Revista Panamericana de Salud Públicahttps://scielosp.org/feed/rpsp/2005.v18n3/2018-01-01T00:02:00ZUnknown authorVol. 18 No. 3 - 2005WerkzeugSalvadoran fathers' attendance at prenatal care, delivery, and postpartum careS1020-498920050008000012018-01-01T00:02:00Z2018-01-01T00:02:00ZCarter, Marion W.Speizer, Ilene
<em>Carter, Marion W.</em>;
<em>Speizer, Ilene</em>;
<br/><br/>
OBJECTIVE: To provide a baseline perspective on the prevalence of Salvadoran men's attendance at prenatal care, delivery, and postpartum well-baby care and on sociodemographic factors associated with their attendance, with the goal of informing efforts to help men play more positive roles in maternal-child health. METHODS: The data came from the 2003 Salvadoran National Male Health Survey. The data focused on fathers (n = 418) and their most recent live-born child in the preceding five years. Factors associated with the fathers' participation in prenatal care visits, attendance at delivery, and participation in postnatal well-baby visits were explored using logistic and multinomial regression models. RESULTS: Ninety percent of the recent Salvadoran fathers who were surveyed participated in a prenatal care visit, attended the delivery, or participated in a postpartum well-baby care visit; 34% participated in all three of the activities. Attendance at delivery was most common, reported by 81% of fathers; the most common reason that subjects cited for not attending was that they had had to work. CONCLUSIONS: A large majority of the Salvadoran fathers participated in at least one prenatal care visit, delivery, or a postpartum well-baby care visit. While attendance alone does not necessarily indicate that men are supporting their partners, the results suggest that norms are in place for men to play positive roles in maternal-child health matters. Furthermore, the participation of fathers in these maternal and child health care activities may provide new opportunities to educate and further support men in both their own health and their family's health.Diferencias en las prevalencias de desnutrición al usarse referencias nacionales e internacionalesS1020-498920050008000022018-01-01T00:02:00Z2018-01-01T00:02:00ZOyhenart, Evelia EdithOrden, Alicia Bibiana
<em>Oyhenart, Evelia Edith</em>;
<em>Orden, Alicia Bibiana</em>;
<br/><br/>
OBJETIVO: Evaluar si el empleo de dos referencias distintas (internacional y nacional) ocasiona diferencias en las prevalencias de emaciación y retraso del crecimiento en una muestra de niños de 8 a 14 años. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra de 1 470 escolares de ambos sexos de la ciudad de La Plata (Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina). A partir de los datos de peso y talla se calcularon las puntuaciones Z respecto a los valores de referencia de la primera y la segunda encuesta estadounidense de salud y nutrición (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES I y II), y de la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría. Las prevalencias de emaciación y retraso del crecimiento se calcularon tomando un punto de corte de dos desviaciones estándar (DE) por debajo de la mediana de referencia. Se compararon las prevalencias mediante la prueba de ji al cuadrado con corrección de Yates y se calcularon la razón de posibilidades (odds ratio, RP) y los intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). RESULTADOS: La referencia internacional se asoció positivamente a una mayor prevalencia de retraso del crecimiento, tanto en la muestra total (RP = 5,12; IC95%: 3,27 a 8,05) como en varones (RP = 4,36; IC95%: 2,43 a 7,93) y en mujeres (RP = 6,32; IC95%: 3,10 a 13,27). La prevalencia de emaciación fue similar con ambas referencias. La distribución de la talla para la edad presentó un sesgo a la izquierda respecto de la referencia internacional y a la derecha respecto de la nacional, mientras que la del peso para la talla se superpuso a ambas referencias. CONCLUSIONES: Las diferencias en las prevalencias de retraso del crecimiento calculadas según las dos referencias utilizadas reflejan cuadros disímiles del estado nutricional de la población evaluada. El incremento de la talla de los niños respecto a la referencia nacional apunta a la presencia de una tendencia secular positiva y puede explicar parte de las diferencias en la prevalencia de retraso del crecimiento.A literature review of the epidemiology of sepsis in Latin AmericaS1020-498920050008000032018-01-01T00:02:00Z2018-01-01T00:02:00ZJaimes, Fabián
<em>Jaimes, Fabián</em>;
<br/><br/>
OBJECTIVES: Epidemiological studies from the United States of America and from Europe have shown that sepsis is a widely prevalent syndrome, with either steady or slightly decreasing rates of morbidity and of mortality in recent decades. The objective of this paper is to provide a systematic review regarding the description and characterization of sepsis in Latin America. METHODS: To locate materials on sepsis in Latin America, a comprehensive search strategy was employed with three medical bibliographic databases, using combinations of the terms "sepsis," "septicemia," "bacteremia," "sepsis syndrome," "epidemiology," "incidence," and "prevalence." The materials selected were in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. RESULTS: The titles of more than 1 000 potentially relevant articles were screened, and more than 600 selected abstracts were reviewed in detail. Twenty papers published from 1990 through 2004 were selected and analyzed. The studies described in the 20 articles were extremely heterogeneous in design, population, sample size, end points, and follow-up. The studies did not all apply the same clinical definition for sepsis, thus making it impossible to produce a precise overall estimate of the magnitude of the problem of sepsis in Latin America. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the literature review suggest that the clinical and epidemiological approaches to the problem of sepsis in Latin America have sometimes been inappropriate with respect to research design, study population, and clinical outcome. Further, some data suggest that in terms of both frequency and mortality the situation with sepsis and severe systemic infections may be worse in Latin America than it is in developed countries.Consulta aos rótulos de alimentos e bebidas por freqüentadores de supermercados em Brasília, BrasilS1020-498920050008000042018-01-01T00:02:00Z2018-01-01T00:02:00ZMonteiro, Renata AlvesCoutinho, Janine GiubertiRecine, Elisabetta
<em>Monteiro, Renata Alves</em>;
<em>Coutinho, Janine Giuberti</em>;
<em>Recine, Elisabetta</em>;
<br/><br/>
OBJETIVO: Investigar se a população adulta freqüentadora de supermercados do Plano Piloto de Brasília (DF), Brasil, utiliza as informações nutricionais contidas nos rótulos de bebidas e alimentos, assim como caracterizar essa utilização. MÉTODOS: Este trabalho foi realizado em duas etapas: uma etapa quantitativa, baseada em um estudo transversal, onde foram entrevistados 250 indivíduos selecionados aleatoriamente em cinco supermercados; e uma etapa qualitativa, na qual foram feitas 25 entrevistas individuais com participantes da etapa anterior. RESULTADOS: A leitura da informação nutricional dos rótulos de alimentos era realizada por 187 (74,8%) dos consumidores pesquisados. Contudo, apenas 25,7% dos consumidores nesse grupo liam os rótulos de todos os alimentos. Em geral (59,9%), a consulta se dava somente aos rótulos de alimentos específicos, como leites e derivados, enlatados, embutidos e produtos diet e light. Foram citados como os mais importantes objetivos da consulta aos rótulos o interesse acerca do número de calorias e da quantidade de gordura e sódio. CONCLUSÕES: Os presentes resultados indicam a necessidade de aperfeiçoar as estratégias educativas já existentes para o consumo saudável de alimentos, e podem ser úteis nesse aperfeiçoamento. Sugere-se que, além dos consumidores, os produtores e distribuidores de alimentos também sejam integrados nas estratégias de educação nutricional.Assessing the causes of under-five mortality in the Albert Schweitzer Hospital service area of rural HaitiS1020-498920050008000052018-01-01T00:02:00Z2018-01-01T00:02:00ZPerry, Henry B.Ross, Allen G.Fernand, Facile
<em>Perry, Henry B.</em>;
<em>Ross, Allen G.</em>;
<em>Fernand, Facile</em>;
<br/><br/>
OBJECTIVES: Limited information is available regarding the causes of under-five mortality in nearly all of the countries in which mortality is the highest. The purpose of this study was to use a standard computerized protocol for defining the leading causes of death among children in a high-mortality rural population of Haiti and to highlight the need for similar studies elsewhere in Haiti and throughout the high-mortality areas of Latin America and the Caribbean. METHODS: In 2001 a standardized, closed-ended verbal autopsy questionnaire endorsed by the World Health Organization was administered to a representative, population-based sample of the mothers or other caregivers of 97 children who had died before reaching 5 years of age between 1995 and 1999 in the service area of the Albert Schweitzer Hospital, which is located in the rural Artibonite Valley of Haiti. With the data from the questionnaires we used a computerized algorithm to generate diagnoses of the cause of death; the algorithm made it possible to have more than one cause of death. RESULTS: Acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) was the leading diagnosis, present in 45% of all under-five deaths, followed by enteric diseases, present in 21% of deaths. Neonatal tetanus, preterm birth, and other early neonatal causes unassociated with ALRI or diarrhea were present in 41% of the neonatal deaths. Among children 1-59 months of age, ALRI was present in 51% of the deaths, and enteric diseases in 30%. Deaths were concentrated during the first few months of life, with 35% occurring during the first month. Among the neonatal deaths, 27% occurred on the first day of life, and 80% occurred during the first 10 days of life. CONCLUSIONS: In the Albert Schweitzer Hospital program area-and presumably in other areas of Haiti as well-priority needs to be given to the prevention of and the early, effective treatment of ALRI, diarrhea, and early neonatal conditions. This study points to the need for more, similar standardized assessments to guide local, regional, and national programs.Determinación del historial de exposiciones en la epidemiolgía ocupacionalS1020-498920050008000062018-01-01T00:02:00Z2018-01-01T00:02:00ZEspinosa, Maria TeresaPartanen, TimoPiñeros, MarionChaves, JorgePosso, HéctorMonge, PatriciaBlanco, LuísWesseling, Catharina
<em>Espinosa, Maria Teresa</em>;
<em>Partanen, Timo</em>;
<em>Piñeros, Marion</em>;
<em>Chaves, Jorge</em>;
<em>Posso, Héctor</em>;
<em>Monge, Patricia</em>;
<em>Blanco, Luís</em>;
<em>Wesseling, Catharina</em>;
<br/><br/>
La validez de los indicadores de exposición es una condición necesaria en epidemiología si se han de obtener resultados válidos en la medición de los riesgos asociados con la exposición a agentes nocivos en el entorno laboral. Sin embargo, llevar a cabo la validación de estos indicadores de exposiciones pasadas no es tarea fácil. Debido a la falta de mediciones de referencia en el ámbito de la higiene industrial y de concentraciones representativas de bioindicadores que reflejen las exposiciones pasadas, el método de los autoinformes se ha utilizado para recoger datos de exposición indirectos. No obstante, los datos acerca de agentes nocivos específicos son a menudo deficientes y deben completarse con otros sobre los factores condicionantes de la exposición. La validez de los autoinformes mejora cuando se utilizan listas de verificación e iconos ilustrativos, mientras que la calidad de la información sobre las exposiciones personales mejora cuando se incorporan datos secundarios acerca de las exposiciones y de los factores que las condicionan o determinan. La exposición se puede determinar mediante matrices de exposición, evaluación por expertos y modelos de exposición, integrando datos primarios y secundarios acerca de las exposiciones y sus factores condicionantes. Las matrices contienen datos agrupados y, por consiguiente, pueden llevar a errores a la hora de clasificar las exposiciones individuales e introducir sesgos en la estimación de los riesgos. La evaluación por expertos es probablemente el método con el índice de validez más alto, pero puede entrañar costos muy altos en el caso de estudios de cierta magnitud. Otra posibilidad con buenas perspectivas es la de utilizar un modelo formal para evaluar las exposiciones patentes y mejorarlo mediante la evaluación por expertos en situaciones en las cuales los resultados del modelo parezcan alejarse de la realidad.Global child survival initiatives and their relevance to the Latin American and Caribbean RegionS1020-498920050008000072018-01-01T00:02:00Z2018-01-01T00:02:00ZVictora, Cesar G.Barros, Fernando C.
<em>Victora, Cesar G.</em>;
<em>Barros, Fernando C.</em>;
<br/><br/>
We review two series of papers published by The Lancet: the Child Survival Series (2003) and the Neonatal Survival Series (2005). Both series drew attention to the nearly 11 million annual deaths of children under the age of five years, and to the fact that almost 4 million of these deaths occur in the first month of life. We show that two thirds of these deaths could be prevented through universal coverage with existing, low-cost interventions that are failing to reach most children in the world. The series also highlighted the importance of reducing inequities both between and within countries. The relevance of these series to Latin America and the Caribbean is examined. Although substantial progress has been made in reducing mortality and improving coverage, two major challenges remain: how to improve the quality of health interventions, and how to reach the most disadvantaged children in the Latin American and Caribbean Region.Deterioro neurocognoscitivo por exposición al plomo en hijos de alfareros andinosS1020-498920050008000082018-01-01T00:02:00Z2018-01-01T00:02:00ZEfectos de la metformina en la composición corporal de personas con factores de riesgo de diabetes tipo 2S1020-498920050008000092018-01-01T00:02:00Z2018-01-01T00:02:00ZAculturación y salud de los latinos en los Estados Unidos de AméricaS1020-498920050008000102018-01-01T00:02:00Z2018-01-01T00:02:00ZVacuna contra la leishmaniasis cutánea americana se muestra segura pero ineficaz contra Leishmania panamensisS1020-498920050008000112018-01-01T00:02:00Z2018-01-01T00:02:00ZLa prevención de la influenza: recomendaciones para la temporada de 2005-2006S1020-498920050008000122018-01-01T00:02:00Z2018-01-01T00:02:00ZLe Riverend, Eloísa
<em>Le Riverend, Eloísa</em>;
<br/><br/>
Public health impact and medical consequences of earthquakesS1020-498920050008000132018-01-01T00:02:00Z2018-01-01T00:02:00ZNaghii, M. R.
<em>Naghii, M. R.</em>;
<br/><br/>
Prevalencia del consumo de tabaco en médicos residentes de pediatría en ArgentinaS1020-498920050008000142018-01-01T00:02:00Z2018-01-01T00:02:00Z