ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE
To build an integrated database of individual and service data from the cohort of people who started antiretroviral therapy (ART), from 2015 to 2018, in Brazil.
METHODS
Open cohort study that includes people aged 15 years or older who started ART from 2015 to 2018, with follow-up in services of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), and who responded to the 2016/2017 Qualiaids national survey. The source of individual data was the related HIV database, derived from the probabilistic linkage between data from the SUS systems of diagnostic information, medication, tests, and deaths. The data source for the services was the services’ response database to the Qualiaids survey. After analysis of consistency and exclusions, the database of individuals was deterministically related to the database of services.
RESULTS
The cohort comprised 132,540 people monitored in 941 SUS services. Of these services, 59% are located in the Southeast region and 49% followed 51 to 500 cohort participants. The average performance of organization and management of patient care ranged from 29% to 75%. Most of the cohort participants are male, black and mixed, aged between 20 and 39 years old, and have between 4 and 11 years of schooling. Median baseline T-CD4 was 419 cells/mm3, 6% had an episode of tuberculosis, and 2% died of HIV disease.
CONCLUSION
For the first time in Brazil, this cohort provides the opportunity for a joint analysis of individual factors and services in the production of positive and negative clinical outcomes of HIV treatment.
HIV; Cohort Studies; Brazilian Unified Health System; Health Services Research; Tuberculosis
INTRODUCTION
In Brazil, since the implementation of free and universal access to combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 1996, the treatment of HIV infection has achieved positive results in the national rates of viral suppression11. Meireles MV, Pascom AR, Duarte EC. Factors associated with early virological response in HIV-infected individuals starting antiretroviral therapy in Brazil (2014-2015): results from a large HIV surveillance cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018 Aug;78(4):e19-27. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001684
https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.000000000000... and survival, mainly after the incorporation of potent antiretroviral drugs in the 2010s22. Mangal TD, Meireles MV, Pascom AR, Coelho RA, Benzaken AS, Hallett TB. Determinants of survival of people living with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy in Brazil 2006-2015. BMC Infect Dis. 2019 Feb;19(1):206. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3844-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3844-... . Outpatient services of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) are the exclusive distributors of antiretroviral drugs in the country. All persons must be registered with a SUS service to receive the drugs, regardless of whether the prescription originates from a SUS service or from the private sector.
Despite the easy access to medication and medical treatment assistance, significant regional and social differences in viral suppression33. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância, Prevenção e Controle das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, do HIV/Aids e das Hepatites Virais. Relatório de monitoramento clínico do HIV 2020. Brasília, DF: Ministério da Saúde; 2021 [cited 2022 Nov 7]. Available from: http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2020/relatorio-de-monitoramento-clinico-do-hiv-2020
http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2020/re... and survival44. Santos ME, Protopopescu C, Ribero RA, Benzaken AS, Pereira GF, Stevens A, et al. Population attributable fractions of mortality in people living with HIV: roles of delayed antiretroviral therapy, hepatitis coinfections and social factors. AIDS. 2020 Oct;34(12):1843-54. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002621
https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.000000000000... persist, reflecting the country’s social and racial inequality55. Morais GAS, Magno L, Silva AF, Guimarães NS, Ordoñez JA, Souza LE, et al. Effect of a conditional cash transfer programme on AIDS incidence, hospitalisations, and mortality in Brazil: a longitudinal ecological study. Lancet HIV. 2022 Oct;9(10):e690-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018 (22)00221-1
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018 (22)0... . Additionally, heterogeneity in the organization of care provided by treatment services66. Loch AP, Nemes MI, Santos MA, Alves AM, Melchior R, Basso CR, et al. Evaluation of outpatient services in the Brazilian Unified National Health System for persons living with HIV: a comparison of 2007 and 2010. Cad Saude Publica. 2018 Feb;34(2):e00047217. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00047217
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x0004721... may contribute to the observed differences77. Wiewel EW, Borrell LN, Jones HE, Maroko AR, Torian LV. Healthcare facility characteristics associated with achievement and maintenance of HIV viral suppression among persons newly diagnosed with HIV in New York City. AIDS Care. 2019 Dec;31(12):1484-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1595517
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.15... ,88. Monroe AK, Happ LP, Rayeed N, Ma Y, Jaurretche MJ, Terzian AS, et al. Clinic-level factors associated with time to antiretroviral initiation and viral suppression in a large, urban cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct;71(7):e151-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1098
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1098... .
The SUS maintains national systems for continuous registration of case and death notifications. Specifically for HIV, there is a system for continuous registration of antiretroviral dispensing for all people on ART in the country. For those undergoing follow-up at SUS services, a system continuously records T-CD4 lymphocyte (CD4) and viral load (VL) counts. However, there is no single key that makes it possible to identify the records of the same individual in different databases. Consequently, analyses of the information set depend on linkage techniques. Information on the services comes from periodic national surveys on the local organization of care in outpatient HIV treatment services of the SUS (Qualiaids questionnaire)99. Nemes MIB , Castanheira ERL , Loch AP , Santos MA , Alves AM , Melchior R , et al . Avaliação de serviços de saúde: a experiência do Qualiaids. In: Akerman M , Furtado JP , organizadores . Práticas de avaliação em saúde no Brasil - diálogos . Porto Alegre: Rede Unida; 2016 [cited 2021 Nov 2 ]. p. 92-145 . (Série Atenção básica e educação na saúde). Available from: http://historico.redeunida.org.br/editora/biblioteca-digital/serie-atencao-basica-e-educacao-na-saude/praticas-de-avaliacao-em-saude-no-brasil-dialogos-pdf
http://historico.redeunida.org.br/editor... ,1010. Nemes MIB, Alves AM, Loch AP. Sistema de Avaliação Qualiaids. São Paulo: Faculdade de Medicina da USP; 2016 [cited 2022 Nov 7]. Available from: http://www.qualiaids.fm.usp.br/
http://www.qualiaids.fm.usp.br/... .
The Qualiaids Brazil Cohort, conceived from the linkage between these databases, provides an opportunity for an integrated analysis of the role of the characteristics of people and treatment services in the outcomes of HIV treatment across the country. This article describes the construction process and the structure of the cohort, in addition to presenting the main characteristics of the participants and SUS health services in the treatment of HIV.
METHODS
The Qualiaids Brazil Cohort is an open cohort that included people aged 15 years or older who started ART between 2015 and 2018, whose treatment was monitored at SUS outpatient services, and who responded to the 2016/2017 Qualiaids national survey.
The beginning of treatment was defined as the registered date of the first dispensing of ART drugs, while the end of follow-up was the date of death due to HIV disease or loss of follow-up (a person who, after 100 days without dispensing, had no other record until December 31, 2018, or record of death due to HIV disease) or administrative censure on December 31, 2018.
The inclusion of people aged 15 years or older was because the clinical treatment protocol does not distinguish between adolescents and adults1111. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância, Prevenção e Controle das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, do HIV/Aids e das Hepatites Virais. Protocolo clínico e diretrizes terapêuticas para manejo da infecção pelo HIV em adultos. Brasília, DF: Ministério da Saúde; 2018 [cited 2022 Nov 7]. Available from: http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2013/protocolo-clinico-e-diretrizes-terapeuticas-para-manejo-da-infeccao-pelo-hiv-em-adultos
http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2013/pr... . The follow-up period considered the applicability of the results of the national services survey, carried out from 2016 to 20171010. Nemes MIB, Alves AM, Loch AP. Sistema de Avaliação Qualiaids. São Paulo: Faculdade de Medicina da USP; 2016 [cited 2022 Nov 7]. Available from: http://www.qualiaids.fm.usp.br/
http://www.qualiaids.fm.usp.br/... .
Data Source of Individuals
In Brazil, the Ministry of Health (MS) consolidates the records of health care services for HIV infection in the following information systems: Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Information System for Notifiable Diseases - Sinan), to notify new cases; Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (Mortality Information System - SIM), for deaths; Sistema de Controle Logístico de Medicamentos (Medication Logistic Control System - Siclom), for ART dispensations for all people on ART residing in the country; and Sistema de Controle de Exames Laboratoriais (System for the Control of Laboratory Tests - Siscel), T-CD4 lymphocyte count tests, and VL tests for people being followed up at SUS services.
Since these systems do not have a unique identifying field, MS lists them probabilistically using the Reclink1212. Camargo Junior KR, Coeli CM. [Reclink: an application for database linkage implementing the probabilistic record linkage method]. Cad Saude Publica. 2000;16(2):439-47. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2000000200014
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200000... program, validated for HIV systems1313. Paula AA, Pires DF, Alves Filho P, Lemos KR, Barçante E, Pacheco AG. A comparison of accuracy and computational feasibility of two record linkage algorithms in retrieving vital status information from HIV/AIDS patients registered in Brazilian public databases. Int J Med Inform. 2018 Jun;114:45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2018.03.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2018.... ,1414. Fonseca MG, Coeli CM, Lucena FFA, Veloso VG, Carvalho MS. Accuracy of a probabilistic record linkage strategy applied to identify deaths among cases reported to the Brazilian AIDS surveillance database. Cad Saude Publica. 2010 Jul;26(7):1431-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2010000700022
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201000... . The related database constitutes the basis for the health indicators of the national epidemiological bulletins1515. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Panorama epidemiológico da coinfecção TB-HIV no Brasil 2020. Bol Epidemiol. 2021 [cited 2021 Nov 1]; n espec. Available from: http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2021/panorama-epidemiologico-da-coinfeccao-tb-hiv-no-brasil-2020
http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2021/pa... ,1616. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Bol Epidemiol HIV/Aids. 2021 [cited 2021 Nov 1];n espec. Available from: http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2021/boletim-epidemiologico-hivaids-2021
http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2021/bo... and has already been used in longitudinal studies of national scope11. Meireles MV, Pascom AR, Duarte EC. Factors associated with early virological response in HIV-infected individuals starting antiretroviral therapy in Brazil (2014-2015): results from a large HIV surveillance cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018 Aug;78(4):e19-27. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001684
https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.000000000000... ,22. Mangal TD, Meireles MV, Pascom AR, Coelho RA, Benzaken AS, Hallett TB. Determinants of survival of people living with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy in Brazil 2006-2015. BMC Infect Dis. 2019 Feb;19(1):206. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3844-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3844-... ,44. Santos ME, Protopopescu C, Ribero RA, Benzaken AS, Pereira GF, Stevens A, et al. Population attributable fractions of mortality in people living with HIV: roles of delayed antiretroviral therapy, hepatitis coinfections and social factors. AIDS. 2020 Oct;34(12):1843-54. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002621
https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.000000000000... .
The database selection for the period from 2015 to 2018 with anonymized data and unique identifier, obtained in 2020, was the primary source of data on individuals. The complete original databases of Siclom and Siscel were also accessed to identify inconsistencies.
The consistency analysis aimed to identify possible errors in the probabilistic linkage (probably different people who were paired by the program and had the original records gathered in a single identifying code) and possible errors in the original record when filling out the information systems by the service. At this stage, a deterministic linkage was performed with the Siclom and Siscel databases to confirm the true pairs, and the distributions of the clinical variables (dispensing of medication and T-CD4 and VL tests) were verified and cross-tabulations were made to identify errors.
After excluding inconsistencies, the individual’s treatment follow-up health system was defined: whether in SUS outpatient services or in private services. People with: i) two or more VL test results; or ii) only one VL test result and loss to follow-up due to noncompliance or death within 66 days after the first ART dispensing were defined as being followed up at the SUS. This interval was based on the clinical protocol for ART in adults, which recommends performing a VL exam within 56 days after starting ART1111. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância, Prevenção e Controle das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, do HIV/Aids e das Hepatites Virais. Protocolo clínico e diretrizes terapêuticas para manejo da infecção pelo HIV em adultos. Brasília, DF: Ministério da Saúde; 2018 [cited 2022 Nov 7]. Available from: http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2013/protocolo-clinico-e-diretrizes-terapeuticas-para-manejo-da-infeccao-pelo-hiv-em-adultos
http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2013/pr... . Since this is a “real life” study, ten days were added to the recommended interval, allowing for delays arising from the service and/or the user.
The follow-up service was defined as the one that requests VL exams. For people with only one service requesting the VL test, the SUS service attribution was direct; for those with more than one VL requesting service, the assigned service was the one in which there were more VL requests or in which the follow-up was longer.
Then, individuals with at least two VL tests and a record of the first CD4 test collected within 180 days before and 30 days after starting ART were selected. This time interval was based on the great variation of intervals observed in the original database, frequent in studies that use surveillance data1717. Late Presentation Working Groups in EuroSIDA and COHERE. Estimating the burden of HIV late presentation and its attributable morbidity and mortality across Europe 2010-2016. BMC Infect Dis. 2020 Oct;20(1):728. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05261-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05261... . The procedure resulted in a database of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of individuals (Figure 1).
Services Data Source
The primary base of responses to the 2016/2017 Qualiaids national survey was used, answered by the technical team of the SUS outpatient services. The Qualiaids questionnaire is a validated and periodically updated assessment instrument, already answered in 2002, 2007, and 201066. Loch AP, Nemes MI, Santos MA, Alves AM, Melchior R, Basso CR, et al. Evaluation of outpatient services in the Brazilian Unified National Health System for persons living with HIV: a comparison of 2007 and 2010. Cad Saude Publica. 2018 Feb;34(2):e00047217. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00047217
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x0004721... ,1818. Melchior R, Nemes MI, Basso CR, Castanheira ER, Alves MT, Buchalla CM, et al. Avaliação da estrutura organizacional da assistência ambulatorial em HIV/Aids no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2006 Feb;40(1):143-51. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102006000100022
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200600... . It contains questions about general characteristics of the service (type, number of people on ART, and infrastructure) and 60 questions that assess performance, grouped in the domains of access and readiness, medical care, multidisciplinary care, management and monitoring of the quality of care provided, and communication with users, local population, civil society institutions, and local health network. The percentage of positive responses to the evaluative questions yields the service’s overall performance score.
Linkage Between the Database of Individuals and Services
The individual and service databases were linked in a deterministic way through the service location data, present in both (Figure 1).
The final database of the Qualiaids Brazil Cohort contains the individuals’ sociodemographic and clinical variables, and the programmatic variables of the health services that follow them up (Box).
Statistical Analysis
Individual variables were described according to absolute and relative frequencies. The frequencies of the service’s general characteristics were presented according to the Brazilian macro-regions, while the service performance scores appear according to domain and macro-region.
Ethical Considerations
The project was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) on January 23, 2020 (CAAE 27659220.3.0000.0065; Opinion 3.807.435).
RESULTS
The Qualiaids Brazil Cohort included 132,540 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), considering the eligibility criteria. Linking SUS secondary databases resulted in 273,150 observations, of which 7,882 (2.9%) were classified as inconsistent and excluded. A total of 19,081 (7%) records of people with a first undetectable viral load were also identified and excluded (Figure 1).
Among the cohort participants, 69.7% (92,361) were male, 50.6% (67,004) black and mixed, 64.3% (85,206) were aged between 20 and 39 years, and 54.8% (72,642) had 4 to 11 years of schooling. The transmission category was heterosexual for 36% (47,657) but ignored for 34.1% (45,257) of participants. Median baseline CD4 was 419 cells/mm3. A total of 25.9% (34,398) of participants started treatment with CD4 counts less than 200 cells/mm3, and 5.8% (7,747 individuals) had at least one episode of active tuberculosis and 1.9% (2,515) died of HIV disease during the study period (Table 1).
The Qualiaids Brazil Cohort comprised 941 SUS health services, of which 59% (555) are located in the Southeast region, 49% (461) concentrated from 51 to 500 participants, 75.5% (710) were characterized as “outpatient type”, and 34.8% (327) had infrastructure classified as insufficient (Figure 2).
SUS HIV treatment services and number of people included in the cohort who started ART between 2015 and 2018 according to the country’s macro-region. Qualiaids Brazil cohort. Brazil, 2022. (n = 941).
The average performance of the care organization ranged from 29% to 75% of the expected standard. The domain of management and monitoring of the quality of care provided had the worst score (Table 2).
DISCUSSION
It was possible to build a cohort that, in an unprecedented way in Brazil, integrates available but previously unrelated data on people undergoing HIV treatment and the SUS health services that assist them.
Data from administrative databases have been used in several studies on HIV2121. Damba JJ, Laskine M, Peet MM, Jin Y, Sinyavskaya L, Durand M. Corticosteroids use and incidence of severe infections in people living with HIV compared to a matched population. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2022;21:23259582221107196. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259582221107196
https://doi.org/10.1177/2325958222110719... , but require detailed consistency analysis, even more crucial in a study like this one, which combines data from a survey with those from a previously related database. Information on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics comes from the probabilistic linkage conducted annually by the Ministry of Health, used in studies published in journals with a selective peer review policy11. Meireles MV, Pascom AR, Duarte EC. Factors associated with early virological response in HIV-infected individuals starting antiretroviral therapy in Brazil (2014-2015): results from a large HIV surveillance cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018 Aug;78(4):e19-27. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001684
https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.000000000000... ,22. Mangal TD, Meireles MV, Pascom AR, Coelho RA, Benzaken AS, Hallett TB. Determinants of survival of people living with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy in Brazil 2006-2015. BMC Infect Dis. 2019 Feb;19(1):206. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3844-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3844-... ,44. Santos ME, Protopopescu C, Ribero RA, Benzaken AS, Pereira GF, Stevens A, et al. Population attributable fractions of mortality in people living with HIV: roles of delayed antiretroviral therapy, hepatitis coinfections and social factors. AIDS. 2020 Oct;34(12):1843-54. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002621
https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.000000000000... . However, additional assessments of potential registration or unique identifying code assignment errors were performed against the original major bases.
There were 19,081 (7%) records of people with a first undetectable VL result. Of these, 520 records were identified in the VL history that seem to be from people who maintain undetectable VL for a long time (“elite controllers”), whose estimated prevalence is less than 1%11. Meireles MV, Pascom AR, Duarte EC. Factors associated with early virological response in HIV-infected individuals starting antiretroviral therapy in Brazil (2014-2015): results from a large HIV surveillance cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018 Aug;78(4):e19-27. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001684
https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.000000000000... ,2424. N’takpé JB, Gabillard D, Moh R, Gardiennet E, Toni TD, Kouame GM, et al. Elite and viremic HIV-1 controllers in West Africa. AIDS. 2022 Jan;36(1):29-38. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000003072
https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.000000000000... . So, it is likely that the majority of cases result from so-called “delayed registration” in the Siclom, that is, people who started treatment, received medication, but were not immediately registered in the system. Errors like this reflect unevenness in the quality of records across services. The errors whose most likely origin was the probabilistic linkage occurred in a smaller proportion (2.7%). All errors were subject to a detailed report to the federal HIV management of the MS, responsible for managing the systems and executing the linkage. Finally, we emphasize that the linkage of systems at the national level, through a unique identifying code, would be the ideal scenario. While this condition does not exist, probabilistic linkages remain valuable sources for real-life studies2323. Wabiri N, Naidoo I, Mungai E, Samuel C, Ngwenya T. The arts and tools for using routine health data to establish HIV high burden areas: the pilot case of KwaZulu-Natal South Africa. Front Public Health. 2019 Nov;7:335. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00335
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00335... .
The inclusion only of people who undergo clinical and laboratory follow-up in the SUS — a requirement dictated by the study design—implied the exclusion of 30% of individuals. Among them, 63% are people who use SUS services only to dispense medications prescribed by private services, thus, they are not obliged to provide clinical information to the SUS information systems. This exclusion does not represent a limitation since it stems from an inherent characteristic of the organization of health care in Brazil. It represents, on the contrary, a strength, since this is the first Brazilian national study that adjusts inclusion according to this characteristic. Additionally, the unprecedented estimate of the relative role of the public and private systems in HIV care in Brazil was part of a previously published product of this study2525. Alves AM, Santos AC, Kumow A, Sato APS, Helena ETS, Nemes MIB. Para além do acesso ao medicamento: papel do SUS e perfil da assistência em HIV no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2023;57:26. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056004476
https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2022... .
Among individuals monitored by SUS services, the absence of VL and/or CD4 records implied exclusion of 8%. Although timely laboratory monitoring is recommended in the clinical treatment protocol1111. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância, Prevenção e Controle das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, do HIV/Aids e das Hepatites Virais. Protocolo clínico e diretrizes terapêuticas para manejo da infecção pelo HIV em adultos. Brasília, DF: Ministério da Saúde; 2018 [cited 2022 Nov 7]. Available from: http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2013/protocolo-clinico-e-diretrizes-terapeuticas-para-manejo-da-infeccao-pelo-hiv-em-adultos
http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2013/pr... , its performance depends, above all, on the correct observance by the attending physician. The inadequacy of laboratory monitoring has already been pointed out in Brazil2626. Mendicino, CCP, Silva GJ, Braga LP, Colosimo EA, Guimarães MDC, Pádua CAM. Monitoring HIV infection in Minas Gerais state: 15-year assessment of adults living with HIV initiating Antiretroviral Therapy. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2020;53:e20200360. https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0360-2020
https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0360-2... and Latin America2727. Costa JM, Torres TS, Coelho LE, Luz PM. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS in Latin America and the Caribbean: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018 Jan;21(1):e25066. https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25066
https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25066... . The non-response of the services to the survey excluded only 3%.
The participants’ sociodemographic and clinical profile is similar to that observed in a previous national cohort11. Meireles MV, Pascom AR, Duarte EC. Factors associated with early virological response in HIV-infected individuals starting antiretroviral therapy in Brazil (2014-2015): results from a large HIV surveillance cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018 Aug;78(4):e19-27. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001684
https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.000000000000... ,22. Mangal TD, Meireles MV, Pascom AR, Coelho RA, Benzaken AS, Hallett TB. Determinants of survival of people living with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy in Brazil 2006-2015. BMC Infect Dis. 2019 Feb;19(1):206. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3844-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3844-... . The service profile confirms the structural and performance heterogeneity pointed out in previous studies66. Loch AP, Nemes MI, Santos MA, Alves AM, Melchior R, Basso CR, et al. Evaluation of outpatient services in the Brazilian Unified National Health System for persons living with HIV: a comparison of 2007 and 2010. Cad Saude Publica. 2018 Feb;34(2):e00047217. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00047217
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x0004721... . It highlights the insufficiency of quality management and monitoring, which particularly affects the identification and intervention of people who fail treatment and/or abandon treatment2828. Loch AP, Caraciolo JM, Rocha SQ, Fonsi M, Souza RA, Gianna MC, et al. An intervention for the implementation of clinical monitoring in specialized HIV/AIDS services. Cad Saude Publica. 2020;36(5):e00136219. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00136219
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x0013621... ,2929. Loch AP, Rocha SQ, Fonsi M, Caraciolo JMM, Kalichman AO, Souza RA, et al. Improving the continuum of care monitoring in Brazilian HIV healthcare services: an implementation science approach. PLoS One. 2021 May;16(5):e0250060. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250060
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025... and plays a crucial role in improving the overall performance of the care service3030. Akmal A, Podgorodnichenko N, Stokes T, Foote J, Greatbanks R, Gauld R. What makes an effective Quality Improvement Manager? A qualitative study in the New Zealand Health System. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022 Jan;22(1):50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07433-w
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07433... .
The linkage between individual and service databases makes it possible, for the first time in the country, to establish a dialogue with international studies of a similar design88. Monroe AK, Happ LP, Rayeed N, Ma Y, Jaurretche MJ, Terzian AS, et al. Clinic-level factors associated with time to antiretroviral initiation and viral suppression in a large, urban cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct;71(7):e151-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1098
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1098... ,3333. Badejo O, Noestlinger C, Jolayemi T, Adeola J, Okonkwo P, Van Belle S, et al. Multilevel modelling and multiple group analysis of disparities in continuity of care and viral suppression among adolescents and youths living with HIV in Nigeria. BMJ Glob Health. 2020 Nov;5(11):e003269. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003269
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-00326... . It is therefore expected that the Qualiaids Brazil Cohort will contribute to the construction of evidence in the area, based on analyses that integrate the different levels involved in determining the results of the HIV treatment of people monitored in the SUS services.
Acknowledgments
To Department of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections of the Secretariat for Health Surveillance and Environment of the Ministry of Health, for the assignment of databases and technical support in relation to the information.
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» https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003269
- Funding: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq – Chamada CNPq/MCTI/FNDCT no. 18/2021). Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (Opas – Carta Acordo SCON 2020-00219). Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa da Universidade de São Paulo (USP).
Publication Dates
- Publication in this collection
20 Oct 2023 - Date of issue
2023
History
- Received
12 Dec 2022 - Accepted
18 Jan 2023
Sinan: Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Informatiom System for Notifiable Diseases); Siclom: Sistema de Controle Logístico de Medicamentos (Medication Logistic Control System) ; Siscel: Sistema de Controle de Exames Laboratoriais de CD4+/CD8+ e Carga Viral do HIV (CD4+/CD8+ and HIV Viral Load Laboratory Test Control System); SIM: Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (Mortality Information System); ART: antiretroviral therapy; PLWHA: people living with HIV/aids; VL: viral load.a Incompatibility of Sinan data (n = 593), dispensing after death (n = 300), deaths prior to treatment initiation (n = 649), notification of tuberculosis after death (n = 67), duplicate CD4 test results (n = 2), duplicate VL test results (n = 261), duplicate dispensing records (n = 257), incorrect registration of ART initiation (5,073), interruption of ART and subsequent VL result undetectable (n = 160).b Record of first undetectable VL result (n = 19,081).
ART: antiretroviral therapy; PLWHA: people living with HIV/aids.a Services were classified based on the response to the question about the type of service in the Qualiaids questionnaire. “Outpatient type” for the answers: exclusive outpatient clinic for specialized care for patients with HIV/AIDS, STD, and viral hepatitis outpatient clinic; outpatient clinic specializing in infectious diseases; specialized assistance team included in a primary care service; outpatient care for various specialties and hospital outpatient clinic; “Type of primary care” for the answers: basic health unit, health center, family health.b The services’ infrastructure was calculated based on the answers to 45 questions in the Qualiaids questionnaire on the availability of: initial assessment and follow-up tests, complementary tests for evaluation of additional clinical conditions common in HIV/AIDS patients, referrals to specialist physicians, assistance modalities and other health professionals, and availability of medicines and supplies for prevention and diagnosis. Services with up to 49% of the expected infrastructure were classified as “insufficient,” those with infrastructure between 50% and 64% were defined as “acceptable” and those with more than 65% of available infrastructure were classified as “sufficient.”