Resumo em Espanhol:

El trabajo que aquí se presenta describe las ventajas de usar la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa (RCP-TI) para detectar e identificar con rapidez virus del dengue en muestras clínicas. Se sometieron directamente a RCP-TI 27 muestras obtenidas de pacientes con fiebre de dengue y fiebre hemorrágica de dengue durante epidemias en Colombia, Nicaragua y Panamá. El ADN de cadena doble obtenido con la RCP-TI se identificó mediante una segunda amplificación (RCP de anidación) utilizando cebadores específicos para cada tipo de virus, aislamiento vírico e inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) y con electroinmunoensayo enzimático detector de anticuerpos IgM contra el virus del dengue. El genoma vírico amplificado se detectó e identificó en un máximo de 8 horas. Los parámetros calculados para hacer el diagnóstico por RCP-TI, usando el aislamiento vírico y la IFI como estándar de oro, fueron una sensibilidad de 100%; una especificidad de 78%; un valor predictivo positivo de 69% y un valor predictivo negativo de 100%. Cabe notar que dos de los especímenes que dieron resultados positivos a la prueba de RCP-TI anidada y negativos al aislamiento vírico mostraron anticuerpos específicos de tipo IgM. Los resultados de la RCP-TI en general mostraron una estrecha concordancia con los del aislamiento vírico, lo cual sugiere que la RCP es un procedimiento que facilita enormemente el diagnóstico rápido y temprano del dengue.

Resumo em Inglês:

This study describes the benefits of using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the rapid detection and typing of dengue virus in clinical samples. Twenty-seven serum specimens from patients with dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever in Colombia, Nicaragua, and Panama were directly subjected to RT-PCR for the detection of dengue virus. The resulting double-stranded DNA product was typed by a second round of PCR amplification (nested PCR) with type specific primers, viral culture/indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), and enzyme-linked electroimmunoassay for IgM anti-dengue antibodies. The amplified virus genome was detected and typed within 8 hours. Nested RT-PCR, using viral culture and IIF as the gold standard, showed 100% sensitivity; 78% specificity; 69% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value. It is noteworthy that two of the specimens whose results were positive with nested RT-PCR and negative with viral culture showed specific IgM antibodies. The results of the RT-PCR were in close agreement with those obtained through viral culture. This suggests PCR can greatly facilitate the rapid and early diagnosis of dengue infection.

Resumo em Português:

O presente trabalho é um estudo descritivo, realizado na cidade do Recife de março a setembro de 1994. O estudo buscou caracterizar as condições existentes nos serviços de saúde para o diagnóstico precoce de hanseníase, com ênfase na acessibilidade dos usuários aos serviços e na qualidade do atendimento. A amostra constou de 32 serviços de saúde utilizados durante o processo diagnóstico de 183 pacientes de hanseníase. A infra-estrutura organizacional foi caracterizada através de entrevistas com os gerentes dos serviços. O funcionamento foi investigado através de observações da rotina dos serviços, em particular as atividades de arquivo e triagem. Um total de 1998 pacientes foram entrevistados para determinar a facilidade de acesso. Para 1 000 pacientes foi estabelecido o tempo de consulta com os 123 médicos que estavam nas unidades no momento da amostragem. Para explorar a atitude e o conhecimento dos médicos sobre a hanseníase, selecionou-se, aleatoriamente, a partir de uma listagem nominal, 133 médicos destes serviços. Identificaram-se como dificuldades para o diagnóstico precoce de hanseníase: a sistemática demanda reprimida (pessoas que procuravam os serviços mas não eram atendidas); o longo tempo entre momento de marcação e momento de realização de consultas (para pessoas que não eram atendidas no mesmo dia); os longos tempos de espera pela consulta dentro dos serviços; a curta duração da consulta; a baixa disponibilidade de recursos humanos treinados; a baixa proporção de médicos que examinam toda a superfície corporal; as deficiências no reconhecimento clínico da doença e no conhecimento que leva ao diagnóstico diferencial. Estes obstáculos podem facilitar a deterioração física dos portadores de hanseníase e a persistência da transmissibilidade; portanto, necessitam ser superados para que seja possível eliminar a hanseníase.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper presents the results of a descriptive study carried out in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, between March and September 1994. The study aimed at health services available for performing early diagnosis of Hansen's disease with emphasis on accessibility and quality of the services provided. The sample consisted of 32 health clinics visited for diagnostic purposes by 183 patients with Hansen's disease. Information on organizational infrastructures was collected by means of interviews with health clinic managers. Information regarding routine procedures in the 32 clinics was collected by observation, with special attention given to archival and inspection activities. A total of 1 998 patients were interviewed to determine accessibility of services. Time spent in consultation with the physician was determined for 1 000 patients who were seen by 123 physicians at the clinics during the interviews. To explore physicians' attitude and knowledge regarding Hansen's disease, 133 were randomly selected from a list of names. The following factors were identified as hindering early diagnosis of Hansen's disease: the large number of people seeking service who could not be seen by a physician on the same day; the long time elapsed between appointment scheduling and the actual visit (for those not seen on the same day); the long wait for the consultation; the brevity of the consultation; the low availability of trained personnel; the low proportion of physicians who examined all body surfaces; difficulties in the clinical recognition of the disease; and physicians not prepared to make a differential diagnosis. These obstacles can precipitate the physical deterioration of Hansen's disease patients and stimulate the persistence of transmissibility; therefore, they need to be overcome if Hansen's disease is to be eliminated.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Los médicos hispanos que ejercen en Texas, Estados Unidos de América, y en el estado vecino de Nuevo León, México, fueron encuestados para determinar si necesitaban recibir capacitación en materia de VIH/sida. Dos terceras partes de los 74 médicos interrogados en Texas y 22% de los 104 interrogados en Nuevo León habían examinado como mínimo a un paciente de VIH/sida durante el año previo. La mayoría de los encuestados eran médicos de atención primaria que 1) ejercían su profesión en lo privado; 2) veían a más de 1000 pacientes al año; 3) habían terminado sus estudios hacía más de 10 años; 4) proporcionaban educación preventiva a sus pacientes según la impresión que tuvieran del riesgo de cada uno; 5) dijeron poseer conocimientos normales sobre VIH/sida, pero inferiores a lo normal en lo referente a su tratamiento; 6) sacaban la mayor parte de su información sobre VIH/sida de revistas, y no de programas de educación continuada; 7) opinaban que los pacientes hispanos tenían necesidades especiales en torno a VIH/sida, y 8) estaban dispuestos a asistir a programas educativos para mejorar su habilidad en el manejo de pacientes con VIH/sida. Los factores que más obstaculizaban la atención de los pacientes con infección por VIH fueron la falta de conocimientos sobre los aspectos clínicos de la enfermedad y el temor a infectarse. Estos resultados apuntan hacia la necesidad de establecer un programa de adiestramiento a gran escala para mejorar la habilidad de los médicos hispanos en Texas y Nuevo León para tratar a pacientes con VIH/sida.

Resumo em Inglês:

Hispanic clinicians in Texas, United States of America, and in the neighboring state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico, were surveyed to determine their educational needs in the area of HIV/AIDS. Two-thirds of the 74 Texan and 22% of the 104 Mexican physicians queried had seen at least one HIV/AIDS patient in the previous year. The majority of the respondents were primary care physicians who: 1) were in private practice; 2) saw more than 1 000 patients per year; 3) had been out of training for more than 10 years; 4) provided some HIV prevention education to patients based on their perceived risk of infection; 5) rated their own knowledge of HIV/AIDS as average but rated their knowledge of treatments for the disease below average; 6) received most of their information about HIV/AIDS from journals rather than formal continuing education programs; 7) thought Hispanic patients had special needs with regard to HIV/AIDS care; and 8) were willing to attend education programs to improve their HIV/AIDS management skills. The greatest barriers to caring for HIV patients were lack of clinical knowledge and fear of infection. These results point to a need for a large-scale training program to improve the HIV/AIDS management skills of Hispanic clinicians in Texas and Nuevo Leon.

Resumo em Espanhol:

En este estudio se evaluaron el rendimiento, la aceptabilidad y la conveniencia de la inmunización antitetánica extrainstitucional con un nuevo dispositivo hipodérmico de una sola dosis, el UniJect®. De abril a junio de 1995, el dispositivo UniJect aprestado de fábrica con una sola dosis de toxoide tetánico fue utilizado por 36 parteras tradicionales para vacunar a 2 240 mujeres embarazadas durante las visitas domiciliarias prenatales de rutina en los distritos Norte, Ichilos y Warnes de Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Ya que el toxoide tetánico es termoestable, las parteras pudieron mantener los dispositivos UniJect sin refrigeración en sus hogares por un período de hasta un mes. Los UniJect se guardaron, transportaron y desecharon en portadores extrainstitucionales diseñados para reducir los riesgos de manipularlos y desecharlos de forma inadecuada. Se recolectaron datos de las mujeres vacunadas, las parteras tradicionales y sus supervisores, mediante observación, cuestionarios y entrevistas realizadas después del estudio. Todos los grupos consideraron muy satisfactorios el rendimiento y la aceptabilidad del dispositivo UniJect. Las parteras tradicionales lo usaron de forma apropiada y cuidadosa; no hubo informes ni observaciones de mala utilización, reúso o puntazos accidentales. Se mencionaron, como ventajas del dispositivo, que no requiere montaje, asegura la esterilidad y reduce el desperdicio de vacuna que a veces ocurre con las ampollas de dosis múltiples. Además, todo el procedimiento se simplifica porque los dispositivos pueden almacenarse y transportarse sin necesidad de hielo.

Resumo em Inglês:

This study evaluated the performance, acceptability, and appropriateness of a new, single-use, prefilled injection device called UniJect for an outreach immunization application.6 Between April and June 1995, UniJect devices were used by 36 traditional birth attendants to administer tetanus toxoid injections to 2 240 pregnant women during routine, antenatal home visits in the Northern, Ichilos, and Warnes Districts of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Because tetanus toxoid is relatively heat stable, the traditional birth attendants were able to keep the tetanus toxoid-filled UniJect devices in their homes for up to one month without refrigeration. The devices were stored, transported, and disposed of in an outreach carrier designed to reduce the risks of improper handling and disposal. Data were collected from injection recipients, traditional birth attendants, and supervisors via observation, questionnaires, and post-study interviews. The performance of the UniJect device and its acceptability among all groups was very high. The traditional birth attendants used UniJect properly and safely; there were no reports or observations of device misuse, reuse, or needle-stick. Advantages cited included the fact that the device required no assembly, offered assured sterility, and reduced vaccine wastage sometimes associated with multi-dose vials. The ability to store and transport the vaccine-filled devices without ice also greatly simplified logistics.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Las indicaciones para realizar episiotomía en los partos vaginales es un tema controvertido que requere revisión en todas partes del mundo. En 1995, en la provincia de Neuquén, Argentina, se elaboraron normas para la atención del parto de bajo riesgo, una de las cuales recomendaba reservar la episiotomía para los casos de alto riesgo de desgarro. Este estudio de cohortes retrospectivo se diseñó con objeto de comparar los criterios que se utilizaron en 1996 como indicación de episiotomía en los centros de maternidad del subsector público de esa provincia así como el efecto de la paridad y otras variables en la frecuencia de esa intervención. Se examinaron 7 513 registros del Sistema Informático Perinatal, que representan 70% del total de partos atendidos ese año. Se excluyeron 830 correspondientes a partos por cesárea. Los 6683 registros restantes se dividieron en ocho grupos según la institución donde se atendió el parto. Se calcularon las tasas de incidencia de episiotomía en esos grupos y se realizó una regresión de Poisson a fin de ajustar las tasas por peso al nacer de los niños, paridad y edad de la madre, y forma de presentación y de terminación del parto. Tomando al Hospital Neuquén como base por ser el más complejo y atenderse allí el mayor número de partos, dos hospitales tuvieron incidencias de episiotomía correspondientes a 70% (IC95%, 62 a 79) y 67% (IC95%, 57 a 78) de las de ese hospital. Otros dos hospitales tuvieron incidencias más altas que el Neuquén por 28% (IC95%, 13 a 45) y 17% (IC95%, 2 a 35), mientras que en los hospitales restantes no se observaron diferencias significativas. Mediante regresión estratificada según el número de partos vaginales previos, se observó que la variable con mayor efecto en la indicación de episiotomía fue la paridad. En las nulíparas, las tasas no mostraron diferencias según el lugar donde se atendió el parto, pero en las primíparas sí hubo diferencia, aun más marcada en las multíparas. Se concluyó que todos los establecimientos incluidos en el estudio realizaban episiotomía casi de rutina en las parturientas nulíparas, que hay diferencias significativas en cuanto a su indicación en primíparas y que estas se incrementan con la paridad. Esas diferencias parecen indicar que en los centros de maternidad públicos de la provincia de Neuquén se están siguiendo distintos criterios en la indicación de episiotomía.

Resumo em Inglês:

Indications for performing episiotomy during vaginal births are a controversial topic requiring worldwide review. In Neuquén Province, Argentina, when standards for low-risk childbirth were developed in 1995, they included the provision to limit episiotomies to cases at high risk for spontaneous laceration. The present retrospective cohort study was designed for comparing the criteria applied in 1996 as indications for episiotomy in public maternity services of Neuquén Province, as well as the effect of parity and other variables on its frequency. The Perinatal Data System yielded 7 513 medical records for review, which represented 70% of all the institutional births during the year. Of these records, 830 dealing with cesarean sections did not qualify for the study. The remaining 6 683 records were divided into eight groups according to hospital location. Episiotomy incidence rates were estimated for those eight groups and the Poisson regression was applied in order to adjust for birthweight, number of siblings, mother's age, and type of birth presentation and outcome. Taking the Neuquén Hospital data as baseline because of its higher complexity and large number of births taking place there, two hospitals had episiotomy incidence rates equal to 70% (95%CI: 62%79%) and 67% (95%CI: 57%78%) of the Neuquén Hospital rates. Two other hospitals had incidence rates which were higher by 28% (95%CI: 13%45%) and 17% (95%CI: 235%), while the remaining hospitals showed no significant differences. Stratified regression by number of previous vaginal births showed parity to be the strongest influencing variable on indications for episiotomy. Rates for nulliparous women showed no differences by hospital, but rates for primiparous women did, with even stronger differences shown for multiparous women. The authors concluded that all institutions included in the study performed episiotomies as a virtually routine procedure on nulliparous women, that there are significant differences in their indications for primiparous women, and that those differences increase along with parity. These differences seem to show that maternity clinics in the Province of Neuquén vary widely in their criteria for episiotomy indications.

Resumo em Português:

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto de um programa de suplementação alimentar sobre o crescimento de crianças desnutridas com menos de 5 anos no município de Guariba, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A amostra foi constituída por 469 crianças desnutridas freqüentes em um programa de suplementação alimentar da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. As crianças foram subdivididas em quatro grupos, segundo o tempo de freqüência no programa: no grupo 1, as crianças freqüentavam o programa há 12 meses; no grupo 2, entre 12 e 24 meses; no grupo 3, de 24 a 36 meses; e no grupo 4, há mais do que 35 meses. Foram calculados os percentis de peso e altura por idade e peso por altura de cada criança. Para avaliar o impacto do programa, foram construídas curvas de referência para o perfil antropométrico, baseadas nas variações esperadas dos percentis da população. As mudanças observadas em cada grupo foram analisadas estatisticamente (McNemar). Nos grupos 1 e 2 houve recuperação do peso e adequação do peso por altura para as crianças mais severamente desnutridas; no grupo 3 houve manutenção do peso por altura e uma discreta tendência de recuperação do peso, que foi revertida no grupo 4, no qual o peso das crianças foi baixo para a altura. O programa de suplementação alimentar minimizou temporariamente os déficit nutricionais severos, porém não foi suficiente para a recuperação e manutenção do crescimento.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a feeding supplementation program on the growth of undernourished children younger than 5 years in the city of Guariba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The sample consisted of 469 malnourished children enrolled in a feeding supplementation program sponsored by the State Health Secretariat. The children were divided into four groups according to how long they had been enrolled in the program: in group 1, the children had been enrolled for up to 12 months; in group 2, from 12 to 24 months; in group 3 from 24 to 36 months; and in group 4 the children had been enrolled for more than 35 months. Percentiles for weight/age, height/age and weight/height were calculated for each child. To assess the impact of the program, reference curves for the anthropometric profile were constructed based on expected variations in population percentiles. The changes observed in each group were analyzed statistically (McNemar). Groups 1 and 2 presented weight recovery and gains in the weight/height ratios for the most severely malnourished children; in group 3, the weight/height ratio was maintained and there was a discrete tendency towards weight recovery, which was reversed in group 4, in which the weight was again low in relation to height. The feeding supplementation program temporarily minimized severe nutritional deficiencies but was not sufficient to recover and maintain normal growth.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Notificamos los resultados de un estudio de un brote de malaria que se produjo en Honduras, Centroamérica, en enero de 1997. Sometimos a examen microscópico frotis delgados y frotis gruesos de la sangre de 202 pacientes con fiebre y escalofríos. Dieciséis pacientes eran habitantes de la zona urbana y el resto de la zona rural. Un total de 95 especímenes (47%) fueron positivos a parásitos de la malaria. Setenta y ocho por ciento (62/80) de los pacientes del área rural estaban infestados con Plasmodium vivax y 22% (17/80) con P. falciparum. En la zona urbana, todos los 15 pacientes que estaban infestados tenían P. vivax y en ninguno se detectó P. falciparum. Ya que según informes previos la malaria de tipo falciparum representa solamente 2% de todos los casos de malaria en Honduras, nuestros resultados sugieren que hay un gran incremento del número de casos de malaria falciparum en la zona de Honduras en que se llevó a cabo esta investigación.

Resumo em Inglês:

We report on our investigation of a malaria outbreak in Honduras, Central America, in January 1997. We tested 202 patients with fever and chills using thin and thick blood film microscopy. Sixteen patients lived in the city and the rest lived in rural areas. A total of 95 samples (47%) were positive for malaria parasites. Seventy-nine percent (63/80) of the rural patients were infected with Plasmodium vivax and 21% (17/80) were infected with P. falciparum. In the urban area, all 15 infected patients had P. vivax malaria and none showed evidence of P. falciparum. Since previous reports indicate that falciparum malaria accounts for only 2% of the overall malaria infections in Honduras, the results reported here suggest that there is a dramatic increase in falciparum malaria in the area of Honduras investigated in this study.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Con el desarrollo de la epidemia del síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (sida), el aislamiento de micobacterias de la sangre se ha convertido en un problema habitual de los laboratorios clínicos. En el presente estudio se evaluaron dos métodos para aislar micobacterias en muestras de sangre de pacientes de sida: 1) la inoculación directa en un medio bifásico y 2) un método no comercializado de lisis por centrifugación. A cada uno de los 50 pacientes de sida con sospecha de enfermedad micobacteriana diseminada se le extrajeron tres muestras de sangre consecutivas a intervalos de 15 minutos. En 70 de 138 muestras de sangre obtenidas de 30 (60%) pacientes se detectó crecimiento de micobacterias. A partir de estos cultivos, en 19 pacientes se aisló Mycobacterium tuberculosis y en 11 (37%), el complejo Mycobacterium avium. Los cultivos en que se utilizó el método de lisis por centrifugación fueron positivos en 54% de los pacientes, mientras que esta cifra se redujo a 44% en los cultivos en que se usó el método bifásico (P > 0,05). El porcentaje de muestras positivas al complejo M. avium fue mayor con el método de centrifugación por lisis (91%) que con el de inoculación directa en medio bifásico (45,4%) (P < 0,05). Sin embargo, los porcentajes de muestras positivas a M. tuberculosis detectadas con el método de lisis por centrifugación (89,5%) y con el de inoculación directa en un medio bifásico (100%) fueron similares (P > 0,05). La técnica no comercializada de centrifugación por lisis es barata, fiable y puede constituir un método alternativo para el diagnóstico de micobacteriemia en países en desarrollo.

Resumo em Inglês:

With the development of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, the isolation of mycobacteria from blood has become a common problem for clinical laboratories. In this study two methods were used for the recovery of mycobacteria from blood specimens obtained from AIDS patients: (1) direct inoculation in biphasic medium, and (2) a noncommercial lysis-centrifugaton method. A total of three consecutive blood samples were taken at 15-minute intervals from each of 50 AIDS patients with clinical suspicion of disseminated mycobacterial disease. Mycobacterium growth was noted in 70/138 blood specimens from 30 (60%) patients. These cultures yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 19 (63%) and Mycobacterium avium complex organisms in 11 (37%) patients. Cultures using the lysis-centrifugation method were positive in 54% of the patients, while cultures using biphasic medium were positive in 44% (P > 0,05). The positivity for M. avium complex was higher with lysis-centrifugation (91%) than with biphasic medium (45,4%) (P < 0,05). However, the positivities for M. tuberculosis with the lysis-centrifugation method (89,5%) and direct inoculation in biphasic medium (100%) were similar (P > 0,05). The use of a noncommercial lysis-centrifugation technique is inexpensive, reliable, and can be an alternative method for the diagnosis of mycobacteremia in developing countries.

Resumo em Espanhol:

En esta época de respeto por la ciencia médica y por la responsabilidad gerencial, las organizaciones de salud deben rendir cuentas por sus acciones con creciente frecuencia. La época en que se determinaban las prioridades y se tomaban las decisiones sobre bases políticas o acatando el consejo intuitivo de asesores respetados y bien intencionados ha dado paso gradualmente a una era que valora la demostración de efectividad y eficiencia. Las decisiones relativas a las prioridades y a los programas deben basarse firmemente en conocimientos comprobados y someterse a evaluación continua. Esta transición requiere promover el pensamiento crítico en todos los ámbitos. Surge entonces la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cómo podemos promover el razonamiento crítico en los servicios de salud para fijar prioridades, adoptar decisiones acertadas y poner en práctica iniciativas efectivas? En otras palabras, ¿cómo podemos pasar de la evidencia al desempeño? Una pregunta aún más básica es ¿por qué debemos fijar prioridades?

Resumo em Inglês:

In today's world, with its respect for the medical sciences and demand for administrative accountability, health institutions are publicly responsible for their actions to an unprecedented degree. Making decisions and setting priorities on the basis of politics or unvalidated expert opinions is no longer acceptable. Instead, proven efficiency and effectiveness, as demonstrated by scientific evidence under continuous evaluation, are essential to decision-making. The need for applying rational criteria makes it necessary to explore a fundamental question: How can we promote critical reasoning within health services so as to adequately set priorities, make proper decisions, and launch effective interventions? In other words, how can we move from evidence to performance and why set priorities at all?