Efetividade do GeneXpert® no diagnóstico da tuberculose em pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids

Mariana Gaspar Botelho Funari de Faria Rubia Laine de Paula Andrade Ana Julia Gonçalves Camillo Karina Fonseca de Souza Leite Nanci Michele Saita Valdes Roberto Bollela Carlos Eduardo Menezes de Rezende Aline Aparecida Monroe Sobre os autores

RESUMO

OBJETIVO

Identificar e sintetizar o conhecimento científico produzido a respeito da efetividade do teste GeneXpert no diagnóstico da tuberculose (TB) pulmonar em pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids.

MÉTODOS

Revisão integrativa da literatura, cuja busca foi feita nas plataformas Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Cinahl, Academic Search Premier, Socindex e Lilacs, em dezembro de 2019. Os estudos levantados passaram por duas etapas de seleção: leitura dos títulos e resumos por dois revisores de forma independente, utilizando a plataforma Rayyan e leitura integral dos mesmos. Foram incluídos 19 estudos primários em inglês, português e espanhol que respondiam à pergunta norteadora do estudo: Qual é a efetividade do teste GeneXpert no diagnóstico da TB pulmonar em pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids?

RESULTADOS

A utilização do GeneXpert aumentou substancialmente a detecção de casos de TB entre a população coinfectada com HIV, com sensibilidade que variou de 68% a 100%, sendo superior à baciloscopia. A especificidade variou de 91,7% a 100%; o valor preditivo positivo, de 79,2% a 96,1%; e o valor preditivo negativo, de 84,6% a 99,3%, valores considerados semelhantes à baciloscopia pela maioria dos estudos. O teste também foi comparado com as diferentes formas de realização da cultura e outros testes moleculares, sendo considerado inferior apenas ao Xpert Ultra.

CONCLUSÃO

É possível afirmar que locais com alta incidência de HIV se beneficiariam com a implantação do teste GeneXpert, uma vez que sua efetividade no diagnóstico da TB pulmonar nessa população é expressiva quando comparada à baciloscopia, teste que foi por muito tempo amplamente utilizado para a detecção dos casos.

Tuberculose Pulmonar, diagnóstico; Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular; Infecções por HIV; Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS

INTRODUÇÃO

A partir da década de 1980, a infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) reforçou a preocupação com a tuberculose (TB)11. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control: WHO report 2011. Geneva (CH): WHO; 2011.. Em 2015, de acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), 10,4 milhões de pessoas desenvolveram TB, das quais 1,2 milhão correspondiam às pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids22. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2016. Geneva (CH): WHO; 2016..

Na década de 1990, as estratégias de controle da TB partiam da detecção passiva da doença por meio de baciloscopia de escarro de pacientes com tosse crônica. No entanto, a apresentação clínica da TB pulmonar entre as pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids é inespecífica em estágios avançados, com tosse menos frequente e esfregaços de escarro negativos à baciloscopia33. Lawn SD, Wood R. Tuberculosis in antiretroviral treatment services in resource-limited settings: addressing the challenges of screening and diagnosis. J Infect Dis. 2011;204 Suppl 4:S1159-67. https://doi.org/;10.1093/infdis/jir411
https://doi.org/;10.1093/infdis/jir411...
.

Embora essa técnica diagnóstica microbiológica ofereça vantagens quanto aos custos e à simplicidade, a especificidade e a sensibilidade ainda são consideradas precárias, principalmente entre as pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids44. World Health Organization. Roadmap for rolling out Xpert MTB/RIF for rapid diagnosis of TB and MDR-TB. Geneva (CH): WHO; 2010.,55. Dewan R, Anuradha S, Khanna A, Garg S, Singla S, Agarwal S, et al. Role of cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) for early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV. JIACM. 2015;16(2):114-7., em função da produção escassa de escarro e da diminuição da carga bacilar66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
. Dessa forma, é importante ressaltar que, além dos resultados microbiológicos, o diagnóstico de TB deve ser subsidiado pela apresentação clínica77. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2014. Geneva (CH): WHO; 2014. e por achados radiográficos88. Palomino JC. Molecular detection, identification and drug resistance detection in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2009;56(2):103-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2009.00555.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2009...
.

Outro exame microbiológico utilizado para o diagnóstico da TB, considerado padrão-ouro para confirmação laboratorial da doença, é a cultura de escarro. Tal exame tem alta sensibilidade na detecção do Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) e seu uso foi recomendado para pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids99. Bassett IV, Wang B, Chetty S, Giddy J, Losina E, Mazibuko M, et al. Intensive tuberculosis screening for HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy in Durban, South Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51(7):823-9. https://doi.org/10.1086/656282
https://doi.org/10.1086/656282...
. No entanto, a realização de tal exame requer recursos e habilidades técnicas qualificadas, além de maior tempo para a obtenção do resultado, o que retarda o diagnóstico e aumenta o risco de transmissão da doença1010. Boehme CC, Nabeta P, Hillemann D, Nicol MP, Shenai S, Krapp F, et al. Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(11):1005-15. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0907847
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0907847...
,1111. Iram S, Zeenat A, Hussain S, Yusuf NW, Aslam M. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis using Xpert MTB/RIF assay: report from a developing country. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(1):105-10. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.311.6970
https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.311.6970...
.

Partindo dessa compreensão, muitas vezes o diagnóstico da TB em pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids se baseava unicamente na apresentação clínica, uma vez que não havia comprovação microbiológica da infecção1212. Harries AD, Zachariah R, Corbett EL, Lawn SD, Santos-Filho ET, Chimzizi R, et al. The HIV-associated tuberculosis epidemic–when will we act? Lancet. 2010;375(9729):1906-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60409-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60...
. Esse obstáculo levou à expectativa de desenvolvimento de novos meios diagnósticos para uso dos serviços de saúde, dentre os quais mereceram destaque os testes rápidos moleculares (TRM)1313. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis diagnostics: automated DNA test: WHO endorsement and recommendations. Geneva (CH): WHO; 2010., como o GeneXpert® MTB/RIF (GeneXpert), que consiste em um teste de amplificação de ácido nucleico baseado em reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), por meio do qual se detecta o MTB e sua resistência à rifampicina em uma amostra de escarro dentro de um período de duas horas1414. Helb D, Jones M, Story E, Boehme C, Wallace E, Ho K, et al. Rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampin resistance by use of on-demand, near-patient technology. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;48(1):229-37. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01463-09
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01463-09...
.

Esse teste foi aprovado em 2010 pela OMS, que recomendou seu uso para o diagnóstico inicial da TB e dos casos suspeitos de tuberculose multidrogarresistente (TB-MDR) em amostras de escarro1515. World Health Organization. Automated real-time nucleic acid amplification technology for rapid and simultaneous detection of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: Xpert MTB/RIF system: policy statement. Geneva (CH): WHO; 2011., e ampliou essa recomendação, em 2013, também para o diagnóstico de TB em amostras não respiratórias, ou seja, para a TB extrapulmonar1313. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis diagnostics: automated DNA test: WHO endorsement and recommendations. Geneva (CH): WHO; 2010.. Em função dessas recomendações, em 2014, foi disponibilizado um total de 3.269 aparelhos de GeneXpert aos setores públicos de 108 dos 145 países elegíveis para obtenção do equipamento77. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2014. Geneva (CH): WHO; 2014..

Frente ao exposto, esta revisão tem o objetivo de identificar e sintetizar o conhecimento científico a respeito da efetividade do teste GeneXpert no diagnóstico da TB pulmonar em pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids.

MÉTODOS

Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, a qual tem potencialidade de reunir informações sobre determinado tema, de modo a apresentar o estado da arte do objeto de estudo, direcionar definição de conceitos, identificar lacunas e rever teorias e análise metodológica, além de informar e auxiliar práticas e iniciativas em políticas relacionadas à questão1717. Whittemore R, Knafl K. The integrative review: updated methodology. J Adv Nurs. 2005;52(5):546-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005...
.

Para realizar esta revisão, foram adotadas as seguintes etapas: elaboração da pergunta do estudo; levantamento bibliográfico e seleção de estudos primários; extração das informações dos estudos selecionados; avaliação da qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos; síntese e discussão dos resultados encontrados. Dessa forma, a presente revisão foi norteada pela seguinte questão: Qual é a efetividade do teste GeneXpert no diagnóstico da TB pulmonar em pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids?

Tal questão permitiu a identificação de descritores, utilizando a estratégia PICO, proposta pela The Joanna Briggs Institute (2017)1818. The Joanna Briggs Institute. Critical appraisal tools for use in JBI systematic reviews. Adelaide (AU): JBI; 2017 [cited 2020 Jan 22]. Available from: https://joannabriggs.org/ebp/critical_appraisal_tools
https://joannabriggs.org/ebp/critical_ap...
, apresentada no Quadro 1.

Quadro 1
Descritores que derivam da pergunta do estudo, segundo a estratégia PICO.

Os descritores em negrito citados no Quadro 1 fazem parte do vocabulário controlado consultado nos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DECS), por meio do qual também foi possível identificar os termos correspondentes nos idiomas espanhol e inglês. Para os termos em inglês, também foi consultado o Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Por fim, também se buscou o vocabulário livre utilizado na escrita das publicações, por meio de buscas por sinônimos no DECS e no MeSH, bem como nas bases de dados selecionadas para o estudo.

O levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado em dezembro de 2019 utilizando o vocabulário encontrado (Quadro 2) e os operadores booleanos OR (entre as palavras de mesmo significado) e AND (entre os grupos de palavras de mesmo significado).

Quadro 2
Vocabulário utilizado na busca dos artigos para a realização da revisão integrativa sobre efetividade do teste GeneXpert® MTB/RIF no diagnóstico da tuberculose pulmonar em pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids.

O levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado em dezembro de 2019 nas seguintes bases de dados: Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE), SciVerse Scopus (Scopus) de propriedade da Elsevier, Public/Medline ou Publisher Medlin (PubMed), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Academic Search Premier (ASP), Bibliographic Database for Sociology Research (SocINDEX) e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs). Para a busca na Lilacs, utilizou-se o vocabulário nos três idiomas mencionados, e nas demais bases de dados, utilizou-se o vocabulário em inglês. É importante ressaltar que não foram utilizados limites de ano de publicação e nem de idioma no levantamento bibliográfico.

Tal busca resultou na identificação de 1.802 publicações, as quais foram exportadas para o aplicativo de revisão sistemática Rayyan QCRI da Qatar Computing Research Institute1919. Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan – a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5:210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-...
, o qual identificou e possibilitou a exclusão de 597 publicações duplicadas. Dois revisores independentes fizeram julgamento da elegibilidade das publicações remanescentes por meio da leitura dos seus títulos e resumos. Na leitura integral dos artigos elegíveis (60), os seguintes critérios nortearam a inclusão de 19 estudos nesta revisão: estudos primários; ter pessoas com coinfecção TB-HIV como população de estudo; abordar o diagnóstico da TB pulmonar; e estudos que respondessem à questão norteadora da revisão. Cabe destacar ainda que os estudos considerados nesta revisão utilizaram somente a tecnologia GeneXpert produzida pela empresa Cepheid. Foram excluídos artigos que estudavam custo-efetividade, resumos publicados em anais e artigos que não comparavam o teste GeneXpert com outros testes diagnósticos (Figura).

Figura
Fluxograma da seleção dos artigos incluídos na revisão integrativa sobre efetividade do teste GeneXpert® MTB/RIF no diagnóstico da TB em pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids.

Os dados dos artigos incluídos nesta revisão foram extraídos com a utilização de um instrumento específico baseado em Ursi (2005)2121. Ursi ES. Prevenção de lesões de pele no perioperatório: revisão integrativa da literatura [dissertação]. Ribeirão Preto, SP: Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005., o qual também permitiu uma síntese narrativa de seus resultados. Por fim, a qualidade metodológica dos artigos foi avaliada por meio do “Checklist para Estudos de Acurácia de Testes Diagnósticos” proposto pela The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) (https://joannabriggs.org/critical-appraisal-tools), que contempla dez itens de avaliação com respostas dicotômicas (sim/não), de tal forma que o item era considerado bem avaliado quando recebia a resposta “sim”. Dois itens do checklist não eram aplicáveis aos estudos encontrados e foram desconsiderados durante a avaliação.

RESULTADOS

Dos 19 artigos incluídos nessa revisão, 18 (94,7%) foram publicados em língua inglesa66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2222. Dagnra AY, Mlaga KD, Adjoh K, Kadanga E, Disse K, Adekambi T. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients eligible for retreatment regimen in Togo using GeneXpert MTB/RIF. New Microbes New Infect. 2015;8):24-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.0...
e um (5,3%) em língua espanhola3939. Mederos Cuervo LM, Martinez Romero MR, Sardiñas Aragón M, García Léon G, Chilemo TS, Díaz Rodrígues R. Importancia diagnóstica del GeneXpert Mtb – Rif¨ en pacientes infectados por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH). AVFT Arch Venez Farmacol Ter. 2018;37(4):355-9., dos quais 15 (78,9%) são procedentes do Continente Africano66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2222. Dagnra AY, Mlaga KD, Adjoh K, Kadanga E, Disse K, Adekambi T. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients eligible for retreatment regimen in Togo using GeneXpert MTB/RIF. New Microbes New Infect. 2015;8):24-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.0...
,2323. Rachow A, Zumla A, Heinrich N, Rojas-Ponce G, Mtafya B, Reither K. Rapid and accurate detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a clinical validation study. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020458
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002...
,2525. Lawn SD, Brooks SV, Kranzer K, Nicol MP, Whitelaw A, Vogt M, et al. Screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance before antiretroviral therapy using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001067
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
, dois (10,5%), do Continente Americano3737. Balcells ME, García P, Chanqueo L, Bahamondes L, Lasso M, Gallardo AM, et al. Rapid molecular detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in Santiago, Chile. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(10):1349-53. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156
https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156...
,3939. Mederos Cuervo LM, Martinez Romero MR, Sardiñas Aragón M, García Léon G, Chilemo TS, Díaz Rodrígues R. Importancia diagnóstica del GeneXpert Mtb – Rif¨ en pacientes infectados por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH). AVFT Arch Venez Farmacol Ter. 2018;37(4):355-9., um (5,3%), do Continente Asiático2424. Sumangala V, Venkatesha DT, Chennaveerappa PK, Gayathree L. Role of GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay for early diagnosis of pulmonar tuberculosis in people living with HIV. J Int Med Dent. 2017;4(2):56-60. https://doi.org/10.18320/JIMD/201704.0256
https://doi.org/10.18320/JIMD/201704.025...
e um (5,3%) estudo multicêntrico3535. Dorman SE, Schumacher SG, Alland D, Nabeta P, Armstrong DT, King B, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: a prospective multicentre diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30691-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30...
envolve países da África, América, Europa e Ásia.

Os artigos foram publicados nos anos de 2011 (21,1%)66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2323. Rachow A, Zumla A, Heinrich N, Rojas-Ponce G, Mtafya B, Reither K. Rapid and accurate detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a clinical validation study. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020458
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002...
,2525. Lawn SD, Brooks SV, Kranzer K, Nicol MP, Whitelaw A, Vogt M, et al. Screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance before antiretroviral therapy using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001067
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,3030. Theron G, Peter J, Zyl-Smit R, Mishra H, Streicher E, Murray S, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(1):132-40. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056...
, 2012 (15,8%)2929. O’Grady J, Bates M, Chilukutu L, Mzyece J, Cheelo J, Chilufya M, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay at a tertiary care referral hospital in a setting where tuberculosis and HIV infection are highly endemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(9):1171-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis631
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis631...
,3737. Balcells ME, García P, Chanqueo L, Bahamondes L, Lasso M, Gallardo AM, et al. Rapid molecular detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in Santiago, Chile. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(10):1349-53. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156
https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156...
,3838. Lawn SD, Kerkhoff AD, Vogt M, Ghebrekristos Y, Whitelaw A, Wood R. Characteristics and early outcomes of patients with Xpert MTB/RIF-negative pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed during screening before antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(8):1071-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1039
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1039...
, 2014 (15,8%)2626. Balcha TT, Sturegård E, Winqvist N, Skogmar S, Reepalu A, Jemal ZH, et al. Intensified tuberculosis case-finding in HIV-positive adults managed at Ethiopian health centers: diagnostic yield of Xpert MTB/RIF compared with smear microscopy and liquid culture. PLoS One. 2014;22;9(1):e85478. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085478
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008...
,3232. Ssengooba W, Nakiyingi L, Armstrong DT, Cobelens FG, Alland D, Manabe YC, et al. Clinical utility of a novel molecular assay in various combination strategies with existing methods for diagnosis of HIV-related tuberculosis in Uganda. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107595
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.010...
,3636. Auld SC, Moore BK, Killam WP, Eng B, Nong K, Pevzner EC, et al. Rollout of Xpert® MTB/RIF in Northwest Cambodia for the diagnosis of tuberculosis among PLHA. Public Health Action. 2014;4(4):216-21. https://doi.org/10.5588/pha.14.0082
https://doi.org/10.5588/pha.14.0082...
, 2015 (5,3%)2222. Dagnra AY, Mlaga KD, Adjoh K, Kadanga E, Disse K, Adekambi T. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients eligible for retreatment regimen in Togo using GeneXpert MTB/RIF. New Microbes New Infect. 2015;8):24-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.0...
, 2016 (5,3%)3333. Cavanaugh JS, Modi S, Musau S, McCarthy K, Alexander H, Burmen B, et al. Comparative yield of different diagnostic tests for tuberculosis among people living with HIV in Western Kenya. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0152364. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152364
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
, 2017(15,8%)2424. Sumangala V, Venkatesha DT, Chennaveerappa PK, Gayathree L. Role of GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay for early diagnosis of pulmonar tuberculosis in people living with HIV. J Int Med Dent. 2017;4(2):56-60. https://doi.org/10.18320/JIMD/201704.0256
https://doi.org/10.18320/JIMD/201704.025...
,2828. Akanbi MO, Achenbach C, Taiwo B, Idoko J, Ani A, Yetunde Isa Y, et al. Evaluation of gene xpert for routine diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis in Nigeria: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17:87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0430-6
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0430-...
,3434. Mollel EW, Chilongola JO, Mpagama SG; Kibiki GS. Evaluation of XpertMTB/RIF performance for diagnosis of tuberculosis among HIV positive patients in northern Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2017;19(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1
https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1...
e 2018 (21,1%)2727. Griesel R, Stewart A, Plas H, Sikhondze W, Rangaka MX, Nicol MP, et al. Optimizing tuberculosis diagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected inpatients meeting the criteria of seriously ill in the World Health Organization algorithm. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(9):1419-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988...
,3131. Mbu ET, Sauter F, Zoufaly A, Bronsvoort BMC, Morgan K, Noeske J, et al. Tuberculosis in people newly diagnosed with HIV at a large HIV care and treatment center in Northwest Cameroon: burden, comparative screening and diagnostic yields, and patient outcomes. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199634
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
,3535. Dorman SE, Schumacher SG, Alland D, Nabeta P, Armstrong DT, King B, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: a prospective multicentre diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30691-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30...
,3939. Mederos Cuervo LM, Martinez Romero MR, Sardiñas Aragón M, García Léon G, Chilemo TS, Díaz Rodrígues R. Importancia diagnóstica del GeneXpert Mtb – Rif¨ en pacientes infectados por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH). AVFT Arch Venez Farmacol Ter. 2018;37(4):355-9.. Em relação ao tempo de investigação, quatro (21,1%) estudos tiveram duração de até 6 meses2222. Dagnra AY, Mlaga KD, Adjoh K, Kadanga E, Disse K, Adekambi T. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients eligible for retreatment regimen in Togo using GeneXpert MTB/RIF. New Microbes New Infect. 2015;8):24-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.0...
, cinco (26,3%), de 6 meses até um ano66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,3232. Ssengooba W, Nakiyingi L, Armstrong DT, Cobelens FG, Alland D, Manabe YC, et al. Clinical utility of a novel molecular assay in various combination strategies with existing methods for diagnosis of HIV-related tuberculosis in Uganda. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107595
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.010...
,3535. Dorman SE, Schumacher SG, Alland D, Nabeta P, Armstrong DT, King B, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: a prospective multicentre diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30691-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30...
,3636. Auld SC, Moore BK, Killam WP, Eng B, Nong K, Pevzner EC, et al. Rollout of Xpert® MTB/RIF in Northwest Cambodia for the diagnosis of tuberculosis among PLHA. Public Health Action. 2014;4(4):216-21. https://doi.org/10.5588/pha.14.0082
https://doi.org/10.5588/pha.14.0082...
,3939. Mederos Cuervo LM, Martinez Romero MR, Sardiñas Aragón M, García Léon G, Chilemo TS, Díaz Rodrígues R. Importancia diagnóstica del GeneXpert Mtb – Rif¨ en pacientes infectados por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH). AVFT Arch Venez Farmacol Ter. 2018;37(4):355-9., oito (42,1%), de um a dois anos2525. Lawn SD, Brooks SV, Kranzer K, Nicol MP, Whitelaw A, Vogt M, et al. Screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance before antiretroviral therapy using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001067
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2626. Balcha TT, Sturegård E, Winqvist N, Skogmar S, Reepalu A, Jemal ZH, et al. Intensified tuberculosis case-finding in HIV-positive adults managed at Ethiopian health centers: diagnostic yield of Xpert MTB/RIF compared with smear microscopy and liquid culture. PLoS One. 2014;22;9(1):e85478. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085478
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008...
,2828. Akanbi MO, Achenbach C, Taiwo B, Idoko J, Ani A, Yetunde Isa Y, et al. Evaluation of gene xpert for routine diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis in Nigeria: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17:87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0430-6
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0430-...
,2929. O’Grady J, Bates M, Chilukutu L, Mzyece J, Cheelo J, Chilufya M, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay at a tertiary care referral hospital in a setting where tuberculosis and HIV infection are highly endemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(9):1171-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis631
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis631...
,3131. Mbu ET, Sauter F, Zoufaly A, Bronsvoort BMC, Morgan K, Noeske J, et al. Tuberculosis in people newly diagnosed with HIV at a large HIV care and treatment center in Northwest Cameroon: burden, comparative screening and diagnostic yields, and patient outcomes. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199634
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
,3333. Cavanaugh JS, Modi S, Musau S, McCarthy K, Alexander H, Burmen B, et al. Comparative yield of different diagnostic tests for tuberculosis among people living with HIV in Western Kenya. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0152364. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152364
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
,3737. Balcells ME, García P, Chanqueo L, Bahamondes L, Lasso M, Gallardo AM, et al. Rapid molecular detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in Santiago, Chile. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(10):1349-53. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156
https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156...
,3838. Lawn SD, Kerkhoff AD, Vogt M, Ghebrekristos Y, Whitelaw A, Wood R. Characteristics and early outcomes of patients with Xpert MTB/RIF-negative pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed during screening before antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(8):1071-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1039
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1039...
e dois (10,5%), de 2 a 3 anos2727. Griesel R, Stewart A, Plas H, Sikhondze W, Rangaka MX, Nicol MP, et al. Optimizing tuberculosis diagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected inpatients meeting the criteria of seriously ill in the World Health Organization algorithm. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(9):1419-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988...
,3030. Theron G, Peter J, Zyl-Smit R, Mishra H, Streicher E, Murray S, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(1):132-40. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056...
.

A síntese dos principais resultados sobre a efetividade do teste GeneXpert encontrados nos artigos incluídos na presente revisão são apresentados no Quadro 3. Onze estudos66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2323. Rachow A, Zumla A, Heinrich N, Rojas-Ponce G, Mtafya B, Reither K. Rapid and accurate detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a clinical validation study. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020458
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002...
,2525. Lawn SD, Brooks SV, Kranzer K, Nicol MP, Whitelaw A, Vogt M, et al. Screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance before antiretroviral therapy using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001067
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
avaliaram a sensibilidade do teste, nove66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2323. Rachow A, Zumla A, Heinrich N, Rojas-Ponce G, Mtafya B, Reither K. Rapid and accurate detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a clinical validation study. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020458
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002...
,2525. Lawn SD, Brooks SV, Kranzer K, Nicol MP, Whitelaw A, Vogt M, et al. Screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance before antiretroviral therapy using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001067
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
avaliaram a especificidade e oito, o valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e o valor preditivo negativo (VPN). Dos artigos incluídos no estudo, os exames de comparação utilizados para avaliar a efetividade do teste GeneXpert foram: 14 (73,6%) baciloscopia66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2323. Rachow A, Zumla A, Heinrich N, Rojas-Ponce G, Mtafya B, Reither K. Rapid and accurate detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a clinical validation study. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020458
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002...
, quatro (21,1%) cultura em meio sólido Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ)3232. Ssengooba W, Nakiyingi L, Armstrong DT, Cobelens FG, Alland D, Manabe YC, et al. Clinical utility of a novel molecular assay in various combination strategies with existing methods for diagnosis of HIV-related tuberculosis in Uganda. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107595
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.010...
,3434. Mollel EW, Chilongola JO, Mpagama SG; Kibiki GS. Evaluation of XpertMTB/RIF performance for diagnosis of tuberculosis among HIV positive patients in northern Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2017;19(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1
https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1...
,3535. Dorman SE, Schumacher SG, Alland D, Nabeta P, Armstrong DT, King B, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: a prospective multicentre diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30691-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30...
,3939. Mederos Cuervo LM, Martinez Romero MR, Sardiñas Aragón M, García Léon G, Chilemo TS, Díaz Rodrígues R. Importancia diagnóstica del GeneXpert Mtb – Rif¨ en pacientes infectados por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH). AVFT Arch Venez Farmacol Ter. 2018;37(4):355-9., 13 (68,4%) cultura em meio líquido66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2222. Dagnra AY, Mlaga KD, Adjoh K, Kadanga E, Disse K, Adekambi T. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients eligible for retreatment regimen in Togo using GeneXpert MTB/RIF. New Microbes New Infect. 2015;8):24-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.0...
,2323. Rachow A, Zumla A, Heinrich N, Rojas-Ponce G, Mtafya B, Reither K. Rapid and accurate detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a clinical validation study. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020458
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002...
,2525. Lawn SD, Brooks SV, Kranzer K, Nicol MP, Whitelaw A, Vogt M, et al. Screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance before antiretroviral therapy using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001067
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
, um (5,3%) Light Cycler Mycobacterium Detection (LCTB)66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
e um (5,3%) MTBDRplus (Hain Lifescience)66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
. Três artigos3030. Theron G, Peter J, Zyl-Smit R, Mishra H, Streicher E, Murray S, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(1):132-40. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056...
,3232. Ssengooba W, Nakiyingi L, Armstrong DT, Cobelens FG, Alland D, Manabe YC, et al. Clinical utility of a novel molecular assay in various combination strategies with existing methods for diagnosis of HIV-related tuberculosis in Uganda. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107595
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.010...
,3333. Cavanaugh JS, Modi S, Musau S, McCarthy K, Alexander H, Burmen B, et al. Comparative yield of different diagnostic tests for tuberculosis among people living with HIV in Western Kenya. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0152364. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152364
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
avaliaram a efetividade do teste segundo os resultados da contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e um artigo3333. Cavanaugh JS, Modi S, Musau S, McCarthy K, Alexander H, Burmen B, et al. Comparative yield of different diagnostic tests for tuberculosis among people living with HIV in Western Kenya. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0152364. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152364
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
avaliou essa efetividade segundo o momento da coleta do escarro.

Quadro 3
Descrição dos artigos incluídos na revisão integrativa sobre efetividade do teste GeneXpert® MTB/RIF no diagnóstico da TB pulmonar em pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids.

Quanto à qualidade metodológica dos estudos, cinco estudos2323. Rachow A, Zumla A, Heinrich N, Rojas-Ponce G, Mtafya B, Reither K. Rapid and accurate detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a clinical validation study. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020458
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002...
,2525. Lawn SD, Brooks SV, Kranzer K, Nicol MP, Whitelaw A, Vogt M, et al. Screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance before antiretroviral therapy using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001067
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2626. Balcha TT, Sturegård E, Winqvist N, Skogmar S, Reepalu A, Jemal ZH, et al. Intensified tuberculosis case-finding in HIV-positive adults managed at Ethiopian health centers: diagnostic yield of Xpert MTB/RIF compared with smear microscopy and liquid culture. PLoS One. 2014;22;9(1):e85478. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085478
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008...
,3737. Balcells ME, García P, Chanqueo L, Bahamondes L, Lasso M, Gallardo AM, et al. Rapid molecular detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in Santiago, Chile. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(10):1349-53. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156
https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156...
,3838. Lawn SD, Kerkhoff AD, Vogt M, Ghebrekristos Y, Whitelaw A, Wood R. Characteristics and early outcomes of patients with Xpert MTB/RIF-negative pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed during screening before antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(8):1071-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1039
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1039...
contemplaram todos os itens considerados pela The Joanna Briggs Institute como indispensáveis a um bom estudo de avaliação da acurácia de testes diagnósticos. Apenas um (5,3%)2727. Griesel R, Stewart A, Plas H, Sikhondze W, Rangaka MX, Nicol MP, et al. Optimizing tuberculosis diagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected inpatients meeting the criteria of seriously ill in the World Health Organization algorithm. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(9):1419-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988...
artigo apresentou cálculo amostral.

DISCUSSÃO

A epidemia e a expansão da infecção pelo HIV impactaram na incidência de TB4040. Mboma SM, Houben RMGJ, Glynn JR, Sichali L, Drobniewski F, Mpunga J, et al. Control of (multi)drug resistance and tuberculosis incidence over 23 years in the context of a well-supported tuberculosis programme in rural Malawi. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58192. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058192
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005...
, cuja detecção precoce seguida de tratamento oportuno representam a chave para seu controle, de forma que o diagnóstico laboratorial representa um desafio para os serviços de saúde3939. Mederos Cuervo LM, Martinez Romero MR, Sardiñas Aragón M, García Léon G, Chilemo TS, Díaz Rodrígues R. Importancia diagnóstica del GeneXpert Mtb – Rif¨ en pacientes infectados por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH). AVFT Arch Venez Farmacol Ter. 2018;37(4):355-9.. A população que vive com coinfecção por TB/HIV possui algumas características limitantes ao uso das ferramentas diagnósticas, uma vez que pode apresentar com mais facilidade esfregaço negativo, imunossupressão avançada que propicia atraso no diagnóstico e manifestação subclínica de sinais e sintomas característicos da TB4141. Getahun H, Harrington M, O’Brien R, Nunn P. Diagnosis of smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis in people with HIV infection of AIDS in resource-constrained settings: informing urgent policy changes. Lancet. 2007;369(9578):2042-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60284-0
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60...
.

Em regiões endêmicas de TB/HIV que dispõem de escassos recursos, a microscopia de escarro geralmente é o único método disponível para o diagnóstico44. World Health Organization. Roadmap for rolling out Xpert MTB/RIF for rapid diagnosis of TB and MDR-TB. Geneva (CH): WHO; 2010.,3232. Ssengooba W, Nakiyingi L, Armstrong DT, Cobelens FG, Alland D, Manabe YC, et al. Clinical utility of a novel molecular assay in various combination strategies with existing methods for diagnosis of HIV-related tuberculosis in Uganda. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107595
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.010...
,3434. Mollel EW, Chilongola JO, Mpagama SG; Kibiki GS. Evaluation of XpertMTB/RIF performance for diagnosis of tuberculosis among HIV positive patients in northern Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2017;19(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1
https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1...
,4242. Steingart KR, Schiller I, Horne DJ, Pai M, Boehme CC, Dendukuri N. Xpert® MTB/RIF assay for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(1):CD009593. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009593
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00959...
. A utilização de apenas esta técnica para triagem de TB na população coinfectada com HIV restringe o seu potencial diagnóstico, uma vez que são necessários aproximadamente 10.000 organismos por mililitro no escarro para a execução do exame, quantidade incomum entre a população que vive com HIV3434. Mollel EW, Chilongola JO, Mpagama SG; Kibiki GS. Evaluation of XpertMTB/RIF performance for diagnosis of tuberculosis among HIV positive patients in northern Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2017;19(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1
https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1...
.

O teste GeneXpert é um método sensível, específico4343. Deepak A, Neerja J, Renu B, Shilpa A. Rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert Assay: a clinical study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(5):DC03-5. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/11352.5935
https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/11352....
, simples e inovador cujo objetivo, desde sua implantação, é detectar a presença de M. tuberculosis e a resistência à rifampicina em até 2 horas66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2222. Dagnra AY, Mlaga KD, Adjoh K, Kadanga E, Disse K, Adekambi T. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients eligible for retreatment regimen in Togo using GeneXpert MTB/RIF. New Microbes New Infect. 2015;8):24-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.0...
. O método possui uma capacidade de triagem aumentada4343. Deepak A, Neerja J, Renu B, Shilpa A. Rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert Assay: a clinical study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(5):DC03-5. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/11352.5935
https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/11352....
, além de requerer concentrações mínimas bacilares nas amostras para a realização do exame3232. Ssengooba W, Nakiyingi L, Armstrong DT, Cobelens FG, Alland D, Manabe YC, et al. Clinical utility of a novel molecular assay in various combination strategies with existing methods for diagnosis of HIV-related tuberculosis in Uganda. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107595
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.010...
.

Em função dessas particularidades, questiona-se a relevância da baciloscopia para o diagnóstico da TB onde o GeneXpert está disponível, embora evidências encontradas mostrem que o uso concomitante de ambos os testes pode resultar em aumento da identificação de casos não detectados tanto por um exame quanto por outro2828. Akanbi MO, Achenbach C, Taiwo B, Idoko J, Ani A, Yetunde Isa Y, et al. Evaluation of gene xpert for routine diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis in Nigeria: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17:87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0430-6
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0430-...
,3030. Theron G, Peter J, Zyl-Smit R, Mishra H, Streicher E, Murray S, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(1):132-40. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056...
, principalmente em pessoas com contagem de linfócito T CD4+ < 200células/µl3030. Theron G, Peter J, Zyl-Smit R, Mishra H, Streicher E, Murray S, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(1):132-40. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056...
.

Outros estudos não abordam a realização concomitante de ambos os exames, mas apontam que a utilização do GeneXpert aumentou substancialmente a detecção de casos de TB entre a população coinfectada com HIV2424. Sumangala V, Venkatesha DT, Chennaveerappa PK, Gayathree L. Role of GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay for early diagnosis of pulmonar tuberculosis in people living with HIV. J Int Med Dent. 2017;4(2):56-60. https://doi.org/10.18320/JIMD/201704.0256
https://doi.org/10.18320/JIMD/201704.025...
,2626. Balcha TT, Sturegård E, Winqvist N, Skogmar S, Reepalu A, Jemal ZH, et al. Intensified tuberculosis case-finding in HIV-positive adults managed at Ethiopian health centers: diagnostic yield of Xpert MTB/RIF compared with smear microscopy and liquid culture. PLoS One. 2014;22;9(1):e85478. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085478
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008...
,3333. Cavanaugh JS, Modi S, Musau S, McCarthy K, Alexander H, Burmen B, et al. Comparative yield of different diagnostic tests for tuberculosis among people living with HIV in Western Kenya. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0152364. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152364
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
,3838. Lawn SD, Kerkhoff AD, Vogt M, Ghebrekristos Y, Whitelaw A, Wood R. Characteristics and early outcomes of patients with Xpert MTB/RIF-negative pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed during screening before antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(8):1071-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1039
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1039...
,4242. Steingart KR, Schiller I, Horne DJ, Pai M, Boehme CC, Dendukuri N. Xpert® MTB/RIF assay for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(1):CD009593. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009593
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00959...
, sendo ela acentuada em amostras de escarro matinais e entre pessoas com menor contagem de linfócito T CD4+3333. Cavanaugh JS, Modi S, Musau S, McCarthy K, Alexander H, Burmen B, et al. Comparative yield of different diagnostic tests for tuberculosis among people living with HIV in Western Kenya. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0152364. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152364
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
.

A recomendação da OMS para o uso do GeneXpert ao invés da baciloscopia como teste inicial de escolha em indivíduos que vivem com HIV susceptíveis à TB66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
, corrobora com os achados dos estudos que mostraram que a sensibilidade do GeneXpert no diagnóstico da TB nas pessoas que vivem com HIV variou de 68%3131. Mbu ET, Sauter F, Zoufaly A, Bronsvoort BMC, Morgan K, Noeske J, et al. Tuberculosis in people newly diagnosed with HIV at a large HIV care and treatment center in Northwest Cameroon: burden, comparative screening and diagnostic yields, and patient outcomes. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199634
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
a 100%3434. Mollel EW, Chilongola JO, Mpagama SG; Kibiki GS. Evaluation of XpertMTB/RIF performance for diagnosis of tuberculosis among HIV positive patients in northern Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2017;19(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1
https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1...
(média 81,1%), sendo maior que a sensibilidade da baciloscopia66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2323. Rachow A, Zumla A, Heinrich N, Rojas-Ponce G, Mtafya B, Reither K. Rapid and accurate detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a clinical validation study. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020458
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002...
,2525. Lawn SD, Brooks SV, Kranzer K, Nicol MP, Whitelaw A, Vogt M, et al. Screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance before antiretroviral therapy using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001067
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
, que variou de 23,0%2626. Balcha TT, Sturegård E, Winqvist N, Skogmar S, Reepalu A, Jemal ZH, et al. Intensified tuberculosis case-finding in HIV-positive adults managed at Ethiopian health centers: diagnostic yield of Xpert MTB/RIF compared with smear microscopy and liquid culture. PLoS One. 2014;22;9(1):e85478. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085478
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008...
a 66,7%3737. Balcells ME, García P, Chanqueo L, Bahamondes L, Lasso M, Gallardo AM, et al. Rapid molecular detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in Santiago, Chile. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(10):1349-53. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156
https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156...
(média 43,3%). Diante do exposto, a implementação do GeneXpert, um teste rápido e preciso em diferentes contextos clínicos, levou ao aumento significativo no diagnóstico da TB pulmonar, tanto quando usado como um teste de primeira escolha, quanto como complementar4545. Ardizzoni E, Farjado E, Saranchuk P, Casenghi M, Page AN, Varaine F, et al. Implementing the Xpert® MTB/RIF diagnostic test for tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: outcomes and lessons learned in 18 countries. Plos One. 2015;10(12):e0144656. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144656
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.014...
.

É importante destacar que a sensibilidade é calculada tendo como referência a cultura de escarro, que é o exame considerado padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico da TB. Mesmo que esse exame seja referência, alguns estudos o comparam com o GeneXpert, apontando menor sensibilidade deste em relação à cultura pelos métodos LJ e BACTEC MGIT 9603131. Mbu ET, Sauter F, Zoufaly A, Bronsvoort BMC, Morgan K, Noeske J, et al. Tuberculosis in people newly diagnosed with HIV at a large HIV care and treatment center in Northwest Cameroon: burden, comparative screening and diagnostic yields, and patient outcomes. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199634
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
, enquanto outro estudo aponta maior sensibilidade2323. Rachow A, Zumla A, Heinrich N, Rojas-Ponce G, Mtafya B, Reither K. Rapid and accurate detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a clinical validation study. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020458
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002...
e outro, desempenho igual em relação ao método LJ3232. Ssengooba W, Nakiyingi L, Armstrong DT, Cobelens FG, Alland D, Manabe YC, et al. Clinical utility of a novel molecular assay in various combination strategies with existing methods for diagnosis of HIV-related tuberculosis in Uganda. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107595
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.010...
. Dois estudos trouxeram outros métodos diagnósticos que foram também comparados ao GeneXpert: um indicou sensibilidade semelhante dele e do teste LCTB66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
, e outro indicou sensibilidade menor quando comparado ao Xpert Ultra3535. Dorman SE, Schumacher SG, Alland D, Nabeta P, Armstrong DT, King B, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: a prospective multicentre diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30691-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30...
. Dessa forma, cabe destacar a importância do uso do GeneXpert como teste de escolha para o diagnóstico da TB pulmonar em adultos que vivem com HIV, uma vez que apresenta efetividade semelhante e superior em relação à cultura e até mesmo a outros métodos moleculares, como o LCTB. No entanto, cabe destacar a importância de aprofundar os estudos em relação à comparação do exame com a cultura, visto que existem divergências em relação aos resultados sobre tal efetividade. Também merece cautela a indicação do Xpert Ultra como um método de escolha em substituição a todos os testes disponíveis, inclusive ao GeneXpert, uma vez que nesta revisão encontrou-se apenas um estudo que fez a comparação entre os dois testes4646. Chakravorty S, Simmons AM, Rowneki M, Parmar H, Cao Y, Ryan J. The New Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra: improving detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and resistance to rifampin in an assay suitable for point-of-care testing. mBio. 2017;8(4):e00812-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00812-17
https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00812-17...
.

Ainda cabe destacar que a sensibilidade do teste GeneXpert nas pessoas que vivem com HIV foi maior do que nas pessoas HIV negativas2929. O’Grady J, Bates M, Chilukutu L, Mzyece J, Cheelo J, Chilufya M, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay at a tertiary care referral hospital in a setting where tuberculosis and HIV infection are highly endemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(9):1171-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis631
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis631...
, contrapondo-se a outro estudo que afirmou que a sensibilidade nas pessoas com HIV foi menor3030. Theron G, Peter J, Zyl-Smit R, Mishra H, Streicher E, Murray S, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(1):132-40. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056...
. A sensibilidade aumentada do teste em pacientes que vivem com HIV agrega vantagens importantes a seu uso nos serviços de saúde, como o aumento da taxa de detecção da TB microbiologicamente confirmada e a potencialidade de se instituir um tratamento rápido, com objetivo de reduzir a transmissão da TB4747. Churchyard GJ, Stevens WS, Mametja LD, McCarthy KM, Chihota V, Nicol MP, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF versus sputum microscopy as the initial diagnostic test for tuberculosis: a cluster-randomised trial embedded in South African roll-out of Xpert MTB/RIF. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3(8):e450-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00100-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00...
. Algumas características individuais, como apresentar baciloscopia negativa2626. Balcha TT, Sturegård E, Winqvist N, Skogmar S, Reepalu A, Jemal ZH, et al. Intensified tuberculosis case-finding in HIV-positive adults managed at Ethiopian health centers: diagnostic yield of Xpert MTB/RIF compared with smear microscopy and liquid culture. PLoS One. 2014;22;9(1):e85478. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085478
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008...
,2929. O’Grady J, Bates M, Chilukutu L, Mzyece J, Cheelo J, Chilufya M, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay at a tertiary care referral hospital in a setting where tuberculosis and HIV infection are highly endemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(9):1171-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis631
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis631...

30. Theron G, Peter J, Zyl-Smit R, Mishra H, Streicher E, Murray S, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(1):132-40. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056...
-3131. Mbu ET, Sauter F, Zoufaly A, Bronsvoort BMC, Morgan K, Noeske J, et al. Tuberculosis in people newly diagnosed with HIV at a large HIV care and treatment center in Northwest Cameroon: burden, comparative screening and diagnostic yields, and patient outcomes. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199634
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
e contagem de linfócito T CD4+ ≤ 200 células/µl3232. Ssengooba W, Nakiyingi L, Armstrong DT, Cobelens FG, Alland D, Manabe YC, et al. Clinical utility of a novel molecular assay in various combination strategies with existing methods for diagnosis of HIV-related tuberculosis in Uganda. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107595
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.010...
, foram citadas como elementos que reduzem a sensibilidade do teste GeneXpert. Embora esses resultados sejam controversos em relação ao estudo de Cavanaugh et al. (2016)3333. Cavanaugh JS, Modi S, Musau S, McCarthy K, Alexander H, Burmen B, et al. Comparative yield of different diagnostic tests for tuberculosis among people living with HIV in Western Kenya. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0152364. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152364
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
, que mostra aumento da sensibilidade do teste em pessoas com contagem menor de linfócitos T CD4+, outro estudo mostra que o desempenho do GeneXpert em pessoas que vivem com HIV com imunossupressão avançada possui certas limitações3232. Ssengooba W, Nakiyingi L, Armstrong DT, Cobelens FG, Alland D, Manabe YC, et al. Clinical utility of a novel molecular assay in various combination strategies with existing methods for diagnosis of HIV-related tuberculosis in Uganda. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107595
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.010...
que podem ser causadas pela menor concentração de micobactérias no escarro e pela apresentação oculta ou subclínica da doença3030. Theron G, Peter J, Zyl-Smit R, Mishra H, Streicher E, Murray S, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(1):132-40. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056...
.

A especificidade do GeneXpert variou de 91,7%3030. Theron G, Peter J, Zyl-Smit R, Mishra H, Streicher E, Murray S, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(1):132-40. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056...
a 100%3434. Mollel EW, Chilongola JO, Mpagama SG; Kibiki GS. Evaluation of XpertMTB/RIF performance for diagnosis of tuberculosis among HIV positive patients in northern Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2017;19(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1
https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1...
(média 95,6%), sendo que na comparação com a baciloscopia, alguns estudos revelam que ambos os exames apresentaram desempenho semelhante em relação ao aspecto mencionado66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2323. Rachow A, Zumla A, Heinrich N, Rojas-Ponce G, Mtafya B, Reither K. Rapid and accurate detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a clinical validation study. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020458
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002...
,2727. Griesel R, Stewart A, Plas H, Sikhondze W, Rangaka MX, Nicol MP, et al. Optimizing tuberculosis diagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected inpatients meeting the criteria of seriously ill in the World Health Organization algorithm. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(9):1419-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988...
,3434. Mollel EW, Chilongola JO, Mpagama SG; Kibiki GS. Evaluation of XpertMTB/RIF performance for diagnosis of tuberculosis among HIV positive patients in northern Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2017;19(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1
https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1...
,3737. Balcells ME, García P, Chanqueo L, Bahamondes L, Lasso M, Gallardo AM, et al. Rapid molecular detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in Santiago, Chile. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(10):1349-53. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156
https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156...
, e outros que o GeneXpert possui menor especificidade2525. Lawn SD, Brooks SV, Kranzer K, Nicol MP, Whitelaw A, Vogt M, et al. Screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance before antiretroviral therapy using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001067
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,3030. Theron G, Peter J, Zyl-Smit R, Mishra H, Streicher E, Murray S, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(1):132-40. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056...
. Em relação a outros exames diagnósticos, o estudo cita que a especificidade do teste GeneXpert é semelhante à da cultura2323. Rachow A, Zumla A, Heinrich N, Rojas-Ponce G, Mtafya B, Reither K. Rapid and accurate detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a clinical validation study. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020458
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002...
e do LCTB66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
. A especificidade do teste em pessoas que vivem com HIV também foi semelhante em relação às pessoas não infectadas pelo vírus2929. O’Grady J, Bates M, Chilukutu L, Mzyece J, Cheelo J, Chilufya M, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay at a tertiary care referral hospital in a setting where tuberculosis and HIV infection are highly endemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(9):1171-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis631
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis631...
. Frente ao exposto, verifica-se que a especificidade do teste GeneXpert é comparável aos demais testes diagnósticos.

O VPP, entendido como a probabilidade de se ter a doença quando o teste é positivo, variou de 79,2% a 96,1% (média 91%) para o GeneXpert em pessoas que vivem com HIV, sendo considerado semelhante à baciloscopia66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2525. Lawn SD, Brooks SV, Kranzer K, Nicol MP, Whitelaw A, Vogt M, et al. Screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance before antiretroviral therapy using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001067
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2727. Griesel R, Stewart A, Plas H, Sikhondze W, Rangaka MX, Nicol MP, et al. Optimizing tuberculosis diagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected inpatients meeting the criteria of seriously ill in the World Health Organization algorithm. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(9):1419-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988...
,3434. Mollel EW, Chilongola JO, Mpagama SG; Kibiki GS. Evaluation of XpertMTB/RIF performance for diagnosis of tuberculosis among HIV positive patients in northern Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2017;19(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1
https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1...
,3737. Balcells ME, García P, Chanqueo L, Bahamondes L, Lasso M, Gallardo AM, et al. Rapid molecular detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in Santiago, Chile. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(10):1349-53. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156
https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156...
e ao LCTB66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
, bem como quando o teste é realizado em pessoas que não vivem com o vírus3030. Theron G, Peter J, Zyl-Smit R, Mishra H, Streicher E, Murray S, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(1):132-40. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056...
, embora um dos estudos tenha apontado que o VPP foi menor nessas pessoas2929. O’Grady J, Bates M, Chilukutu L, Mzyece J, Cheelo J, Chilufya M, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay at a tertiary care referral hospital in a setting where tuberculosis and HIV infection are highly endemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(9):1171-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis631
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis631...
. Já o VPN, entendido como a probabilidade de não se ter a doença quando o teste for negativo, variou de 84,6% a 99,3% (média 92,6%) para o GeneXpert em pessoas vivendo com HIV, sendo considerado semelhante3434. Mollel EW, Chilongola JO, Mpagama SG; Kibiki GS. Evaluation of XpertMTB/RIF performance for diagnosis of tuberculosis among HIV positive patients in northern Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2017;19(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1
https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1...
,3737. Balcells ME, García P, Chanqueo L, Bahamondes L, Lasso M, Gallardo AM, et al. Rapid molecular detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in Santiago, Chile. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(10):1349-53. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156
https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156...
ou maior66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2525. Lawn SD, Brooks SV, Kranzer K, Nicol MP, Whitelaw A, Vogt M, et al. Screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance before antiretroviral therapy using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001067
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2727. Griesel R, Stewart A, Plas H, Sikhondze W, Rangaka MX, Nicol MP, et al. Optimizing tuberculosis diagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected inpatients meeting the criteria of seriously ill in the World Health Organization algorithm. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(9):1419-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988...
em relação à baciloscopia e semelhante ao LCTB66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
e em pessoas que não vivem com o vírus2929. O’Grady J, Bates M, Chilukutu L, Mzyece J, Cheelo J, Chilufya M, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay at a tertiary care referral hospital in a setting where tuberculosis and HIV infection are highly endemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(9):1171-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis631
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis631...
, embora um dos estudos tenha apontado que o VPN é maior nessas pessoas3030. Theron G, Peter J, Zyl-Smit R, Mishra H, Streicher E, Murray S, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(1):132-40. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056...
. Dessa forma, assim como na avaliação da especificidade, os resultados da efetividade do teste GeneXpert quanto ao VPP e ao VPN mostraram evidências de serem semelhantes aos demais testes de comparação.

Um estudo também apresentou a razão de verossimilhança do teste para o diagnóstico da TB em pessoas com coinfecção, a qual é calculada dividindo a probabilidade do resultado positivo (verossimilhança positiva) ou negativo (verossimilhança negativa) nas pessoas com a doença pela probabilidade do mesmo resultado nas pessoas sem a doença4949. Moreira WB, editor. Leitura crítica de artigos científicos. São Paulo: Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia Clínica; 2016. Capítulo 5, Artigos sobre testes diagnósticos; p. 83-90.. Em relação à razão de verossimilhança positiva, verificou-se não haver diferença entre o GeneXpert e a baciloscopia2727. Griesel R, Stewart A, Plas H, Sikhondze W, Rangaka MX, Nicol MP, et al. Optimizing tuberculosis diagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected inpatients meeting the criteria of seriously ill in the World Health Organization algorithm. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(9):1419-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988...
. No entanto, a razão de verossimilhança negativa do GeneXpert apresentou-se menor e próxima a “zero”2727. Griesel R, Stewart A, Plas H, Sikhondze W, Rangaka MX, Nicol MP, et al. Optimizing tuberculosis diagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected inpatients meeting the criteria of seriously ill in the World Health Organization algorithm. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(9):1419-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988...
, indicando ser melhor do que a baciloscopia.

A efetividade do teste na identificação de casos resistentes à rifampicina necessita ser melhor estudada, uma vez que um estudo2525. Lawn SD, Brooks SV, Kranzer K, Nicol MP, Whitelaw A, Vogt M, et al. Screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance before antiretroviral therapy using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001067
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
mostrou que de sete casos identificados, três eram falso positivos; bem como pelo fato de outros estudos66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2222. Dagnra AY, Mlaga KD, Adjoh K, Kadanga E, Disse K, Adekambi T. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients eligible for retreatment regimen in Togo using GeneXpert MTB/RIF. New Microbes New Infect. 2015;8):24-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.0...
,2424. Sumangala V, Venkatesha DT, Chennaveerappa PK, Gayathree L. Role of GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay for early diagnosis of pulmonar tuberculosis in people living with HIV. J Int Med Dent. 2017;4(2):56-60. https://doi.org/10.18320/JIMD/201704.0256
https://doi.org/10.18320/JIMD/201704.025...
,3232. Ssengooba W, Nakiyingi L, Armstrong DT, Cobelens FG, Alland D, Manabe YC, et al. Clinical utility of a novel molecular assay in various combination strategies with existing methods for diagnosis of HIV-related tuberculosis in Uganda. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107595
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.010...
,3737. Balcells ME, García P, Chanqueo L, Bahamondes L, Lasso M, Gallardo AM, et al. Rapid molecular detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in Santiago, Chile. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(10):1349-53. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156
https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156...
terem população muito reduzida de casos resistentes, limitando as conclusões de que o teste possui efetividade semelhante aos testes de sensibilidade2222. Dagnra AY, Mlaga KD, Adjoh K, Kadanga E, Disse K, Adekambi T. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients eligible for retreatment regimen in Togo using GeneXpert MTB/RIF. New Microbes New Infect. 2015;8):24-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.0...
,2424. Sumangala V, Venkatesha DT, Chennaveerappa PK, Gayathree L. Role of GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay for early diagnosis of pulmonar tuberculosis in people living with HIV. J Int Med Dent. 2017;4(2):56-60. https://doi.org/10.18320/JIMD/201704.0256
https://doi.org/10.18320/JIMD/201704.025...
,3232. Ssengooba W, Nakiyingi L, Armstrong DT, Cobelens FG, Alland D, Manabe YC, et al. Clinical utility of a novel molecular assay in various combination strategies with existing methods for diagnosis of HIV-related tuberculosis in Uganda. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107595
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.010...
,3737. Balcells ME, García P, Chanqueo L, Bahamondes L, Lasso M, Gallardo AM, et al. Rapid molecular detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in Santiago, Chile. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(10):1349-53. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156
https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156...
e, inclusive, ao MDRTBplus66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
. Dessa forma, diagnosticar a resistência à rifampicina ainda permanece como um desafio para os serviços de saúde, pois possibilitaria a redução do tempo médio de detecção de casos resistentes a até dois dias3232. Ssengooba W, Nakiyingi L, Armstrong DT, Cobelens FG, Alland D, Manabe YC, et al. Clinical utility of a novel molecular assay in various combination strategies with existing methods for diagnosis of HIV-related tuberculosis in Uganda. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107595
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.010...
, o que seria um desempenho admirável quando comparado aos quase 40 dias do teste de sensibilidade/cultura convencional2525. Lawn SD, Brooks SV, Kranzer K, Nicol MP, Whitelaw A, Vogt M, et al. Screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance before antiretroviral therapy using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001067
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
. O diagnóstico imediato desses casos permitiria a redução substancial dos riscos de transmissão nosocomial do bacilo resistente e o seu tratamento específico e precoce, o que resultaria na redução das formas graves da TB, bem como na melhora no prognóstico dos indivíduos e na diminuição das perdas de seguimento clínico2525. Lawn SD, Brooks SV, Kranzer K, Nicol MP, Whitelaw A, Vogt M, et al. Screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance before antiretroviral therapy using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001067
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,3939. Mederos Cuervo LM, Martinez Romero MR, Sardiñas Aragón M, García Léon G, Chilemo TS, Díaz Rodrígues R. Importancia diagnóstica del GeneXpert Mtb – Rif¨ en pacientes infectados por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH). AVFT Arch Venez Farmacol Ter. 2018;37(4):355-9..

Frente à efetividade do teste GeneXpert no diagnóstico da TB entre os indivíduos que vivem com HIV, torna-se indispensável sua expansão especialmente nos países com alta carga de coinfecção, uma vez que esse teste traria ganhos à detecção de casos ao substituir ou complementar o teste de baciloscopia e tornaria oportuno o tempo de tratamento2828. Akanbi MO, Achenbach C, Taiwo B, Idoko J, Ani A, Yetunde Isa Y, et al. Evaluation of gene xpert for routine diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis in Nigeria: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17:87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0430-6
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0430-...
em relação à cultura, a qual possui limitações de custo e exigência técnica3232. Ssengooba W, Nakiyingi L, Armstrong DT, Cobelens FG, Alland D, Manabe YC, et al. Clinical utility of a novel molecular assay in various combination strategies with existing methods for diagnosis of HIV-related tuberculosis in Uganda. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107595
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.010...
,3333. Cavanaugh JS, Modi S, Musau S, McCarthy K, Alexander H, Burmen B, et al. Comparative yield of different diagnostic tests for tuberculosis among people living with HIV in Western Kenya. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0152364. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152364
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
. Cabe aqui destacar ainda que a precisão diagnóstica do GeneXpert, baseado em uma sensibilidade de 85% e uma especificidade de 97%, alcançaria um potencial de salvar mais de 400.000 vidas por ano3434. Mollel EW, Chilongola JO, Mpagama SG; Kibiki GS. Evaluation of XpertMTB/RIF performance for diagnosis of tuberculosis among HIV positive patients in northern Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2017;19(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1
https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.1...
, mesmo que alguns casos realizem tratamento empírico, o qual seria diminuído em locais com a implementação do teste2727. Griesel R, Stewart A, Plas H, Sikhondze W, Rangaka MX, Nicol MP, et al. Optimizing tuberculosis diagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected inpatients meeting the criteria of seriously ill in the World Health Organization algorithm. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(9):1419-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988...
,3838. Lawn SD, Kerkhoff AD, Vogt M, Ghebrekristos Y, Whitelaw A, Wood R. Characteristics and early outcomes of patients with Xpert MTB/RIF-negative pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed during screening before antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(8):1071-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1039
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1039...
.

Quanto à qualidade metodológica dos estudos, cinco estudos comtemplaram todos os itens considerados pela The Joanna Briggs Institute como indispensáveis a um bom estudo de avaliação da acurácia de testes diagnósticos2323. Rachow A, Zumla A, Heinrich N, Rojas-Ponce G, Mtafya B, Reither K. Rapid and accurate detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a clinical validation study. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020458
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002...
,2525. Lawn SD, Brooks SV, Kranzer K, Nicol MP, Whitelaw A, Vogt M, et al. Screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance before antiretroviral therapy using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001067
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2626. Balcha TT, Sturegård E, Winqvist N, Skogmar S, Reepalu A, Jemal ZH, et al. Intensified tuberculosis case-finding in HIV-positive adults managed at Ethiopian health centers: diagnostic yield of Xpert MTB/RIF compared with smear microscopy and liquid culture. PLoS One. 2014;22;9(1):e85478. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085478
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008...
,3737. Balcells ME, García P, Chanqueo L, Bahamondes L, Lasso M, Gallardo AM, et al. Rapid molecular detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in Santiago, Chile. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(10):1349-53. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156
https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0156...
,3838. Lawn SD, Kerkhoff AD, Vogt M, Ghebrekristos Y, Whitelaw A, Wood R. Characteristics and early outcomes of patients with Xpert MTB/RIF-negative pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed during screening before antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(8):1071-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1039
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1039...
. Das limitações metodológicas encontradas nos estudos, ressaltam-se o tamanho amostral reduzido2222. Dagnra AY, Mlaga KD, Adjoh K, Kadanga E, Disse K, Adekambi T. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients eligible for retreatment regimen in Togo using GeneXpert MTB/RIF. New Microbes New Infect. 2015;8):24-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.0...
; as perdas amostrais acima de 20%66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2929. O’Grady J, Bates M, Chilukutu L, Mzyece J, Cheelo J, Chilufya M, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay at a tertiary care referral hospital in a setting where tuberculosis and HIV infection are highly endemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(9):1171-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis631
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis631...
,3535. Dorman SE, Schumacher SG, Alland D, Nabeta P, Armstrong DT, King B, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: a prospective multicentre diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30691-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30...
; a falta de esclarecimento quanto ao processo amostral3939. Mederos Cuervo LM, Martinez Romero MR, Sardiñas Aragón M, García Léon G, Chilemo TS, Díaz Rodrígues R. Importancia diagnóstica del GeneXpert Mtb – Rif¨ en pacientes infectados por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH). AVFT Arch Venez Farmacol Ter. 2018;37(4):355-9. e ao processo de amostragem2222. Dagnra AY, Mlaga KD, Adjoh K, Kadanga E, Disse K, Adekambi T. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients eligible for retreatment regimen in Togo using GeneXpert MTB/RIF. New Microbes New Infect. 2015;8):24-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.0...
; o uso de dados secundários3232. Ssengooba W, Nakiyingi L, Armstrong DT, Cobelens FG, Alland D, Manabe YC, et al. Clinical utility of a novel molecular assay in various combination strategies with existing methods for diagnosis of HIV-related tuberculosis in Uganda. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107595
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.010...
,3636. Auld SC, Moore BK, Killam WP, Eng B, Nong K, Pevzner EC, et al. Rollout of Xpert® MTB/RIF in Northwest Cambodia for the diagnosis of tuberculosis among PLHA. Public Health Action. 2014;4(4):216-21. https://doi.org/10.5588/pha.14.0082
https://doi.org/10.5588/pha.14.0082...
,3939. Mederos Cuervo LM, Martinez Romero MR, Sardiñas Aragón M, García Léon G, Chilemo TS, Díaz Rodrígues R. Importancia diagnóstica del GeneXpert Mtb – Rif¨ en pacientes infectados por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH). AVFT Arch Venez Farmacol Ter. 2018;37(4):355-9.; a dúvida quanto a realização66. Scott LE, McCarthy K, Gous N, Nduna M, Van Rie A, Sanne I, et al. Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with other nucleic acid technologies for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011;8(7):e1001061. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001061
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
,2222. Dagnra AY, Mlaga KD, Adjoh K, Kadanga E, Disse K, Adekambi T. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients eligible for retreatment regimen in Togo using GeneXpert MTB/RIF. New Microbes New Infect. 2015;8):24-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.0...
,2727. Griesel R, Stewart A, Plas H, Sikhondze W, Rangaka MX, Nicol MP, et al. Optimizing tuberculosis diagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected inpatients meeting the criteria of seriously ill in the World Health Organization algorithm. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(9):1419-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix988...
ou não realização3131. Mbu ET, Sauter F, Zoufaly A, Bronsvoort BMC, Morgan K, Noeske J, et al. Tuberculosis in people newly diagnosed with HIV at a large HIV care and treatment center in Northwest Cameroon: burden, comparative screening and diagnostic yields, and patient outcomes. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199634
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
de estudos cegos em relação aos resultados dos testes realizados; e a utilização de testes de referência diferentes para os participantes do estudo3636. Auld SC, Moore BK, Killam WP, Eng B, Nong K, Pevzner EC, et al. Rollout of Xpert® MTB/RIF in Northwest Cambodia for the diagnosis of tuberculosis among PLHA. Public Health Action. 2014;4(4):216-21. https://doi.org/10.5588/pha.14.0082
https://doi.org/10.5588/pha.14.0082...
ou a utilização da baciloscopia como teste de referência2424. Sumangala V, Venkatesha DT, Chennaveerappa PK, Gayathree L. Role of GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay for early diagnosis of pulmonar tuberculosis in people living with HIV. J Int Med Dent. 2017;4(2):56-60. https://doi.org/10.18320/JIMD/201704.0256
https://doi.org/10.18320/JIMD/201704.025...
,2828. Akanbi MO, Achenbach C, Taiwo B, Idoko J, Ani A, Yetunde Isa Y, et al. Evaluation of gene xpert for routine diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis in Nigeria: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17:87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0430-6
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0430-...
,3636. Auld SC, Moore BK, Killam WP, Eng B, Nong K, Pevzner EC, et al. Rollout of Xpert® MTB/RIF in Northwest Cambodia for the diagnosis of tuberculosis among PLHA. Public Health Action. 2014;4(4):216-21. https://doi.org/10.5588/pha.14.0082
https://doi.org/10.5588/pha.14.0082...
. Além disso, identifica-se um possível viés de seleção da população de um estudo, em que o teste GeneXpert só foi realizado em amostras positivas para a cultura3131. Mbu ET, Sauter F, Zoufaly A, Bronsvoort BMC, Morgan K, Noeske J, et al. Tuberculosis in people newly diagnosed with HIV at a large HIV care and treatment center in Northwest Cameroon: burden, comparative screening and diagnostic yields, and patient outcomes. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199634
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
.

Entretanto, apesar de o teste ter maior custo do que a microscopia, os benefícios do tempo de diagnóstico e da indicação da resistência medicamentosa mostraram-se superiores por trazerem maiores sensibilidade e especificidade. Além disso, o teste estabelece o diagnóstico em uma proporção significativa de pacientes com esfregaço negativo e apresenta um valor de exclusão consolidado para TB-MDR3030. Theron G, Peter J, Zyl-Smit R, Mishra H, Streicher E, Murray S, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(1):132-40. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201101-0056...
,4545. Ardizzoni E, Farjado E, Saranchuk P, Casenghi M, Page AN, Varaine F, et al. Implementing the Xpert® MTB/RIF diagnostic test for tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: outcomes and lessons learned in 18 countries. Plos One. 2015;10(12):e0144656. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144656
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.014...
. Partindo dessa realidade, o GeneXpert pode ser utilizado como método de diagnóstico de primeira linha2424. Sumangala V, Venkatesha DT, Chennaveerappa PK, Gayathree L. Role of GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay for early diagnosis of pulmonar tuberculosis in people living with HIV. J Int Med Dent. 2017;4(2):56-60. https://doi.org/10.18320/JIMD/201704.0256
https://doi.org/10.18320/JIMD/201704.025...
.

Como limitações, esta revisão pode não ter incluído estudos relevantes que não foram indexados nas bases de dados pesquisadas, nem ter incluído a literatura cinzenta que poderia viabilizar a identificação de abordagem de outros tópicos/pontos relevantes sobre a temática.

Por meio deste estudo, é possível concluir que locais com alta incidência de HIV poderiam se beneficiar da implantação do teste GeneXpert, uma vez que sua efetividade no diagnóstico da TB pulmonar nessa população é expressiva quando comparada à da baciloscopia, teste que foi por muito tempo amplamente utilizado para a detecção dos casos. Quando comparado a outros exames, houve controvérsia em relação à efetividade do GeneXpert e dos diferentes tipos de cultura, efetividade semelhante à do LCTB e menor que a do Xpert Ultra. Além do aumento da detecção de casos de TB pulmonar entre as pessoas que vivem com HIV, o teste GeneXpert pode proporcionar benefícios como resultados mais rápidos do que os obtidos pela cultura (método mais sensível para confirmação da TB), culminando em detecção e tratamento oportunos, o que torna o GeneXpert uma ferramenta na luta contra a TB. Juntamente com a inovação do uso do GeneXpert, torna-se necessário o apoio e o fortalecimento dos serviços de saúde na aplicabilidade dessa técnica para o alcance das metas do desenvolvimento sustentável e da Estratégia End TB.

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  • Financiamento: O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (Capes - Código de Financiamento 001). Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq - Bolsa de produtividade em pesquisa – Processo 304517/2018-6).

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    17 Dez 2021
  • Data do Fascículo
    2021

Histórico

  • Recebido
    4 Set 2020
  • Aceito
    19 Fev 2021
Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revsp@org.usp.br