Resumo em Espanhol:

OBJETIVO: Explorar los efectos del vecindario urbano sobre la salud mental de los hombres y las mujeres de Jamaica, y sus implicaciones en materia de planificación urbana y desarrollo social. MÉTODOS: Se analizó una muestra transversal de hogares que incluyó a 2 848 personas de 15 a 74 años de edad y que se obtuvo de la Encuesta sobre Salud y Estilo de Vida en Jamaica, realizada los años 2007 y 2008. Se llevó a cabo un análisis secundario mediante la elaboración de puntuaciones compuestas para describir las características del vecindario registradas por el observador, incluidos las infraestructuras, los equipamientos y los servicios, las condiciones físicas, la situación socioeconómica de la comunidad y las zonas verdes próximas al hogar. Se evaluaron los síntomas depresivos mediante el Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM-IV). Se utilizaron métodos bifactoriales y multifactoriales para explorar las asociaciones entre el sexo, los factores del vecindario y el riesgo de padecer síntomas depresivos. RESULTADOS: Mientras que no se observaron asociaciones en los residentes de zonas rurales, los vecindarios urbanos se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de padecer síntomas depresivos. En hombres, la residencia en un vecindario con infraestructuras deficitarias aumentó el riesgo; en mujeres, la residencia en una comunidad informal o un vecindario no planificado aumentó el riesgo. CONCLUSIONES: El vecindario urbano contribuye a aumentar el riesgo de sintomatología depresiva en Jamaica. Los estresantes ambientales que afectan a los hombres y las mujeres son distintos. Es necesario que los planificadores urbanos y sociales tengan en cuenta el entorno físico cuando elaboren las intervenciones de salud en entornos urbanos, en particular en las comunidades marginadas.

Resumo em Inglês:

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mental health effects of the urban neighborhood on men and women in Jamaica and the implications for urban planning and social development. METHODS: A cross-sectional household sample of 2 848 individuals 15-74 years of age obtained from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2007-2008 was analyzed. Secondary analysis was undertaken by developing composite scores to describe observer recorded neighborhood features, including infrastructure, amenities/services, physical conditions, community socioeconomic status, and green spaces around the home. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Bivariate and multivariate methods were used to explore the associations among gender, neighborhood factors, and risk of depressive symptoms. RESULTS: While no associations were found among rural residents, urban neighborhoods were associated with increased risk of depressive symptoms. Among males, residing in a neighborhood with poor infrastructure increased risk; among females, residing in an informal community/unplanned neighborhood increased risk. CONCLUSIONS: The urban neighborhood contributes to the risk of depression symptomatology in Jamaica, with different environmental stressors affecting men and women. Urban and social planners need to consider the physical environment when developing health interventions in urban settings, particularly in marginalized communities.

Resumo em Espanhol:

OBJETIVO: Describir la asociación entre la realización de la citología del cuello uterino y el tipo de seguro de salud en las mujeres peruanas, y determinar el papel de las variables sociodemográficas y de salud sexual en esta relación. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal que utiliza la información de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES), Perú, 2005-2008, correspondiente a una selección de 12 272 mujeres de 30 a 49 años de edad. La variable dependiente fue la realización de alguna prueba de Papanicolaou (PAP) en los últimos 5 años. Las variables independientes principales fueron el tipo de seguro de salud, el nivel educativo, el nivel socioeconómico del hogar, la etnia y el área de residencia. La asociación multivariada fue estimada a través de la razón de prevalencias, utilizando la regresión Poisson con varianza robusta. RESULTADOS: Se encontró que 62,7% de las mujeres sexualmente activas se habían realizado algún PAP en los últimos 5 años. Este porcentaje de participación variaba según el tipo de seguro de salud, donde las mujeres con seguro público tenían 1,27 (intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: 1,24-1,31) y las que tenían seguro privado 1,52 (IC95%:1,46-1,58) veces mayor probabilidad de haberse realizado un PAP que aquellas sin seguro. Esta asociación era explicada predominantemente por las variables de posición socioeconómica. Asimismo las mujeres que tenían la participación más baja eran las analfabetas o con educación primaria, de nivel socioeconómico bajo, con antecedente de lengua indígena y que vivían en la zonas rurales-siendo esta brecha aún mayor cuando además carecían de seguro de salud, llegando a ser hasta la tercera parte en relación con los grupos sociales más favorecidos. CONCLUSIONES: Se hallaron desigualdades según el tipo de seguro de salud en la realización del PAP, siendo las mujeres sin seguro las que menos lo utilizaron, lo cual supone una barrera para el acceso al cribado de cáncer de cérvix en Perú.

Resumo em Inglês:

OBJECTIVE: Describe the association between receipt of cervical cytology and type of health insurance in Peruvian women, and determine the role of sociodemographic and sexual health variables in this relationship. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using information on a sample of 12 272 women aged 30 to 49 years from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES), Peru, 2005-2008. The dependent variable was receipt of at least one Pap smear in the last five years. The primary independent variables were type of health insurance, educational level, household socioeconomic level, ethnicity, and place of residence. Prevalence ratio, obtained from Poisson regression with robust variance, was used to measure multivariate association. RESULTS: Among sexually active women, 62.7% had received at least one Pap test in the last five years. Percentage of women tested varied by type of health insurance. Women with public or private insurance had a greater probability of having received a Pap smear-1.27 (95% CI, 1.24-1.31) and 1.52 (95% CI, 1.46-1.58) times greater, respectively-than uninsured women. This association was primarily explained by socioeconomic status variables. In addition, women who participated the least in screening were characterized by illiteracy or only a primary education, low socioeconomic level, speaking an indigenous language, and living in a rural area. When they also lacked health insurance, the gap widened, rising to as much as one third compared to more advantaged social groups. CONCLUSIONS: Inequalities were found in receipt of Pap testing according to type of health insurance; women without insurance were least likely to be screened, implying existence of a barrier to cervical cancer screening in Peru.

Resumo em Português:

OBJETIVO: Investigar os fatores associados à desigualdade no uso de serviços de saúde bucal da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF)medida pelo indicador realização de exodontia. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um inquérito populacional de base domiciliar em dois municípios do Estado da Bahia, Brasil, com 100% de cobertura da ESF. Foram sorteados 10 setores censitários. Os domicílios foram definidos de forma sistemática. Para estimar a utilização dos serviços públicos, consideraram-se prevalência de 50%, erro amostral de 4% e intervalo de confiança de 95%. Agentes comunitários de saúde treinados entrevistaram informantes-chave, que responderam a questões sociodemográficas e de utilização dos serviços odontológicos em nome de todos os moradores do domicílio com 15 anos ou mais. Considerou-se a exodontia como desfecho principal. A razão de prevalência foi usada para aferir a associação entre exodontia e as variáveis preditoras. A razão de chances (odds ratio, OR) foi usada na análise de regressão logística multivariada. RESULTADOS: Foram coletados dados de 2 539 indivíduos, dos quais 682 (26,86%) haviam utilizado o serviço de saúde bucal da atenção básica nos últimos 12 meses. A exodontia foi realizada em 218 (31,96%) dos 682 pacientes da atenção básica. Receber benefício social (OR = 1,43; IC95%: 1,02 a 2,01), ter mais de 35 anos (OR = 1,59; IC95%: 1,12 a 2,27) e menor nível de escolaridade (OR = 1,81; IC95%: 1,27 a 2,56) foram variáveis associadas independentemente ao desfecho. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados apontam para a permanência de desigualdades históricas na utilização dos serviços de saúde bucal. Ações intersetoriais podem ser importantes para a melhoria da saúde bucal.

Resumo em Inglês:

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors associated with inequality in the use of oral health services in the Brazilian Family Health Program (Estratégia Saúde da Família, ESF) as measured by dental extractions. METHODS: A population-based household survey was carried out in two municipalities with full coverage by the ESF in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Ten census tracts were randomly selected. Households were selected by systematic sampling. To assess the use of public services by the population, a prevalence of 50%, sampling error of 4%, and confidence interval of 95% were considered. Trained community health workers conducted key informant interviews on use of oral health services and collected demographic data for all household members aged 15 years or older. Dental extraction was the main outcome. The association between dental extraction and predictive variables was assessed using prevalence ratio, and multivar logistic regression analysis was performed using odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: Data from 2 539 people was collected. Of these, 682 (26.86%) had used primary oral health care services in the previous 12 months. Dental extraction was performed in 218 (31.96%) out of 682 primary care patients. Being assisted by social programs (OR = 1.43; IC95%: 1.02-2.01), being older than 35 years (OR = 1.59; IC95%: 1.12-2.27), and having lower education levels (OR = 1.81; IC95%: 1.27-2.56) were independently associated with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that historical inequalities of access to oral health services persist. Intersectoral actions may play an important role in improving oral health conditions.

Resumo em Espanhol:

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la experiencia de determinadas ciudades de la Región de las Américas mediante el empleo del instrumento de evaluación y respuesta en materia de equidad en salud en medios urbanos (Urban HEART), introducido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en el 2010, y determinar su utilidad para apoyar las iniciativas de los gobiernos para incrementar la equidad en salud utilizando el enfoque de los determinantes sociales de la salud (DSS). MÉTODOS: Se evaluó la experiencia de Urban HEART en cuatro ciudades: Guarulhos (Brasil), Toronto (Canadá), y Bogotá y Medellín (Colombia). Los equipos de Urban HEART de cada ciudad presentaron informes y estos fueron complementados por las explicaciones directas de informantes clave. El análisis tuvo en cuenta las redes y los recursos de cada ciudad utilizados para implantar el Urban HEART, el proceso mediante el cual cada ciudad determinó las brechas en materia de equidad y las intervenciones prioritarias y, por último, las barreras y los factores favorecedores detectados, así como las medidas a adoptar RESULTADOS: En tres ciudades, los gobiernos locales lideraron el proceso, mientras que en la cuarta (Toronto), este fue iniciado y conducido por la comunidad académica. Todas las ciudades utilizaron Urban HEART como una plataforma para hacer participar a múltiples interesados directos. Se utilizaron las herramientas Matriz y Monitor de Urban HEART para determinar las brechas de equidad en las ciudades. Mientras Bogotá y Medellín establecieron prioridades entre las intervenciones ya existentes, Guarulhos adoptó nuevas intervenciones centradas en los distritos desprotegidos. Se adoptaron medidas en materia de determinantes intermedios, por ejemplo, el acceso a los sistemas de salud, y los DSS estructurales, tales como el desempleo y los derechos humanos CONCLUSIONES: El instrumento Urban HEART proporciona a los gobiernos locales un método sencillo y sistemático para evaluar y responder a la inequidad en salud. Mediante el enfoque de los DSS, esta herramienta ha proporcionado una plataforma para la acción intersectorial y la participación comunitaria. Aunque podrían fortalecerse algunos aspectos relacionados con la provisión de directrices, Urban HEART constituye una herramienta útil para dirigir la acción local sobre las inequidades en salud y debe extenderse a toda la Región de las Américas aprovechando la experiencia actual.

Resumo em Inglês:

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the experience of select cities in the Americas using the Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool (Urban HEART) launched by the World Health Organization in 2010 and to determine its utility in supporting government efforts to improve health equity using the social determinants of health (SDH) approach METHODS: The Urban HEART experience was evaluated in four cities from 2010-2013: Guarulhos (Brazil), Toronto (Canada), and Bogotá and Medellín (Colombia). Reports were submitted by Urban HEART teams in each city and supplemented by first-hand accounts of key informants. The analysis considered each city's networks and the resources it used to implement Urban HEART; the process by which each city identified equity gaps and prioritized interventions; and finally, the facilitators and barriers encountered, along with next steps RESULTS: In three cities, local governments spearheaded the process, while in the fourth (Toronto), academia initiated and led the process. All cities used Urban HEART as a platform to engage multiple stakeholders. Urban HEART's Matrix and Monitor were used to identify equity gaps within cities. While Bogotá and Medellín prioritized among existing interventions, Guarulhos adopted new interventions focused on deprived districts. Actions were taken on intermediate determinants, e.g., health systems access, and structural SDH, e.g., unemployment and human rights CONCLUSIONS: Urban HEART provides local governments with a simple and systematic method for assessing and responding to health inequity. Through the SDH approach, the tool has provided a platform for intersectoral action and community involvement. While some areas of guidance could be strengthened, Urban HEART is a useful tool for directing local action on health inequities, and should be scaled up within the Region of the Americas, building upon current experience.

Resumo em Português:

OBJETIVO: Analisar o Relatório Final da VIII Conferência de Saúde e o Plano Municipal de Saúde de São José dos Pinhais 2010-2013 e verificar se esses documentos contemplaram os temas sustentabilidade, governança e equidade e as interfaces entre esses temas - políticas de governo e estado, balanço de poder e processo inclusivo e resultados impactantes -, que compõem um Modelo Conceitual para Desenvolvimento Humano e Promoção da Saúde proposto pelos autores. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo de caso, foram analisadas as 331 propostas aprovadas para incorporação no Plano Municipal de Saúde. Foram analisadas as seis categorias temáticas do Modelo Conceitual para Desenvolvimento Humano e Promoção da Saúde pelo programa ATLAS Ti 5.0. As propostas foram classificadas pelo número de temas e interfaces do Modelo Conceitual: propostas plenas de promoção de saúde continham as seis categorias de conceitos e interfaces; propostas de promoção parcial continham três categorias; e propostas incipientes continham uma categoria. RESULTADOS: Das 331 propostas aprovadas, 162 (49%) contemplaram as seis categorias temáticas, sendo classificadas como propostas plenas de promoção da saúde. Noventa e cinco (29%) contemplaram três categorias, sendo classificadas como de parcial promoção da saúde. Dessas, 38 (12%) contemplaram as categorias governança, sustentabilidade e políticas de governo/estado, 33 (10%) contemplaram governança, balanço de poder e equidade e 24 (7%) contemplaram equidade, processo inclusivo/resultados impactantes e sustentabilidade. Finalmente, 74 (22%) propostas contemplaram uma categoria, sendo classificadas como proposta de incipiente promoção da saúde: 36 (11%) contemplaram governança, 27 (8%) contemplaram sustentabilidade e 11 (3%) contemplaram equidade. CONCLUSÕES: Tendo em vista que 49% das propostas foram classificadas como de promoção plena da saúde, o controle social, a partir da participação popular na construção do plano de saúde, contribuiu para a promoção da saúde no município.

Resumo em Inglês:

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the Final Report of the VIII Health Conference and the São José dos Pinhais City Health Program for 2010-2013 and investigate whether these documents addressed the themes of sustainability, governance, and equity and the interfaces between these themes-government policies, power balance, and inclusive processes/impacting results-that make up the Concept Model for Human Development and Health Promotion developed by the authors. METHOD: This case study analyzed 331 proposals approved for incorporation in the City Health Program. The six thematical categories of the Concept Model were analyzed using ATLAS Ti 5.0 software. The proposals were classified according to the number of themes and interfaces of the Concept Model: full health proposals contained all six categories; partial proposals contained three categories; and incipient proposals contained one category. RESULTS: Of 331 proposals approved, 162 (49%) contemplated the six thematical categories and were classified as full health promotion proposals. Ninety-five (29%) contemplated three categories (partial health promotion). Of these, 38 (12%) addressed Governance, Sustainability, and Government Policies, 33 (10%) addressed Governance, Power Balance, and Equity and 24 (7%) addressed Equity, Inclusive Processes/Impact Results, and Sustainability. Finally, 74 (22%) proposals contemplated only one category and were classified as incipient: 36 (11%) addressed Governance, 27 (8%) addressed sustainability, and 11 (3%) addressed equity. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the fact that 49% of the proposals approved were classified as full health promotion, it is considered that the effectiveness of social control and popular participation in the construction of health policies at the local level contritute to the promotion of health in the city.

Resumo em Espanhol:

OBJETIVO:Medir el progreso alcanzado por las actividades de colaboración de los socios multisectoriales en una iniciativa de salud comunitaria mediante el empleo de un método sistemático para verificar y evaluar los cambios en la comunidad y los sistemas con el transcurso del tiempo. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un proyecto comunitario de investigación participativa en el que colaboraron los socios comunitarios de la Coalición Salud para Todos los Latinos, que, con base en el modelo de Salud para Todos, aborda las desigualdades en materia de salud en un vecindario de bajos ingresos de Kansas City, en el estado de Kansas (Estados Unidos). Adoptando como guía tres preguntas de investigación referentes a en qué medida la Coalición catalizó los cambios, qué intensidad alcanzaron y cómo mostrarlos gráficamente, se recogieron datos sobre los cambios en la comunidad y los sistemas introducidos por los socios comunitarios del 2009 al 2012. Estos cambios se describieron y evaluaron según su intensidad (la duración del acontecimiento, el porcentaje de población expuesta y la estrategia) y según otras categorías, tales como el mecanismo implicado como determinante social de la salud y el sector afectado. RESULTADOS: Durante el período de estudio de cuatro años, la Coalición había introducido 64 cambios en la comunidad y los sistemas. Estos cambios estaban alineados con las principales metas de la Coalición: nutrición sana, ejercicio físico y acceso a los tamizajes de salud. Las iniciativas de la comunidad y los sistemas mejoraron con el transcurso del tiempo, eran más duraderas y llegaban a una parte más importante de la población. CONCLUSIONES:Aunque se requieren investigaciones adicionales para establecer datos probatorios de su validez predictiva, este método para verificar y caracterizar los cambios en la comunidad y los sistemas permite a los socios comunitarios observar el progreso alcanzado por sus iniciativas en pro de la de salud.

Resumo em Inglês:

OBJECTIVE: To measure the progress made by the collaborative actions of multisectorial partners in a community health effort using a systematic method to document and evaluate community/system changes over time. METHODS: This was a community-based participatory research project engaging community partners of the Latino Health for All Coalition, which based on the Health for All model, addresses health inequity in a low-income neighborhood in Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America. Guided by three research questions regarding the extent to which the Coalition catalyzed change, intensity of change, and how to visually display change, data were collected on community/system changes implemented by the community partners from 2009-2012. These changes were characterized and rated according to intensity (event duration, population reach, and strategy) and by other categories, such as social determinant of health mechanism and sector. RESULTS: During the 4-year study period, the Coalition implemented 64 community/system changes. These changes were aligned with the Coalition's primary goals of healthy nutrition, physical activity, and access to health screenings. Community/system efforts improved over time, becoming longer in duration and reaching more of the population. CONCLUSIONS: Although evidence of its predictive validity awaits further research, this method for documenting and characterizing community/system changes enables community partners to see progress made by their health initiatives.

Resumo em Português:

OBJETIVO: Compreender as repercussões do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) e analisar seus efeitos nos processos de inclusão e exclusão social vividos pelas famílias pobres no Brasil, em especial sua potencialidade para enfrentar iniquidades em saúde. MÉTODOS: A investigação de abordagem qualitativa empregou a metodologia de estudo de caso com utilização das técnicas de observação participante, pesquisa documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas com famílias beneficiárias e ex-beneficiárias do PBF, além de gestores municipais. O estudo foi conduzido em um município de pequeno porte do estado do Rio de Janeiro, com elevado índice de exclusão social e cobertura de 100% da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF).A abordagem dosprocessos deinclusão e exclusão socialem suas dimensões econômica, social, política e cultural foi utilizada para orientar a coleta e análise dos dados. RESULTADOS: O programa favoreceu a inclusão social das famílias pobres, especialmente nas dimensões econômica e social, apesar de não promover as mudanças reivindicadas pelos beneficiários na esfera do trabalho. Os efeitos na dimensão política foram limitados pelo funcionamento inadequado das instâncias de participação social. Os entrevistados destacaram os efeitos positivos da ESF relacionados ao usufruto do direito à saúde, em particular a ampliação do acesso e utilização de serviços de saúde de atenção primária. No entanto, esses efeitos mostraram-se desvinculados do PBF. CONCLUSÕES: O trabalho aponta efeitos, limites e desafios do PBF para modificar os determinantes sociais produtores de iniquidades da saúde, a fim de que se alterem, de modo mais permanente, as dinâmicas de exclusão/inclusão social de famílias vivendo em situação de pobreza.

Resumo em Inglês:

OBJECTIVE: To understand the impact of Bolsa Família (PBF), a federal cash transfer program, and to analyze its effects on social inclusion and exclusion processes experienced by low-income families in Brazil, with a focus on the program's potential to help overcome health inequity. METHODS: This qualitative investigation used a case study methodology including observant participation, review of documents, and semi-structured interviews with current and former PBF beneficiaries, as well as with the program's local managers. The study was conducted in a small city in the state of Rio de Janeiro with a high social exclusion index and 100% coverage by the Family Health Strategy (Estratégia Saúde da Família, ESF) program. The economic, political, social, and cultural dimensions of social exclusion and inclusion processes were used to guide data collection and analysis. RESULTS: The program facilitated social inclusion of low-income families, especially in the economic and social dimensions. Nevertheless, it did not produce the changes desired by the beneficiaries in the work dimension. The effects on the political dimension were limited by the insufficient social engagement of the PBF. The interviewees underscored the positive effects of the ESF, which allowed them to exercise their right to health by granting them wider access to primary health care services. However, these effects appeared to be unrelated to the PBF. CONCLUSIONS: The results reveal effects, limitations, and challenges of the PBF towards modifying the social determinants of health inequity, in order to promote more effective changes in the social exclusion/inclusion dynamics affecting low-income families.

Resumo em Espanhol:

OBJETIVO:Determinar la magnitud y los motivos del abandono del proceso de diagnóstico y tratamiento de las mujeres con citología anormal, así como la relación entre las características socioeconómicas de las mujeres y dicho abandono. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal-retrospectivo. Se realizó un análisis de fuentes secundarias y entrevistas domiciliarias a mujeres con Papanicolaou (Pap) anormal atendidas en el sistema público municipal entre 2009 y 2011. RESULTADOS: El abandono confirmado en la población de estudio fue de 18,3%. Las mujeres con mayor probabilidad de abandono fueron las que vivían en hogares con presencia de niños menores de 5 años de edad (razón de probabilidades [RP]: 2,4; intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: 1,2-4,8) y las que vivían en hogares con hacinamiento (RP: 2,9; IC95%: 1,2-7,3). Las mujeres que realizaron el Pap inicial en un centro de atención primaria poseían 4,6 veces más probabilidad de abandono que las atendidas en el hospital (IC95%: 1,7-12,3). Los principales motivos de abandono reportados fueron problemas con la organización de los servicios de salud y la carga de trabajo doméstico. CONCLUSIONES: Las condiciones de vida de las mujeres, y la organización y calidad de los servicios de salud, inciden en el abandono del proceso de diagnóstico y tratamiento de las lesiones precancerosas. Es fundamental desarrollar estrategias que actúen sobre los determinantes sociales del abandono como un modo de asegurar la efectividad de los programas de tamizaje del cáncer cervicouterino.

Resumo em Inglês:

OBJECTIVE: Determine the extent and reasons why women with abnormal Pap smears drop out from diagnosis and treatment, and the relationship between women's socioeconomic characteristics and dropping out. METHODS: Cross-sectional retrospective study. Analysis of secondary sources and household interviews with women with abnormal Pap smears seen in the public municipal system from 2009 to 2011. RESULTS: Confirmed dropout in the study population was 18.3%. Women with the greatest probability of dropping out lived in homes where there were children under five (probability ratio [PR]: 2.4; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.2-4.8) and where there was overcrowding (PR: 2.9; 95%CI: 1.2-7.3). Women whose initial Pap smear was done in a primary care center had a 4.6 times greater probability of dropping out than those seen in a hospital (95%CI: 1.7-12.3). The main reasons reported for dropping out were problems with health services organization and domestic workload. CONCLUSIONS: Women's living conditions and the organization and quality of health services affect dropout from diagnosis and treatment of precancerous lesions. Strategies need to be developed that address social determinants of dropping out as a way to ensure effectiveness of cervical cancer screening programs.

Resumo em Português:

OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas individuais e a ocorrência de tuberculose autorrelatada no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Este estudo transversal utilizou dados do suplemento saúde da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) para as regiões metropolitanas do Brasil no ano de 2008. Foi analisada a associação entre variáveis demográficas, sociais e de acesso e uso de serviços de saúde e a chance de o indivíduo ter respondido de forma positiva à pergunta da PNAD sobre ter sido informado por um profissional de saúde de que tinha tuberculose. A posição socioeconômica foi estimada com base na renda familiar per capita, escolaridade, raça/cor e número de pessoas por dormitório. Ter lugar de referência para buscar cuidado de saúde e ter plano de saúde foram utilizados como proxy de acesso aos serviços de saúde. A variável "ter consultado um médico nos últimos 12 meses" foi utilizada para medir o uso de serviços de saúde. Como o desenho amostral da PNAD é complexo, utilizou-se regressão logística com ponderação e correção do efeito de desenho da amostra. RESULTADOS: A chance de o indivíduo ter sido informado sobre ser portador de tuberculose foi maior entre os homens e aumentou com a idade. No conjunto das regiões metropolitanas, a partir de meio salário mínimo, foi menor a chance de o indivíduo ter sido informado sobre ser portador de tuberculose. Não ter consultado médico no último ano e ter escolaridade igual ou maior do que o ensino médio reduziu em 60% as chances de receber informação acerca de ser portador de tuberculose. CONCLUSÕES: A melhoria das condições de vida de segmentos populacionais mais vulneráveis à tuberculose e o acesso ao diagnóstico devem ser estratégias prioritárias para alcançar o controle da doença.

Resumo em Inglês:

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between individual demographic and socioeconomic variables and the incidence of self-reported tuberculosis in Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from the health supplement of the 2008 National Research by Household Sample (PNAD) for Brazil's metropolitan areas. An analysis was done of the association between demographic, social, and health service use variables and the odds of having been diagnosed with tuberculosis, according to data from PNAD. Socioeconomic status was assessed based on per capita household income, educational attainment, race, and number of persons per bedroom. Having a place of reference for health care and having health insurance were used as proxy for access to health care, and having been to a doctor in the previous 12 months was used as a variable of health service use. Due to the complex sample design of PNAD, logistic regression was used, taking into account the design effect. RESULTS: The odds of being diagnosed with tuberculosis increased with age and were greater among men. Within the nine metropolitan areas, the effect of income was observed starting at half the minimum wage, with odds decreasing as income increased. Not having seen a doctor in the previous year and having finished high school reduced the odds of reporting tuberculosis by 60%. CONCLUSIONS: Improving the living conditions of vulnerable population segments and facilitating their access to diagnosis should be primary strategies for controlling tuberculosis.

Resumo em Espanhol:

OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar los indicadores geográficos conforme a su utilidad para medir inequidades en el territorio; identificar y describir las áreas según sus grados de accesibilidad geográfica a los centros de atención primaria de salud (CAPS), y detectar poblaciones en riesgo desde la perspectiva del acceso a la atención primaria. MÉTODO: El análisis de accesibilidad espacial mediante sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) requirió de tres aspectos: la población sin cobertura médica, la distribución de los CAPS y la red de transporte público que los conecta. RESULTADOS: La construcción de indicadores de demanda (real, potencial y diferencial) y el análisis de los factores territoriales que intervienen en la movilidad de la población permitieron caracterizar los CAPS en relación a su entorno, contribuyendo al análisis, tanto en una perspectiva local como regional, y a la detección de diferentes zonas según niveles de conectividad a escala regional. CONCLUSIONES: Los indicadores construidos en el entorno SIG fueron de gran utilidad para el análisis de accesibilidad a los CAPS por la población vulnerable. La zonificación del territorio contribuyó a identificar inequidades al diferenciar áreas de demanda no satisfecha y la fragmentación de la conectividad espacial entre CAPS y transporte público.

Resumo em Inglês:

OBJECTIVE: Characterize geographical indicators in relation to their usefulness in measuring regional inequities, identify and describe areas according to their degree of geographical accessibility to primary health care centers (PHCCs), and detect populations at risk from the perspective of access to primary care. METHODS: Analysis of spatial accessibility using geographic information systems (GIS) involved three aspects: population without medical coverage, distribution of PHCCs, and the public transportation network connecting them. RESULTS: The development of indicators of demand (real, potential, and differential) and analysis of territorial factors affecting population mobility enabled the characterization of PHCCs with regard to their environment, thereby contributing to local and regional analysis and to the detection of different zones according to regional connectivity levels. CONCLUSIONS: Indicators developed in a GIS environment were very useful in analyzing accessibility to PHCCs by vulnerable populations. Zoning the region helped identify inequities by differentiating areas of unmet demand and fragmentation of spatial connectivity between PHCCs and public transportation.

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OBJETIVO: Examinar y analizar sistemáticamente las diversas maneras en que los marcos de los sistemas de salud abordan las interacciones con los determinantes sociales de la salud (DSS), así como las implicaciones de estas interacciones. MÉTODOS: En el 2012, se llevó a cabo una revisión de la bibliografía mediante la adopción de criterios predeterminados para consultar tres bases de datos integrales (PubMed, la Base de Datos Cochrane de Revisiones Sistemáticas y la Biblioteca electrónica del Banco Mundial) y la bibliografía gris, en busca de artículos que incluyeran cualquier tipo de consideración de los DSS en los marcos de los sistemas de salud. Se utilizó el muestreo de bola de nieve y la opinión de expertos con objeto de incluir cualquier artículo potencialmente pertinente no detectado en la búsqueda inicial. En total, se encontraron 4 152 documentos; de estos, 27 se incluyeron en el análisis. RESULTADOS: Se observaron cinco categorías o modelos principales de interacción entre los sistemas de salud y los DSS: Vinculado, de Producción, Recíproco, Conjunto y de Sistemas. En un extremo se situaban los modelos Vinculado y de Producción, que contemplan los DSS como externos al sistema de salud; en el otro extremo, los modelos Conjunto y de Sistemas, que conciben una interacción continua y dinámica entre ellos. CONCLUSIONES: Si se tienen en cuentas las complejas y dinámicas interacciones entre los diferentes tipos de organizaciones involucradas en y con el sistema de salud, los modelos Conjunto y de Sistemas parecen reflejar mejor estas interacciones y, en consecuencia, son los que deberían guiar a los interesados directos en la planificación de los cambios.

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OBJECTIVE: To systematically review and analyze various ways that health systems frameworks interact with the social determinants of health (SDH), as well as the implications of these interactions. METHODS: This was a review of the literature conducted in 2012 using predetermined criteria to search three comprehensive databases (PubMed, the Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews, and the World Bank E-Library) and grey literature for articles with any consideration of the SDH within health systems frameworks. Snowball sampling and expert opinion were used to include any potentially relevant articles not identified by the initial search. In total, 4 152 documents were found; of these, 27 were included in the analyses. RESULTS: Five main categories of interaction between health systems and SDH emerged: Bounded, Production, Reciprocal, Joint, and Systems models. At one end were the Bounded and Production models, which conceive the SDH to be outside the health system; at the other end, the Joint and Systems models, which visualize a continuous and dynamic interaction. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the complex and dynamic interactions among different kinds of organizations involved in and with the health system,the Joint and Systems models seem to best reflect these interactions, and should thereby guide stakeholders in planning for change.

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El respaldo al compromiso mundial con la cobertura universal de salud representa la principal función de la salud en favor del bienestar y el desarrollo sostenible. La cobertura universal de salud se propone como una meta general de salud en el programa de desarrollo sostenible para después del 2015, pues conlleva una prestación eficaz, universal y equitativa de servicios de salud integrales por medio de un sistema de salud fuerte, en consonancia con múltiples sectores en torno a la meta compartida de una mejor salud. En el presente artículo, se sostiene que los determinantes sociales de la salud son centrales en la búsqueda equitativa de vidas saludables y también en la prestación de servicios de salud para todos y, por consiguiente, estos determinantes se deben incorporar explícitamente en el marco de la vigilancia de la cobertura universal de salud. Esto puede llevarse a cabo: a) desglosando los indicadores de la cobertura universal en función de las diferentes mediciones de la situación socioeconómica a fin de que reflejen el gradiente social y la complejidad de la estratificación social; y b) vinculando los indicadores de salud, tanto de resultados como de cobertura, con los determinantes sociales de la salud y con las políticas dentro y fuera del sector sanitario que influyen sobre la salud. Si no se sitúa la cobertura universal en el contexto de la acción sobre los determinantes sociales de la salud, aumenta el riesgo de interpretar el derecho a la salud como un derecho circunscrito a la cobertura de servicios y la protección económica.

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Underpinning the global commitment to universal health coverage (UHC) is the fundamental role of health for well-being and sustainable development. UHC is proposed as an umbrella health goal in the post-2015 sustainable development agenda because it implies universal and equitable effective delivery of comprehensive health services by a strong health system, aligned with multiple sectors around the shared goal of better health. In this paper, we argue that social determinants of health (SDH) are central to both the equitable pursuit of healthy lives and the provision of health services for all and, therefore, should be expressly incorporated into the framework for monitoring UHC. This can be done by: (a) disaggregating UHC indicators by different measures of socioeconomic position to reflect the social gradient and the complexity of social stratification; and (b) connecting health indicators, both outcomes and coverage, with SDH and policies within and outside of the health sector. Not locating UHC in the context of action on SDH increases the risk of going down a narrow route that limits the right to health to coverage of services and financial protection.

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Los enfoques de la promoción de la salud y de los determinantes sociales de la salud, cuando se integran, pueden contribuir mejor a la comprensión y el abordaje de las inequidades en salud. No obstante, normalmente se han aplicado como dos cuestiones separadas. En este artículo se presentan los elementos clave, los principios, las acciones y las posibles sinergias de estos marcos complementarios para abordar la equidad en salud. El valor añadido de la integración de estos dos enfoques se ilustra mediante tres ejemplos extraídos de las experiencias de los autores en la Región de las Américas: a nivel de la comunidad, mediante una coalición comunitaria dirigida a reducir las disparidades en relación con las enfermedades crónicas entre las minorías de un centro urbano de los Estados Unidos; a escala nacional, mediante las intervenciones de promoción de entornos saludables en Canadá; y a nivel regional, mediante la cooperación en salud basada en los valores de la justicia social en América Latina. También se analizan las dificultades que entraña integrar los enfoques de la promoción de la salud y de los determinantes sociales de la salud en la Región de las Américas.

Resumo em Inglês:

Health promotion and social determinants of health approaches, when integrated, can better contribute to understanding and addressing health inequities. Yet, they have typically been pursued as two solitudes. This paper presents the key elements, principles, actions, and potential synergies of these complementary frameworks for addressing health equity. The value-added of integrating these two approaches is illustrated by three examples drawn from the authors' experiences in the Americas: at the community level, through a community-based coalition for reducing chronic disease disparities among minorities in an urban center in the United States; at the national level, through healthy-settings interventions in Canada; and at the Regional level, through health cooperation based on social justice values in Latin America. Challenges to integrating health promotion and social determinants of health approaches in the Americas are also discussed.