ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the relationship between ambient air pollutants and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in relatively low-polluted areas in China.

METHODS

Atmospheric pollutants levels and meteorological data were obtained from January 2016 to December 2020. The medical database including daily hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD10: J44) was derived from the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University. The generalized additive model was used to analyze the percentage change with 95% confidence interval in daily hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with a 10 µg/m³ increase in atmospheric pollutants levels.

RESULTS

In total, occurred 4,980 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospital admissions (not including emergency department visits) during 2016–2020. The mean concentrations of daily PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, O₃, and CO were 37.5 μg/m³, 60.1 μg/m³, 18.7 μg/m³, 23.5 μg/m³, 70.0 μg/m³, and 1.2 mg/m³ in Ganzhou. Each 10 µg/m³ increment of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and O₃ were significantly associated with 2.8% (95%CI: 1.0–4.7), 1.3% (95%CI: 0.3–2.4), 2.8% (95%CI: 0.4–5.4), and 1.5% (95%CI: 0.2–2.7) elevation in daily chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospital admissions. The estimates of delayed effects of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and O₃ were observed at lag6, lag6, lag8, lag1, respectively. The health effects of particulate pollutants (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) may be independent of other pollutants. The adverse effects of air pollutants were more evident in the warm season (May–Oct) than in the cold season (Nov–Apr).

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that elevated concentrations of atmospheric pollutant (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and O₃), especially particulate pollutants, can be associated with increased daily count of hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , which may promote further understanding of the potential hazards of relatively low levels of air pollution on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other respiratory disorders.

Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, epidemiology; Hospitalization; Air Pollution, adverse effects; Air Quality Standards; Models, Statistical

INTRODUCTION

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the third leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world¹1. Burney PGJ, Patel J, Newson R, Minelli C, Naghavi M. Global and regional trends in COPD mortality, 1990-2010. Eur Respir J. 2015;45:1239-1247. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00142414
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.0014241... ,²2. Chapman KR, Mannino DM, Soriano JB, Vemeire PA, Buist AS, Thun MJ, et al. Epidemiology and costs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2006;27:188-207. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.06.00024505
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.06.0002... , is characterized by a chronic inflammation of the lung that is not fully reversible and persistently limited airflow³3. Hogg JC. Pathophysiology of airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. 2004;364(9435):709-721. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16900-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16... . Because of the slow and partly irreversible progression of the disease, COPD is difficult to treat and can impose a significant financial burden on society⁴4. Mannino DM, Braman S. The epidemiology and economics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2007;4(7):502-506. https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.200701-001FM
https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.200701-001F... . Several articles indicated that ambient air pollutants exposure is a non-negligible risk factor for COPD. A study by Hwang et al.⁵5. Hwang SL, Lin YC, Guo SE, Chou CT, Lin CM, Chi MC. Fine particulate matter on hospital admissions for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in southwestern Taiwan during 2006-2012. Int J Environ Health Res. 2017;27(2):95-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2017.1278748
https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2017.12... reported that particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM_2.5) was positively associated with daily hospital admissions for acute exacerbation of COPD. Similarly, analyzing 73,076 hospital admission visits in Beijing, Gao et al.⁶6. Gao N, Li C, Ji J, Yang Y, Wang S, Tian X, et al. Short-term effects of ambient air pollution on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admissions in Beijing, China (2013-2017). Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2019;14:297-309. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S188900
https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S188900... confirmed a 10 mg/m³ increase of PM_2.5, particulate matter ≤ 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter(PM₁₀), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO) concentration corresponded to a 0.8% ,0.9%, 2.1%, 3%, 6% increase in percent change in hospital admissions for COPD, respectively. In China, more attention was paid to air pollution prevention and control in the heavy pollution cities, such as Beijing, than in the low pollution cities, even though some articles indicated that the cities with less pollution showed greater risks of respiratory disorders⁷7. Liu C, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Feng A, Wang C, Shi T. Short-term effect of relatively low level air pollution on outpatient visit in Shennongjia, China. Environ Pollut. 2019;245:419-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.120
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10... ,⁸8. Liu Y, Xie S, Yu Q, Huo X, Ming X, Wang J, et al. Short-term effects of ambient air pollution on pediatric outpatient visits for respiratory diseases in Yichang city, China. Environ Pollut. 2017;227:116-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.029
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04... . Ganzhou is in the subtropical monsoon zone in the southern part of Jiangxi province. In 2020, the average daily concentration of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, ozone(O₃), and CO in Ganzhou were 24 μg/m³, 41 μg/m³, 9 μg/m³, 17 μg/m³, 63 μg/m³, and 0.9 mg/m³, respectively, which are lower than the average concentration of 337 cities in China (33 μg/m³, 56 μg/m³, 10 μg/m³, 24 μg/m³, 138 μg/m³, and 1.3 mg/m³, respectively)⁹9. The People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Report on the State of the Ecology and Environment in China. Beijing (CN); 2019 [cited 2021 Dec 14]. Available from: https://english.mee.gov.cn/Resources/Reports/soe/
https://english.mee.gov.cn/Resources/Rep... . Therefore, the cities with relatively low pollution levels, like Ganzhou, caught our attention.

To address the limitations of previous studies, we aimed to explore the association between ambient air pollutants and daily COPD hospital admissions in Ganzhou, China, from 2016 to 2020. Seasonal effects were also investigated.

METHODS

Data Collection

The data of COPD hospital admissions was obtained from First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University. Data elements of standardized electronic medical records include date of birth, date of hospital visit, gender, Chinese discharge diagnosis, 10th Revision (ICD-10) code, etc. Daily counts of hospital admissions for COPD (ICD-10 codes J44) were extracted from the medical database for the period of 2016–2020 (a total of 1,827 days). The health effects of exposure to atmospheric pollutants were evaluated by daily COPD hospital admissions.

The concentrations of air pollutants were measured by five fixed monitoring stations in Ganzhou, and the daily average concentrations at these monitoring stations were regarded as the daily level for each pollutant. In the study, we used daily means for PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, and CO, and the daily maximum of 8-h means for O₃. Furthermore, meteorological data, including relative humidity (%) and daily temperature (°C), were collected from Jiangxi Meteorological Bureau during the study period. No data for daily atmospheric pollutant concentration and meteorological characteristics are missing.

Statistical Analysis

The database was constructed using Microsoft Excel, including daily mean concentrations of atmospheric pollutants, meteorological factors and daily hospital admissions for COPD. The SPSS software was used for statistical description and the ‘mgcv’ package in R was used for statistical analysis. Spearman’s correlation test was selected to explore the correlation between ambient air pollutants and meteorological factors.

Compared with the total urban population, daily COPD hospital admissions are a small probability event, which conforms to the Poisson distribution of the generalized additive model (GAM)¹⁰10. Nascimento AP, Santos JM, Mill JG, Albuquerque TTA, Reis Júnior NC, Reisen VA, et al. Association between the incidence of acute respiratory diseases in children and ambient concentrations of SO2, PM10 and chemical elements in fine particles. Environ Res. 2020;188:109619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109619
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.10... ,¹¹11. Raji H, Riahi A, Borsi SH, Masoumi K, Khanjani N, AhmadiAngali K, et al. Acute effects of air pollution on hospital admissions for asthma, COPD, and bronchiectasis in Ahvaz, Iran. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020;15:501-514. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S231317
https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S231317... . Therefore, GAM was selected to assess the relationship between hospital admissions and atmospheric pollutants in this study. The model is as follows:

E(Y_t) indicates the expected daily count of hospital admissions on day t; α means a constant; β and X_t refer to the regression coefficient and the concentration of ambient air pollutant at day t, respectively; ns means natural spline function; df represent the degrees of freedom; DOW refers to the day of the week.

Several analyses were made to investigate the association between air pollution and hospital admissions for COPD. First, single-day lag models (lag0 to lag15) as well as cumulative lags models (lag01 to lag015) were selected to assess the effects of single atmospheric pollutant. Then, multi-pollutant models were used to check the effects of single air pollutant after adjustment by others. Finally, hospital admissions data were stratified by season to explore the relationship between atmospheric pollutants and COPD in different subgroups. Based on the local climate, November to April is considered the cold season and May to October the warm one.

In the study, the outcomes were described as the percentage change (PC) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of COPD hospital admissions with each 10 μg/m³ increase of atmospheric pollutant per day. Statistical significance was considered when p < 0.05.

RESULTS

Table 1 shows the descriptive summary of daily COPD hospital admissions, air pollutants levels, and meteorological conditions. From January 1st, 2016 to December 31st, 2020, a total of 4,980 hospital admissions for COPD in Ganzhou, in which 81.6% were males and 70.4% were over 65 years old, formed the basis of our study. The annual number of the daily hospital admissions for COPD was 650 (13.1%), 648 (13.0%), 1,114 (22.4%), 1,502 (30.1%), and 1,066 (21.4%) for the five respective years (2016–2020). On average, occurred three hospital admissions per day due to COPD. During the study period, the daily mean concentrations (standard deviation) of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, O₃ and CO were 37.5 (21.2) μg/m³, 60.1 (33.8) μg/m³, 18.7 (11.3) μg/m³, 23.5 (13.6) μg/m³, 70.0 (32.6) μg/m³, and 1.2 (0.3) mg/m³, respectively. The daily mean temperature was 19.7°C and relative humidity was 74.4%.

Table 2 shows the Spearman correlation between air pollutants and meteorological parameters. All the correlation coefficients between atmospheric pollutants and meteorological factors in this study were statistically significant. The levels of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and SO₂ were positively correlated with other air pollutant (correlation coefficient = 0.22–0.96), whereas O₃ was negatively correlated with NO₂, CO (correlation coefficient = -0.09 to -0.18). Temperature was negatively correlated with PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and CO (correlation coefficient = -0.13 to -0.39); however, it showed a significant positive correlation with SO₂ and O₃ (correlation coefficient = 0.07–0.37). Moreover, the relative humidity was negatively correlated with all the air pollutants (correlation coefficient = -0.08 to -0.65) except CO (correlation coefficient = 0.21).

Figure 1 summarizes the analysis results in both single-day lag models (lag0 to lag15) and cumulative lags models (lag01 to lag015) for the percentage change in daily hospital admissions for COPD with per 10 μg/m³ increase of ambient air pollutants concentrations. The estimates using cumulative lags were higher than those using single-day lag. Overall, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and O₃ were positively related to COPD hospital admissions, while SO₂ and CO showed no significant relationship in single-day lag models and cumulative lags models. In single-day lag model, the delayed effects of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were generally significant on lag6 and lag7, with the largest effect observed on lag6 (PM_2.5: PC = 2.8%; 95%CI: 1–4.7; PM₁₀: PC = 1.3%; 95%CI: 0.3–2.4). For NO₂, the significant associations were observed on lag8 and lag9, and reached the maximum at lag9 (PC = 3.6%; 95%CI: 1.2–6.2). The single-day lag effects of O₃ were significant on lag1, lag4, and lag5, with the largest effect observed on lag1 (PC = 1.5%; 95%CI = 0.2–2.7). In cumulative lags model, increases of 10 μg/m³ in the concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and O₃ were associated with increases of 6.6% (95%CI: 2.3–11.0), 3.5% (95%CI: 1.3–5.9), 7.1% (95%CI: 0.5–14.1), and 2.9% (95%CI: 0.6–5.4), respectively, in daily hospital admissions for COPD.

The results of the multiple pollutant models are showed in Table 3. When adjusted by NO₂ as well as O₃, the association between particulate pollutants (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) and COPD hospital admissions slightly changed and still showed statistical significance. After NO₂ was controlled in the multi-pollutant model, the association between O₃ and hospital admissions were relatively stable. Adjusted by O₃, the association between NO₂ and hospital admissions declined slightly, but still kept statistically significant. However, particulate pollutants weakened the effect of NO₂ and O₃, making them meaningless.

As shown in Figure 2, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and O₃ were significantly associated with daily hospital admissions for COPD in the warm season (May–Oct). In contrast, the association between atmospheric pollutants and hospital admissions was not observed in the cold season (Nov–Apr). At lag07, each 10 μg/m³ increase in concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and O₃ corresponded to a 5.2% (95%CI: 0.5–10.0), 8.4% (95%CI: 3.8–13.3), and 3.5% (95%CI: 0.6–6.4) increase in daily COPD hospital admissions in the warm season, respectively.

DISCUSSION

This research is a quantitative assessment of the relationship between ambient air pollutants and the hospital admissions for COPD in Ganzhou in 2016–2020 using generalized additive models. In single-pollutant models, it was found that PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and O₃ were positively correlated to COPD hospital admissions. Only PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ kept stable in multi-pollutant models. Additionally, the association between hospital admissions for COPD and ambient air pollutants were stronger in the warm season (May–Oct) than in the cold season (Nov–Apr).

Previous studies are consistent with our results, showing that atmospheric pollutants were linked with COPD. According to the study of Tian et al.¹²12. Tian Y, Xiang X, Juan J, Song J, Cao Y, Huang C, et al. Short-term effects of ambient fine particulate matter pollution on hospital visits for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Beijing, China. Environ Health. 2018;17:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0369-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0369-... , for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM_2.5, the daily hospital admissions for COPD increased by 6.0% (95%CI: 5.2–6.9) in the concurrent day. As found by Li et al.¹³13. Li MH, Fan LC, Mao B, Yang JW, Choi AMK, Cao WJ, et al. Short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter increases hospitalizations and mortality in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2016;149(2):447-458. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.15-0513
https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.15-0513... in their study on the effect of ambient fine particulate matter on hospitalizations in COPD: a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 was associated with a 3.1% (95%CI: 1.6–4.6) increase in COPD hospitalizations. Furthermore, Shin et al.¹⁴14. Shin S, Bai L, Burnett RT, Kwong JC, Hystad P, Donkellar A, et al. Air pollution as a risk factor for incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma: a 15-year population-based cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;203(9):1138-1148. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201909-1744OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201909-1744... studied data of Canada, and found that each positive association of COPD with PM_2.5 increased the IQR in 3.4 μg/m³ (hazard ratio: 1.1). An ecological study conducted in Beijing, China, reported per 10 µg/m³ increments of the PM₁₀ levels corresponded to 0.5% (95%CI: 0.3–0.7) increases in COPD hospital visits at lag0⁶6. Gao N, Li C, Ji J, Yang Y, Wang S, Tian X, et al. Short-term effects of ambient air pollution on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admissions in Beijing, China (2013-2017). Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2019;14:297-309. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S188900
https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S188900... . The lag pattern of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in our study is later than previous reports. This may indicate the visiting habit of patients may be limited by inadequate medical resources. Moreover, it might also be connected with environmental factors, including land-cover characteristics¹⁵15. Chen G, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Li D, Wei X, et al. Effects of ambient PM1 air pollution on daily emergency hospital visits in China: an epidemiological study. Lancet Planet Health. 2017;1(6):e221-e229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30100-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30... .

Weichenthal et al.¹⁶16. Weichenthal S, Bai L, Hatzopoulou M, Van Ryswyk k, Kwong JC, Jerret M, et al. Long-term exposure to ambient ultrafine particles and respiratory disease incidence in in Toronto, Canada: a cohort study. Environ Health. 2017;16(1):64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0276-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0276-... confirmed the relationship between the incidence of COPD and NO₂. Another study covering the data from 218 Chinese cities also indicated that every 10 μg/m³ increase in NO₂ was associated with a 1.7% (95%CI: 1.4–2.0) higher daily hospital admissions at the national-average level¹⁷17. Tian Y, Liu H, Liang T, Xiang X, Li M, Juan J, et al. Ambient air pollution and daily hospital admissions: a nationwide study in 218 Chinese cities. Environ Pollut. 2018;242(Part B):1042-1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.116
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07... . There already has toxicological study exploring the relationship between ozone and COPD. Wiegman et al.¹⁸18. Wiegman CH, Li F, Ryffel B, Togbe D, Chung KF. Oxidative stress in ozone-induced chronic lung inflammation and emphysema: a facet of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1957. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01957
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01957... reported that ozone exposure in mice causes activation of oxidative pathways resulting in chronic bronchial inflammation and COPD. A systematic review by Gao et al.¹⁹19. Gao H, Wang K, Au WW, Zhao W, Xia ZL. A systematic review and meta-analysis of short-term ambient ozone exposure and COPD hospitalizations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(6):2130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062130
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062130... suggested that exposure to ozone was significantly positively associated with hospital admission for COPD. However, our results are inconsistent with several studies. For instance, a study conducted in Guangdong, China, found that concentrations of SO₂ may be linked with the number of hospital admissions for COPD²⁰20. Wang Z, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Huang X, Duan X, Chen D, et al. Association of change in air quality with hospital admission for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Guangdong, China: a province-wide ecological study. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021;208:111590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111590
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.11... . The research by Gao et al.⁶6. Gao N, Li C, Ji J, Yang Y, Wang S, Tian X, et al. Short-term effects of ambient air pollution on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admissions in Beijing, China (2013-2017). Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2019;14:297-309. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S188900
https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S188900... showed that each 1 mg/m³ increase in CO was associated with a 5.0% (95%CI: 3.1–7.0) increase in COPD hospital admissions. The relationship between ambient air pollutants and hospital admissions for COPD from different regions may also vary. Such difference may be attributed to the distinct characteristics of pollutants, study areas and research populations. Besides, different cultural factors, demographic characteristics, and eating habits may all lead to different susceptibility of people in different regions.

Results of our research also indicated that the relationship between particulate pollutants (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) and COPD hospital admissions kept robust in multi-pollutant models, which suggested the independent effects of particulate pollutants. Previous study has also provided similar results²¹21. Jiang J, Niu Y, Liu C, Chen R, Cao J, Kan H, et al. Short-term exposure to coarse particulate matter and outpatient visits for cardiopulmonary disease in a Chinese city. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2020;199:110686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110686
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.11... . The effects of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were slightly reduced when NO₂ and O₃ were adjusted in the multi-pollutant model. A study by Liang et al.²²22. Li Y, Li G, Zeng Q, Liang F, Pan X. Projecting temperature-related years of life lost under different climate change scenarios in one temperate megacity, China. Environ Pollut. 2018;233:1068-1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10... reported that the attenuation of particle effect can be interpreted by the collinearity between air pollutants. However, the collinearity between atmospheric pollutants makes it difficult to precisely assess the independent effects of single pollutant on inpatient visits of COPD. Therefore, the results of the combined effects of air pollutants should be interpreted with caution even when using multi-pollutant models²³23. Liu M, Xue X, Zhou B, Zhang Y, Sun B, Chen J, et al. Population susceptibility differences and effects of air pollution on cardiovascular mortality: epidemiological evidence from a time-series study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019;26:15943-15952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04960-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04960... .

Our research showed that the estimated risk was higher in the warm season when compared with the cold one. The result is consistent with mostly relevant studies⁶6. Gao N, Li C, Ji J, Yang Y, Wang S, Tian X, et al. Short-term effects of ambient air pollution on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admissions in Beijing, China (2013-2017). Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2019;14:297-309. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S188900
https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S188900... ,¹²12. Tian Y, Xiang X, Juan J, Song J, Cao Y, Huang C, et al. Short-term effects of ambient fine particulate matter pollution on hospital visits for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Beijing, China. Environ Health. 2018;17:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0369-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0369-... . However, our findings conflicted with others indicating greater adverse effects in the cold season⁵5. Hwang SL, Lin YC, Guo SE, Chou CT, Lin CM, Chi MC. Fine particulate matter on hospital admissions for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in southwestern Taiwan during 2006-2012. Int J Environ Health Res. 2017;27(2):95-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2017.1278748
https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2017.12... . During the cold seasons, residents are more likely to close the window and stay indoors. While during the warm seasons, most people may increase the outdoor activity time¹²12. Tian Y, Xiang X, Juan J, Song J, Cao Y, Huang C, et al. Short-term effects of ambient fine particulate matter pollution on hospital visits for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Beijing, China. Environ Health. 2018;17:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0369-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0369-... . Thus, more exposure to atmospheric pollutants and adverse effects in the warm seasons may be incurred. In the future, it is necessary to investigate the seasonal variation of particulate components in detail to better explore the estimates in different seasons.

This study has some strengths. First, our study was based on daily hospital admissions data, which can be more sensitive to reflect the association between COPD and ambient air pollutants. Second, this study adopted a model controlling a series of covariates to explore the relationship between COPD hospital admissions and atmospheric pollutants in a city with relatively low levels of air pollution. Nevertheless, several limitations should be considered. First, the design of our study is a descriptive study, which can provide hypotheses for other studies, but may be limited in causal inference. Second, we only used five fixed air monitoring stations as a proxy for personal exposure, so exposure measurement errors are inevitable²⁴24. Yang T, He T, Huang J, Li G. Impact of birth season on the years of life lost from respiratory diseases in the elderly related to ambient PM2.5 exposure in Ningbo, China. Environ Health Prev Med. 2021;26:74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-021-00994-6
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-021-00994... . Third, the data of hospital admissions were only collected from single city in China, so the generality of the results may be limited. Fourth, several influencing factors such as legal holidays and pandemic influenza are not included in the model, which may not fully reflect the relationship between air pollutants and COPD hospital admissions.

CONCLUSIONS

In Ganzhou, China, there is a positive association between COPD and ambient air pollutants composed of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂ and O₃. The adverse effects of particulate pollutants (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) were more stable. Additionally, atmospheric pollutants were more closely related to COPD in the warm season. We hope that our findings can help alert the government to pay more attention to the health effects of air pollutants in low-pollution areas.

REFERENCES

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