Abstract

Medical students have many different options of academic and professional undertakings after graduation. The aim of this study is to determine the career preferences of students in their final year of medical school and to determine the factors that contributed for such decision. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study involving the final-year medical students of Afe Babalola University, Ekiti State, Nigeria. A well-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Descriptive statistics included frequency tables, charts, means and standard deviations. A total number of 100 final-year medical students participated in the study, out of which 29 (29.0%) were males and 71 (71.0%) were females, with a male to female ratio of 0.4 to 1. The age range of the respondents was 21 to 30 years, with a mean(±SD) of 23.5(±1.4). 72% of the respondents planned to pursue a postgraduate academic qualification after graduating from medical school, mostly in the United Kingdom, and a Master of Public Health was the most sought qualification. Similarly, 76% of the respondents planned to pursue a postgraduate medical fellowship after medical school, also mostly in the United Kingdom. The specialty most sought-after is Obstetrics and Gynaecology (43%), followed by Surgery (40%), Family Medicine (34%), Community Medicine (33%), Paediatrics (25%), and Internal Medicine (23%) while the least sought-after specialty is Chemical pathology (28%), followed by Medical Microbiology (27%) and Morbid Anatomy (24%). The most important factor considered by the respondents in choosing a particular specialty is their personal interest in that specialty, followed by financial prospects, comfortable lifestyle, and flexible working hours. Master of Public Health degree and postgraduate fellowship in Obstetrics and Gynaecology specialty are the career preferences for most of the final-year medical students in this study, and this is largely informed by their personal interest in these fields.

Key words:
Medical students; Final year; Career preferences; Post-graduation; Nigeria

Introduction

Medical students have many different options for academic and professional undertakings after graduation. These options can be loosely categorized into two paths. The first option is the postgraduate academic qualification, while the second option is the postgraduate specialist qualification. According to Kaur et al. (2014KAUR, B. et al. The medical schools outcomes database project: Australian medical student characteristics. BMC Medical Education , Berlin, v. 14, n. 180, 2014. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-14-180
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-14-180... ) and Burkhadt, Desjardins, and Gruppen (2021BURKHARDT, J; DESJARDINS, S; GRUPPEN, L. Diversity of the physician workforce: Specialty choice decisions during medical school. PLoS ONE, San Francisco, v. 16, n. 11, e0259434, 2021. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259434
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025... ) it is also possible to pursue both qualifications in succession or simultaneously. The choice of which path to follow is entirely that of the students, although they can be guided into making that choice.

There are many clinical specialties medical students can choose from; they range from specialties in basic medical sciences to clinical sciences, which can be surgical based or non-surgical (medical) based specialties. Compton et al. (2008COMPTON, M.T. et al. Changes in U.S. medical students’ specialty interests over the course of medical school. Journal of General Internal Medicine, Berlin, v. 23, n. 7, p. 1095-1100, 2008. DOI: 10.1007/s11606-008-0579-z
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-008-0579-... ), states that the major core areas of specialization include Surgery, Internal medicine, Paediatrics, and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, with various areas of sub-specializations.

Querido et al. (2018QUERIDO, S. et al. Factors affecting senior medical students’ career choice. International Journal of Medical Education , [s.l.], v. 9, p. 332-339, 2018. DOI: 10.5116/ijme.5c14.de75
https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.5c14.de75... ), Abdulrahman et al. (2016ABDULRAHMAN, M. et al. Specialty preferences and motivating factors: A national survey on medical students from five UAE medical schools. Education for Health Change in Learning & Practice, Abingdon, v. 29, n. 3, p. 231-243, 2016. DOI: 10.4103/1357-6283.204225
https://doi.org/10.4103/1357-6283.204225... ), and Saigal et al. (2007SAIGAL, P. et al. Factors considered by medical students when formulating their specialty preferences in Japan: Findings from a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education, Berlin, v. 7, n. 31, 2007. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-7-31
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-7-31... ) agreed that several factors can influence medical student’s choice in specialty. Medical students might choose a specific specialty due to a genuine interest in that field or due to influence of family members or friends. Alawad et al. (2015ALAWAD, A.A. et al. Factors considered by undergraduate medical students when selecting specialty of their future careers. Pan African Medical Journal, Nairobi, v. 20, n. 102, 2015. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.20.102.4715
https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2015.20.10... ), Abdulghani et al. (2015ABDULGHANI, H.M. et al. What determines the selection of undergraduate medical students to the specialty of their future careers? Medical Teacher, Abingdon, v. 35, n. suppl. 1, p. S25-S30, 2015. DOI: 10.3109/0142159X.2013.765548
https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2013.76... ), and Indyk et al. (2011INDYK, D. et al. The influence of longitudinal mentoring on medical student selection of primary care residencies. BMC Medical Education, Berlin, v. 11, n. 27, 2011. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-11-27
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-11-27... ) reported that they can also be influenced by an advice from career counsellors or by an admired mentor.

Saigal et al. (2007SAIGAL, P. et al. Factors considered by medical students when formulating their specialty preferences in Japan: Findings from a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education, Berlin, v. 7, n. 31, 2007. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-7-31
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-7-31... ) reported that medical career preferences are also linked to the medical school curriculum which differs from country to country. Maiorova et al. (2008MAIOROVA, T. et al. The impact of clerkships on students’ specialty preferences: What do undergraduates learn for their profession? Medical Education, Abingdon, v. 42, n. 6, p. 554562, 2008. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03008.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008... ) and Chang, Odrobina, and Seltman (2010CHANG, J.C.; ODROBINA, M. R. ; SELTMAN, K. M. Residents as role models: the effect of the obstetrics and gynecology clerkship on medical students’ career interest. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, Abingdon, v. 2, n. 3, p. 341-345, 2010. DOI: 10.4300/JGME-D-09-00070.1
https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-09-00070.... ) stated that the time students spend in various courses or posts within the different departments varies, and there is a tendency for students to be more involved and interested in specialties they spent more time with than those they spent less time. Pawelczyk et al. (2019PAWELCZYK, A. et al. Priorities, factors and alternatives involved in the choice of medical specialty - an empirical study on year sixth medical students. Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie, Kraków, v. 17, n. 2, p. 62-73, 2019. DOI:10.4467/20842627OZ.19.008.11379
https://doi.org/10.4467/20842627OZ.19.00... ) and Gennissen et al. (2021GENNISSEN, L. et al. Career orientations of medical students: A Q-methodology study. PLoS ONE , San Francisco, v. 16, n. 5, e0249092, 2021. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249092
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... ) reported that other factors that may influence medical student’s choice in specialty include the attractiveness and societal regard toward the specialty, gender preference, possibility of private practice, and interest in research and teaching.

The decision on a career choice is reached by medical students at different times during their academic pursuit. Oche et al. (2013OCHE, M.O. et al. Medical students’ specialty preferences: a survey in a medical school in Northern Nigeria. Academic Journals, v. 8, n. 25, p. 1603-1609, 2013. DOI 10.5897/SRE2013.4134
https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2013.4134... ) observed that some already have a preferences even before applying to study Medicine, but most tend to change their choices during the course of their programme as they pass through the various clinical rotations. Madu et al. (2014MADU, A.J. et al. Medical Specialist Preferences and Reasons among Fresh Nigerian Interns. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Makhanda, v. 4, n. suppl. 3, p. S223-S227, 2014. DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.141963
https://doi.org/10.4103/2141-9248.141963... ) submitted that a final decision is often reached by the medical students in their final year or even during internship.

Medical students are the future physician workforce of a nation; therefore, their specialty preferences will determine the composition of that workforce. Career guidance of medical students, healthcare planning, and policy formulation are measures that can be used to meet the demands of a nation’s healthcare.

In resource-poor settings with low doctor-population ratio, there is a need for equitable distribution of the limited healthcare workforce across various specialties. According to the World Health Organization (2008WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Global Health Workforce Statistics. Geneva, 2022. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/health-workforce
https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes... ; ²⁰¹³WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Human for health country profiles: Nigeria. Geneva, 2013. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/the-global-health-workforce-alliance-2013-annual-report
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/... ), in Nigeria, there are 4 doctors per 10,000 people. This is very low when compared with developed countries such as the United Kingdom, which has a ratio of approximately 30 doctors per 10,000 people. the healthcare workforce in Nigeria needs a significant improvement to ensure that specialists are available across a variety of fields.

The aim of this study is to determine the career preferences of final-year medical students and to determine the factors that contribute towards their decision. Understanding the factors that influence the choice in specialty enables workforce planning to meet local and national healthcare demands. There is paucity of data on this subject among Nigerian medical students; thus, the findings from this study will provide the needed information which stakeholders (career counsellors, healthcare workforce employers, and policy makers) can use for professional career guidance and healthcare planning.

Methodology

Study design

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study.

Study location

The study was conducted at the College of Medicine, Afe Babalola University, Ekiti State (FETHI Campus), in south-west Nigeria.

Study population

The study was conducted among the final-year (600 level) medical students of Afe Babalola University, Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study was conducted between October 2021 and November 2021.

Data collection

A well-structured questionnaire was used for the study for data collection. The questionnaire was initially pre-tested; after making the appropriate adjustments and modifications based on the results from the pre-test, the final copy of the adjusted questionnaire was used for this study.

Data Analysis

The data obtained was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 computer software package (SPSS Chicago Inc. IL U.S.A). The descriptive statistics used included frequency tables, charts, and means and standard deviations.

Results

In total, 100 final-year (600 level) medical students of Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti participated in the study; 29 males (29.0%) and 71 females (71.0%), with a male to female ratio of 0.4 to 1 (Table 1). There were a total of 104 students in that class, but 100 students consented to participate in the study, resulting in a participation rate of 96.1%. The age of the respondents ranged from 21 to 30 years with a mean (±SD) of 23.5 (±1.4).

Among the participants, 5% already had a first degree (BSc), while 1% had a second degree (MSc) already before studying medicine. 40% of the respondents have a family member who is a medical doctor, while 14% of the respondents have family members who are healthcare workers but not doctors (Table 1). 72% of the respondents planned to pursue a postgraduate academic qualification after graduating from medical school, mostly in the United Kingdom, and a Master of Public Health was the most sought qualification (Table 2). Similarly, 76% of the respondents planned to pursue a postgraduate medical fellowship after medical school, also mostly in the United Kingdom (Table 3).

The specialty most sought-after is Obstetrics and Gynaecology (43%), followed by Surgery (40%), Family Medicine (34%), Community Medicine (33%), Paediatrics (25%), and Internal Medicine (23%), whereas the least sought-after specialty is Chemical pathology (28%), followed by Microbiology (27%) and Morbid Anatomy (24%) (Tables 4 and 5).

The most important factor considered by the respondents when choosing a particular specialty is their personal interest in that specialty, followed by financial prospects, comfortable lifestyle, and flexible working hours. Having a family member in the same specialty was not considered an important factor when deciding on a specialty (Table 6). Most of the respondents (65.0%) believe that it is at the end of the internship training that an individual would be able to clearly decide on a specialty of interest (Figure 1).

We observed no significant relationship between the respondents’ demographics and their plan to pursue a postgraduate academic qualification (Table 7). However, we noticed a significant relationship between the gender of the respondents who intend to pursue a postgraduate medical fellowship; in which males were more likely to choose this path than females (p = 0.001). Other demographic variables were not statistically significant (Table 8).

Discussion

The participation rate in this study was quite high (96.1%) when compared with similar studies in Nigeria and internationally (Ossai et al. 2016OSSAI, E.N. et al. Specialty preferences among final year medical students in medical schools of southeast Nigeria: need for career guidance. BMC Medical Education, Berlin, v. 16, n. 259, 2016. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-016-0781-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0781-... ; Alawad et al. 2015ALAWAD, A.A. et al. Factors considered by undergraduate medical students when selecting specialty of their future careers. Pan African Medical Journal, Nairobi, v. 20, n. 102, 2015. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.20.102.4715
https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2015.20.10... ). In this study, the total number of females in the final-year class was significantly higher than that of males, with a ratio of 1 to 0.4. This is in contrast to other Nigerian medical schools in which males were predominant (Ossai et al. 2016OSSAI, E.N. et al. Specialty preferences among final year medical students in medical schools of southeast Nigeria: need for career guidance. BMC Medical Education, Berlin, v. 16, n. 259, 2016. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-016-0781-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0781-... ; Asani; Gwarzo; Gambo, 2016ASANI, M.O.; GWARZO, G. D.; GAMBO, M. J. Preference of specialty choices among final year medical students of Bayero University Kano. Sahel Medical Journal, Mumbai, v. 19, n. 3, p. 155-158, 2016.).

The mean age of the final-year medical students in this study is much lower than that of other studies (Adeleye; Eze, 2010ADELEYE, O.A.; EZE, G. U. Anticipated specialties and influencing factors among final year year medical students in a Nigerian University. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, Karachi, v. 26, n. 3, p. 510-514, 2010. ). This could be due to the fact that this study was conducted among students attending a private medical school, where the academic calendar and curriculum is strictly followed, without interruptions. Public universities in Nigeria have frequent disruptions in their academic calendar as a result of frequent strikes by university lecturers, mostly due to non-payment of salaries and poor funding of the universities. These frequent disruptions prolong the academic programmes and causes longer stay of students.

The respondents in this study are generally interested in both postgraduate academic qualifications and postgraduate specialist (fellowship) qualifications. This shows that the students are fully aware of the importance and benefits of postgraduate studies to earn additional qualifications for their career progression, access to greater opportunities, boost their relevance both in academia and medical practice, and to measure up with their peers internationally.

Notably, they prefer to pursue their postgraduate career abroad, with United Kingdom being their country of choice, followed by Canada and the United States (Compton et al. 2008COMPTON, M.T. et al. Changes in U.S. medical students’ specialty interests over the course of medical school. Journal of General Internal Medicine, Berlin, v. 23, n. 7, p. 1095-1100, 2008. DOI: 10.1007/s11606-008-0579-z
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-008-0579-... ). This could be due to the higher quality of education and training obtainable in these highly developed countries as well as the better job and advanced career opportunities they can offer. The higher preference for the United Kingdom may be due to the fact that the entry requirements into their postgraduate programmes are much more achievable than the others by the Nigerian medical graduates. Other potential factors that may be responsible for their preference in the United Kingdom may be due to the lesser demanding financial requirements and travel requirements, such as obtaining a travel visa, among other possible reasons.

In this study, the top five specialties of interest for most of the respondents are Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Surgery, Family Medicine, Community Medicine, and Paediatrics; whereas the least three specialties of interest are Chemical pathology, Medical Microbiology, and Morbid Anatomy. This suggests that the students are more interested in the core clinical specialties than the non-clinical (laboratory-based) specialties. Furthermore, this results also suggests that the students are more interested in the surgery-based specialties than the medicine-based specialties. The findings from this study are similar to other studies on the subject matter, in Nigeria and internationally.

Ossai et al. (2016OSSAI, E.N. et al. Specialty preferences among final year medical students in medical schools of southeast Nigeria: need for career guidance. BMC Medical Education, Berlin, v. 16, n. 259, 2016. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-016-0781-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0781-... ) conducted a cross-sectional study on specialty preference among final-year medical students from six medical schools in southeast Nigeria, they reported that the five most preferred specialties among the students were Surgery (24.0%), Paediatrics (18.8%), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (15.6%), Internal Medicine (11.0%), and Community Medicine (6.8%); whereas Pathology (2.0%), Anaesthesia (0.7%), and Ear, Nose, and Throat (0.2%), were the least preferred. Similarly, Asani et al. (2016ASANI, M.O.; GWARZO, G. D.; GAMBO, M. J. Preference of specialty choices among final year medical students of Bayero University Kano. Sahel Medical Journal, Mumbai, v. 19, n. 3, p. 155-158, 2016.), in a cross-sectional study of 71 final-year medical students from an institution in northern Nigeria, reported that the core clinical specialties accounted for 70.3% of the first choice among respondents: Obstetrics and Gynaecology (28.5%), Surgery (20.9%), Internal Medicine (11.9%), and Paediatrics (9%). None of the students chose Pathology, Microbiology, Family Medicine, or Ear, Nose, and Throat as the first choice. The major reasons given for the choice of future career are personal interest and a better outcome for patients. Furthermore, Adeleye and Eze (2010ADELEYE, O.A.; EZE, G. U. Anticipated specialties and influencing factors among final year year medical students in a Nigerian University. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, Karachi, v. 26, n. 3, p. 510-514, 2010. ), in a study conducted in the middle-belt region of Nigeria, reported that the specialty preferences of final-year medical students included: Surgery (50.7%), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (43.9%), Paediatrics (20.6%), Community Health (17.6%), and Adult Medicine (14.5%). The major influencing factors were personal interest (67.2%), potential for high income (22.0%) and perceived benefit to the society (14.9%).

Alawad et al. (2015ALAWAD, A.A. et al. Factors considered by undergraduate medical students when selecting specialty of their future careers. Pan African Medical Journal, Nairobi, v. 20, n. 102, 2015. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.20.102.4715
https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2015.20.10... ), in Sudan, reported that Surgery, Medicine, Paediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynaecology were the most selected specialties. The least selected specialty was Anaesthesiology. The most common reason for choosing a specific specialty was “Personal Interest” (39.7 %), followed by being “Helpful to the community” (26.6%). Also, Abdulrahman et al. (2016ABDULRAHMAN, M. et al. Specialty preferences and motivating factors: A national survey on medical students from five UAE medical schools. Education for Health Change in Learning & Practice, Abingdon, v. 29, n. 3, p. 231-243, 2016. DOI: 10.4103/1357-6283.204225
https://doi.org/10.4103/1357-6283.204225... ), in a multiyear multicentre survey of medical student career choice conducted in all five medical schools in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), reported that most students (60%) preferred Internal Medicine, Surgery, Emergency Medicine, or Family Medicine. The most common reason given for choosing a particular specialty was personal interest (21%), followed by flexibility of working hours (17%). Additionally, Zarkovic, Child, and Naden (2006ZARKOVIC, A.; CHILD, S.; NADEN, G. Career choices of New Zealand junior doctors. New Zealand Medical Journal, Auckland, v. 119, n. 1229, U1859, 2006.), in New Zealand, reported that the most popular career choice was Medicine (44%), followed by Surgery (34%), General Practice (30%), Paediatrics (29%), and Obstetrics and Gynaecology (20%). The choice of a career was mostly based on interest in that specialty.

Most respondents in this study had a family member in the medical field, most of whom are medical doctors, this could have been a factor that influenced the respondents to study medicine in the first place. Nevertheless, we observed in this study that having a family member in a particular specialty did not influence the students to consider a career in that specialty. The respondents considered other factors to be more important when choosing an area of specialty: particularly interest in a specialty, financial prospects, comfortable lifestyle, flexible working hours, sufficient time for hobbies, and opportunities to settle down in urban areas. Influence of role models and perceived status of the field of specialty in the society were not considered as important factors when deciding on an area of specialization.

A more critical look at the results from this study shows that the students considered more important factors when deciding on an area of specialty rather than allow the influence or opinion of others dominate their choice of career. Notably, the respondents’ personal interest in a particular specialty is the major driving force when choosing a career specialty. This concept of personal interest has long been identified as the major factor in choice of specialties by medical students in many studies both locally and internationally.

Most respondents believe that it is at the end of internship training that an individual would be able to clearly decide on a specialty of interest. This could be due to the fact that an individual would be better informed by this time, since they would have worked as an intern for a reasonable period of time in all the major specialties and some sub-specialties, allowing them to weigh the pros and cons of each and, more importantly, to identify a specialty that aligns with their interest. There is a significant difference between a medical student rotating in different specialties and an intern working in those different specialties. Madu et al. (2014MADU, A.J. et al. Medical Specialist Preferences and Reasons among Fresh Nigerian Interns. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Makhanda, v. 4, n. suppl. 3, p. S223-S227, 2014. DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.141963
https://doi.org/10.4103/2141-9248.141963... ) stated that an intern will undoubtedly know more about those specialties than a medical student and will therefore be able to better take an informed decision on career specialization.

This study highlights a general preference for the core clinical specialties in detriment to laboratory-based specialties; this same trend was observed in other studies both locally and internationally (Oche et al. 2013OCHE, M.O. et al. Medical students’ specialty preferences: a survey in a medical school in Northern Nigeria. Academic Journals, v. 8, n. 25, p. 1603-1609, 2013. DOI 10.5897/SRE2013.4134
https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2013.4134... , Madu et al. 2014MADU, A.J. et al. Medical Specialist Preferences and Reasons among Fresh Nigerian Interns. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Makhanda, v. 4, n. suppl. 3, p. S223-S227, 2014. DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.141963
https://doi.org/10.4103/2141-9248.141963... , Abdulrahaman et al. 2016). The effect of this preference may not be felt in developed nations with a large healthcare workforce but it is very pronounced in developing countries such as Nigeria, where the physician-population ratio is very poor. Therefore, medical students need to be encouraged to develop interest also in the laboratory-based specialties.

The personal interest of medical students was the most common factor observed when deciding on a specialty of choice; local or national demand for specialists in a particular field was not considered by the students. Thus, the career plans of medical students are not aligned with the healthcare workforce needs of the nation. This trend needs to be addressed by healthcare policy makers and stakeholders.

Regarding the choosing of a specialty, adequate guidance throughout medical school training should be encouraged, as well as giving opportunity to gather work-experience over several specialties. Career education, guidance, and counselling should be included in the medical school curriculum. Mentorship of medical students by senior faculty members should be encouraged. Medical students should also be encouraged to develop interest in those specialties with limited healthcare personnel in the nation. Students can be captivated with the appropriate incentives, such as attractive wages, allowances, job security, insurance, time-offs, and so on. All of these would assist the medical students to achieve their full potentials in the profession by making the right choices and at the same time meeting the demands of the nation’s healthcare.

The limitation of this study is the small sample size. A larger multi-centred study involving medical students at different years of their undergraduate study would provide a bigger picture on the study subject.

Final considerations

Most medical students desire further postgraduate qualifications (both academic and specialist) and prefer to have such education and training abroad, mostly in the United Kingdom. The most preferred postgraduate academic qualification is a Master of Public Health (MPH); while the top three most preferred postgraduate specialist qualifications are Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Surgery, and Family Medicine; and the least three preferred postgraduate specialist qualifications are Chemical Pathology, Medical Microbiology and Morbid Anatomy. Most students chose their preferred specialty mainly based on personal interest. Other factors the students considered when choosing a specialty include financial prospects, comfortable lifestyle, flexible working hours, sufficient time for hobbies, opportunities to settle down in an urban area, among others.

Using the factors that have been identified to influence the career choice of medical students, the students can be appropriately motivated to choose specialties that are scarce within the Nigerian healthcare workforce, thus better serving the nation’s health-care system and the nation at large. In a resource-poor setting like Nigeria, there is a need to provide career guidance for students based on the demands of the national healthcare to ensure equitable distribution of doctors across the various specialties.

The Nigerian healthcare system needs to be developed urgently in terms of infrastructural development by providing modern healthcare equipment across the various specialties in all government-owned health institutions, appropriate staff renumeration, capacity-building, international collaboration, public-private partnership in healthcare services, among others, to drastically reduce the current mass exodus of healthcare personnel.

Acknowledgement

Special thanks to the House Officers and Resident Doctors in the Department of Medicine for their support in making this publication a reality.

References

Publication Dates

History