ABSTRACT

This qualitative, observational, and exploratory study was supported by quantitative data to analyze the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) response to Covid-19 in three Brazilian municipalities. We used semi-structured interviews to listen to and dialogue with managers of the cities analyzed, guided by a roadmap to explore the managers’ perception during the response to the pandemic, understand the motivations that guided their strategic choices, and visualize the weaknesses and potentials of the municipal system in a public health emergency. We conducted a qualitative analysis considering the critical points of the SUS response to the pandemic, including coordination and governance, surveillance and prevention, and the health services network. In the results, we present and discuss the main characteristics of the municipalities, the 2020 pandemic course, the response actions adopted, and submit an analysis of the response pattern of municipal SUS managers in the pandemic.

KEYWORDS
Public health systems research; Covid-19; Universal access to health care services; Delivery of health care

Introduction

Initially registered in the province of Wuhan in China, in December 2019, the first case of infection by Sars-CoV-2, which causes Covid-19, was diagnosed in Brazil on February 26, 2020, in São Paulo^{11 Cunha CA, Cimerman S, Weissmann L, et al. Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia: primeiro caso confirmado de doença pelo novo Coronavírus (Covid-19) no Brasil - 26/02/2020. São Paulo: Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia; 2020.}. On March 12, 2020, Brazil recorded the first death caused by the disease. On March 20, the Ministry of Health (MS) declared a community transmission of the virus in the national territory^{22 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria nº 454, de 20 de março de 2020. Declara, em todo o território nacional, o estado de transmissão comunitária do coronavírus (Covid-19). Diário Oficial da União. 20 Mar 2020.}. In April 2021, Brazil was nearing 400 thousand deaths caused by the disease with a mean of more than three thousand daily deaths, trailing only behind the U.S. in the number of lives lost globally^{33 World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (Covid-2019) Situation Reports. Genebra: World Health Organization; 2020.}.

Having a universal health system, such as the Unified Health System (SUS), and organizing a network to respond to public health emergencies^{44 Teixeira MG, Costa MD, Carmo EH, et al. Vigilância em Saúde no SUS-construção, efeitos e perspectivas. Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 2018 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 23:1811-1818. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/j/csc/a/FxcSJBQq8G7CNSxhTyT7Qbn/?format=pdf&lang=pt
https://www.scielo.br/j/csc/a/FxcSJBQq8G...} could give Brazil greater resilience to face the pandemic^{55 Croda J, Oliveira WK, Frutuoso RL, et al. Covid-19 in Brazil: advantages of a socialized unified health system and preparation to contain cases. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop (Online). 2020 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 53:1-6. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/j/rsbmt/a/bwLKCs6ZfGhyFn3mp4RDhdQ
https://www.scielo.br/j/rsbmt/a/bwLKCs6Z... ,66 Massuda A, Malik AM, Vecina Neto G, et al. A resiliência do Sistema Único de Saúde frente à Covid-19. Cadernos EBAPE. BR. 2021 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 19(esp):735-744. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/j/cebape/a/PfnQv8mykrVxTDjVgD8Sfgs/
https://www.scielo.br/j/cebape/a/PfnQv8m...} . The concept of resilience has been applied to analyze the capacity of health systems to prepare, manage (absorb, adapt, and transform), and learn from the shocks caused by epidemics, natural disasters, and financial crises^{77 Thomas S, Sagan A, Larkin J, et al. Strengthening health systems resilience: key concepts and strategies. HRB Open Res. 2020 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 36:1-33. Disponível em: https://europepmc.org/article/med/32716618
https://europepmc.org/article/med/327166...} . In response to Covid-19, this concept has been widely used for comparative analysis of national responses to control the pandemic<sup>88 Sagan A, Thomas S, McKee M, et al. Covid-19 and health systems resilience: lessons going forwards. Eurohealth. 2020 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; (esp)20-24. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/336290/Eurohealth-26-2-20-24-eng.pdf
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/hand...

9 Pearce N, Lawlor DA, Brickley EB. Comparisons between countries are essential for the control of Covid-19. Int J Epidemiol. 2020 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 49(4):1059-1062. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7337754/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

10 Legido-Quigley H, Asgari N, Teo YY, et al. Are high-performing health systems resilient against the Covid-19 epidemic. Lancet. 2020 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 395(10227):848-850. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32151326/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32151326... -1111 Kontis V, Bennett JE, Rashid T, et al. Magnitude, demographics and dynamics of the effect of the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic on all-cause mortality in 21 industrialized countries. Nature medicine. 2020 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 26:1919-1928. Disponível em: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1112-0
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-0...</sup> , offering important lessons for managing health systems^{1212 Forman R, Atun R, McKee M, et al. 12 Lessons learned from the management of the coronavirus pandemic. Health Policy. 2020 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 124(6):577-580. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7227502/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article... ,1313 Haldane V, Morgan GT. From resilient to transilient health systems: the deep transformation of health systems in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Health Policy Plan. 2021 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 36(1):134-135. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33319220/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33319220...} .

Unlike most countries, SUS management is decentralized to the municipalities^{1414 Massuda A, Andrade MV, Atun R, et al. How does universal health coverage work? Int Health. 2020 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]. Disponível em: https://www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-center/system-features/how-does-universal-health-coverage-work
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/interna...} . Municipal Health Secretariats (SMS) are responsible for offering actions that range from health surveillance to providing care services to their citizens. The coordination of strategic public health programs, the provision of specialized non-decentralized services to the municipalities, and the organization of care flows between municipalities in health regions are the responsibility of the State Health Secretariats (SES); the MS is responsible for the national coordination of the SUS and for responding to Public Health Emergencies of National Importance (Espin)^{1515 Brasil. Decreto nº 7.616, de 17 de novembro de 2011. Dispõe sobre a declaração de Emergência em Saúde Pública de Importância Nacional - ESPIN e institui a Força Nacional do Sistema Único de Saúde - FN-SUS. Diário Oficial da União. 17 Nov 2011.}.

Despite the persistent organizational problems in the Brazilian health system, aggravated by the effect of recent fiscal austerity policies^{1616 Massuda A, Hone T, Leles FA, et al. The Brazilian health system at crossroads: progress, crisis and resilience. BMJ global health. 2018 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 3(4):1-8. Disponível em: https://gh.bmj.com/content/3/4/e000829
https://gh.bmj.com/content/3/4/e000829... ,1717 Castro MC, Massuda A, Almeida G, et al. Brazil’s unified health system: the first 30 years and prospects for the future. The Lancet. 2019 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 394(10195):345-56. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31303318/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31303318...} , the tripartite governance of the SUS has grounded the health care network in a continental country with huge inequalities between the 5,570 municipalities, of which 68.3% with less than 20 thousand inhabitants^{1818 Viana AL, Iozzi FL. Enfrentando desigualdades na saúde: impasses e dilemas do processo de regionalização no Brasil. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2019 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 35(supl2):1-13. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336628781_Enfrentando_desigualdades_na_saude_impasses_e_dilemas_do_processo_de_regionalizacao_no_Brasil
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...} . Furthermore, the MS technical health authority was crucial to coordinate local actions implemented by states and municipalities in the responses to previous public health emergencies, such as influenza in 2009^{1919 Oliveira WK, Carmo EH, Penna GO, et al. Surveillance Team for the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in the Ministry of Health. Pandemic H1N1 influenza in Brazil: analysis of the first 34,506 notified cases of influenza-like illness with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). Eurosurveillance. 2009 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 14(42):191-6. Disponível em: https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/ese.14.42.19362-en
https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content...} and Zika in 2015^{2020 Heukelbach J, Alencar CH, Kelvin AA, et al. Zika virus outbreak in Brazil. Journal Infection Developing Countries. 2016 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 10(02):116-120. Disponível em: https://jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/view/26927450
https://jidc.org/index.php/journal/artic...} .

In the comparative analysis of the Covid-19 response between countries, we observed that the decentralized management of the health system can have advantages and disadvantages. In Finland, a country with only 5.5 million inhabitants and one of the few that, like Brazil, has municipal health management, decentralization to the local level engaged the population in implementing public health actions to fight the pandemic^{2121 Tiirinki H, Tynkkynen LK, Sovala M, et al. Covid-19 pandemic in Finland-Preliminary analysis on health system response and economic consequences. Health policy technol. 2020 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 9(4):649-662. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32874860/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32874860...} . Incorporating digital health services and telemedicine strengthened the health system’s resilience in the face of this threat^{2121 Tiirinki H, Tynkkynen LK, Sovala M, et al. Covid-19 pandemic in Finland-Preliminary analysis on health system response and economic consequences. Health policy technol. 2020 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 9(4):649-662. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32874860/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32874860...} . On the other hand, in Spain and Italy, countries with decentralized management of their health systems to the level of provinces (like Brazilian states), coordination problems between national and regional governments were highly relevant to reduce the national capacity to respond to the pandemic^{2222 Legido-Quigley H, Mateos-García JT, Campos VR, et al. The resilience of the Spanish health system against the Covid-19 pandemic. Lancet Public Health. 2020 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 5(5):251-252. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32199083/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32199083... ,2323 Armocida B, Formenti B, Ussai S, et al. The Italian health system and the Covid-19 challenge. Lancet Public Health. 2020 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 5(5):e253-5. Disponível em: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(20)30074-8/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpu...} .

The intergovernmental lack of coordination, caused by the Federal Government’s failure to assume its role as responsible for the national coordination of the Covid-19 response, is seen as decisive for the failure of the Brazilian response<sup>2424 Abrucio FL, Grin EJ, Franzese C, et al. Combating Covid-19 under Bolsonaro’s federalism: a case of intergovernmental incoordination. Rev Adm Púb. 2020 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 54(4):663-677. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/j/rap/a/bpdbc9zSGCKZK55L3ChjVqJ/?lang=en
https://www.scielo.br/j/rap/a/bpdbc9zSGC...

25 Rocha R, Atun R, Massuda A, et al. Effect of socioeconomic inequalities and vulnerabilities on health-system preparedness and response to Covid-19 in Brazil: a comprehensive analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2021 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 8(6):782-792. Disponível em: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(21)00081-4/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langl... -2626 Castro MC, Kim S, Barberia L, et al. Spatiotemporal pattern of Covid-19 spread in Brazil. Science. 2021 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 371(6544):821-826. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33853971/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33853971...</sup> . Recent publications analyzed the preparedness and response of the SUS to Covid-19. They showed that socioeconomic inequalities defined the course of the epidemic in the country, unlike what was seen in other countries, where the disease affected more older adults and people with chronic diseases^{2525 Rocha R, Atun R, Massuda A, et al. Effect of socioeconomic inequalities and vulnerabilities on health-system preparedness and response to Covid-19 in Brazil: a comprehensive analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2021 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 8(6):782-792. Disponível em: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(21)00081-4/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langl... ,2626 Castro MC, Kim S, Barberia L, et al. Spatiotemporal pattern of Covid-19 spread in Brazil. Science. 2021 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 371(6544):821-826. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33853971/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33853971...} . In Brazil, States and municipalities with high socioeconomic vulnerability were the most affected by the pandemic. On the other hand, the responses of local governments and the population’s behavior in States and municipalities with greater socioeconomic vulnerability were effective in containing the pandemic’s effects^{2525 Rocha R, Atun R, Massuda A, et al. Effect of socioeconomic inequalities and vulnerabilities on health-system preparedness and response to Covid-19 in Brazil: a comprehensive analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2021 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 8(6):782-792. Disponível em: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(21)00081-4/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langl... ,2626 Castro MC, Kim S, Barberia L, et al. Spatiotemporal pattern of Covid-19 spread in Brazil. Science. 2021 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 371(6544):821-826. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33853971/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33853971...} .

However, given the Federal Government’s failure to support local governments in the fight against Covid-19, State and municipal managers had to build their strategies to address the pandemic^{2525 Rocha R, Atun R, Massuda A, et al. Effect of socioeconomic inequalities and vulnerabilities on health-system preparedness and response to Covid-19 in Brazil: a comprehensive analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2021 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 8(6):782-792. Disponível em: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(21)00081-4/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langl...} . From this perspective, exploring the context faced by States and municipalities and the strategies developed by these managers in response to the pandemic is crucial to increase knowledge about the resilience capacity of local SUS management before such an emergency.

This study aims to contribute to the analysis of the SUS response to Covid-19 from the viewpoint of system managers in Fortaleza, Pelotas, and Uberlândia. The study is nested in a funded study that analyzes the preparedness and response of the Brazilian health system to Covid-19. We should emphasize that we did not attempt to evaluate managers’ performance or assign results to measures they adopted. Our investigation aimed to gather elements that would allow us to draw an overview of the challenges, response patterns, and innovative solutions implemented at the local level.

Methods

Methodological approach and sample selection

Quantitative data supported this qualitative, observational, and exploratory study to analyze the SUS response to Covid-19 at the municipal level. We worked with a purposeful selection of three Brazilian cities to analyze in-depth. Given the significant heterogeneity of Brazilian municipalities, the sample did not aim to represent the national reality. On the other hand, we targeted municipalities that had implemented relevant experiences in addressing the pandemic and represented different realities of the Brazilian health system.

To select the sample of municipalities, we initially started from a group of 50 pre-selected municipalities that developed outstanding experiences in the fight against Covid-19 in the ‘Strong PHC in the SUS Award in the Fight against the Pandemic’ [Our English translation]. This initiative was organized by the Pan American Health Organization (Paho) in partnership with the Ministry of Health and the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats (Conasems). Next, we used the size of the municipalities (small, medium, and large), the geographic distribution (South, Southeast, Midwest, Northeast, and North), the service management model (direct administration by the Municipality and contract with the Social Health Organization - OSS), and the ease of access to local SUS managers to collect information as selection criteria.

We opted to exclude small municipalities as we intended to analyze SUS managers who worked in a network of services of different complexities. We selected one city from the Northeast, one from the Southeast, and one from the South, as follows:

1. - Fortaleza: Capital of the state of Ceará (CE), large, Northeast, predominantly direct management model.

2. - Pelotas: Regional reference in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), medium-sized, South, direct management model in partnership with universities.

3. - Uberlândia: Regional reference in Minas Gerais (MG), medium/large, Southeast region, predominant management model by OSS.

Data collection and analysis

We employed semi-structured interviews to listen and dialogue with municipal managers of the cities analyzed to collect the research material. A roadmap was developed to explore managers’ perceptions in responding to the pandemic to guide the interviews, understand the motivations that guided their strategic choices, and visualize the municipal system’s weaknesses and potential in a public health emergency. The roadmap’s questions followed an analytical model developed to analyze critical points in the SUS response to the pandemic^{2727 Massuda A, Malik AM, Ferreira Junior WC, et al. Pontos-chave para Gestão do SUS na Resposta à Pandemia COVID-19. São Paulo: Instituto de Estudos para Políticas de Saúde; 2020.}, summarized in three main axes: Coordination and Governance, Surveillance and Prevention, and Health services network.

The interviews were conducted in a virtual seminar format, with the concomitant presence of the managers of the three municipalities, allowing for dialogue between them and the research team. The event was held in December 2020 and, thus, portrays the experience in that year. In one of the cities, the key informant was the Health Secretary; in the other two, one was the Health Surveillance Coordinator, and the other was the PHC Coordinator. Participants signed a consent form. The meeting was recorded using the Zoom platform and later transcribed in full.

Axial coding was carried out from the elements related to the questions asked for qualitative analysis of the material collected in the interviews. The codes were municipal coordination and management; prevention, communication, and surveillance; and organization of health services. Then, all codes were analyzed again to understand the similarities and differences between the responses and group them into response types.

With a synthesis of the main results of the analysis of the managers’ reports, we analyzed basic information regarding the socioeconomic context, the installed capacity of health services, and the epidemiological situation of the Covid-19 infection in each Municipality. These data were intended to show the background against which managing the response to the pandemic developed in each place.

To this end, we searched in the following databases: Demographic information - TabNet/MS; Socioeconomic information - Atlas Brasil platform/ United Nations Development Program (UNDP); Family health coverage - e-Gestor AB/MS platform; Care infrastructure and resources - National Registry of Health Establishments (CNES)/MS; Number of procedures - Outpatient Information System (SIA) and Hospital Information System (SIH).

The research was funded by the CNPq MCTI/CNPq/CT-Saúde/MS/SCTIE/Decit No. 07/2020 call for proposals and GV Pesquisa. The Research Ethics Committee of the Getulio Vargas Foundation approved the research project under Opinion Nº 154/2020.

Characterization of the municipalities

The three cities analyzed have different demographic and health care structure characteristics, as shown in table 1.

According to the last census, Uberlândia is the selected city with the highest Human Development Index (0.789), while Pelotas has the lowest (0.739). Besides their distinct population size, cities have varying demographic patterns. While Fortaleza and Pelotas have similar life expectancies - 75.2 and 75.6 years, respectively - the population of Uberlândia has a life expectancy of 78.0 years. Despite the lower life expectancy, Pelotas has a higher proportion of older adults than the other two cities. In 2019, Pelotas and Fortaleza had 2.1 Intensive Care Unit (ICU) beds per 10,000 inhabitants, while Uberlândia had 2.5. A different profile is found for other beds: Pelotas and Fortaleza have approximately 33 non-ICU beds per 10,000 inhabitants, while Uberlândia has only 20.2. Regarding the Family Health Strategy, Pelotas has the most significant population coverage, with 64.2%, followed by Fortaleza, with 54.6%, and Uberlândia, with 40.9%. On the other hand, Pelotas has the lowest supplementary health coverage, with 16.4% of the population, followed by Uberlândia, with 35.5%, and Fortaleza, with 54.6%.

The difference in the proportion of bed types between the cities portrays the different care capacities. Uberlândia has higher rates of diagnostic procedures, low and medium-complexity surgeries, and screening procedures. Fortaleza has higher rates of high-complexity surgeries and transplants. Pelotas has the highest number of nurses and doctors per 10,000 inhabitants. However, Pelotas also has the lowest number of medical appointments and clinical treatments. The three cities have an academic structure, which includes federal universities.

The pandemic course in the municipalities in 2020

The pandemic course in the three cities analyzed was heterogeneous in 2020, as per data shown in table 2.

Despite recording the first Covid-19 cases on close dates, the pandemic spread more quickly in Fortaleza. The virus arrival in the city is associated with the fact that it receives a high number of flights connecting the Northeast with Europe. As in other Brazilian cities, the first concentration of cases was identified in the city’s most affluent areas. However, the virus has spread explosively to the most densely populated slum areas. About 1 million of the 2.6 million inhabitants live in substandard settlements, which facilitated the rapid spread of the epidemic. The Municipality registered the thousandth case on April 7. It totaled 82,294 cases and 4,153 deaths from the disease in 2020. In the opposite situation, Pelotas was the last city with more than 200 thousand inhabitants to register the thousandth Covid-19 case on August 4. It recorded 10,092 cases and 265 lives lost to the disease in 2020. In an intermediate situation, Uberlândia recorded the first case on July 3. It totaled 42,420 cases and 737 deaths caused by Covid-19.

Municipalities’ responses to the pandemic

Box 1 summarizes the main response actions reported by managers according to the governance-surveillance-health services analytical framework.

MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE AND COORDINATION

Very little was still known about Covid-19 during the initial peak of the pandemic in Fortaleza; there was competition for all kinds of supplies with Europe and the U.S. However, experience with previous epidemics facilitated the first response measures. The SMS quickly articulated with the SES/CE and installed a crisis committee, which held weekly meetings and published decrees to guide professionals, health services, and the population. SMS management was practically confused with crisis management. Partnerships established with universities were crucial to incorporate epidemiology as a management tool, guiding decision-making based on the evolution of the epidemic’s weekly situation and estimating the level of transmissibility of the disease (TR) in different city regions and the projection of settings.

In Pelotas, the previous planning work developed for 2021, involving all areas of the SMS, and the planned expansion of the PHC in a project of the SES/RS government, helped the city elaborate a regional contingency response plan. A committee was created to address the pandemic, coordinated by the mayor’s office, which gathered health managers, universities, the municipal health council, and commerce representatives, unions, and industries. This committee discussed the contingency plan and all municipal decrees. The committee was also responsible for communicating with the population using social networks and the SMS portal. For the management of services, a partnership was established with universities in the region, which manage part of the health services in the Municipality. Since the onset of the epidemic, the shared management of services and the participation of various segments were decisive to increase the municipal response capacity.

In Uberlândia, a municipal committee was formed by the mayor, the Health Secretary, and representatives of the police, fire department, and commerce. Decisions were made in weekly meetings and published as decrees on the Municipality’s portal and social networks. Communication with the network occurred directly through technical notes, and social networks were used to show graphs, indicators, and lethality with transparency for communicating with the population.

Contracts with two OSS responsible for managing about 80% of the network’s services were reported as facilitators for the Municipality to implement care actions defined by the municipal management and speed up the procurement of supplies. As a result, SMS focused the response management on monitoring indicators of services contracted by the OSS.

PREVENTION AND SURVEILLANCE

Fortaleza adopted a strict lockdown early on in response to the pandemic. However, due to the scarcity of diagnostic tests - in the beginning, it was necessary to carry out postmortem viral identification - the indicators were revised to monitor the evolution of the epidemic and identify regions with the highest number of cases. Thus, with support from the Information Technology area of the SES/CE, a system was created to integrate information from PHC, secondary and tertiary care with surveillance, monitoring the rate of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromes (Sars) cases, bed occupation, and deaths. The use of a geocoding system guided the visits of Community Health Workers (ACS) to patients. However, adopting measures such as social distancing was a challenge due to the substandard socioeconomic conditions in which a substantial part of the city’s population lives. On the other hand, priority was given to protecting vulnerable populations, such as those deprived of their liberty, residents in asylum institutions, and health professionals.

Pelotas also adopted a strict lockdown, which was questioned as to whether its implementation was not too early. Professionals from the technical support to PHC were requested to strengthen the surveillance area, increasing the surveillance-PHC integration. Testing was emphasized, and universities established partnerships to achieve greater agility in the results, besides private laboratories. An articulation of epidemiological, health, and occupational health surveillance was established to carry out work in industries, slaughterhouses, and commerce. At the outset, all Sars notifications in the Municipality were monitored, all cases were followed up, and contacts were placed in isolation. Schools were offered to isolate suspected cases unable to do home isolation, but they were practically unused.

Also, priority was given to monitoring vulnerable populations, such as in Long-Term Care Institutions for older adults (LTCI), prisons, and therapeutic communities with residents. These measures slowed the progress of the epidemic in the Municipality. However, the electoral campaign period hindered restrictive mobility measures, and rapid growth in the number of cases was observed afterward. In December 2020, the demand could no longer be met even with three work shifts, and it took three days to call a patient and investigate cases.

Mobility restrictive measures were adopted in Uberlândia, and testing was a priority strategy in 2020. At first, PCR was performed only for severe cases, but soon it was performed for mild cases. A call center was created to schedule PCR testing in drive-thru time blocks. This measure quickly increased the number of tests. Positive cases were instructed to stay in isolation. Older adults were vaccinated against influenza, reaching 100% coverage. The Municipality created a system for notifying Sars, hospitalized patients, and deaths, which considered all hospitals, public and private, to manage beds. The PHC coordination received in Excel® format the list of patients to be referred to the units for monitoring and tracking of contacts. The PHC teams notified the Sars through the e-Notifica, speeding up the information. Cases of older adults with respiratory symptoms reported in an LTCI were sent to the Covid hospital and tested. If positive, patients remained in the hospital for isolation and care, and the other LTCI residents of the Ilpi were tested.

ORGANIZATION OF HEALTH SERVICES

Fortaleza organized a line of care for Covid-19 patients, articulating 12 Emergency Care Units (UPA) with hospitals that allocated beds for the disease. Severity criteria were adopted to define the most appropriate place for patient care, and a community transport system, different from the Mobile Emergency Care Service (Samu), was established to allow patient transport during social isolation. The lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) initially limited PHC and ACS work. However, the 120 Basic Health Units (UBS) gradually became involved in the response, albeit under different conditions. The PHC maintained its routine activities and started to perform oximetry on suspected patients. The use of a case geocoding system guided ACS visits to patients. There was a reduction in mortality and complications after PHC entered the response’s frontline. However, a problem was recorded, where medical professionals prescribed ‘preventive treatment’ without evidence of efficacy. The Municipality had to increase the number of hospital beds, opening a field hospital, and leasing a private 300-bed hospital.

In Pelotas, a zoning strategy was established to avoid cross-contamination, with the definition of exclusive beds for Covid-19. PHC has 50 basic units, of which ten are under shared management with the two universities, and care was divided into shifts: patients with flu-like symptoms in the morning and all other demands in the afternoon. Some services have been suspended or performed at home. A triage center (toll-free) was set up for people who had any symptoms. Home PCR was collected if they met the criteria for suspected cases. When Rio Grande do Sul announced the community transmission place and moved to the mitigation phase, the Municipality’s triage center became a teleconsulting center, which offered medical care in partnership with universities. The most significant challenge was the lack of professionals - care providers and administrative personnel. ICU and Covid-19 ward beds were opened at the teaching hospital.

In Uberlândia, PHC spearheaded the response, coordinating the care network and promoting effective integration with surveillance for case reporting. Teleconsulting support and continuing education were adopted to provide clinical supervision of Covid-19 cases, integrating PHC, UPA, the Better at Home Program, and the hospital. All PHC units serviced both Covid-19 and the usual demand. A flow was established for symptomatic patients and patients with respiratory problems in all care units to avoid cross-contamination. Thus, the opening hours were maintained, serving patients with respiratory symptoms and pregnant women, children, and the chronically ill. Field hospitals were not used, but a hospital was activated in the center of the Municipality for Covid-19 care, whose beds will remain a legacy after the pandemic.

Municipal SUS response in the pandemic

The results of the analysis of the managers’ reports show that the criteria for choosing actions and the modalities of implementing measures to combat Covid-19 were quite different between the three municipalities. These differences were determined by the different epidemiological, social, and political contexts of each city, besides the installed capacity of the local network of health services and the experience with previous epidemics. Even so, despite the heterogeneous actions in the cases considered, we identified common patterns of behavior among the managers interviewed, especially in the initial stages, when the health system’s resilience was put to the test.

In the three municipalities, due to the lack of national guidance on response planning, we observed that the first pandemic wave surprised managers, creating widespread insecurity. As demonstrated by some recent surveys on the perception of health professionals in the emergency, health teams stated that they did not feel technically prepared and did not receive clear guidance from the competent bodies^{2828 Lotta G, Coelho VS, Brage E. How Covid-19 Has Affected Frontline Workers in Brazil: A Comparative Analysis of Nurses and Community Health Workers. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research Practice. 2021 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 23(1):63-73. Disponível em: https://pesquisa-eaesp.fgv.br/sites/gvpesquisa.fgv.br/files/arquivos/how_covid-19_has_affected.pdf
https://pesquisa-eaesp.fgv.br/sites/gvpe... ,2929 Giovanella L, Medina MG, Aquino R, et al. Denial, disdain and deaths: notes on the criminal activity of the federal government in fighting Covid-19 in Brazil. Saúde debate. 2020 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 44:895-901. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/j/sdeb/a/yjzTqB9mNMpxj7hsrqmSmKs/?lang=en&format=pdf
https://www.scielo.br/j/sdeb/a/yjzTqB9mN...} . This organizational disorientation was marked by indecision and insecurity, leading to delayed implementation of non-pharmacological measures, lack of qualified human resources, and scarcity of supplies and equipment, thus increasing the impact of the pandemic on the population^{2525 Rocha R, Atun R, Massuda A, et al. Effect of socioeconomic inequalities and vulnerabilities on health-system preparedness and response to Covid-19 in Brazil: a comprehensive analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2021 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 8(6):782-792. Disponível em: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(21)00081-4/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langl... ,2626 Castro MC, Kim S, Barberia L, et al. Spatiotemporal pattern of Covid-19 spread in Brazil. Science. 2021 [acesso em 2021 abr 15]; 371(6544):821-826. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33853971/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33853971...} .

In this situation, without planning guiding mechanisms or response coordination instances established at state and national levels, it would be challenging to expect proactive responses from municipal managers. However, driven by the pressure of problems requiring immediate responses, managers were forced to act, triggering a reactive response cycle to Covid-19, summarized in figure 1, which consists of feelings, motivations, and outcomes, such as surprise, challenge, pride, creativity, and innovation, until exhaustion, for a new immersion in the crisis and restarting the cycle.

The following paragraphs describe the phases of this ‘reactive cycle’ using selected quotes from respondents. The managers’ reports reveal the surprise, disorientation, and frustration caused by the unexpected crisis. A pervasive feeling that something was approaching and could cause the municipal health system to collapse was in the air:

Surprised, managers realized the impacts of inequalities and the consequences of preexisting organizational failures and inconsistencies:

Response actions focused on solving urgent, concrete, technical, and critical problems, such as distancing measures, PPE correct use, expansion of ICU beds, and search for qualified professionals:

After the feeling of disorientation of the first few weeks, the commitment of health managers grew, and they assumed their responsibilities with a sense of belonging to the SUS:

The commitment to the SUS and the widespread pride among the health teams allowed facing the rising challenges. Despite the flaws and inconsistencies, there was a good ability to adapt to the new reality, with creative solutions and innovative practices:

However, the spread of the virus persisted, increasing the pressure on health services, leading to exhaustion and burnout, with many professionals on leave, exacerbating the crisis:

The managers interviewed stated that, in general, they had a good capacity to respond. Many services did not collapse and reorganized themselves per the new requirements, showing the resilience of the analyzed systems. However, some of the advances made by the management teams interviewed were primarily lost by the even more overwhelming force of the second wave in 2021.

The initial reactive cycle allowed the interviewed managers to achieve good results, which could prevent even worse outcomes. However, these experiences reveal the fragility of an organizational model driven by pressure and immediacy instead of adequate planning and supported by solid coordination devices. Municipal managers faced severe hardships in building, governing, and sustaining a set of actions that could contain the pandemic, even more so in a context dominated by the lack of the Federal Government’s coordination.

Conclusions

In this article, we presented preliminary reflections of ongoing research on the response of the Brazilian health system to Covid-19. The findings derive mainly from the report of SUS managers in three medium and large Brazilian cities, from different country regions, about their 2020 experience, limiting the scope of our analysis. Furthermore, we did not aim to judge or assess the actions taken. Instead, we explored response patterns that may be useful for analyzing the resilience of the SUS in the face of Covid-19.

From this analysis, we can observe that, despite its structural weaknesses, the SUS at the municipal level has some points that can provide resilience in the face of the impact of shocks caused by epidemics. Despite initial difficulties, the three cities reported strong involvement of PHC and health surveillance teams in response actions and promoting the rapid expansion of hospital beds. The limited number of diagnostic tests was faced by adopting strategies to integrate different information systems that are available but unused.

We should highlight the different options of shared management of the response to the pandemic within the system management. The partnership with universities helped both the greater use of epidemiology as a management tool and the expanded offer of services, from laboratory to hospital care. The articulation with the SES was crucial to organizing the response in the region. The limitations of direct administration were reported as a hindrance, while the experience with OSS ensured swift response actions.

However, despite the points that could provide the SUS with greater resilience in the Covid-19 response, the sum of very disparate municipal responses has limitations. The lack of planning and robust mechanisms for coordinating the response, especially by the Federal Government, increased the difficulties of managing the pandemic at the local level, limiting the articulation with other sectors, and hindering more proactive and strategic attitudes by health managers.

While counting on committed, competent professionals with innovation potential, we found that the analyzed municipal health systems struggled to implement necessary governance, surveillance, and health care actions.

These limitations could be overcome through harmonic, intense, continuous, and incisive multisectoral actions that improve planning and strengthen health management in municipalities to make them more prepared to face a crisis of the magnitude of the Covid-19 pandemic. These actions should be promoted, articulated, and encouraged by the Federal and State governments, with the full participation of all the actors involved.

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