the number of rooms used as bedroom]). The wealth status was categorized into quintiles.

Statistical analysis involved descriptive and inferential analyses, with a 5% significance level and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The proportion of met need and unmet need were estimated among individuals with disabilities in BADL and IADL. Prevalence of the main care provider for each BADL and IADL were estimated according to the following categories: 1) family member who lives in the home and is not paid to help; 2) family member who doesn’t live in the home and is not paid to help; 3) caregiver hired to help; 4) family member who lives in the home and is paid to help; 5) non-family member who is not paid to help; 6) maid; 7) family member who doesn’t live in the home and is paid to help.

Associations between categorical variables were assessed using the Rao-Scott chi-squared test²²22. Rao JNK, Scott A. J. On chi-squared tests for multiway contingency tables with cell proportions estimated from survey data. Ann Stat. 1984;12(1):46-60. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176346391
https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176346391... . Multiple logistic regression models were fitted independently for each dependent variable, namely unmet need for BADL and IADL. The inclusion of covariates followed a hierarchical model²³23. Victora CG, Huttly SR, Fuchs SC, Olinto MT. The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26(1):224-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/26.1.224
https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/26.1.224... . Covariates were included in four blocks from the most distal to the most proximal to the outcome in the following order: demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, behavior, health status. All analyses were conducted using Stata 13 (College Station, Texas, 2013), considering the complex survey design and sampling weights.

The survey was approved by the Brazilian National Commission on Ethics in Research (CONEP) of the National Health Council (CNS).

RESULTS

The prevalence of disabilities in BADL e IADL were 16.0% and 26.6%, respectively. Among individuals with a disability in BADL, no need, met need, and unmet need were reported by 42.6%, 47.0%, and 10.3%, respectively. Regarding IADL, no need was reported by 11.6%, while 82.2% and 6.3% reported meet and unmet need, respectively. When considering only the disabled individuals with the need for personal assistance, the proportion of unmet need was 18% for BADL and 7.1% for IADL.

Table 1 shows the proportion of unmet need according to each of the activities of daily life. Unmet needs for BADL were higher than for IADL. The main care provider for both BADL and IADL situations was a family member, more specifically, a family member who lived in the home and was not paid to help (66.8% for BADL and 55.6% IADL) (Table 2).

For both BADL and IADL, most individuals were women, had 0–3 years of education, and did not have a marital relationship, but lived with others. About 43.1% had difficulties in 5–6 BADL and 46.3% had difficulties in 3–4 IADL (Table 3). According to the bivariate analysis (Table 3), unmet need for BADL was related to all independent variables, except by schooling. Unmet need for IADL was related to the same variables as BADL, but there was no association with the number of IADL.

Table 4 shows the final multiple logistic regression model for the factors related to unmet need. Regarding BADL, non-white individuals and those without a marital relationship and living alone had significantly more chances of having an unmet need (OR = 1.93 and OR = 10.77, respectively). Older individuals with ≥ 80 years had 76% lower chance of having an unmet need when compared with the ones aged 60–79 years old. Being in the 4th and 5th wealth quintiles reduced the chances of having an unmet need. Lower chances of an unmet were also observed among individuals with five or six BADL. Both the factors and direction of association observed regarding BADL were found in relation to IADL, except by the number of IADL, which was not related to unmet need.

DISCUSSION

The present study demonstrated that about one-fifth of individuals in need of assistance for BADL had an unmet need, which was higher than the proportion of unmet need for IADL. Unmet needs were significantly related to the individuals’ living arrangements and socioeconomic factors. Unpaid care provided by family members was the most frequent type of caregiver.

Differences in the proportion of unmet need between studies must to be evaluated with caution, as both groups of activities of daily life and unmet need are measured using different definitions. A comparison with Brazilian national estimates is not possible as there is no previous study reported. The available results, from the largest city in Brazil, found that among men and women the lack of care was higher for each BADL than for IADL¹⁷17. Duarte YAO, Lebrão ML; Lima FD. Contribuição dos arranjos domiciliares para o suprimento de demandas assistenciais dos idosos com comprometimento funcional em São Paulo, Brasil. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2005;17(5-6):370-8 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. Available from: https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v17n5-6/26274.pdf
https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v17n5-... . Overall, unmet need for BADL was about a third of that observed among Chinese older adults and similar to the ones observed among older US Americans⁵5. LaPlante MP, Kaye HS, Kang T, Harrington C. Unmet need for personal assistance services: estimating the shortfall in hours of help and adverse consequences. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2004;59(2):S98-S108. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.2.S98
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.2.S98... ^,1212. Desai MM, Lentzner HR, Weeks JD. Unmet need for personal assistance with activities of daily living among older adults. Gerontologist. 2001;41(1):82-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.1.82
https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.1.82... and Canadians women⁹9. Quail JM, Wolfson C, Lippman A. Unmet need for assistance to perform activities of daily living and psychological distress in community-dwelling elderly women. Can J Aging. 2011;30(4): 591-602. https://dli.org/10.1017/S0714980811000493
https://dli.org/10.1017/S071498081100049... . Studies regarding IADL are more restricted, with unmet need ranging from 18%⁵5. LaPlante MP, Kaye HS, Kang T, Harrington C. Unmet need for personal assistance services: estimating the shortfall in hours of help and adverse consequences. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2004;59(2):S98-S108. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.2.S98
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.2.S98... to 39%⁹9. Quail JM, Wolfson C, Lippman A. Unmet need for assistance to perform activities of daily living and psychological distress in community-dwelling elderly women. Can J Aging. 2011;30(4): 591-602. https://dli.org/10.1017/S0714980811000493
https://dli.org/10.1017/S071498081100049... , higher than the one found in Brazil.

A higher prevalence of unmet need in BADL than in IADL have been reported⁵5. LaPlante MP, Kaye HS, Kang T, Harrington C. Unmet need for personal assistance services: estimating the shortfall in hours of help and adverse consequences. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2004;59(2):S98-S108. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.2.S98
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.2.S98... ^,1717. Duarte YAO, Lebrão ML; Lima FD. Contribuição dos arranjos domiciliares para o suprimento de demandas assistenciais dos idosos com comprometimento funcional em São Paulo, Brasil. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2005;17(5-6):370-8 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. Available from: https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v17n5-6/26274.pdf
https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v17n5-... and is an important issue that needs to be addressed. Having BADL disabilities is associated with a higher probability of receiving assistance and creating a need for a caregiver ²⁴24. Knodel J, Teerawichitchainan BP, Pothisiri W. Caring for Thai older persons with long-term care needs. Singapore: SMU School of Social Sciences; 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. (Research Collection School of Social Sciences, Paper 1945]. Available from: http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/1945
http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_resea... . Different from disabilities in IADL, which involves task related to life in the community and are more easily supported by technologies, BADL disabilities are related to activities of self-care and survival and are dependent of direct, hands-on help²⁵25. Kingston A, Collerton J, Davies K, Bond J, Robinson L, Jagger C. Losing the ability in activities of daily living in the oldest old: a hierarchic disability scale from the Newcastle 85+ Study. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31665. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031665
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.003... ^,2626. Verbrugge LM, Jette AM. The disablement process. Soc Sci Med. 1994;38(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90294-1
https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)902... , mostly provided by family members²2. World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. Geneva: WHO; 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-report-2015-launch/en/
http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-r... ^,1010. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Health at a glance 2015: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2015. https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2015-en
https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-20... ^,2424. Knodel J, Teerawichitchainan BP, Pothisiri W. Caring for Thai older persons with long-term care needs. Singapore: SMU School of Social Sciences; 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. (Research Collection School of Social Sciences, Paper 1945]. Available from: http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/1945
http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_resea... . Although unpaid care by a family member was the most frequent type of care received by disabled older individuals, the higher proportion of unmet need for BADL may already be pointing out to the changes in family structure and gender relationship in Brazil, which may directly impact the availability of family members to take care of their relatives²2. World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. Geneva: WHO; 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-report-2015-launch/en/
http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-r... .

Regarding the correlates of unmet need, the findings corroborate the literature and demonstrated significant association with living arrangements¹²12. Desai MM, Lentzner HR, Weeks JD. Unmet need for personal assistance with activities of daily living among older adults. Gerontologist. 2001;41(1):82-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.1.82
https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.1.82... ^,1414. Wilkinson-Meyers L, Brown P, McLean C, Kerse N. Met and unmet need for personal assistance among community-dwelling New Zealanders 75 years and over. Health Soc Care Community. 2014;22(3):317-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12087
https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12087... ^,2424. Knodel J, Teerawichitchainan BP, Pothisiri W. Caring for Thai older persons with long-term care needs. Singapore: SMU School of Social Sciences; 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. (Research Collection School of Social Sciences, Paper 1945]. Available from: http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/1945
http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_resea... ^,2727. Lima JC, Allen SM. Targeting risk for unmet need: not enough help versus no help at all. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2001;56(5):S302-10. and socioeconomic and demographic factors ⁹9. Quail JM, Wolfson C, Lippman A. Unmet need for assistance to perform activities of daily living and psychological distress in community-dwelling elderly women. Can J Aging. 2011;30(4): 591-602. https://dli.org/10.1017/S0714980811000493
https://dli.org/10.1017/S071498081100049... ,¹³13. Mitra M, Bogen K, Long-Bellil LM, Heaphy D. Unmet needs for home and community-based services among persons with disabilities in Massachusetts. Disabil Health J. 2011;4(4):219-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2011.08.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2011.08.0... –¹⁵15. Newcomer R, Kang T, Laplante M, Kaye S. Living quarters and unmet need for personal care assistance among adults with disabilities. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005;60(4):S205-13. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.4.S205
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.4.S205... . Individuals who live alone and don’t have a marital relationship have higher chances of having an unmet need because they lack the strongest supportive tie, the spouse, and are less likely to have children (the next strongest tie)²⁷27. Lima JC, Allen SM. Targeting risk for unmet need: not enough help versus no help at all. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2001;56(5):S302-10..

Like previous findings¹⁴14. Wilkinson-Meyers L, Brown P, McLean C, Kerse N. Met and unmet need for personal assistance among community-dwelling New Zealanders 75 years and over. Health Soc Care Community. 2014;22(3):317-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12087
https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12087... ^,2424. Knodel J, Teerawichitchainan BP, Pothisiri W. Caring for Thai older persons with long-term care needs. Singapore: SMU School of Social Sciences; 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. (Research Collection School of Social Sciences, Paper 1945]. Available from: http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/1945
http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_resea... , individuals at higher age groups had lower odds of having an unmet need. These results may rely on the fact that those older adults are the ones with a higher number of disabilities, which, as observed, are also the ones less likely to have unmet need. Previous findings showed no association between BADL disability and the situation of no care²⁴24. Knodel J, Teerawichitchainan BP, Pothisiri W. Caring for Thai older persons with long-term care needs. Singapore: SMU School of Social Sciences; 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. (Research Collection School of Social Sciences, Paper 1945]. Available from: http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/1945
http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_resea... ^,2727. Lima JC, Allen SM. Targeting risk for unmet need: not enough help versus no help at all. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2001;56(5):S302-10., as people with higher levels of disability cannot remain in the community without help²⁴24. Knodel J, Teerawichitchainan BP, Pothisiri W. Caring for Thai older persons with long-term care needs. Singapore: SMU School of Social Sciences; 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. (Research Collection School of Social Sciences, Paper 1945]. Available from: http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/1945
http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_resea... . Although caring for the ones with more need is important, younger individuals with lower levels of disability are the ones most affected by the unmet need as they are living longer with impairment and are at higher risk to become dependent. Accordingly, these older people would benefit from receiving adequate care and interventions to improve their capacity and avoid care dependence²2. World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. Geneva: WHO; 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-report-2015-launch/en/
http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-r... , which increases years of living in the community, postponing or averting institutionalization²2. World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. Geneva: WHO; 2015 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-report-2015-launch/en/
http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-r... ⁸8. Xu H, Covinsky KE, Stallard E, Thomas J 3rd, Sands LP. Insufficient help for activity of daily living disabilities and risk of all-cause hospitalization. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(5):927-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03926.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012... .

Socioeconomic inequalities have been observed in different studies¹²12. Desai MM, Lentzner HR, Weeks JD. Unmet need for personal assistance with activities of daily living among older adults. Gerontologist. 2001;41(1):82-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.1.82
https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.1.82... ^,1414. Wilkinson-Meyers L, Brown P, McLean C, Kerse N. Met and unmet need for personal assistance among community-dwelling New Zealanders 75 years and over. Health Soc Care Community. 2014;22(3):317-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12087
https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12087... ^,2424. Knodel J, Teerawichitchainan BP, Pothisiri W. Caring for Thai older persons with long-term care needs. Singapore: SMU School of Social Sciences; 2016 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. (Research Collection School of Social Sciences, Paper 1945]. Available from: http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/1945
http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_resea... . In the present study, the probability of unmet need among individuals in the 5th wealth quintile was about half of the ones in the first quintiles. The literature shows that long-term care is unaffordable for most people and the expenditure with services and support represent more than 60% of disposable income among individuals at the bottom 80% of the income distribution²⁹29. Colombo F, Llena-Nozal A, Mercier J, Tjadens F. Help wanted? Providing and paying for long-term care. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2011. (OECD Health Policy Studies). https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264097759-en
https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264097759-en... . According to the literature, this form of care has an economic cost, which is related to a reduction in labor market participation of relatives and friends¹⁰10. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Health at a glance 2015: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2015. https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2015-en
https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-20... . Better economic conditions not only contribute to better health outcomes but also to the availability of paid and family caregivers, with the latter being most likely to afford the burden of leaving the labor market. Thus, long-term care is among the circumstances that need to be adjusted to make changes in socioeconomic and demographic inequalities³⁰30. United Nations Second World Assembly on Ageing; 8-12 April 2002; Madrid, Spain. Political Declaration and Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing. New York: UN; 2002 [cited 2018 Jan 16]. Available from: http://social.un.org/index/Portals/0/ageing/documents/Fulltext-E.pdf
http://social.un.org/index/Portals/0/age... .

The strengths of this study include the use of a national representative sample from the largest country in Latin America and the assessment of both BADL and IADL providing a more reliable estimate of unmet need, which may be used for planning and supporting long-term care policies. Among the limitations, a lack of causal relationship is expected in cross-sectional studies. Another limitation relies on the fact that unmet need was measured based on self-reported lack of assistance for activities of daily living. Although this assessment is widely used, it does not distinguish the availability of care from its adequacy, thereby leading to some underestimation of unmet need.

This study of a representative sample of Brazilian older individuals highlights that the issue of unmet need should be tackled as a priority among public health policies, considering the large number of individuals and families affected and the existence of socioeconomic inequities. Brazil has high-income inequalities, and although differences between rich and poor have decreased in recent years, inequities in the use of health services have remained significant and may increase the burden of disabilities for this population. Moreover, as care relies mostly on family members, the balance between government and family care provision may not be postponed as families’ patterns and arrangements are changing and this kind of care may not be available for the next generation. Furthermore, long-term care policies may also benefit from future studies directed towards investigating the training, expertise, status, and remuneration of caregivers as a way to improve the quality of help delivered.

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