ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

To estimate the prevalence of exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus among individuals living in restricted freedom.

METHODS

A seroprevalence survey was carried out with the population of the female penitentiary of the Centro de Progressão Penitenciária (CPP) in Butantan (municipality of São Paulo), between June 24 and August 20, 2020. During this period, according to the Secretariat of Penitentiary Administration (SAP), the positivity of rapid tests among inmates ranged from 65% to 78%. The evaluation method used in the study was the “One Step COVID-19” rapid test (chromatography), from the company Wondfo, also using the RT-PCR method in symptomatic participants to confirm the viral condition. The study population consisted of 879 female inmates and 170 employees of the institution.

RESULTS

The prevalence of total antibodies (IgG/IgM) against the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the total population of 1049 study participants was 6.1%; among the population of 879 inmates,a prevalence of 5.8% was observed, and among the institution’s employees, 7.5%.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of covid-19 at the Butantan CPP was low, which is due to the implementation of simple prevention measures at the institution, such as the use of masks (with appropriate changes), emphasis on hygiene, hand washing and social distancing, in addition to other strategies, such as suspending inmates’ visits from relatives and friends and cutting back on elective medical appointments and outside work.

Prisoners; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Testing; Risk Factors; Prevalence; Prisons

INTRODUCTION

In December 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) was alerted to several cases of atypical pneumonia caused by a new strain of coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2¹1. Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. LFSZ. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17(3):181-92. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0118-... . As of March 2020, such an infection, called covid-19 (coronavirus disease-2019), was considered pandemic. From that moment on, the world faced dramatic numbers, with more than 544 million cases and more than 6.33 million deaths recorded by June 2022⁴4. World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. 2020 [cited 2020 May 16]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/
https://covid19.who.int/... . In the same period, Brazil recorded more than 32.1 million cases and more than 670,000 deaths⁵5. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Coronavírus Brasil. COVID19. Painel Coronavírus. 2020 [cited 2022 Jun 17Available from: https://covid.saude.gov.br/
https://covid.saude.gov.br/... .

The covid-19 pandemic brought significant challenges to health care, as well as the need for advances in the knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease. Measures to try to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 have been adopted around the world, such as restrictions on international travel, implementation of lockdowns, orders for the population to stay at home in certain critical periods of the disease’s incidence, interruption of face-to-face classes, dissemination of a universal hand hygiene guide, physical distancing and use of face masks⁶6. Poole S, Brendish NJ, Clark TW. SARS-CoV-2 has displaced other seasonal respiratory viruses: results from a prospective cohort study. J Infect. 2020 Dec;81(6):966-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.11.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.11.0... .

Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can present different clinical pictures, ranging from asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic cases to severe symptomatic cases. If, on the one hand, the occurrence of asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic cases made actions to mitigate transmission more challenging for interrupting the transmission chain, on the other hand, the frequency of severe cases significantly impacted the care capacity of the available health services.

Considering the complexity of diagnosing cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the limited resources for this diagnosis, the registered epidemiological curve, based on case reports, did not express the spread of infection. Thus, some investigators estimate underreporting at around 10 to 12 times⁷7. Lipsitch M, Swerdlow DL, Finelli L. Defining the epidemiology of Covid-19: studies needed. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar;382(13):1194-6. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2002125
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2002125... ,⁸8. Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (São Paulo). COVID-19. Boletim Semanal. 2020 abr 17 [cited 2021 Jun 20]. Available from: https://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/upload/saude/PMSP_SMS_COVID19_Boletim%20Semanal_20200417_atualizado.pdf
https://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/... .

Faced with this pandemic scenario, the WHO began to recommend carrying out seroprevalence surveys with the aim of estimating seropositivity and, thus, quantifying the real extent of infection in the general population and in specific populations – with regard to both age and to socioeconomic conditions or other risk factors –, aiming to develop public policies and more effective interventions to face this scourge. That is, knowledge of seroprevalence is strategic information in public health, especially in times of pandemic. Knowing the immunity of the population, guaranteed by infection or even vaccine, allows better regional organization of the health organization. In fact, following this WHO request, in 2020 the Ministry of Health launched a research project with 211,129 Brazilians, in more than 62,000 households in 2,474 municipalities, to estimate the seroprevalence achieved by our population⁹9. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Saúde lança uma das maiores pesquisas de prevalência da Covid-19. Brasília, DF: Ministério da Saúde; 2021 [cited 2022 Jun 28]. Available from: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/saude-lanca-uma-das-maiores-pesquisas-de-prevalencia-da-covid-19%3E
https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/assuntos/... .

Morbidity and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 is related to social determinants of health and the vulnerability of some specific populations. A study carried out in São Paulo, for example, showed higher mortality associated with lower educational and income levels, living in crowded households, and subnormal clusters¹²12. Ribeiro KB, Ribeiro AF, Veras MA, Castro MC. Social inequalities and COVID-19 mortality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Int J Epidemiol. 2021 Jul;50(3):732-42. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab022
https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab022... . In this sense, it is expected that liberty-deprived populations are at risk in pandemic situations. However, considering the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through the air, prison environments offer an even greater risk of contagion. It is estimated, for example, that a positive case infects up to 10 incarcerated people, while under normal conditions this number should not exceed 2–3 people¹³13. Bianchi E, Macedo L, Maciel E, Sá R, Silva A, Duque C, et al. Prevalência de infecção por SARS-CoV-2 e fatores associados em pessoas privadas de liberdade no Espírito Santo, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2022;38(2) :e00094721. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00094721
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0009472... .

Scientific publications related to the incidence of covid-19, as well as other infectious diseases, in the prison population are scarce, pointing to a possible lack of interest in this topic by the scientific community and public authorities, which may result from the stigma and difficulty of access to that group.

An additional concern for this social segment includes the conditions in prison units in Brazil, with overcrowded and poorly ventilated cells, limited access to water and basic sanitation, and prison units lacking structured health modules, including service rooms scattered wherever there is space available and the frequent movement of inmates through the physical areas of the institutions¹⁴14. Soares MM, Bueno PM. Demografia, vulnerabilidades e direito à saúde da população prisional brasileira. Cien Saúde Colet. 2016 Jun;21(7):1999-2010. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015217.24102015
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015217... . These particularities increased their susceptibility to the rapid spread of covid-19, a well-documented fact for such other infectious diseases as influenza, tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases¹⁵15. Sánchez A, Simas L, Diuana V, Larouze B. COVID-19 nas prisões: um desafio impossível para a saúde pública? Cad Saúde Pública. 2020;36(5):e00083520. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00083520
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x0008352... ,¹⁶16. Montoya-Barthelemy AG, Lee CD, Cundiff DR, Smith EB. COVID-19 and the correctional environment: the American prison as a focal point for public health. Am J Prev Med. 2020 Jun;58(6):888-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.04.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.04... . In addition to being a major risk for liberty-deprived people, the high incidence of covid-19 in prisons would serve as a source of infection for the general population, considering the movement of employees and the entire social circle involved¹⁷17. Franco-Paredes C, Jankousky K, Schultz J, Bernfeld J, Cullen K, Quan NG, et al. COVID-19 in jails and prisons: a neglected infection in a marginalized population. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020 Jun;14(6):e0008409. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008409
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.000... . The coronavirus can transit between the bars of the prison system itself, given the transfers of prisoners between multiple establishments¹⁸18. Sylverken A, El-Duah P, Owusu M, Yeboah R, Kwarteng A, Ofori L, et al. Burden of respiratory viral infections among inmates of a Ghanaian prison. Research Square. 2019. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.14139/v1
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.14139/v1... . In the state of São Paulo alone, the estimated prison population in 2020 was around 231,287 individuals¹⁹19. Crispim JA, Ramos AC, Berra TZ, Santos MS, Santos FL, Alves LS, et al. Impact and trend of COVID-19 in the Brazilian prison system: an ecological study. Cien Saúde Colet. 2021 Jan;26(1):169-78. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020261.38442020
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020261... .

In the context of overcrowding, often present in prisons, it is difficult to avoid overcrowding and maintain enhanced hygiene conditions. This is compounded by the fact that the physical structure of prison units, for the most part, has not been planned for air circulation and access to sunlight. Finally, social isolation becomes even more challenging, since, in addition to new individuals joining the system daily, civil servants transit in different spaces, as they return to their homes after working hours within the units²⁰20. Conselho Nacional de Justiça. Relatório de monitoramento da COVID-19 e da recomendação 62/CNJ nos sistemas penitenciário e de medidas socioeducativas. Brasília, DF: Conselho Nacional de Justiça; 2020.,²¹21. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. Preparedness, prevention and control of COVID-19 in prisons and other places of detention: interim guidance 8 February 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021..

The prison population is very vulnerable to physical and mental problems, both due to the fragility caused by social isolation itself and the stress of liberty deprivation. In addition, it is much more susceptible to infectious diseases¹⁰10. Kissler SM, Tedijanto C, Goldstein E, Grad YH, Lipsitch M. Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science. 2020 May;368(6493):860-8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb5793
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb5793... .

Thus, estimating the prevalence of exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in individuals living in restricted environments was essential to assess the speed of spread of the disease, as well as to make decisions that could minimize this spread. In order to assess the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in prisons, the Butantan Institute carried out a seroepidemiological survey of inmates at the Penitentiary Progression Center (CPP) “Marina Marigo Cardoso de Oliveira” in Butantan located in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil.

METHODS

Study Design

Cross-sectional study carried out between June and September 2020, designed to estimate the prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the Butantan CPP population.

Butantan Penitentiary Progression Center

The Butantan CPP is a semi-open female prison whose mission is to house inmates in preparation for social life, before final release after serving their sentence. It receives liberty-deprived women (inmates) from various women’s prisons in the State of São Paulo: State Female Penitentiary (FP); FP of the Capital; FP of Tremembé, FP of Campinas, FP Franco da Rocha, FP of Mogi Guaçu, CPP of São Miguel Paulista, among others. It has the capacity to receive 1,110 women and, at the time of the pandemic, it housed 879 individuals.

The site features a vertical architecture, with four four-story buildings, accessed only by stairs, and a fifth two-story building, where the health management sector is located, on the ground floor. Patients who need further medical care remain in the same building, but on the first floor, adjacent to the health care center.

Study Population

The study population consisted of inmates residing at the Butantã CPP and employees who worked there during the research, totaling 879 inmates, 159 employees and service providers. At the time the study was carried out, visits were suspended as a measure to prevent contamination with SARS-CoV-2.

Inclusion Criteria

To be inmates of the establishment, to be employees of the Butantan CPP in the health sector (nursing technicians, nurses, psychologists, social and medical workers); to be administrative employees or penitentiary agents, regardless of age, who showed interest in participating in the study by signing the free and informed consent form (TCLE).

Exclusion Criteria

Potential participants who show no interest in participating in the study.

Local Infection Containment Strategies

The population under study is characterized by high turnover, as it includes inmates in a semi-open regime in the final phase of serving their sentence. However, since the beginning of the pandemic, those responsible for the prison system have implemented strategies to contain SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, visits from friends and family have been prohibited since April 29, 2020. In addition, the inmates did not go out to work, study or to carry out consultations and elective exams.

In addition, an explanatory lecture was held in the chapel of the prison system, for all employees and representatives of the inmates (approximately 250 people), about the disease, with infection control strategies, including guidance on the importance of using masks, cleaning of hands with gel alcohol, and social isolation. Immediately, the use of a mask was recommended, with changes established at most every three hours, and distancing for all employees and inmates. It should be noted that the masks were produced in the prison itself and provided to everyone.

Pregnant women, elderly women and the chronically ill were placed in an isolated ward close to the health sector, as this was the highest risk group among liberty-deprived people. In addition, all public servants were trained to screen suspected cases. Even in the absence of health workers, everyone knew how to screen cases. Inputs were also stocked (alcohol, gloves, masks, goggles and bleach) to ensure that all procedures could be carried out in appropriate conditions, minimizing transmission risks.

The Health Sector and the Butantan CPP Board of Directors also created specific strategies to contain the infection, suspending consultations and elective exams, except in cases of chronically ill and HIV-seropositive patients. In urgent cases, the inmates were sent to hospital and, as soon as they returned, they remained in isolation for fifteen days.

During the pandemic period, two floors, with individual cells, were separated from the common population for suspected cases of covid-19. The symptomatic prisoners were isolated with control of vital data, blood pressure, pulse and oxygen saturation. In the event of hemodynamic instability and drop in oxygen saturation, they were promptly referred to external emergency services. After returning to the prison system, they remained in isolation for 15 days in an individual cell.

Health and administrative employees and penitentiary agents were subjected, still at the entrance, before entering the building, to temperature and oxygen saturation measurement. If there was any abnormality, they were instructed to seek the external health sector. In severe cases, like the inmates, they were sent by ambulance for an external health assessment.

Participant Selection and Recruitment Strategy

Potential participants from each subgroup were invited to participate in the study by the research physicians responsible for the institution’s health management center. All study procedures were performed at the CPP itself.

Biological Material Collection

After signing the TCLE, participants were submitted to biological sampling: blood for the rapid serological test, for all participants, and secretion from the nasopharynx and oropharynx using a swab for carrying out the RT-PCR test, only for individuals who reported symptoms at the time of the survey. The inmates were tested following an organized flow through the four buildings and through the four floors.

The type of sample collected varied depending on the subgroup to which the participant was included in the study. Asymptomatic participants had a blood sample collected by venipuncture (with serum separation) for use in the rapid test. Participants presenting any symptoms suspected of infection were assigned to the symptomatic subgroup and had the material for nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs measured for RT-PCR analysis, in addition to blood sampling.

The collected blood samples were reserved for a minimum of 30–45 minutes at room temperature to be analyzed. If they were not processed immediately, after 45 minutes, the samples were kept under refrigeration at 2–8°C for a maximum of 72 hours following collection, when they were then evaluated.

The secretion samples collected with the swab were stored for up to 72 hours under refrigeration, at 2–8°C, until processing and analysis. If these samples were not processed within 72 hours, they were kept frozen at -70°C until processing and analysis.

One Step Covid-19 Rapid Test (RST)

The rapid test provided for the study, based on Technical Opinion 03/2020 – DHEM/DIR GENERAL/HCF, was used to perform serological screening in suspected cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Positive results indicate that there was previous exposure of the participant to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, but negative results do not rule out asymptomatic infection or previous contact with the virus after long periods of time. The test has a sensitivity of 98.11% and a specificity of 99.72%, according to the data in the test package insert²²22. Celer Biotecnologia S.A. Celer Wondfo SARS-CoV-2 Ag Rapid Test [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Feb 16]. Available from: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindm kaj/https://epimed.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Bula-SARS-CoV-2-Ag-Rapid-Test-ACS00135_01_003_Instru%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-Uso-Celer-Wondfo.pdf.
https://epimed.com.br/wp-content/uploads... . The processing of the collected samples was carried out at the Covid-19 Diagnostics Laboratory at the Butantan Institute.

RT-PCR Real Time

RT-PCR performance followed the execution protocol used at the Butantan Institute for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection²³23. Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, Molenkamp R, Meijer A, Chu DK, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill. 2020 Jan;25(3). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045
https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.202... .

Data Logging, Data Management and Data Analysis Software

Interviews were carried out with the participants with the collection of identification, sociodemographic and clinical data, recorded in a standardized form on the same day of biological sampling. These data, as well as test results, were fed into an electronic information capture system (Epidata, version 1.1.2 of January 2006) specifically designed for this survey. All participants received reports of individual results and were instructed individually according to the result obtained. The management of the database and the analysis of the results was carried out by the Center for Clinical Safety and Risk Management at the Butantan Institute.

Statistical Analysis

Data from this study were analyzed using the statistical program Stata version 13.0 (StataCorp LP, CollegeStation, Texas, USA).

In the descriptive analysis of sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory variables, the prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for each subgroup of the study population (inmates and employees). The chi-square test was used to test the association between the subgroups of the studied population and the prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, with a statistical significance level of 5%.

Ethical Considerations

This study was conducted in full compliance with relevant Brazilian and international ethical regulations or guidelines, and was approved by the Ethics Committee for Analysis of Research Projects (CAPPesq) of the Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (USP).

RESULTS

Information was collected from 1,038 participants. Among them, 879 inmates and 159 servants of the Butantan CPP. The median age in the general sample was 36 years; among inmates it was 34.3 years and among civil servants 42.2 years. The group of inmates was formed by female participants in its entirety. Among servers, 82.8% were female (Table 1).

In the general sample, 45.1% were brown, 38.7% white and 12.6% black. Among the inmates, 49.4% were brown, 33.8% were white and 12.9% were black, and among public servants 66% were white, 21.4% brown and 11.3% black (Table 1).

The prevalence of total antibodies against SARS-Cov-2 found in the general study population was 6.1% (95%CI 4.7–7.7). Specifically among inmates, the prevalence was 5.8% (95%CI 4.3–7.6), and among civil servants, 7.5% (95%CI 4.0–12.8).

Among inmates, the prevalence was detected more frequently (12.5% [95%CI 0.3–48.2]) in younger women (< than 20 years). Among women aged 20 to 29 years, the prevalence was 8.1% [95%CI 5.4–12.1]; among those aged 30 to 39 years, 40 to 49 years and 50 to 59 years, it was 6.1%, 2.5% and 3.2%, respectively; among those over 60 years of age, the prevalence was 8.3% [95%CI 0.1–27.0]). Seropositivity was higher among white women (6.15%) than among black and brown women (5.5%).

The prevalence observed among civil servants was also higher at the extremes of age in the sample, being 12.5% (95%CI 1.6–38.3) among civil servants aged 20 to 29 years and 12.8% (95%CI 4,3–27.4) among those aged 50 to 59 years. A higher prevalence was observed in male than in female servants, being 13.8% and 6.2%, respectively. In the white population, the prevalence was 9.5%, and in the black population, 3.8% (Tables 2 and 3).

Table 4 shows the prevalence of different symptoms in the general sample. The presence or absence of symptoms had no direct association with positive RST in the study population. Symptoms associated with positive RST were chills (p = 0.006), wheezing (p = 0.032), chest pain (p < 0.001), nausea/vomiting (p = 0.024), loss of smell (p < 0.001) and loss of taste (p < 0.001). Among inmates, the association between positive RST and symptoms occurred with chest pain (p < 0.001), loss of smell (p = 0.029) and loss of taste (p = 0.018) – there were no cases requiring hospitalization, as the clinical picture presented was mild (p = 0.045). Among civil servants, positive RST was associated with fever ≥ 37.8°C (p = 0.029), wheezing (p = 0.015), loss of smell (p < 0.001) and loss of taste (p < 0.002).

DISCUSSION

The prison population is very vulnerable to physical and mental problems, due to both the fragility caused by social isolation itself and the stress of liberty deprivation, in addition to being much more susceptible to infectious diseases¹⁰10. Kissler SM, Tedijanto C, Goldstein E, Grad YH, Lipsitch M. Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science. 2020 May;368(6493):860-8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb5793
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb5793... ,¹¹11. Wu JT, Leung K, Leung GM. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. Lancet. 2020 Feb;395(10225):689-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30... ,²⁴24. Woo PCY. Lau SKP, Lam CSF, Lau CCY, Tsang AKL, Lau JHN, et al. Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavi. J Virol. 2012 Apr;86(7):3995-4008. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06540-11
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06540-11... . The infrastructure of prisons, in general, is conducive to the spread of infectious diseases, mainly respiratory, such as covid-19. During the testing, the inmates were not visited by family and friends, nor were they allowed to leave the prison, but they were still exposed, as agents and employees frequently leave and return from the facilities.

In the history of viral infections, it is worth mentioning that, in 1918, during the Spanish flu, the disease spread rapidly as a result of the inmates’ close confinement and an inability to isolate the sick. In the prison of San Quentin, state of California, United States, half of the 1900 inmates contracted the disease during the first wave of the epidemic; sick calls increased from 150 to 700 daily²⁴24. Woo PCY. Lau SKP, Lam CSF, Lau CCY, Tsang AKL, Lau JHN, et al. Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavi. J Virol. 2012 Apr;86(7):3995-4008. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06540-11
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06540-11... .

Distancing becomes unfeasible and the risks of infection increase, resulting in serious cases and death. At the Butantan CPP, these two consequences were avoided, since the restriction of visits and hygiene measures were efficiently taken, in time to minimize inmates’ infection during the study²⁴24. Woo PCY. Lau SKP, Lam CSF, Lau CCY, Tsang AKL, Lau JHN, et al. Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavi. J Virol. 2012 Apr;86(7):3995-4008. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06540-11
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06540-11... .

However, the population under study shows high turnover and displacement, since it includes inmates in a semi-open regime and who are allowed to work outside the walls in the final phase of serving their sentences. However, since the beginning of the pandemic, those responsible for the prison system have implemented general strategies to contain the SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as the ban on visits by friends and family since April 29, 2020. The inmates remained in the establishment, without permission for work or study trips, or even for appointments and elective exams. Only cases of chronically ill and HIV-seropositive patients were treated otherwise.

Among some solutions to mitigate the damage caused by covid-19 in the penitentiary system were the release of inmates at high risk of infection, such as those of advanced age, those convicted of non-violent crimes and those with clinical comorbidities, in addition to releasing prisoners in freedom parole, without serious crimes, with a remaining sentence of less than two years, always in an attempt to reduce the establishment’s population²⁵25. Hawks L, Woolhandler S, McCormick D. COVID-19 in prisons and jails in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Aug;180(8):1041-2. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1856
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20... .

As for the health, administrative and penitentiary staff, they were all submitted, still at the entrance, before entering the building, to temperature and oxygen saturation measurement. In cases of abnormality, they were instructed to seek the external health sector. In serious cases, just like the inmates, they were all sent by ambulance for an external assessment of their health.

The major limitation of the study was the testing of penitentiary agents, who can work as day laborers or on duty. The strategy was to carry out tests within the two teams on duty. There was a loss of testing in six employees, removed from the service during the study.

Another limitation concerns the evaluation method for detecting infection: the rapid test. The study did not have a qualified professional to evaluate the result obtained and associate it with the patient’s clinical profile or other laboratory test results. The test in question was not developed for the detection of SARSCoV-2 antigens in human samples, thus, it is a qualitative assay.

The results of this survey indicated a higher serum prevalence (6.1%) among the study population; in individuals with a positive serological test (n = 63), with 69.8% asymptomatic. Regarding the prevalence of total antibodies in the inmate population, the prevalence was 5.8%, and, among civil servants, the prevalence was 7.5%. Differences in prevalence with regard to age group – 12.5% among younger women, aged less than 20 years, and civil servants between 20 and 29 years old (12.5%) compared to civil servants aged 50 to 59 years old (12.8%) – did not appear to be significant. Some population-based studies have shown differences in prevalence rates between men and women, with a higher prevalence for men in New York²⁶26. Gouvea-Reis FA, Borja LS, Dias PO, Silva DC, Percio J, Peterka C, et al. SARS-CoV-2 among inmates aged over 60 during a COVID-19 outbreak in a penitentiary complex in Brazil: positive health outcomes despite high prevalence. Int J Infect Dis. 2021 Oct;110 Suppl 1:S25-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.080
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.0... and Switzerland²⁷27. Rosenberg E, Hall E, Rosenthal E, Maxted A, Gowie D, Dufort E, et al. Monitoring Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) through trends in influenza-like illness, laboratory-confirmed Influenza, and COVID-19: New York State, excluding New York City, 1 January 2020-12 April 2020. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(1):144-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa684
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa684... . However, studies conducted in Brazil¹⁸18. Sylverken A, El-Duah P, Owusu M, Yeboah R, Kwarteng A, Ofori L, et al. Burden of respiratory viral infections among inmates of a Ghanaian prison. Research Square. 2019. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.14139/v1
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.14139/v1... ,¹⁹19. Crispim JA, Ramos AC, Berra TZ, Santos MS, Santos FL, Alves LS, et al. Impact and trend of COVID-19 in the Brazilian prison system: an ecological study. Cien Saúde Colet. 2021 Jan;26(1):169-78. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020261.38442020
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020261... ,²⁸28. Erikstrup C, Hother CE, Pedersen OBV, Mølbak K, Skov RL, Holm DK, et al. Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate by real-time antibody screening of blood donors. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jan;72(2):249-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa849
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa849... ,²⁹29. Amorim Filho L, Szwarcwald CL, Mateos SO, Leon AC, Medronho RA, Veloso VG, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 among blood donors in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Saúde Pública. 2020;54(May):69. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002643
https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020... , France³⁰30. Hallal PC, Hartwig FP, Horta BL, Silveira MF, Struchiner CJ, Vidaletti LP, et al. SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in Brazil: results from two successive nationwide serological household surveys. Lancet Glob Health. 2020 Nov;8(11):1390-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30387-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30... and the United States³¹31. Gallian P, Pastorino B, Morel P, Chiaroni J, Ninove l, lamballerie X. Lower prevalence of antibodies neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 in group O French blood donors. Antiviral Res. 2020 Sep;181:104880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104880
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020... did not identify significant gender differences.

The observed results showed that there was no direct association between the presence or absence of symptoms with positive results in the study population. The symptoms most associated with positive cases for the prevalence of the SARS-Cov-2 antibody were chills, wheezing, chest pain, nausea/vomiting, loss of smell and loss of taste. When evaluating reports of symptoms presented by individuals participating in other surveys, with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2, it is observed that the report of anosmia and ageusia are the most frequent, followed by fatigue, cough, myalgia and diarrhea³²32. Havers FP, Reed C, Lim T, Montgomery JM, Klena JD, Hall AJ, et al. Seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in 10 sites in the United States, March 23-May 12m 2020. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(12):1576-86. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4130
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20... ,³³33. Secretaria de Estado da Saúde (Espírito Santo). Coronavírus: inquérito sorológico. Vitória; 2020 [cited 2020 Ago 18]. Available from: https://saude.es.gov.br/Inquerito_Sorologico
https://saude.es.gov.br/Inquerito_Sorolo... . It is known that most people with covid-19 develop mild or moderate symptoms (80%), around 15% develop severe symptoms, and among the symptoms most associated with covid-19, which at the time of the epidemiological survey were more frequent, are fever (83%–99% of patients), cough (59%–82%), fatigue (44%–70%), anorexia (40%–84%), dyspnea (31%–40%) and myalgias (11%–35%)³⁴34. Tess B, Granato C, Alves M, Pintao M, Rizzatti E, Nunes M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, ten weeks after the first reported case. medRxiv 2020 June 29 [Preprint]. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.29.20142331
https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.29.20142... . Other nonspecific symptoms such as sore throat, headache and diarrhea have been reported³⁵35. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020 Feb;395(10223):497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30... . Anosmia and ageusia usually appear at the onset of symptoms³⁶36. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y Lian W, Ou C, He J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr;382:1708-20. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032... ,³⁷37. Spinato G, Fabbris C, Polesel J, Cazzador D, Borsetto D, Hopkins C, et al. Alterations in smell or taste in mildly symptomatic outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA. 2020 May;323(20):2089-90. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6771
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6771... .

A nationwide epidemiological study, carried out with the prison population, during the period from April 14 to August 31, 2020, reported that there were reports of approximately 4,724 confirmed cases of covid-19. Only in the state of São Paulo, about 25.17% of the prison population was contaminated, indicating an alarming growth in the spread of the disease in this population and placing the state as having the highest rate of confirmed cases in an incarcerated population in all of Brazil¹⁹19. Crispim JA, Ramos AC, Berra TZ, Santos MS, Santos FL, Alves LS, et al. Impact and trend of COVID-19 in the Brazilian prison system: an ecological study. Cien Saúde Colet. 2021 Jan;26(1):169-78. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020261.38442020
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020261... .

The country complied with the measures proposed by the WHO²¹21. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. Preparedness, prevention and control of COVID-19 in prisons and other places of detention: interim guidance 8 February 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.in relation to the incarcerated population through Recommendation 62/2020 of the National Council of Justice (CNJ)³⁸38. Conselho Nacional de Justiça. Recomendação nº 62, de 17 de março e 2020. Recomendação. Recomenda aos Tribunais e magistrados a adoção de medidas preventivas à propagação da infecção pelo novo coronavírus – Covid-19 no âmbito dos sistemas de justiça penal e socioeducativo. Brasília, DF: Conselho Nacional de Justiça; 2020.. The Brazilian Society of Family and Community Medicine issued a document highlighting the need for other measures, such as educational actions, combating fake news, individual and collective hygiene, hygiene of environments, provision of information to family members, and cleaning of hygiene material for security professionals, involving prisoners and several penitentiary professionals³⁹39. Grupo de Trabalho em Saúde Prisional da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade. Medidas e orientações para o enfrentamento a COVID–19 nas prisões. 2020 [cited 2022 Apr 7]. Available from: https://www.sbmfc.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Medidas-e-orientac%CC%A7o%CC%83es-para-o-enfrentamento-a-COVID-%E2%80%93-19-nas-priso%CC%83es.pdf
https://www.sbmfc.org.br/wp-content/uplo... .

As of May 11, 2020, there were 603 confirmed cases of covid-19 in Brazilian prisons, resulting in 23 deaths⁴⁰40. Carvalho SG, Santos AB, Santos IM. A pandemia no cárcere: intervenções no superisolamento. Cien Saúde Colet. 2020 Sep;25(9):3493-502. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020259.15682020
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020259... . In just 20 days, the numbers jumped from 1 to over 100⁴¹41. Cruz MT, Vasconcelos C. Casos de coronavírus em prisões vão de 1 a 107 em 20 dias, com 7 mortes. Ponte. 28 abr 2020 [cited 2022 Apr 7]. Available from: https://ponte.org/casos-de-covid-19-em-prisoes-vao-de-1-a-107-em-20-dias-com-7-mortes/
https://ponte.org/casos-de-covid-19-em-p... . It is noteworthy that, of the 603 cases of covid-19 in Brazilian prisons, 444 (74%) were in the Penitentiary Complex of Papuda⁴²42. Diogo D. Número de presos infectados pelo coronavírus na Papuda chega a 444. Correio Brasiliense. 2020 maio 11 [cited 2022 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/cidades/2020/05/11/interna_cidadesdf,853723/numero-de-presos-infectados-pelo-coronavirus-na-papuda-chega-a-444.shtml
https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/ap... , in the Federal District, an institution that houses many imprisoned politicians and criminals with greater purchasing power. Such data shows an inequality in the penitentiary system that reproduces that of society in general, in which there is more access to tests for the new coronavirus for people who occupy a privileged social or financial position⁴³43. EPICOVID-19. Quarta etapa da pesquisa nacional mostra desaceleração do coronavírus no Brasil]. 2020 [cited 2022 Apr 7]. Available from: http://www.epicovid19brasil.org/?p=963
http://www.epicovid19brasil.org/?p=963... .

As this cross-sectional study portrayed a moment of the disease among the inmates, possible fluctuations in the number of cases of covid-19 were not recorded, since longitudinal studies would be necessary. Some population-based studies, with Epicovid-19, carried out in Brazil⁴⁴44. Ward H, Atchison C, Whitaker M, Ainslie KE, Elliott J, Okell L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in England following the first peak of the pandemic. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):905. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21237-w
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21237... , and REACT2⁴⁵45. Pollán M, Pérez-Gómez B, Pastor-Barriuso R, Oteo J, Hernán MA, Pérez-Olmeda M, et al. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain (ENE-COVID): a nationwide, population-based seroepidemiological study. Lancet. 2020 Aug;396(10250):535-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31483-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31... , conducted in the United Kingdom, reported a decrease in the percentage of the population that presents antibodies, as the pandemic progressed and vaccination actions intensified. Differences in results may occur due to the type of serological test used. In these two cited studies, rapid tests were used through lateral flow immunoassay, while in ours, a chemiluminescent immunoassay was used.

Since April 2020, seroprevalence studies have been reported in several countries, including Brazil, China, France, Germany, Iran, Italy, Spain, England, Peru, Chile, Switzerland, Austria, and United States²⁹29. Amorim Filho L, Szwarcwald CL, Mateos SO, Leon AC, Medronho RA, Veloso VG, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 among blood donors in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Saúde Pública. 2020;54(May):69. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002643
https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020... . In Brazil, there are few population-based seroprevalence studies. Only one of them is national in scope, with a sample that includes 133 municipalities distributed in the 27 federative units of Brazil – the Epicovid epidemiological survey – carried out at multiple moments of the pandemic⁵¹51. Secretaria de Administração Penitenciária. Boletim Informativo–Covid-19 [Internet]. 2020 set 30 [cited 2022 Jul 4]. Available from: http://www.sap.sp.gov.br/boletim-coronavirus.html
http://www.sap.sp.gov.br/boletim-coronav... .

The Covid-19 Newsletter, from SAP, provides the following data on the results of the rapid test of servers and inmates on the date of our research: in July 2020, 11.90% of positive cases among servers and 65.00% of the inmates; in August 2020, 11.48% positive cases and 68.47% of inmates; in September 2020, 12.73% of civil servants and 78.23% of inmates. It should also be considered that among the system’s servants, 82% were male and 18% female, while among the prison population, 98% were male and 2% female during this period⁵¹51. Secretaria de Administração Penitenciária. Boletim Informativo–Covid-19 [Internet]. 2020 set 30 [cited 2022 Jul 4]. Available from: http://www.sap.sp.gov.br/boletim-coronavirus.html
http://www.sap.sp.gov.br/boletim-coronav... .

The authors of the study interpret that the implementation of simple prevention measures in this institution, such as the use of masks (with appropriate changes), emphasis on hygiene, hand washing and social distancing, in addition to other strategies, such as suspending inmates’ family and friends visits, cuts in elective medical appointments and outside work, led to the low prevalence of covid-19 in the Butantan CPP.

Acknowledgements

To Maria da Graça Salomão and Tazio Vanni for their contribution to the preparation of this article.

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