ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

To estimate the public-private composition of HIV care in Brazil and the organizational profile of the extensive network of public healthcare facilities.

METHODS

Data from the Qualiaids-BR Cohort were used, which gathers data from national systems of clinical and laboratory information on people aged 15 years or older with the first dispensation of antiretroviral therapy between 2015–2018, and information from SUS healthcare facilities for clinical-laboratory follow-up of HIV, produced by the Qualiaids survey. The follow-up system was defined by the number of viral load tests requested by any SUS healthcare facility: follow-up in the private system – no record; follow-up at SUS – two or more records; undefined follow-up – one record. SUS healthcare facilities were characterized as outpatient clinics, primary care and prison system, according to the respondents’ self-classification in the Qualiaids survey (72.9%); for non-respondents (27.1%) the classification was based on the terms present in the names of the healthcare facilities.

RESULTS

During the period, 238,599 people aged 15 years or older started antiretroviral therapy in Brazil, of which 69% were followed-up at SUS, 21.7% in the private system and 9.3% had an undefined system. Among those followed-up at SUS, 93.4% received care in outpatient clinics, 5% in primary care facilities and 1% in the prison system.

CONCLUSION

In Brazil, antiretroviral treatment is provided exclusively by SUS, which is also responsible for clinical and laboratory follow-up for most people in outpatient clinics. The study was only possible because SUS maintains records and public information about HIV care. There is no data available for the private system.

Anti-HIV Agents, supply & distribution; Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation; Unified Health System; Supplemental Health

INTRODUCTION

From the introduction of AZT (zidovudine) in 1993 to the emergence of current highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), free and universal access to antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS (ART) internationally distinguished the Brazilian response to the AIDS epidemic¹1. Greco DB, Simão M. Brazilian policy of universal access to AIDS treatment: sustainability challenges and perspectives. AIDS. 2007;21 Suppl 4:S37-45. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000279705.24428.a3
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.00002797... .

The institution of the national STD/AIDS program, in 1986¹1. Greco DB, Simão M. Brazilian policy of universal access to AIDS treatment: sustainability challenges and perspectives. AIDS. 2007;21 Suppl 4:S37-45. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000279705.24428.a3
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.00002797... , gave rise to the implementation of hospital and outpatient facilities to care for people with AIDS, most of them in pre-existing structures of the public health system²2. Basso CR. Programa de DST/AIDS no SUS. In: Negri B, Viana ALD, organizadores. O Sistema Único de Saúde em 10 anos de desafio. São Paulo: Sobravime; 2002. p. 43-58. , which, in 1988, became officially the Unified Health System (SUS)³3. Castro MC, Massuda A, Almeida G, Menezes-Filho NA, Andrade MV, Noronha KVMS, et al. Brazil’s unified health system: the first 30 years and prospects for the future. Lancet. 2019;394(10195):345-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31243-7
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31... . The modality of outpatient clinical assistance, initially called a specialized healthcare facility for STD/AIDS, was implemented in several states of the country. With the spread of the epidemic in the country and the incorporation of antiretroviral therapy, which converted HIV into a chronic condition, the number of outpatients clinics expanded greatly: Ministry of Health records show that the number of facilities increased by more than 3,000% in 20 years (from 33 in 1996⁴4. Melchior R, Nemes MIB, Basso CR, Castanheira ERL, Alves MTSSB, Buchala CM, et al. Avaliação da estrutura organizacional da assistência ambulatorial em HIV/Aids no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2006;40(1):143-51. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102006000100022
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200600... to 1,060 in 2016)⁵5. Nemes MIB, Alves AM, Loch AP. Sistema de avaliação Qualiaids. São Paulo: Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva; 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 17]. Available from: http://www.qualiaids.fm.usp.br/
http://www.qualiaids.fm.usp.br/... .

As the structure of SUS is decentralized, the implementation of facilities became the responsibility of the municipalities. Serial surveys on the healthcare facilities’ organization showed that this type of management resulted in a heterogeneous set of facilities, with variable administrative configuration (primary care facilities, specialty clinics, specialized healthcare facilities for STI/HIV, hospital outpatient clinics) and volume of patients (from one to more than a thousand)⁶6. Nemes MIB, Melchior R, Basso CR, Castanheira ERL, Alves MTSSB, Shaun C. The variability and predictors of quality of AIDS care services in Brazil. BMC Health Serv Res. 2009;9:51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-9-51
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-9-51... .

Since the beginning of the implementation of drug treatment for HIV until today, SUS has been the only buyer and supplier of antiretroviral therapy drugs in Brazil, and medication is provided by public system services. Thus, people with a medical prescription for antiretrovirals are registered with a local SUS facility to receive the drugs. A national system continuously records all therapy dispensations (SICLOM – Medication Logistic Control System). In addition to this system, all viral load and CD4 tests performed in SUS are registered in a nationally centralized information system (SISCEL – Laboratory Test Control System). There are no public records that allow the monitoring of care follow-up by private facilities, although it is recommended that patients in the private system show the result of the most recent viral load test at the time of dispensing medication.

So far, there are no studies that outline the national organizational characteristics of HIV care in the country. Aiming to contribute to the improvement of service implementation policies, this study aims to estimate the public-private composition of HIV care in Brazil, as well as the organizational profile of the extensive network of public healthcare facilities.

METHODS

Data Source and Population

The study uses secondary and anonymized data from the ongoing research project “Coorte Qualiaids-BR”, approved by the Ethics Committee for Research with Human Beings (CAEE: 27659220.3.0000.0065), which gathers information from people aged 15 years or older with registration in the SICLOM of the first dispensation of antiretroviral therapy between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018, and information from outpatient HIV care facilities of SUS.

The Qualiaids-BR cohort database was built from two databases: 1) Database of people on antiretroviral therapy with clinical and sociodemographic data linked individually via a probabilistic algorithm, already validated and routinely used in the epidemiological bulletins of the Ministry of Health⁹9. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Panorama epidemiológico da coinfecção TB-HIV no Brasil 2020. Bol Epidemiol. 2021 [cited 2021 Nov 1]; Nº Espec. Available from: http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2021/panorama-epidemiologico-da-coinfeccao-tb-hiv-no-brasil-2020
http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2021/pa... , ¹⁰10. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Bol Epidemiol HIV/Aids. 2021 [cited 2021 Nov 1];Nº Espec. Available from: http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2021/boletim-epidemiologico-hivaids-2021
http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2021/bo... and in publications in the area¹¹11. Meireles MV, Pascom ARP, Duarte EC. Factors associated with early virological response in HIV-infected individuals starting antiretroviral therapy in brazil (2014-2015): results from a large HIV surveillance cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;78(4):e19-27. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001684
https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.000000000000... , ¹²12. Mangal TD, Meireles MV, Pascom ARP, Coelho RA, Benzaken AS, Hallett TB. Determinants of survival of people living with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy in Brazil 2006–2015. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):206. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3844-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3844-... . The database, produced annually by the ministry, lists, for each person on antiretroviral therapy, data from the SUS information systems – SICLOM, SISCEL, SINAN (Information System on Notifiable Diseases) and SIM (Information System on Mortality); 2) Database of healthcare facilities from the response to the Qualiaids 2016/17 survey on the organization of SUS facilities that prescribe antiretroviral drugs⁵5. Nemes MIB, Alves AM, Loch AP. Sistema de avaliação Qualiaids. São Paulo: Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva; 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 17]. Available from: http://www.qualiaids.fm.usp.br/
http://www.qualiaids.fm.usp.br/... . The deterministic linkage between the two databases were based on location data (zip code, address) and facility names ( Figure 1 ).

Definition of the Predominant Health Care System for Clinical Follow-up

To define the health system in which HIV patients are followed-up, we considered all the viral load tests requested during the treatment and the date of initiation of the antiretroviral therapy, according to the criteria summarized in Chart 1 .

For people predominantly followed-up at SUS healthcare facilities, the follow-up facility was defined as the one that requested the viral load tests. For those who had exams requested by more than one facility, the one that requested more exams was considered and, when the number was equal, the one with which the patient was engaged for longer was considered. The duration of engagement with the healthcare facility was calculated by the difference between the first and last request for viral load in the given facility.

To characterize the type of HIV care facility, the facility’s response to a single-answer structured question from the Qualiaids-2016/2017 survey⁵5. Nemes MIB, Alves AM, Loch AP. Sistema de avaliação Qualiaids. São Paulo: Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva; 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 17]. Available from: http://www.qualiaids.fm.usp.br/
http://www.qualiaids.fm.usp.br/... was used. The alternatives describe the administrative types, and were grouped into two types: (1) Outpatient clinic (exclusive outpatient clinic for specialized care for patients with HIV/AIDS, STD and viral hepatitis outpatient clinic; Outpatient clinic specialized in infectious diseases; Specialized care team inserted in a primary care service; Outpatient care for various specialties and hospital outpatient clinic); (2) Primary care facility (community health center, family health center). For the facilities that did not respond to the survey, the attribution was made from the search for terms present in the facility registration name in SISCEL, as shown in Chart 2 .

Data Analysis

The absolute and relative distributions of people in the Qualiaids-BR Cohort were described, according to the predominant HIV follow-up system (SUS, private or undefined), Brazilian geographic state and type of SUS facilities (outpatient clinic, primary care and prison system).

RESULTS

Clinical-Laboratory Follow-up System

In the analyzed period, 238,599 people aged 15 years or older started antiretroviral therapy in Brazil. Of this total, 164,667 (69%) had clinical and laboratory follow-up in SUS facilities and 51,879 (21.7%) were followed up in private facilities. It was not possible to assign the predominant follow-up system for 22,053 (9.3%) people. Among people that received care at SUS, 132,086 (80.2%) had all the exams requested by the same facility and 32,581 (19.8%) by more than one facility.

Despite the absolute number of people being concentrated in the Southeast (SP, 50,120; RJ, 27,898; MG, 16,266; ES, 4,878) and South (RS, 22,402; SC, 13,278; PR, 13,342) regions, the proportion of people followed-up at SUS facilities varied across the states with the highest proportions in Rondônia (RO, 82.4%) and Tocantins (TO, 80.2%) and the lowest proportions in Roraima (RR, 59.7%) and Distrito Federal (DF, 58.8%). Figure 2 presents the distribution according to the states.

Typology of SUS HIV Care Facilities for Clinical-Laboratory Follow-up

In the period studied, 1,302 SUS facilities followed-up people aged 15 years or more starting antiretroviral therapy. Among them, those that were classified by self-report in the Qualiaids survey totaled 949 facilities (72.9%). Another 353 (27.1%) were classified according to name, of which 93 (7.1%) were from the prison system. It was not possible to classify 53 (4.1%) facilities.

Among the people followed-up at SUS, 161,854 (98.3%) were followed-up in 1,156 (88.7%) outpatient or primary care facilities. Another 1,718 (1%) received care in the prison system, 431 (0.3%) were followed-up in facilities for which it was not possible to define the type, and another 664 (0.4%) were linked only to hospitalization.

Outpatient clinics followed-up 153,699 people (93.3%) in 769 (59.1%) facilities; 8,155 people (5%) received care in 387 (29.7%) primary care facilities ( Table ). Among primary care facilities, 190 (49.1%) had less than ten new patients in the studied period and another 162 (41.9%) had up to 50 new patients. Outpatient clinics follow-up a larger volume of patients: 55.2% (461) had between 51 and 500 new patients.

DISCUSSION

HIV care in Brazil was established based on the recognition of access to health as a right for all citizens, in the same movement that resulted, years later, in the creation of SUS in 1988¹³13. Brasil. Constituição (1988)]. Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988. Brasília, DF: Presidência da República; 2016 [cited 2021 Nov 12]. Available from: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/con... .

This should be the first study that estimates the relative size of SUS in the clinical-laboratory follow-up of HIV based on data produced in the healthcare facilities. Previous estimates were based on the number of private health insurance plans contracted, released by the National Supplementary Health Agency¹⁶16. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar. Informações em Saúde Suplementar: ANS TABNET. Brasília, DF: ANS; 2011 [cited 2021 Oct 18]. Available from: http://www.ans.gov.br/anstabnet/index.htm#
http://www.ans.gov.br/anstabnet/index.ht... , ¹⁷17. Pascom ARP, Meireles MV, Benzaken AS. Sociodemographic determinants of attrition in the HIV continuum of care in Brazil, in 2016. Medicine. 2018;97(1 Suppl 1):S69-74. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009857
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009... .

The data allowed estimating that, in addition to maintaining an extensive network of free supply of antiretroviral medication for all people living with HIV with medical prescription, the teams of the SUS healthcare facilities are responsible for the clinical follow-up of the majority. The estimated proportion of 69% may be lower than the real one, considering that the observation period of the primary study was only four years, not allowing the attribution of 9% of the people included. It should also be noted that the “size” of the SUS – and of the private system – is evidently much larger. This and other estimates in the study are based only on the incidence of new cases that started treatment between 2015 and 2018, which disregards cases already followed-up and underestimates the proportion of people in the system. Both systems currently follow-up a total of 766,000 people¹⁸18. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde: Departamento de Vigilância, Prevenção e Controle das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, do HIV/Aids e das Hepatites Virais. Relatório de monitoramento clínico do HIV 2020. Brasília (DF); 2021 [cited 2021 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2020/relatorio-de-monitoramento-clinico-do-hiv-2020
http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2020/re... .

The study shows heterogeneity in the organization of SUS healthcare facilities, already pointed out in previous studies⁴4. Melchior R, Nemes MIB, Basso CR, Castanheira ERL, Alves MTSSB, Buchala CM, et al. Avaliação da estrutura organizacional da assistência ambulatorial em HIV/Aids no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2006;40(1):143-51. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102006000100022
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200600... , ⁶6. Nemes MIB, Melchior R, Basso CR, Castanheira ERL, Alves MTSSB, Shaun C. The variability and predictors of quality of AIDS care services in Brazil. BMC Health Serv Res. 2009;9:51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-9-51
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-9-51... . By working with patient data, this study brought more details to the heterogeneous profile of the network. “Outpatient clinic” type of facilities – which include different outpatient modalities, such as medical specialty outpatient clinics, specialized STI/HIV and viral hepatitis outpatient clinics, hospital outpatient clinics or outpatient clinics with specialized teams inserted in a primary health center – are more numerous and follow-up most people living with HIV. The outpatient clinic type contains all the facilities with more than 500 people who started antiretroviral therapy in the period 2015–2018. Part of these facilities, especially the large ones, are those implemented in the first decades of the epidemic, many of them in general and/or school hospitals.

The group of facilities of the primary care type (community health center, family health center) is probably of more recent implementation. The follow-up of antiretroviral therapy in primary care facilities is, like all other implementations of SUS services, a municipal responsibility. The federal and state instances can only encourage it or not. Thus, although federal administrations occasionally recommended it, as of 2014 the federal government explicitly encouraged it, through regulations and technical support programs²¹21. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Cinco passos para a implementação do manejo da infecção pelo HIV na Atenção Básica: guia para gestores. Brasília (DF); 2014 [cited 2021 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2014/5-passos-para-implementacao-do-manejo-da-infeccao-pelo-hiv-na-atencao-basica
http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2014/5-... . This movement seems to have resulted in the implementation of antiretroviral therapy follow-up in primary care facilities in some municipalities in the country. The “primary health-care” type includes, for the most part, small-volume patient facilities that, although relatively numerous, follow only a proportion of less than 5% of people who start antiretroviral therapy. Further studies are needed to further detail this organizational profile of HIV care in SUS, with the aim of better contributing to service implementation policies.

CONCLUSION

This study was only possible because SUS maintains a national system of continuous registration of antiretroviral medication dispensing for all people followed-up in the public or private system. However, viral load test records, an international standard for monitoring the treatment of HIV infection, are restricted to those who are followed-up in the public system. Data from these two systems are systematically linked to notification and mortality databases, allowing the dissemination of epidemiological bulletins and clinical monitoring reports, synthesized in a panel of public access indicators disaggregated by municipality²⁴24. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Doenças de Condições Crônicas e Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis. Painel de Indicadores Epidemiológicos. Brasília (DF); 2016 [cited 2021 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/gestores/painel-de-indicadores-epidemiologicos
http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/gestores/pa... . The private system is not subject to any regulation regarding the transparency of HIV data, not even the disclosure of the number of people living with HIV assisted, which makes it difficult to estimate morbidity and follow-up.

This study has limitations. Estimates were based only on those aged 15 years and older who started treatment between 2015-2018 and were followed for up to four years. It is possible that the estimates do not correspond to the proportions of people followed, especially for older large facilities, which may be restricting the enrollment of new patients. The strict division of follow-up into the public or private system also ignores the people who use both systems/facilities (public-private mix)²⁵25. Chernichovsky, D. The public-private mix in the modern health care system - concepts, issues, and policy options revisited. NBER Work Pap Ser. 2000 [cited 2021 Nov 1];(7881):1-35. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=240733
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?... already pointed out in Brazilian studies²⁶26. Santos IS, Ugá MAD, Porto SM. O mix público-privado no Sistema de Saúde Brasileiro: financiamento, oferta e utilização de serviços de saúde. Cien Saude Colet. 2008;13(5):1431-40. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232008000500009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123200800... . Furthermore, for a small proportion of facilities, the outpatient clinic/primary care split based on service name alone may not have correctly distinguished some facilities. Despite the limits, the first national profile of the organization of HIV care produced by the Qualiaids-BR Cohort study can inform the management of health systems as well as subsidize new analyses.

Acknowledgements

To the director and the technicians of the Department of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections, of the Ministry of Health, for providing the databases and technical support regarding the information.

REFERENCES

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