Resumo

Revisão sistemática sobre fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, comportamentais e antropométricos associados à hipertensão (HAS). Foram incluídos estudos observacionais, de populações com 18 anos ou mais, dos últimos dez anos, publicados em inglês, português ou espanhol das bases Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus e Lilacs. Ao final, foram incluídos 42 artigos, a maioria do tipo seccional. A idade e o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) elevados foram os fatores relacionados à maior chance de ter HAS mais encontrados nos estudos. Outros fatores associados à HAS foram: sexo (masculino), escolaridade (menor escolaridade), renda (menor renda) e circunferência da cintura (elevada). Nunca ter fumado, nunca ter consumido álcool e ter cor branca apareceram como características relacionadas a menor chance de ter HAS. Assim, características demográficas, socioeconômicas, comportamentais e antropométricas são importantes fatores associados a maior chance de ter HAS na população adulta. Entretanto, enquanto a maioria dos fatores associados à HAS for passível de intervenção, serão necessárias políticas de promoção da saúde mais amplas para reduzir as desigualdades socioeconômicas na prevalência de hipertensão.

Palavras-chave
Fatores de risco; Hipertensão; Revisão

Abstract

A systematic review of demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral and anthropometric factors associated with hypertension. We included observational studies, of populations aged 18 or older, from the past ten years, published in English, Portuguese or Spanish from Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus and Lilacs bases. The most found factors related to the greater chance of having hypertension were age and the Body Mass Index (BMI). Other factors associated with the disease were: gender (male), education (lower education), income (lower income) and waist circumference (high). Never having smoked, never having consumed alcohol and white skin color were characteristics related to a lower chance of having hypertension. As demonstrated, demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral and anthropometric characteristics are important factors associated with a greater chance of having hypertension in the adult population. However, while most of the factors associated with it are amenable to intervention, broader health promotion policies will be needed to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of the disease.

Key words
Risk factors; Hypertension; Review

Introdução

A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é o maior fator de risco para mortalidade no mundo. Estima-se que em 2008, 12,8% dos óbitos foram decorrentes da HAS¹1 World Health Organization (WHO). Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: WHO; 2009.. A HAS contribuiu nas últimas décadas para o aumento da carga de cardiopatias, acidentes cerebrovasculares, insuficiência renal e para as incapacidades prematuras²2 Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Información general sobre la hipertensión en el mundo. Una enfermedad que mata en silencio, una crisis de salud pública mundial. Día Mundial de la Salud 2013. Ginebra: OMS; 2013..

Segundo estimativas da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), em 2014, 22,3% da população mundial com 18 anos ou mais sofria de HAS. Observam-se desigualdades entre os países do mundo, pois enquanto nos países de baixa renda a prevalência de pessoas acometidas pela HAS foi de 27,6%, nos países de alta renda foi de apenas 18,5%³3 World Health Organization (WHO). Indicator and Measurement Registry [Internet] [acessado 2016 Jun 10]. Disponível em: http://apps.who.int/gho/indicatorregistry/App_Main/browse_indicators.aspx. Acesso em: 10 de junho de 2016
http://apps.who.int/gho/indicatorregistr... .

Os estudos sobre Carga Global da Doença (GBD) apontam que a HAS aumentou substancialmente entre 1990 e 2015, assim como os óbitos e os anos de vidas perdidos por alguma incapacidade associada à HAS. O último GBD de 2015 destacou que todos os fatores de risco estudados, juntos, foram responsáveis por 57,8% (IC95% 56,6-58,8) dos óbitos e 41,2% dos anos de vida perdidos por incapacidade (DALY). A HAS foi o fator de risco que mais contribuiu para do DALY mundial, superando tabagismo e obesidade⁴4 Murray CJ, Forouzanfar MH, Liu P, Roth GA, Ng M, Biryukov S, Marczak L, et al. Global Burden of Hypertension and Systolic Blood Pressure of at Least 110 to 115 mm Hg, 1990-2015. JAMA 2017; 317(2):165-182..

A prevalência de HAS sofre influência de múltiplos fatores, com destaque para os demográficos, hereditários, socioeconômicos, comportamentais e antropométricos. A maioria desses fatores podem ser controlado ou modificado, sendo então possível reduzir a incidência da hipertensão e de suas complicações²2 Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Información general sobre la hipertensión en el mundo. Una enfermedad que mata en silencio, una crisis de salud pública mundial. Día Mundial de la Salud 2013. Ginebra: OMS; 2013.. Assim, identificar os fatores associados, bem como conhecer a sua magnitude, constitui elemento de fundamental importância para subsidiar ações de controle da HAS.

Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse estudo foi identificar, por meio de revisão sistemática da literatura, os principais fatores epidemiológicos associados à HAS.

Métodos

A revisão sistemática utilizou instrumento de coleta previamente formulado e registrado no PROSPERO⁵5 National Institute for Health Research (NHS). University of York. PROSPERO: International prospective register of systematic reviews [Internet]. [acessado 2016 Jun 10]. Disponível em: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/
http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/... , base internacional de revisões sistemáticas em saúde e assistência social do Centre for Reviews and Dissemination da Universidade de York. O formulário para extração das informações continha os seguintes itens: a referência completa do artigo, o país de publicação, o período da busca, o desenho de estudo, o local (país/cidade) do estudo, as variáveis analisadas, o método estatístico, os resultados encontrados para a associação entre as variáveis analisadas e a prevalência de HAS e a avaliação da qualidade metodológica dos estudos selecionados.

Os critérios de elegibilidade dos estudos foram: estudos observacionais com objetivo de determinar a associação entre HAS e os fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, antropométricos e de estilo de vida; estudos cujas associações foram estimadas por meio da utilização de modelos de regressão ajustados; e que utilizaram critérios de seleção da população de estudo adequada ao delineamento proposto (seccional, coorte ou caso-controle). Foram excluídos aqueles que não descreveram o método de análise estatística ou que não utilizaram modelos de regressão ajustados, assim como aqueles que lidaram com populações restritas como gestantes ou doentes crônicos.

Estabelecidos os critérios de inclusão e exclusão e após registro do formulário de extração dos dados procedeu-se à busca nas bases bibliográficas de acesso online Pubmed, Lilacs, Scopus e Web of Science (WOS). Foram selecionados os artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos, em inglês, espanhol ou português.

Na estratégia de busca nas bases bibliográficas com vocabulário controlado, Pubmed ( MeSH terms) e Lilacs ( DeCS terms), utilizou-se a combinação dos termos “ Hypertension/epidemiology” e “ risk factor”, excluindo-se uma série de descritores referentes a termos diversos daqueles definidos por critérios de pesquisa: “ lung”, “ pulmonary”, “ intracranial”, “ ocular”, “ european continental ancestry group”, “ white coat syndrome”, “ cerebrum”, “ brain”, “ genes”, “ adolecent”, “ infant newborn”, “ fetus”, “ proteins”, “ pragnancy”, e “ newborn”.

Estratégias equivalentes foram utilizadas no processo de busca nas bases bibliográficas Web of Science e Scopus que não usam vocabulário controlado. As duplicidades foram identificadas e excluídas em todas as bases por meio do programa EndNote X 7.0.1.

As buscas eletrônicas foram realizadas por dois revisores independentes (1ª etapa de seleção). Posteriormente procedeu-se à avaliação da adequabilidade dos títulos ao objetivo do estudo (2ª etapa de seleção). Os resumos então foram lidos e avaliados (3ª etapa de seleção). Todos os artigos cujos resumos se adequaram aos critérios da pesquisa foram selecionados para leitura na íntegra (4ª etapa de seleção). Os resultados de todas as etapas da seleção foram comparados e as discordâncias solucionadas por consenso entre os dois revisores, ou por um terceiro revisor, quando necessário.

A avaliação da qualidade metodológica baseou-se em quatro critérios: seleção adequada das populações de estudo (S); descrição das perdas e sendo esta inferior a 20% (P); descrição de instrumento de aferição do desfecho (D); e apresentação das estimativas brutas e descrição do processo de seleção das variáveis no modelo ajustado (A). Estes critérios foram propostos por Esteves et al.⁶6 Esteves TMB, Daumas RP, Oliveira MIC, Andrade CAF. Fatores associados à amamentação na primeira hora de vida: revisão sistemática. Rev Saude Publica 2014; 48(4):697-708. com base na Newcastle-Ottawa Scale⁷7 Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol 2010; 25(9):603-605., para avaliação de estudos de coorte e nas diretrizes STROBE⁸8 Malta M, Cardoso LO, Bastos FI, Magnanini MM, Silva CM. STROBE initiative: guidelines on reporting observational studies. Rev Saude Publica 2010; 44(3):559-565. para estudos seccionais.

As variáveis associadas à hipertensão foram classificadas como variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, antropométricas e de estilo de vida, a fim de facilitar a análise e comparabilidade dos estudos.

Nesta revisão sistemática, a divulgação dos resultados foi feita com base as diretrizes propostas pela Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA)⁹9 Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gotzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ 2009; 339: b2700. .

Resultados

De acordo com a busca eletrônica foram encontradas 5.236 referências, das quais 62 foram excluídas por duplicidade. Após leitura do título excluíram-se 4.979 referências por não atenderem ao objetivo da revisão. Um total de 195 resumos foram avaliados quanto à adequação aos critérios pré-estabelecidos, sendo 130 eliminados. Procedeu-se então à leitura completa dos 65 artigos restantes, dos quais 23 foram excluídos pelas seguintes razões: não realizaram análises ajustadas (oito); não apresentaram seleção adequada da amostra (oito); estudos com populações restritas (cinco); artigo de revisão (um); não apresentou a descrição da metodologia (um). Ao final de todo o processo foram selecionados para inclusão nesta revisão 42 artigos¹⁰10 Abdul-Razak S, Daher AM, Ramli AS, Ariffin F, Mazapuspavina MY, Ambigga KS, Miskan M, Abdul-Hamid H, Mat-Nasir N, Nor-Ashikin MN, Ng KK, Nawawi H, Yusoff K, REDISCOVER Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and socio demographic determinants of hypertension in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:351.

11 Abebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, Getachew A. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a crossectional community based study in Northwest Ethiopia. Plos One 2015; 10(4): e0125210.

12 Baek TH, Lee HY, Lim NK, Park HY. Gender differences in the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension incidence: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). BMC Public Health 2015; 15:852.

13 Barbosa JB, Silva AAM, Santos AM, Monteiro Júnior FC, Barbosa MM, Barbosa MM, Figueiredo Neto JA, Soares NJS, Nina VJS, Barbosa JN. Prevalência da hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados em São Luís - MA. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(4):260-266.

14 Borges HP, Cruz NC, Moura EC. Associação entre hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso em adultos, Belém, Pará, 2005. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(2):110-118.

15 Borgi L, Muraki I, Satija A, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Forman JP. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of hypertension in three prospective cohort studies. Hypertension 2016; 67(2):288-293.

16 Carnethon MR, Evans NS, Church TS, Lewis CE, Schreiner PJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Sternfeld B, Sidney S. Joint associations of physical activity and aerobic fitness on the development of incident hypertension: coronary artery risk development in young adults. Hypertension 2010; 56(1):49-55.

17 Chei CL, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Cui R, Imano H, Kiyama M, Kitamura A, Sato S, Shimamoto T. Body fat distribution and the risk of hypertension and diabetes among Japanese men and women. Hypertens Res 2008; 31(5):851-857.

18 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.

19 Dogan N, Toprak D, Demir S. Hypertension prevalence and risk factors among adult population in Afyonkarahisar region: a cross-sectional research. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2012; 12(1):47-52.

20 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.

21 Esteghamati A, Abbasi M, Alikhani S, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Shishehbor MH, Forouzanfar M, Hodjatzadeh A, Ramezani RD. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factors associated with hypertension in the Iranian population: the national survey of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases of Iran. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21(6):620-626.

22 Ferreira SRG, Moura EC, Malta DC, Sarno F. Freqüência de hipertensão arterial e fatores associados: Brasil, 2006. Rev Saude Publica 2009; 43(2):98-106.

23 Fujita M, Hata A. Sex and age differences in the effect of obesity on incidence of hypertension in the Japanese population: A large historical cohort study. J Am Soc Hypertens 2014; 8(1):64-70.

24 Harshfield E, Chowdhury R, Harhay MN, Bergquist H, Harhay MO. Association of hypertension and hyperglycaemia with socioeconomic contexts in resource-poor settings: the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44(5):1625-1636.

25 Helelo TP, Gelaw YA, Adane AA. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Durame Town, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One 2014; 9(11): e112790.

26 Heraclides A, Mishra GD, Hardy RJ, Geleijnse JM, Black S, Prynne CJ, Kuh D, Soedamah-Muthu SS. Dairy intake, blood pressure and incident hypertension in a general British population: the 1946 birth cohort. Eur J Nutr 2012; 51(5):583-591.

27 Hirani V, Zaninotto P, Primatesta P. Generalised and abdominal obesity and risk of diabetes, hypertension and hypertension-diabetes co-morbidity in England. Public Health Nutr 2008; 11(5):521-527.

28 Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A. Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3):419-426.

29 Leenen FH, McInnis NH, Fodor G. Obesity and the prevalence and management of hypertension in Ontario, Canada. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23(9):1000-1006.

30 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.

31 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371.

32 Muraro AP, Santos DF, Rodrigues PRM, Braga JU. Fatores associados à Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica autorreferida segundo VIGITEL nas 26 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal em 2008. Cien Saude Colet 2013; 18(5):1387-1398.

33 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.

34 Núñez-Córdoba JM, Valencia-Serrano F, Toledo E, Alonso A, Martínez-González M. The Mediterranean diet and incidence of hypertension: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169(3):339-346.

35 Pang W, Sun Z, Zheng L, Li J, Zhang X, Liu S, Xu C, Li J, Hu D, Sun Y. Body mass index and the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a Chinese rural population. Intern Med 2008; 47(10):893-897.

36 Radhika G, Sathya RM, Sudha V, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Dietary salt intake and hypertension in an urban south Indian population [CURES - 53]. J Assoc Physicians India 2007; 55:405-411.

37 Sesso HD, Cook NR, Buring JE, Manson JE, Gaziano JM. Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in women and men. Hypertension 2008; 51(4):1080-1087.

38 Shankarishan P, Borah PK, Mohapatra PK, Ahmed G, Mahanta J. Population attributable risk estimates for risk factors associated with hypertension in an Indian population. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 20(6):963-971.

39 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.

40 Song HJ, Paek YJ, Choi MK, Lee HJ. Gender differences in the relationship between risk of hypertension and fruit intake. Prev Med 2014; 67:154-159.

41 Tsubota-Utsugi M, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Kurimoto A, et AL. High fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of future hypertension determined by home blood pressure measurement: the OHASAMA study. J Hum Hypertens 2011; 25(3):164-171.

42 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.

43 Veenstra G. Race, gender, class, sexuality (RGCS) and hypertension. Soc Sci Med 2013; 89:16-24.

44 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.

45 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644.

46 Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalência e fatores associados com hipertensão arterial autorreferida em adultos brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):11s.

47 Moreira APL, Malta DC, Vianna RPT, Moreira PVL, Carvalho AT. Risk and protection factors for self-reported hypertension and diabetes in João Pessoa, Brazil. The VIGITEL survey, 2014. A cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J 2017; 135(5):450-461.

48 Oliveira CM, Ulbrich AZ, Neves FS, Dias FAL, Horimoto ARVR, Krieger JE, Alvim RO, Pereira ADC. Association between anthropometric indicators of adiposity and hypertension in a Brazilian population: Baependi Heart Study. PLoS One 2017; 12(10): e0185225.

49 Silva RC, Silva DA, Bastos JL, Peres KG, Peres M, González-Chica DA. Anthropometric measures change and incidence of high blood pressure levels among adults: a population-based prospective study in Southern Brazil. J Hypertens 2017; 35(1):39-46.

50 Soubeiga JK, Millogo TB, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):64.^-5151 Malta DC, Bernal RT, Souza MF, Szwarcwald CL, Lima MG, Barros MB. Social inequalities in the prevalence of self-reported chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: national health survey 2013. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15(1):153. (Figura 1).

A Tabela 1 apresenta as características dos artigos selecionados. A maioria dos estudos foi realizado na Ásia (dezessete)¹⁰10 Abdul-Razak S, Daher AM, Ramli AS, Ariffin F, Mazapuspavina MY, Ambigga KS, Miskan M, Abdul-Hamid H, Mat-Nasir N, Nor-Ashikin MN, Ng KK, Nawawi H, Yusoff K, REDISCOVER Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and socio demographic determinants of hypertension in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:351.^,1212 Baek TH, Lee HY, Lim NK, Park HY. Gender differences in the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension incidence: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). BMC Public Health 2015; 15:852.^,1717 Chei CL, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Cui R, Imano H, Kiyama M, Kitamura A, Sato S, Shimamoto T. Body fat distribution and the risk of hypertension and diabetes among Japanese men and women. Hypertens Res 2008; 31(5):851-857.^,1919 Dogan N, Toprak D, Demir S. Hypertension prevalence and risk factors among adult population in Afyonkarahisar region: a cross-sectional research. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2012; 12(1):47-52.^,2121 Esteghamati A, Abbasi M, Alikhani S, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Shishehbor MH, Forouzanfar M, Hodjatzadeh A, Ramezani RD. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factors associated with hypertension in the Iranian population: the national survey of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases of Iran. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21(6):620-626.^,2323 Fujita M, Hata A. Sex and age differences in the effect of obesity on incidence of hypertension in the Japanese population: A large historical cohort study. J Am Soc Hypertens 2014; 8(1):64-70.^,2424 Harshfield E, Chowdhury R, Harhay MN, Bergquist H, Harhay MO. Association of hypertension and hyperglycaemia with socioeconomic contexts in resource-poor settings: the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44(5):1625-1636.^,2828 Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A. Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3):419-426.^,3030 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^,3131 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.^,3535 Pang W, Sun Z, Zheng L, Li J, Zhang X, Liu S, Xu C, Li J, Hu D, Sun Y. Body mass index and the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a Chinese rural population. Intern Med 2008; 47(10):893-897.^,3636 Radhika G, Sathya RM, Sudha V, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Dietary salt intake and hypertension in an urban south Indian population [CURES - 53]. J Assoc Physicians India 2007; 55:405-411.^,3838 Shankarishan P, Borah PK, Mohapatra PK, Ahmed G, Mahanta J. Population attributable risk estimates for risk factors associated with hypertension in an Indian population. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 20(6):963-971.^,4040 Song HJ, Paek YJ, Choi MK, Lee HJ. Gender differences in the relationship between risk of hypertension and fruit intake. Prev Med 2014; 67:154-159.^,4141 Tsubota-Utsugi M, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Kurimoto A, et AL. High fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of future hypertension determined by home blood pressure measurement: the OHASAMA study. J Hum Hypertens 2011; 25(3):164-171.^,4545 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644., doze na América do Sul¹³13 Barbosa JB, Silva AAM, Santos AM, Monteiro Júnior FC, Barbosa MM, Barbosa MM, Figueiredo Neto JA, Soares NJS, Nina VJS, Barbosa JN. Prevalência da hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados em São Luís - MA. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(4):260-266.^,1414 Borges HP, Cruz NC, Moura EC. Associação entre hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso em adultos, Belém, Pará, 2005. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(2):110-118.^,1818 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.^,2222 Ferreira SRG, Moura EC, Malta DC, Sarno F. Freqüência de hipertensão arterial e fatores associados: Brasil, 2006. Rev Saude Publica 2009; 43(2):98-106.^,3232 Muraro AP, Santos DF, Rodrigues PRM, Braga JU. Fatores associados à Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica autorreferida segundo VIGITEL nas 26 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal em 2008. Cien Saude Colet 2013; 18(5):1387-1398.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.^,4646 Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalência e fatores associados com hipertensão arterial autorreferida em adultos brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):11s.

47 Moreira APL, Malta DC, Vianna RPT, Moreira PVL, Carvalho AT. Risk and protection factors for self-reported hypertension and diabetes in João Pessoa, Brazil. The VIGITEL survey, 2014. A cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J 2017; 135(5):450-461.

48 Oliveira CM, Ulbrich AZ, Neves FS, Dias FAL, Horimoto ARVR, Krieger JE, Alvim RO, Pereira ADC. Association between anthropometric indicators of adiposity and hypertension in a Brazilian population: Baependi Heart Study. PLoS One 2017; 12(10): e0185225.^-4949 Silva RC, Silva DA, Bastos JL, Peres KG, Peres M, González-Chica DA. Anthropometric measures change and incidence of high blood pressure levels among adults: a population-based prospective study in Southern Brazil. J Hypertens 2017; 35(1):39-46.^,5151 Malta DC, Bernal RT, Souza MF, Szwarcwald CL, Lima MG, Barros MB. Social inequalities in the prevalence of self-reported chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: national health survey 2013. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15(1):153., seis na América no Norte¹⁵15 Borgi L, Muraki I, Satija A, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Forman JP. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of hypertension in three prospective cohort studies. Hypertension 2016; 67(2):288-293.^,1616 Carnethon MR, Evans NS, Church TS, Lewis CE, Schreiner PJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Sternfeld B, Sidney S. Joint associations of physical activity and aerobic fitness on the development of incident hypertension: coronary artery risk development in young adults. Hypertension 2010; 56(1):49-55.^,2929 Leenen FH, McInnis NH, Fodor G. Obesity and the prevalence and management of hypertension in Ontario, Canada. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23(9):1000-1006.^,3737 Sesso HD, Cook NR, Buring JE, Manson JE, Gaziano JM. Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in women and men. Hypertension 2008; 51(4):1080-1087.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.^,4343 Veenstra G. Race, gender, class, sexuality (RGCS) and hypertension. Soc Sci Med 2013; 89:16-24., três na Europa²⁶26 Heraclides A, Mishra GD, Hardy RJ, Geleijnse JM, Black S, Prynne CJ, Kuh D, Soedamah-Muthu SS. Dairy intake, blood pressure and incident hypertension in a general British population: the 1946 birth cohort. Eur J Nutr 2012; 51(5):583-591.^,2727 Hirani V, Zaninotto P, Primatesta P. Generalised and abdominal obesity and risk of diabetes, hypertension and hypertension-diabetes co-morbidity in England. Public Health Nutr 2008; 11(5):521-527.^,3434 Núñez-Córdoba JM, Valencia-Serrano F, Toledo E, Alonso A, Martínez-González M. The Mediterranean diet and incidence of hypertension: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169(3):339-346. e quatro na África¹¹11 Abebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, Getachew A. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a crossectional community based study in Northwest Ethiopia. Plos One 2015; 10(4): e0125210.^,2020 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.^,2525 Helelo TP, Gelaw YA, Adane AA. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Durame Town, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One 2014; 9(11): e112790.^,5050 Soubeiga JK, Millogo TB, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):64..

Grande parte dos estudos utilizou a aferição da pressão no momento da entrevista para definir hipertensão (trinta e um)¹⁰10 Abdul-Razak S, Daher AM, Ramli AS, Ariffin F, Mazapuspavina MY, Ambigga KS, Miskan M, Abdul-Hamid H, Mat-Nasir N, Nor-Ashikin MN, Ng KK, Nawawi H, Yusoff K, REDISCOVER Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and socio demographic determinants of hypertension in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:351.

11 Abebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, Getachew A. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a crossectional community based study in Northwest Ethiopia. Plos One 2015; 10(4): e0125210.

12 Baek TH, Lee HY, Lim NK, Park HY. Gender differences in the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension incidence: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). BMC Public Health 2015; 15:852.^-1313 Barbosa JB, Silva AAM, Santos AM, Monteiro Júnior FC, Barbosa MM, Barbosa MM, Figueiredo Neto JA, Soares NJS, Nina VJS, Barbosa JN. Prevalência da hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados em São Luís - MA. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(4):260-266.^,1616 Carnethon MR, Evans NS, Church TS, Lewis CE, Schreiner PJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Sternfeld B, Sidney S. Joint associations of physical activity and aerobic fitness on the development of incident hypertension: coronary artery risk development in young adults. Hypertension 2010; 56(1):49-55.

17 Chei CL, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Cui R, Imano H, Kiyama M, Kitamura A, Sato S, Shimamoto T. Body fat distribution and the risk of hypertension and diabetes among Japanese men and women. Hypertens Res 2008; 31(5):851-857.

18 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.

19 Dogan N, Toprak D, Demir S. Hypertension prevalence and risk factors among adult population in Afyonkarahisar region: a cross-sectional research. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2012; 12(1):47-52.

20 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.

21 Esteghamati A, Abbasi M, Alikhani S, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Shishehbor MH, Forouzanfar M, Hodjatzadeh A, Ramezani RD. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factors associated with hypertension in the Iranian population: the national survey of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases of Iran. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21(6):620-626.

22 Ferreira SRG, Moura EC, Malta DC, Sarno F. Freqüência de hipertensão arterial e fatores associados: Brasil, 2006. Rev Saude Publica 2009; 43(2):98-106.

23 Fujita M, Hata A. Sex and age differences in the effect of obesity on incidence of hypertension in the Japanese population: A large historical cohort study. J Am Soc Hypertens 2014; 8(1):64-70.

24 Harshfield E, Chowdhury R, Harhay MN, Bergquist H, Harhay MO. Association of hypertension and hyperglycaemia with socioeconomic contexts in resource-poor settings: the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44(5):1625-1636.

25 Helelo TP, Gelaw YA, Adane AA. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Durame Town, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One 2014; 9(11): e112790.

26 Heraclides A, Mishra GD, Hardy RJ, Geleijnse JM, Black S, Prynne CJ, Kuh D, Soedamah-Muthu SS. Dairy intake, blood pressure and incident hypertension in a general British population: the 1946 birth cohort. Eur J Nutr 2012; 51(5):583-591.

27 Hirani V, Zaninotto P, Primatesta P. Generalised and abdominal obesity and risk of diabetes, hypertension and hypertension-diabetes co-morbidity in England. Public Health Nutr 2008; 11(5):521-527.

28 Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A. Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3):419-426.

29 Leenen FH, McInnis NH, Fodor G. Obesity and the prevalence and management of hypertension in Ontario, Canada. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23(9):1000-1006.

30 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^-3131 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.^,3535 Pang W, Sun Z, Zheng L, Li J, Zhang X, Liu S, Xu C, Li J, Hu D, Sun Y. Body mass index and the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a Chinese rural population. Intern Med 2008; 47(10):893-897.^,3636 Radhika G, Sathya RM, Sudha V, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Dietary salt intake and hypertension in an urban south Indian population [CURES - 53]. J Assoc Physicians India 2007; 55:405-411.^,3838 Shankarishan P, Borah PK, Mohapatra PK, Ahmed G, Mahanta J. Population attributable risk estimates for risk factors associated with hypertension in an Indian population. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 20(6):963-971.

39 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.

40 Song HJ, Paek YJ, Choi MK, Lee HJ. Gender differences in the relationship between risk of hypertension and fruit intake. Prev Med 2014; 67:154-159.^-4141 Tsubota-Utsugi M, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Kurimoto A, et AL. High fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of future hypertension determined by home blood pressure measurement: the OHASAMA study. J Hum Hypertens 2011; 25(3):164-171.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.^,4545 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644.^,4949 Silva RC, Silva DA, Bastos JL, Peres KG, Peres M, González-Chica DA. Anthropometric measures change and incidence of high blood pressure levels among adults: a population-based prospective study in Southern Brazil. J Hypertens 2017; 35(1):39-46.^,5050 Soubeiga JK, Millogo TB, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):64., a autodeclaração de diagnóstico foi utilizada em onze artigos¹⁴14 Borges HP, Cruz NC, Moura EC. Associação entre hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso em adultos, Belém, Pará, 2005. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(2):110-118.^,1515 Borgi L, Muraki I, Satija A, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Forman JP. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of hypertension in three prospective cohort studies. Hypertension 2016; 67(2):288-293.^,3232 Muraro AP, Santos DF, Rodrigues PRM, Braga JU. Fatores associados à Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica autorreferida segundo VIGITEL nas 26 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal em 2008. Cien Saude Colet 2013; 18(5):1387-1398.^,3434 Núñez-Córdoba JM, Valencia-Serrano F, Toledo E, Alonso A, Martínez-González M. The Mediterranean diet and incidence of hypertension: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169(3):339-346.^,3737 Sesso HD, Cook NR, Buring JE, Manson JE, Gaziano JM. Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in women and men. Hypertension 2008; 51(4):1080-1087.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.^,4343 Veenstra G. Race, gender, class, sexuality (RGCS) and hypertension. Soc Sci Med 2013; 89:16-24.^,4646 Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalência e fatores associados com hipertensão arterial autorreferida em adultos brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):11s.

47 Moreira APL, Malta DC, Vianna RPT, Moreira PVL, Carvalho AT. Risk and protection factors for self-reported hypertension and diabetes in João Pessoa, Brazil. The VIGITEL survey, 2014. A cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J 2017; 135(5):450-461.^-4848 Oliveira CM, Ulbrich AZ, Neves FS, Dias FAL, Horimoto ARVR, Krieger JE, Alvim RO, Pereira ADC. Association between anthropometric indicators of adiposity and hypertension in a Brazilian population: Baependi Heart Study. PLoS One 2017; 12(10): e0185225.^,5151 Malta DC, Bernal RT, Souza MF, Szwarcwald CL, Lima MG, Barros MB. Social inequalities in the prevalence of self-reported chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: national health survey 2013. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15(1):153..

A maioria dos estudos foi do tipo seccional (vinte e nove)¹⁰10 Abdul-Razak S, Daher AM, Ramli AS, Ariffin F, Mazapuspavina MY, Ambigga KS, Miskan M, Abdul-Hamid H, Mat-Nasir N, Nor-Ashikin MN, Ng KK, Nawawi H, Yusoff K, REDISCOVER Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and socio demographic determinants of hypertension in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:351.^,1111 Abebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, Getachew A. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a crossectional community based study in Northwest Ethiopia. Plos One 2015; 10(4): e0125210.^,1313 Barbosa JB, Silva AAM, Santos AM, Monteiro Júnior FC, Barbosa MM, Barbosa MM, Figueiredo Neto JA, Soares NJS, Nina VJS, Barbosa JN. Prevalência da hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados em São Luís - MA. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(4):260-266.^,1414 Borges HP, Cruz NC, Moura EC. Associação entre hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso em adultos, Belém, Pará, 2005. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(2):110-118.^,1818 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.

19 Dogan N, Toprak D, Demir S. Hypertension prevalence and risk factors among adult population in Afyonkarahisar region: a cross-sectional research. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2012; 12(1):47-52.

20 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.

21 Esteghamati A, Abbasi M, Alikhani S, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Shishehbor MH, Forouzanfar M, Hodjatzadeh A, Ramezani RD. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factors associated with hypertension in the Iranian population: the national survey of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases of Iran. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21(6):620-626.^-2222 Ferreira SRG, Moura EC, Malta DC, Sarno F. Freqüência de hipertensão arterial e fatores associados: Brasil, 2006. Rev Saude Publica 2009; 43(2):98-106.^,2424 Harshfield E, Chowdhury R, Harhay MN, Bergquist H, Harhay MO. Association of hypertension and hyperglycaemia with socioeconomic contexts in resource-poor settings: the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44(5):1625-1636.^,2525 Helelo TP, Gelaw YA, Adane AA. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Durame Town, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One 2014; 9(11): e112790.^,2727 Hirani V, Zaninotto P, Primatesta P. Generalised and abdominal obesity and risk of diabetes, hypertension and hypertension-diabetes co-morbidity in England. Public Health Nutr 2008; 11(5):521-527.

28 Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A. Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3):419-426.^-2929 Leenen FH, McInnis NH, Fodor G. Obesity and the prevalence and management of hypertension in Ontario, Canada. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23(9):1000-1006.^,3131 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371.^,3232 Muraro AP, Santos DF, Rodrigues PRM, Braga JU. Fatores associados à Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica autorreferida segundo VIGITEL nas 26 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal em 2008. Cien Saude Colet 2013; 18(5):1387-1398.^,3535 Pang W, Sun Z, Zheng L, Li J, Zhang X, Liu S, Xu C, Li J, Hu D, Sun Y. Body mass index and the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a Chinese rural population. Intern Med 2008; 47(10):893-897.^,3636 Radhika G, Sathya RM, Sudha V, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Dietary salt intake and hypertension in an urban south Indian population [CURES - 53]. J Assoc Physicians India 2007; 55:405-411.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.^,4040 Song HJ, Paek YJ, Choi MK, Lee HJ. Gender differences in the relationship between risk of hypertension and fruit intake. Prev Med 2014; 67:154-159.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.

43 Veenstra G. Race, gender, class, sexuality (RGCS) and hypertension. Soc Sci Med 2013; 89:16-24.

44 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.

45 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644.

46 Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalência e fatores associados com hipertensão arterial autorreferida em adultos brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):11s.

47 Moreira APL, Malta DC, Vianna RPT, Moreira PVL, Carvalho AT. Risk and protection factors for self-reported hypertension and diabetes in João Pessoa, Brazil. The VIGITEL survey, 2014. A cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J 2017; 135(5):450-461.^-4848 Oliveira CM, Ulbrich AZ, Neves FS, Dias FAL, Horimoto ARVR, Krieger JE, Alvim RO, Pereira ADC. Association between anthropometric indicators of adiposity and hypertension in a Brazilian population: Baependi Heart Study. PLoS One 2017; 12(10): e0185225.^,5050 Soubeiga JK, Millogo TB, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):64.^,5151 Malta DC, Bernal RT, Souza MF, Szwarcwald CL, Lima MG, Barros MB. Social inequalities in the prevalence of self-reported chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: national health survey 2013. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15(1):153., onze foram estudos de coorte¹²12 Baek TH, Lee HY, Lim NK, Park HY. Gender differences in the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension incidence: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). BMC Public Health 2015; 15:852.^,1515 Borgi L, Muraki I, Satija A, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Forman JP. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of hypertension in three prospective cohort studies. Hypertension 2016; 67(2):288-293.

16 Carnethon MR, Evans NS, Church TS, Lewis CE, Schreiner PJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Sternfeld B, Sidney S. Joint associations of physical activity and aerobic fitness on the development of incident hypertension: coronary artery risk development in young adults. Hypertension 2010; 56(1):49-55.^-1717 Chei CL, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Cui R, Imano H, Kiyama M, Kitamura A, Sato S, Shimamoto T. Body fat distribution and the risk of hypertension and diabetes among Japanese men and women. Hypertens Res 2008; 31(5):851-857.^,2323 Fujita M, Hata A. Sex and age differences in the effect of obesity on incidence of hypertension in the Japanese population: A large historical cohort study. J Am Soc Hypertens 2014; 8(1):64-70.^,2626 Heraclides A, Mishra GD, Hardy RJ, Geleijnse JM, Black S, Prynne CJ, Kuh D, Soedamah-Muthu SS. Dairy intake, blood pressure and incident hypertension in a general British population: the 1946 birth cohort. Eur J Nutr 2012; 51(5):583-591.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.^,3434 Núñez-Córdoba JM, Valencia-Serrano F, Toledo E, Alonso A, Martínez-González M. The Mediterranean diet and incidence of hypertension: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169(3):339-346.^,3737 Sesso HD, Cook NR, Buring JE, Manson JE, Gaziano JM. Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in women and men. Hypertension 2008; 51(4):1080-1087.^,4141 Tsubota-Utsugi M, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Kurimoto A, et AL. High fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of future hypertension determined by home blood pressure measurement: the OHASAMA study. J Hum Hypertens 2011; 25(3):164-171.^,4949 Silva RC, Silva DA, Bastos JL, Peres KG, Peres M, González-Chica DA. Anthropometric measures change and incidence of high blood pressure levels among adults: a population-based prospective study in Southern Brazil. J Hypertens 2017; 35(1):39-46. e apenas dois foram do tipo caso-controle³⁰30 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^,3838 Shankarishan P, Borah PK, Mohapatra PK, Ahmed G, Mahanta J. Population attributable risk estimates for risk factors associated with hypertension in an Indian population. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 20(6):963-971.. Entre os estudos seccionais, a maior amostra foi de 112.288 indivíduos¹⁰10 Abdul-Razak S, Daher AM, Ramli AS, Ariffin F, Mazapuspavina MY, Ambigga KS, Miskan M, Abdul-Hamid H, Mat-Nasir N, Nor-Ashikin MN, Ng KK, Nawawi H, Yusoff K, REDISCOVER Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and socio demographic determinants of hypertension in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:351. e a menor de 536²⁵25 Helelo TP, Gelaw YA, Adane AA. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Durame Town, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One 2014; 9(11): e112790.. Nos estudos de coorte a maior amostra compreendeu 42.303 participantes³⁷37 Sesso HD, Cook NR, Buring JE, Manson JE, Gaziano JM. Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in women and men. Hypertension 2008; 51(4):1080-1087. e a menor 745⁴¹41 Tsubota-Utsugi M, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Kurimoto A, et AL. High fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of future hypertension determined by home blood pressure measurement: the OHASAMA study. J Hum Hypertens 2011; 25(3):164-171.. Em relação aos dois estudos de caso-controle, um foi realizado com base em amostra composta por 700 participantes³⁸38 Shankarishan P, Borah PK, Mohapatra PK, Ahmed G, Mahanta J. Population attributable risk estimates for risk factors associated with hypertension in an Indian population. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 20(6):963-971. e o outro com amostra de apenas 72 participantes³⁰30 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017..

O modelo de regressão logística foi utilizado em cerca de 80% das análises, 31 artigos¹⁰10 Abdul-Razak S, Daher AM, Ramli AS, Ariffin F, Mazapuspavina MY, Ambigga KS, Miskan M, Abdul-Hamid H, Mat-Nasir N, Nor-Ashikin MN, Ng KK, Nawawi H, Yusoff K, REDISCOVER Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and socio demographic determinants of hypertension in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:351.^,1111 Abebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, Getachew A. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a crossectional community based study in Northwest Ethiopia. Plos One 2015; 10(4): e0125210.^,1414 Borges HP, Cruz NC, Moura EC. Associação entre hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso em adultos, Belém, Pará, 2005. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(2):110-118.^,1616 Carnethon MR, Evans NS, Church TS, Lewis CE, Schreiner PJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Sternfeld B, Sidney S. Joint associations of physical activity and aerobic fitness on the development of incident hypertension: coronary artery risk development in young adults. Hypertension 2010; 56(1):49-55.^,1717 Chei CL, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Cui R, Imano H, Kiyama M, Kitamura A, Sato S, Shimamoto T. Body fat distribution and the risk of hypertension and diabetes among Japanese men and women. Hypertens Res 2008; 31(5):851-857.^,1919 Dogan N, Toprak D, Demir S. Hypertension prevalence and risk factors among adult population in Afyonkarahisar region: a cross-sectional research. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2012; 12(1):47-52.

20 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.

21 Esteghamati A, Abbasi M, Alikhani S, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Shishehbor MH, Forouzanfar M, Hodjatzadeh A, Ramezani RD. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factors associated with hypertension in the Iranian population: the national survey of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases of Iran. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21(6):620-626.^-2222 Ferreira SRG, Moura EC, Malta DC, Sarno F. Freqüência de hipertensão arterial e fatores associados: Brasil, 2006. Rev Saude Publica 2009; 43(2):98-106.^,2424 Harshfield E, Chowdhury R, Harhay MN, Bergquist H, Harhay MO. Association of hypertension and hyperglycaemia with socioeconomic contexts in resource-poor settings: the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44(5):1625-1636.

25 Helelo TP, Gelaw YA, Adane AA. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Durame Town, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One 2014; 9(11): e112790.

26 Heraclides A, Mishra GD, Hardy RJ, Geleijnse JM, Black S, Prynne CJ, Kuh D, Soedamah-Muthu SS. Dairy intake, blood pressure and incident hypertension in a general British population: the 1946 birth cohort. Eur J Nutr 2012; 51(5):583-591.

27 Hirani V, Zaninotto P, Primatesta P. Generalised and abdominal obesity and risk of diabetes, hypertension and hypertension-diabetes co-morbidity in England. Public Health Nutr 2008; 11(5):521-527.

28 Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A. Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3):419-426.

29 Leenen FH, McInnis NH, Fodor G. Obesity and the prevalence and management of hypertension in Ontario, Canada. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23(9):1000-1006.

30 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^-3131 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.^,3535 Pang W, Sun Z, Zheng L, Li J, Zhang X, Liu S, Xu C, Li J, Hu D, Sun Y. Body mass index and the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a Chinese rural population. Intern Med 2008; 47(10):893-897.^,3636 Radhika G, Sathya RM, Sudha V, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Dietary salt intake and hypertension in an urban south Indian population [CURES - 53]. J Assoc Physicians India 2007; 55:405-411.^,3838 Shankarishan P, Borah PK, Mohapatra PK, Ahmed G, Mahanta J. Population attributable risk estimates for risk factors associated with hypertension in an Indian population. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 20(6):963-971.

39 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.

40 Song HJ, Paek YJ, Choi MK, Lee HJ. Gender differences in the relationship between risk of hypertension and fruit intake. Prev Med 2014; 67:154-159.

41 Tsubota-Utsugi M, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Kurimoto A, et AL. High fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of future hypertension determined by home blood pressure measurement: the OHASAMA study. J Hum Hypertens 2011; 25(3):164-171.

42 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.^-4343 Veenstra G. Race, gender, class, sexuality (RGCS) and hypertension. Soc Sci Med 2013; 89:16-24.^,4545 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644.^,4646 Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalência e fatores associados com hipertensão arterial autorreferida em adultos brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):11s.^,4848 Oliveira CM, Ulbrich AZ, Neves FS, Dias FAL, Horimoto ARVR, Krieger JE, Alvim RO, Pereira ADC. Association between anthropometric indicators of adiposity and hypertension in a Brazilian population: Baependi Heart Study. PLoS One 2017; 12(10): e0185225.

49 Silva RC, Silva DA, Bastos JL, Peres KG, Peres M, González-Chica DA. Anthropometric measures change and incidence of high blood pressure levels among adults: a population-based prospective study in Southern Brazil. J Hypertens 2017; 35(1):39-46.^-5050 Soubeiga JK, Millogo TB, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):64.. O modelo de Cox foi utilizado em cinco artigos¹²12 Baek TH, Lee HY, Lim NK, Park HY. Gender differences in the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension incidence: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). BMC Public Health 2015; 15:852.^,1515 Borgi L, Muraki I, Satija A, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Forman JP. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of hypertension in three prospective cohort studies. Hypertension 2016; 67(2):288-293.^,2323 Fujita M, Hata A. Sex and age differences in the effect of obesity on incidence of hypertension in the Japanese population: A large historical cohort study. J Am Soc Hypertens 2014; 8(1):64-70.^,3434 Núñez-Córdoba JM, Valencia-Serrano F, Toledo E, Alonso A, Martínez-González M. The Mediterranean diet and incidence of hypertension: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169(3):339-346.^,3737 Sesso HD, Cook NR, Buring JE, Manson JE, Gaziano JM. Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in women and men. Hypertension 2008; 51(4):1080-1087., o de Poisson em cinco artigos¹³13 Barbosa JB, Silva AAM, Santos AM, Monteiro Júnior FC, Barbosa MM, Barbosa MM, Figueiredo Neto JA, Soares NJS, Nina VJS, Barbosa JN. Prevalência da hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados em São Luís - MA. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(4):260-266.^,1818 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.^,4747 Moreira APL, Malta DC, Vianna RPT, Moreira PVL, Carvalho AT. Risk and protection factors for self-reported hypertension and diabetes in João Pessoa, Brazil. The VIGITEL survey, 2014. A cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J 2017; 135(5):450-461.^,5151 Malta DC, Bernal RT, Souza MF, Szwarcwald CL, Lima MG, Barros MB. Social inequalities in the prevalence of self-reported chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: national health survey 2013. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15(1):153. e o modelo linear foi empregado em apenas um artigo³²32 Muraro AP, Santos DF, Rodrigues PRM, Braga JU. Fatores associados à Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica autorreferida segundo VIGITEL nas 26 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal em 2008. Cien Saude Colet 2013; 18(5):1387-1398..

Todos os estudos foram realizados com base em amostra composta por indivíduos com 18 anos ou mais, no entanto, as faixas etárias estabelecidas em cada artigo foram muito variadas. Vinte faixas etárias foram identificadas.

Em relação à qualidade metodológica, vinte e cinco dos quarenta e dois artigos atingiram a pontuação máxima¹¹11 Abebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, Getachew A. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a crossectional community based study in Northwest Ethiopia. Plos One 2015; 10(4): e0125210.

12 Baek TH, Lee HY, Lim NK, Park HY. Gender differences in the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension incidence: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). BMC Public Health 2015; 15:852.

13 Barbosa JB, Silva AAM, Santos AM, Monteiro Júnior FC, Barbosa MM, Barbosa MM, Figueiredo Neto JA, Soares NJS, Nina VJS, Barbosa JN. Prevalência da hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados em São Luís - MA. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(4):260-266.^-1414 Borges HP, Cruz NC, Moura EC. Associação entre hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso em adultos, Belém, Pará, 2005. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(2):110-118.^,1616 Carnethon MR, Evans NS, Church TS, Lewis CE, Schreiner PJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Sternfeld B, Sidney S. Joint associations of physical activity and aerobic fitness on the development of incident hypertension: coronary artery risk development in young adults. Hypertension 2010; 56(1):49-55.

17 Chei CL, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Cui R, Imano H, Kiyama M, Kitamura A, Sato S, Shimamoto T. Body fat distribution and the risk of hypertension and diabetes among Japanese men and women. Hypertens Res 2008; 31(5):851-857.^-1818 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.^,2020 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.

21 Esteghamati A, Abbasi M, Alikhani S, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Shishehbor MH, Forouzanfar M, Hodjatzadeh A, Ramezani RD. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factors associated with hypertension in the Iranian population: the national survey of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases of Iran. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21(6):620-626.

22 Ferreira SRG, Moura EC, Malta DC, Sarno F. Freqüência de hipertensão arterial e fatores associados: Brasil, 2006. Rev Saude Publica 2009; 43(2):98-106.^-2323 Fujita M, Hata A. Sex and age differences in the effect of obesity on incidence of hypertension in the Japanese population: A large historical cohort study. J Am Soc Hypertens 2014; 8(1):64-70.^,2727 Hirani V, Zaninotto P, Primatesta P. Generalised and abdominal obesity and risk of diabetes, hypertension and hypertension-diabetes co-morbidity in England. Public Health Nutr 2008; 11(5):521-527.

28 Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A. Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3):419-426.

29 Leenen FH, McInnis NH, Fodor G. Obesity and the prevalence and management of hypertension in Ontario, Canada. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23(9):1000-1006.^-3030 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.^,3636 Radhika G, Sathya RM, Sudha V, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Dietary salt intake and hypertension in an urban south Indian population [CURES - 53]. J Assoc Physicians India 2007; 55:405-411.

37 Sesso HD, Cook NR, Buring JE, Manson JE, Gaziano JM. Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in women and men. Hypertension 2008; 51(4):1080-1087.^-3838 Shankarishan P, Borah PK, Mohapatra PK, Ahmed G, Mahanta J. Population attributable risk estimates for risk factors associated with hypertension in an Indian population. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 20(6):963-971.^,4040 Song HJ, Paek YJ, Choi MK, Lee HJ. Gender differences in the relationship between risk of hypertension and fruit intake. Prev Med 2014; 67:154-159.

41 Tsubota-Utsugi M, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Kurimoto A, et AL. High fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of future hypertension determined by home blood pressure measurement: the OHASAMA study. J Hum Hypertens 2011; 25(3):164-171.^-4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.^,5050 Soubeiga JK, Millogo TB, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):64.^,5151 Malta DC, Bernal RT, Souza MF, Szwarcwald CL, Lima MG, Barros MB. Social inequalities in the prevalence of self-reported chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: national health survey 2013. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15(1):153.. Quatorze perderam pontos por não descreverem as perdas (P)¹⁰10 Abdul-Razak S, Daher AM, Ramli AS, Ariffin F, Mazapuspavina MY, Ambigga KS, Miskan M, Abdul-Hamid H, Mat-Nasir N, Nor-Ashikin MN, Ng KK, Nawawi H, Yusoff K, REDISCOVER Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and socio demographic determinants of hypertension in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:351.^,1515 Borgi L, Muraki I, Satija A, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Forman JP. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of hypertension in three prospective cohort studies. Hypertension 2016; 67(2):288-293.^,1919 Dogan N, Toprak D, Demir S. Hypertension prevalence and risk factors among adult population in Afyonkarahisar region: a cross-sectional research. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2012; 12(1):47-52.^,2424 Harshfield E, Chowdhury R, Harhay MN, Bergquist H, Harhay MO. Association of hypertension and hyperglycaemia with socioeconomic contexts in resource-poor settings: the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44(5):1625-1636.^,2626 Heraclides A, Mishra GD, Hardy RJ, Geleijnse JM, Black S, Prynne CJ, Kuh D, Soedamah-Muthu SS. Dairy intake, blood pressure and incident hypertension in a general British population: the 1946 birth cohort. Eur J Nutr 2012; 51(5):583-591.^,3131 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371.^,3232 Muraro AP, Santos DF, Rodrigues PRM, Braga JU. Fatores associados à Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica autorreferida segundo VIGITEL nas 26 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal em 2008. Cien Saude Colet 2013; 18(5):1387-1398.^,3434 Núñez-Córdoba JM, Valencia-Serrano F, Toledo E, Alonso A, Martínez-González M. The Mediterranean diet and incidence of hypertension: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169(3):339-346.^,3535 Pang W, Sun Z, Zheng L, Li J, Zhang X, Liu S, Xu C, Li J, Hu D, Sun Y. Body mass index and the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a Chinese rural population. Intern Med 2008; 47(10):893-897.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.^,4646 Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalência e fatores associados com hipertensão arterial autorreferida em adultos brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):11s.

47 Moreira APL, Malta DC, Vianna RPT, Moreira PVL, Carvalho AT. Risk and protection factors for self-reported hypertension and diabetes in João Pessoa, Brazil. The VIGITEL survey, 2014. A cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J 2017; 135(5):450-461.

48 Oliveira CM, Ulbrich AZ, Neves FS, Dias FAL, Horimoto ARVR, Krieger JE, Alvim RO, Pereira ADC. Association between anthropometric indicators of adiposity and hypertension in a Brazilian population: Baependi Heart Study. PLoS One 2017; 12(10): e0185225.^-4949 Silva RC, Silva DA, Bastos JL, Peres KG, Peres M, González-Chica DA. Anthropometric measures change and incidence of high blood pressure levels among adults: a population-based prospective study in Southern Brazil. J Hypertens 2017; 35(1):39-46., cinco por não apresentarem as estimativas brutas ou descrição do modelo de análise estatística (A)¹⁹19 Dogan N, Toprak D, Demir S. Hypertension prevalence and risk factors among adult population in Afyonkarahisar region: a cross-sectional research. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2012; 12(1):47-52.^,3131 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371.^,4343 Veenstra G. Race, gender, class, sexuality (RGCS) and hypertension. Soc Sci Med 2013; 89:16-24.^,4545 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644.^,4848 Oliveira CM, Ulbrich AZ, Neves FS, Dias FAL, Horimoto ARVR, Krieger JE, Alvim RO, Pereira ADC. Association between anthropometric indicators of adiposity and hypertension in a Brazilian population: Baependi Heart Study. PLoS One 2017; 12(10): e0185225. e um artigo por não descrever o instrumento de aferição do desfecho (D)²⁵25 Helelo TP, Gelaw YA, Adane AA. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Durame Town, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One 2014; 9(11): e112790..

O Quadro 1 apresenta as variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, antropométricas e de estilo de vida encontradas nos estudos, o tipo de variável (dicotômica, nominal ou ordinal) e sua associação ou não com o desfecho hipertensão (maior chance, menor chance ou não associação).

As variáveis demográficas associadas à hipertensão foram idade (dezenove artigos), sexo (dezessete artigos), raça ou cor (sete artigos) e área de residência (seis artigos). Em apenas um artigo a variável idade não foi analisada de forma ordinal⁴⁴44 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.. Em apenas dois artigos a idade não se mostrou associada⁴²42 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.^,4747 Moreira APL, Malta DC, Vianna RPT, Moreira PVL, Carvalho AT. Risk and protection factors for self-reported hypertension and diabetes in João Pessoa, Brazil. The VIGITEL survey, 2014. A cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J 2017; 135(5):450-461.. Nos demais artigos em que a idade foi considerada, observa-se um aumento progressivo da chance de ter HAS nos indivíduos com idade a partir dos 40 anos¹⁰10 Abdul-Razak S, Daher AM, Ramli AS, Ariffin F, Mazapuspavina MY, Ambigga KS, Miskan M, Abdul-Hamid H, Mat-Nasir N, Nor-Ashikin MN, Ng KK, Nawawi H, Yusoff K, REDISCOVER Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and socio demographic determinants of hypertension in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:351.^,1313 Barbosa JB, Silva AAM, Santos AM, Monteiro Júnior FC, Barbosa MM, Barbosa MM, Figueiredo Neto JA, Soares NJS, Nina VJS, Barbosa JN. Prevalência da hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados em São Luís - MA. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(4):260-266.^,1414 Borges HP, Cruz NC, Moura EC. Associação entre hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso em adultos, Belém, Pará, 2005. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(2):110-118.^,1818 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.

19 Dogan N, Toprak D, Demir S. Hypertension prevalence and risk factors among adult population in Afyonkarahisar region: a cross-sectional research. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2012; 12(1):47-52.

20 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.^-2121 Esteghamati A, Abbasi M, Alikhani S, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Shishehbor MH, Forouzanfar M, Hodjatzadeh A, Ramezani RD. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factors associated with hypertension in the Iranian population: the national survey of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases of Iran. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21(6):620-626.^,2525 Helelo TP, Gelaw YA, Adane AA. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Durame Town, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One 2014; 9(11): e112790.^,2828 Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A. Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3):419-426.^,2929 Leenen FH, McInnis NH, Fodor G. Obesity and the prevalence and management of hypertension in Ontario, Canada. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23(9):1000-1006.^,3131 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.

45 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644.^-4646 Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalência e fatores associados com hipertensão arterial autorreferida em adultos brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):11s.^,5050 Soubeiga JK, Millogo TB, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):64..

O sexo masculino representou maior chance de ter HAS em nove de dezessete artigos nos quais a variável sexo foi incluída¹⁰10 Abdul-Razak S, Daher AM, Ramli AS, Ariffin F, Mazapuspavina MY, Ambigga KS, Miskan M, Abdul-Hamid H, Mat-Nasir N, Nor-Ashikin MN, Ng KK, Nawawi H, Yusoff K, REDISCOVER Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and socio demographic determinants of hypertension in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:351.^,1313 Barbosa JB, Silva AAM, Santos AM, Monteiro Júnior FC, Barbosa MM, Barbosa MM, Figueiredo Neto JA, Soares NJS, Nina VJS, Barbosa JN. Prevalência da hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados em São Luís - MA. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(4):260-266.^,1919 Dogan N, Toprak D, Demir S. Hypertension prevalence and risk factors among adult population in Afyonkarahisar region: a cross-sectional research. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2012; 12(1):47-52.^,2121 Esteghamati A, Abbasi M, Alikhani S, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Shishehbor MH, Forouzanfar M, Hodjatzadeh A, Ramezani RD. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factors associated with hypertension in the Iranian population: the national survey of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases of Iran. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21(6):620-626.^,2525 Helelo TP, Gelaw YA, Adane AA. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Durame Town, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One 2014; 9(11): e112790.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.^,4545 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644.. A variável cor branca foi estudada de forma dicotômica em quatro artigos¹⁸18 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.^,2020 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.^,4646 Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalência e fatores associados com hipertensão arterial autorreferida em adultos brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):11s. e nominal em três²⁹29 Leenen FH, McInnis NH, Fodor G. Obesity and the prevalence and management of hypertension in Ontario, Canada. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23(9):1000-1006.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.^,4343 Veenstra G. Race, gender, class, sexuality (RGCS) and hypertension. Soc Sci Med 2013; 89:16-24.. Indivíduos da cor branca apresentaram menor chance de ter HAS em quatro artigos¹⁸18 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.^,2929 Leenen FH, McInnis NH, Fodor G. Obesity and the prevalence and management of hypertension in Ontario, Canada. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23(9):1000-1006.^,4343 Veenstra G. Race, gender, class, sexuality (RGCS) and hypertension. Soc Sci Med 2013; 89:16-24.^,4646 Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalência e fatores associados com hipertensão arterial autorreferida em adultos brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):11s., enquanto outros três não encontraram associação com raça/cor²⁰20 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.. Etnia foi estudada em três artigos, em dois deles essa variável mostrou associação com o desfecho³¹31 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371.^,4545 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644.. Situação de residência (urbana/rural) foi considerada em seis artigos, em apenas dois residir em área urbana foi associado ao desfecho¹⁰10 Abdul-Razak S, Daher AM, Ramli AS, Ariffin F, Mazapuspavina MY, Ambigga KS, Miskan M, Abdul-Hamid H, Mat-Nasir N, Nor-Ashikin MN, Ng KK, Nawawi H, Yusoff K, REDISCOVER Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and socio demographic determinants of hypertension in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:351.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352., nos demais a situação de residência não foi associada¹¹11 Abebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, Getachew A. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a crossectional community based study in Northwest Ethiopia. Plos One 2015; 10(4): e0125210.^,2121 Esteghamati A, Abbasi M, Alikhani S, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Shishehbor MH, Forouzanfar M, Hodjatzadeh A, Ramezani RD. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factors associated with hypertension in the Iranian population: the national survey of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases of Iran. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21(6):620-626.^,3131 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118..

Entre as variáveis socioeconômicas, a mais utilizada foi o grau de escolaridade, incluída em dezoito artigos¹⁰10 Abdul-Razak S, Daher AM, Ramli AS, Ariffin F, Mazapuspavina MY, Ambigga KS, Miskan M, Abdul-Hamid H, Mat-Nasir N, Nor-Ashikin MN, Ng KK, Nawawi H, Yusoff K, REDISCOVER Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and socio demographic determinants of hypertension in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:351.^,1212 Baek TH, Lee HY, Lim NK, Park HY. Gender differences in the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension incidence: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). BMC Public Health 2015; 15:852.^,1414 Borges HP, Cruz NC, Moura EC. Associação entre hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso em adultos, Belém, Pará, 2005. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(2):110-118.^,1818 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.^,2424 Harshfield E, Chowdhury R, Harhay MN, Bergquist H, Harhay MO. Association of hypertension and hyperglycaemia with socioeconomic contexts in resource-poor settings: the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44(5):1625-1636.^,2525 Helelo TP, Gelaw YA, Adane AA. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Durame Town, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One 2014; 9(11): e112790.^,2828 Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A. Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3):419-426.

29 Leenen FH, McInnis NH, Fodor G. Obesity and the prevalence and management of hypertension in Ontario, Canada. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23(9):1000-1006.

30 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^-3131 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.

43 Veenstra G. Race, gender, class, sexuality (RGCS) and hypertension. Soc Sci Med 2013; 89:16-24.

44 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.

45 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644.^-4646 Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalência e fatores associados com hipertensão arterial autorreferida em adultos brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):11s.^,5050 Soubeiga JK, Millogo TB, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):64.^,5151 Malta DC, Bernal RT, Souza MF, Szwarcwald CL, Lima MG, Barros MB. Social inequalities in the prevalence of self-reported chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: national health survey 2013. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15(1):153.. Dois artigos analisaram a escolaridade de forma dicotômica³⁰30 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^,3131 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371. e os demais de forma ordinal. O baixo nível de instrução foi associado com a maior chance de ter HAS em dez trabalhos¹²12 Baek TH, Lee HY, Lim NK, Park HY. Gender differences in the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension incidence: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). BMC Public Health 2015; 15:852.^,2525 Helelo TP, Gelaw YA, Adane AA. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Durame Town, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One 2014; 9(11): e112790.^,3030 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^,3131 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.

45 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644.^-4646 Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalência e fatores associados com hipertensão arterial autorreferida em adultos brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):11s.^,5151 Malta DC, Bernal RT, Souza MF, Szwarcwald CL, Lima MG, Barros MB. Social inequalities in the prevalence of self-reported chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: national health survey 2013. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15(1):153..

A variável estado civil foi considerada em sete artigos, sendo estudada de forma dicotômica em três²⁰20 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.^,2121 Esteghamati A, Abbasi M, Alikhani S, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Shishehbor MH, Forouzanfar M, Hodjatzadeh A, Ramezani RD. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factors associated with hypertension in the Iranian population: the national survey of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases of Iran. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21(6):620-626.^,5050 Soubeiga JK, Millogo TB, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):64. e nominal em quatro¹⁴14 Borges HP, Cruz NC, Moura EC. Associação entre hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso em adultos, Belém, Pará, 2005. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(2):110-118.^,2828 Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A. Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3):419-426.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.. Os resultados encontrados foram diversos, em três artigos, ser casado foi relacionado a menor chance de ter HAS em relação a pelo menos uma outra categoria de estudo²⁰20 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.^,2121 Esteghamati A, Abbasi M, Alikhani S, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Shishehbor MH, Forouzanfar M, Hodjatzadeh A, Ramezani RD. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factors associated with hypertension in the Iranian population: the national survey of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases of Iran. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21(6):620-626.^,2828 Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A. Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3):419-426., mas nos outros, a associação com o desfecho não foi observada¹⁴14 Borges HP, Cruz NC, Moura EC. Associação entre hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso em adultos, Belém, Pará, 2005. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(2):110-118.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.^,5050 Soubeiga JK, Millogo TB, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):64..

A renda foi analisada de forma ordinal em sete dos oito artigos que utilizaram a variável. Ter menor renda foi associado a maior chance de ter HAS em três estudos¹⁸18 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.^,1919 Dogan N, Toprak D, Demir S. Hypertension prevalence and risk factors among adult population in Afyonkarahisar region: a cross-sectional research. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2012; 12(1):47-52.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998., menor chance em um²⁴24 Harshfield E, Chowdhury R, Harhay MN, Bergquist H, Harhay MO. Association of hypertension and hyperglycaemia with socioeconomic contexts in resource-poor settings: the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44(5):1625-1636. e não associado ao desfecho em quatro¹²12 Baek TH, Lee HY, Lim NK, Park HY. Gender differences in the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension incidence: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). BMC Public Health 2015; 15:852.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.. Três estudos utilizaram a posse de plano de saúde como variável³⁹39 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.^,5151 Malta DC, Bernal RT, Souza MF, Szwarcwald CL, Lima MG, Barros MB. Social inequalities in the prevalence of self-reported chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: national health survey 2013. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15(1):153., mas nenhuma associação foi encontrada.

A ocupação foi analisada em dois artigos³⁰30 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.. Ser trabalhador manual/agricultor ou desempregado mostrou maior chance de ter HAS nos dois estudos.

As duas medidas antropométricas mais utilizadas nos estudos selecionados foram o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e a circunferência de cintura (CC). O IMC foi considerado na análise de vinte e sete artigos¹⁰10 Abdul-Razak S, Daher AM, Ramli AS, Ariffin F, Mazapuspavina MY, Ambigga KS, Miskan M, Abdul-Hamid H, Mat-Nasir N, Nor-Ashikin MN, Ng KK, Nawawi H, Yusoff K, REDISCOVER Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and socio demographic determinants of hypertension in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:351.^,1313 Barbosa JB, Silva AAM, Santos AM, Monteiro Júnior FC, Barbosa MM, Barbosa MM, Figueiredo Neto JA, Soares NJS, Nina VJS, Barbosa JN. Prevalência da hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados em São Luís - MA. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(4):260-266.^,1717 Chei CL, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Cui R, Imano H, Kiyama M, Kitamura A, Sato S, Shimamoto T. Body fat distribution and the risk of hypertension and diabetes among Japanese men and women. Hypertens Res 2008; 31(5):851-857.

18 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.

19 Dogan N, Toprak D, Demir S. Hypertension prevalence and risk factors among adult population in Afyonkarahisar region: a cross-sectional research. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2012; 12(1):47-52.

20 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.

21 Esteghamati A, Abbasi M, Alikhani S, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Shishehbor MH, Forouzanfar M, Hodjatzadeh A, Ramezani RD. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factors associated with hypertension in the Iranian population: the national survey of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases of Iran. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21(6):620-626.

22 Ferreira SRG, Moura EC, Malta DC, Sarno F. Freqüência de hipertensão arterial e fatores associados: Brasil, 2006. Rev Saude Publica 2009; 43(2):98-106.^-2323 Fujita M, Hata A. Sex and age differences in the effect of obesity on incidence of hypertension in the Japanese population: A large historical cohort study. J Am Soc Hypertens 2014; 8(1):64-70.^,2525 Helelo TP, Gelaw YA, Adane AA. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Durame Town, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One 2014; 9(11): e112790.^,2828 Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A. Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3):419-426.

29 Leenen FH, McInnis NH, Fodor G. Obesity and the prevalence and management of hypertension in Ontario, Canada. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23(9):1000-1006.

30 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.

31 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371.

32 Muraro AP, Santos DF, Rodrigues PRM, Braga JU. Fatores associados à Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica autorreferida segundo VIGITEL nas 26 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal em 2008. Cien Saude Colet 2013; 18(5):1387-1398.

33 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.

34 Núñez-Córdoba JM, Valencia-Serrano F, Toledo E, Alonso A, Martínez-González M. The Mediterranean diet and incidence of hypertension: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169(3):339-346.^-3535 Pang W, Sun Z, Zheng L, Li J, Zhang X, Liu S, Xu C, Li J, Hu D, Sun Y. Body mass index and the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a Chinese rural population. Intern Med 2008; 47(10):893-897.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.

45 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644.

46 Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalência e fatores associados com hipertensão arterial autorreferida em adultos brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):11s.

47 Moreira APL, Malta DC, Vianna RPT, Moreira PVL, Carvalho AT. Risk and protection factors for self-reported hypertension and diabetes in João Pessoa, Brazil. The VIGITEL survey, 2014. A cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J 2017; 135(5):450-461.

48 Oliveira CM, Ulbrich AZ, Neves FS, Dias FAL, Horimoto ARVR, Krieger JE, Alvim RO, Pereira ADC. Association between anthropometric indicators of adiposity and hypertension in a Brazilian population: Baependi Heart Study. PLoS One 2017; 12(10): e0185225.

49 Silva RC, Silva DA, Bastos JL, Peres KG, Peres M, González-Chica DA. Anthropometric measures change and incidence of high blood pressure levels among adults: a population-based prospective study in Southern Brazil. J Hypertens 2017; 35(1):39-46.^-5050 Soubeiga JK, Millogo TB, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):64., sendo incluído como variável ordinal em vinte e um deles¹⁰10 Abdul-Razak S, Daher AM, Ramli AS, Ariffin F, Mazapuspavina MY, Ambigga KS, Miskan M, Abdul-Hamid H, Mat-Nasir N, Nor-Ashikin MN, Ng KK, Nawawi H, Yusoff K, REDISCOVER Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and socio demographic determinants of hypertension in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:351.^,1313 Barbosa JB, Silva AAM, Santos AM, Monteiro Júnior FC, Barbosa MM, Barbosa MM, Figueiredo Neto JA, Soares NJS, Nina VJS, Barbosa JN. Prevalência da hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados em São Luís - MA. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(4):260-266.^,1717 Chei CL, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Cui R, Imano H, Kiyama M, Kitamura A, Sato S, Shimamoto T. Body fat distribution and the risk of hypertension and diabetes among Japanese men and women. Hypertens Res 2008; 31(5):851-857.^,1818 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.^,2020 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.

21 Esteghamati A, Abbasi M, Alikhani S, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Shishehbor MH, Forouzanfar M, Hodjatzadeh A, Ramezani RD. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and risk factors associated with hypertension in the Iranian population: the national survey of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases of Iran. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21(6):620-626.

22 Ferreira SRG, Moura EC, Malta DC, Sarno F. Freqüência de hipertensão arterial e fatores associados: Brasil, 2006. Rev Saude Publica 2009; 43(2):98-106.^-2323 Fujita M, Hata A. Sex and age differences in the effect of obesity on incidence of hypertension in the Japanese population: A large historical cohort study. J Am Soc Hypertens 2014; 8(1):64-70.^,2525 Helelo TP, Gelaw YA, Adane AA. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Durame Town, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One 2014; 9(11): e112790.^,2828 Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A. Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3):419-426.

29 Leenen FH, McInnis NH, Fodor G. Obesity and the prevalence and management of hypertension in Ontario, Canada. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23(9):1000-1006.

30 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^-3131 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.

34 Núñez-Córdoba JM, Valencia-Serrano F, Toledo E, Alonso A, Martínez-González M. The Mediterranean diet and incidence of hypertension: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169(3):339-346.^-3535 Pang W, Sun Z, Zheng L, Li J, Zhang X, Liu S, Xu C, Li J, Hu D, Sun Y. Body mass index and the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a Chinese rural population. Intern Med 2008; 47(10):893-897.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.^,4545 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644.^,5050 Soubeiga JK, Millogo TB, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):64.. A CC foi incluída em oito estudos¹⁷17 Chei CL, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Cui R, Imano H, Kiyama M, Kitamura A, Sato S, Shimamoto T. Body fat distribution and the risk of hypertension and diabetes among Japanese men and women. Hypertens Res 2008; 31(5):851-857.^,2727 Hirani V, Zaninotto P, Primatesta P. Generalised and abdominal obesity and risk of diabetes, hypertension and hypertension-diabetes co-morbidity in England. Public Health Nutr 2008; 11(5):521-527.^,2828 Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A. Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3):419-426.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.^,4545 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644.^,4848 Oliveira CM, Ulbrich AZ, Neves FS, Dias FAL, Horimoto ARVR, Krieger JE, Alvim RO, Pereira ADC. Association between anthropometric indicators of adiposity and hypertension in a Brazilian population: Baependi Heart Study. PLoS One 2017; 12(10): e0185225.^,4949 Silva RC, Silva DA, Bastos JL, Peres KG, Peres M, González-Chica DA. Anthropometric measures change and incidence of high blood pressure levels among adults: a population-based prospective study in Southern Brazil. J Hypertens 2017; 35(1):39-46., sendo sete como variável dicotômica²⁷27 Hirani V, Zaninotto P, Primatesta P. Generalised and abdominal obesity and risk of diabetes, hypertension and hypertension-diabetes co-morbidity in England. Public Health Nutr 2008; 11(5):521-527.^,2828 Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A. Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3):419-426.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.^,4545 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644.^,4747 Moreira APL, Malta DC, Vianna RPT, Moreira PVL, Carvalho AT. Risk and protection factors for self-reported hypertension and diabetes in João Pessoa, Brazil. The VIGITEL survey, 2014. A cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J 2017; 135(5):450-461.^,4949 Silva RC, Silva DA, Bastos JL, Peres KG, Peres M, González-Chica DA. Anthropometric measures change and incidence of high blood pressure levels among adults: a population-based prospective study in Southern Brazil. J Hypertens 2017; 35(1):39-46. e um como variável ordinal¹⁷17 Chei CL, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Cui R, Imano H, Kiyama M, Kitamura A, Sato S, Shimamoto T. Body fat distribution and the risk of hypertension and diabetes among Japanese men and women. Hypertens Res 2008; 31(5):851-857.. Em todos os artigos ter maior nível de IMC resultou em maior chance de ter HAS, sendo este mais elevado nas categorias de IMC acima de 30, utilizadas para caracterizar obesidade. Resultado semelhante foi encontrado para a CC, isto é, quanto maior a medida da CC, maior a chance de ter HAS. Em apenas um estudo a CC não se mostrou associada ao desfecho¹⁷17 Chei CL, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Cui R, Imano H, Kiyama M, Kitamura A, Sato S, Shimamoto T. Body fat distribution and the risk of hypertension and diabetes among Japanese men and women. Hypertens Res 2008; 31(5):851-857..

No que se refere às variáveis de estilo de vida, o tabagismo e a atividade física foram as variáveis mais encontradas na revisão. Os autores analisaram o tabagismo de diferentes formas: oito como variável dicotômica¹¹11 Abebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, Getachew A. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a crossectional community based study in Northwest Ethiopia. Plos One 2015; 10(4): e0125210.^,2020 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.^,3030 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.^,3838 Shankarishan P, Borah PK, Mohapatra PK, Ahmed G, Mahanta J. Population attributable risk estimates for risk factors associated with hypertension in an Indian population. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 20(6):963-971.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.^,4545 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644.^,5050 Soubeiga JK, Millogo TB, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):64., quatro como variável nominal¹⁰10 Abdul-Razak S, Daher AM, Ramli AS, Ariffin F, Mazapuspavina MY, Ambigga KS, Miskan M, Abdul-Hamid H, Mat-Nasir N, Nor-Ashikin MN, Ng KK, Nawawi H, Yusoff K, REDISCOVER Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and socio demographic determinants of hypertension in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:351.^,1414 Borges HP, Cruz NC, Moura EC. Associação entre hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso em adultos, Belém, Pará, 2005. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(2):110-118.^,2222 Ferreira SRG, Moura EC, Malta DC, Sarno F. Freqüência de hipertensão arterial e fatores associados: Brasil, 2006. Rev Saude Publica 2009; 43(2):98-106.^,2828 Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A. Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3):419-426. e quatro como variável ordinal¹⁸18 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.^,3131 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.. O tabagismo não foi associado ao desfecho na maioria dos artigos¹⁰10 Abdul-Razak S, Daher AM, Ramli AS, Ariffin F, Mazapuspavina MY, Ambigga KS, Miskan M, Abdul-Hamid H, Mat-Nasir N, Nor-Ashikin MN, Ng KK, Nawawi H, Yusoff K, REDISCOVER Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and socio demographic determinants of hypertension in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:351.^,1111 Abebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, Getachew A. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a crossectional community based study in Northwest Ethiopia. Plos One 2015; 10(4): e0125210.^,1414 Borges HP, Cruz NC, Moura EC. Associação entre hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso em adultos, Belém, Pará, 2005. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(2):110-118.^,1818 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.^,2020 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.^,2828 Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A. Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(3):419-426.^,3030 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.^,5050 Soubeiga JK, Millogo TB, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):64.. Nunca ter fumado apareceu como relacionado a menor chance de ter HAS em três estudos²²22 Ferreira SRG, Moura EC, Malta DC, Sarno F. Freqüência de hipertensão arterial e fatores associados: Brasil, 2006. Rev Saude Publica 2009; 43(2):98-106.^,3838 Shankarishan P, Borah PK, Mohapatra PK, Ahmed G, Mahanta J. Population attributable risk estimates for risk factors associated with hypertension in an Indian population. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 20(6):963-971.^,4545 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644. e em um estudo foi relacionado a maior chance de ter HAS³¹31 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371..

Já no que se refere à atividade física, grande parte dos estudos analisou esta variável de forma dicotômica¹¹11 Abebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, Getachew A. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a crossectional community based study in Northwest Ethiopia. Plos One 2015; 10(4): e0125210.^,1616 Carnethon MR, Evans NS, Church TS, Lewis CE, Schreiner PJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Sternfeld B, Sidney S. Joint associations of physical activity and aerobic fitness on the development of incident hypertension: coronary artery risk development in young adults. Hypertension 2010; 56(1):49-55.^,1818 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.^,2222 Ferreira SRG, Moura EC, Malta DC, Sarno F. Freqüência de hipertensão arterial e fatores associados: Brasil, 2006. Rev Saude Publica 2009; 43(2):98-106.^,3030 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^,3232 Muraro AP, Santos DF, Rodrigues PRM, Braga JU. Fatores associados à Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica autorreferida segundo VIGITEL nas 26 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal em 2008. Cien Saude Colet 2013; 18(5):1387-1398.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.^,4646 Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalência e fatores associados com hipertensão arterial autorreferida em adultos brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):11s.^,4747 Moreira APL, Malta DC, Vianna RPT, Moreira PVL, Carvalho AT. Risk and protection factors for self-reported hypertension and diabetes in João Pessoa, Brazil. The VIGITEL survey, 2014. A cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J 2017; 135(5):450-461.^,5050 Soubeiga JK, Millogo TB, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):64.. Ter baixa atividade física representou maior chance de ter HAS em quatro artigos²⁰20 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.^,2222 Ferreira SRG, Moura EC, Malta DC, Sarno F. Freqüência de hipertensão arterial e fatores associados: Brasil, 2006. Rev Saude Publica 2009; 43(2):98-106.^,2525 Helelo TP, Gelaw YA, Adane AA. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Durame Town, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One 2014; 9(11): e112790.^,3939 Silva DAS, Petroski EL, Peres MA. Pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em adultos de Florianópolis: estudo de base populacional. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 46(6):988-998. e nos demais não teve associação com HAS¹¹11 Abebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, Getachew A. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a crossectional community based study in Northwest Ethiopia. Plos One 2015; 10(4): e0125210.^,1616 Carnethon MR, Evans NS, Church TS, Lewis CE, Schreiner PJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Sternfeld B, Sidney S. Joint associations of physical activity and aerobic fitness on the development of incident hypertension: coronary artery risk development in young adults. Hypertension 2010; 56(1):49-55.^,1818 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.^,2929 Leenen FH, McInnis NH, Fodor G. Obesity and the prevalence and management of hypertension in Ontario, Canada. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23(9):1000-1006.^,3030 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^,3232 Muraro AP, Santos DF, Rodrigues PRM, Braga JU. Fatores associados à Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica autorreferida segundo VIGITEL nas 26 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal em 2008. Cien Saude Colet 2013; 18(5):1387-1398.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.^,4646 Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalência e fatores associados com hipertensão arterial autorreferida em adultos brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):11s.^,4747 Moreira APL, Malta DC, Vianna RPT, Moreira PVL, Carvalho AT. Risk and protection factors for self-reported hypertension and diabetes in João Pessoa, Brazil. The VIGITEL survey, 2014. A cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J 2017; 135(5):450-461.^,5050 Soubeiga JK, Millogo TB, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1):64..

Dos onze artigos que incluíram consumo de álcool¹¹11 Abebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, Getachew A. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a crossectional community based study in Northwest Ethiopia. Plos One 2015; 10(4): e0125210.^,1818 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.^,2020 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.^,3030 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^,3232 Muraro AP, Santos DF, Rodrigues PRM, Braga JU. Fatores associados à Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica autorreferida segundo VIGITEL nas 26 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal em 2008. Cien Saude Colet 2013; 18(5):1387-1398.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.^,3737 Sesso HD, Cook NR, Buring JE, Manson JE, Gaziano JM. Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in women and men. Hypertension 2008; 51(4):1080-1087.^,3838 Shankarishan P, Borah PK, Mohapatra PK, Ahmed G, Mahanta J. Population attributable risk estimates for risk factors associated with hypertension in an Indian population. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 20(6):963-971.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.^,4545 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644., em sete a variável foi analisada como dicotômica. A variável não apresentou associação em sete artigos¹¹11 Abebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, Getachew A. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a crossectional community based study in Northwest Ethiopia. Plos One 2015; 10(4): e0125210.^,1818 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.^,2020 Doulougou B, Kouanda S, Rossier C, Soura A, Zunzunegui MV. Differences in hypertension between informal and formal areas of Ouagadougou, a sub-Saharan African city. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:893.^,3030 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^,3232 Muraro AP, Santos DF, Rodrigues PRM, Braga JU. Fatores associados à Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica autorreferida segundo VIGITEL nas 26 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal em 2008. Cien Saude Colet 2013; 18(5):1387-1398.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.^,4444 Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Molina DI, Sanchez G, Arcos E, Narvaez C, García H, Pérez M, Hernandez EA, Duran M, Cure C, Sotomayor A, Rico A, David TM, Cohen DD, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Social disparities explain differences in hypertension prevalence, detection and control in Colombia. J Hypertens 2016; 34(12):2344-2352.. Nos outros quatro, não ter consumido álcool representou menor chance de ter HAS³⁷37 Sesso HD, Cook NR, Buring JE, Manson JE, Gaziano JM. Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in women and men. Hypertension 2008; 51(4):1080-1087.^,3838 Shankarishan P, Borah PK, Mohapatra PK, Ahmed G, Mahanta J. Population attributable risk estimates for risk factors associated with hypertension in an Indian population. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 20(6):963-971.^,4242 Sampson UK, Edwards TL, Jahangir E, Munro H, Wariboko M, Wassef MG, Fazio S, Mensah GA, Kabagambe EK, Blot WJ, Lipworth L. Factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the southeastern United States: insights from 69,211 blacks and whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7(1):33-54.^,4545 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644.. A adição de sal à refeição não foi associada à HAS em três estudos¹⁸18 Costa JSD, Barcellos FC, Sclowitz ML, Sclowitz IKT, Castanheira M, Olinto MTA, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Macedo S, Fuchs SC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional urbana em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 88(1):59-65.^,2222 Ferreira SRG, Moura EC, Malta DC, Sarno F. Freqüência de hipertensão arterial e fatores associados: Brasil, 2006. Rev Saude Publica 2009; 43(2):98-106.^,4545 Liu X, Gu W, Li Z, Lei H, Li G, Huang W. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and associated factors in Southwest China: an update. J Hypertens 2017; 35(3):637-644., mas mostrou maior chance de ter HAS em outros três²⁵25 Helelo TP, Gelaw YA, Adane AA. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Durame Town, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One 2014; 9(11): e112790.^,3636 Radhika G, Sathya RM, Sudha V, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Dietary salt intake and hypertension in an urban south Indian population [CURES - 53]. J Assoc Physicians India 2007; 55:405-411.^,4646 Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalência e fatores associados com hipertensão arterial autorreferida em adultos brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):11s..

Variáveis referentes ao hábito alimentar foram incluídas em onze artigos, com grande variação entre as características culturais avaliadas. Levando em consideração os dados apresentados pelos autores, foram agrupadas as variações alimentares de maneira dicotômica entre alimentação adequada e inadequada. A alimentação inadequada apresentou maior chance de ter HAS em apenas dois artigos¹⁰10 Abdul-Razak S, Daher AM, Ramli AS, Ariffin F, Mazapuspavina MY, Ambigga KS, Miskan M, Abdul-Hamid H, Mat-Nasir N, Nor-Ashikin MN, Ng KK, Nawawi H, Yusoff K, REDISCOVER Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and socio demographic determinants of hypertension in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:351.^,2525 Helelo TP, Gelaw YA, Adane AA. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Durame Town, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One 2014; 9(11): e112790., menor chance em dois¹⁵15 Borgi L, Muraki I, Satija A, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Forman JP. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of hypertension in three prospective cohort studies. Hypertension 2016; 67(2):288-293.^,3232 Muraro AP, Santos DF, Rodrigues PRM, Braga JU. Fatores associados à Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica autorreferida segundo VIGITEL nas 26 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal em 2008. Cien Saude Colet 2013; 18(5):1387-1398. e não mostrou associação com o desfecho nos demais¹⁴14 Borges HP, Cruz NC, Moura EC. Associação entre hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso em adultos, Belém, Pará, 2005. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 91(2):110-118.^,2626 Heraclides A, Mishra GD, Hardy RJ, Geleijnse JM, Black S, Prynne CJ, Kuh D, Soedamah-Muthu SS. Dairy intake, blood pressure and incident hypertension in a general British population: the 1946 birth cohort. Eur J Nutr 2012; 51(5):583-591.^,3030 Lwin-Mm-Khin, Tassanee S, Oranut P, Chaweewon B. Risk factors for hypertension among rural Thais. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42(1):208-2017.^,3131 Malekzadeh MM, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Khademi H, Golozar A, Islami F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Navabakhsh B, Naemi M, Pharoah PD, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Esteghamati A, Malekzadeh R. Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population. J Hypertens 2013; 31(7):1364-1371.^,3333 Niu J, Seo DC. Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination. Prev Med 2014; 62:113-118.^,3434 Núñez-Córdoba JM, Valencia-Serrano F, Toledo E, Alonso A, Martínez-González M. The Mediterranean diet and incidence of hypertension: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169(3):339-346.^,4040 Song HJ, Paek YJ, Choi MK, Lee HJ. Gender differences in the relationship between risk of hypertension and fruit intake. Prev Med 2014; 67:154-159..

Discussão

Idade e IMC elevados foram as variáveis mais frequentemente encontrados nos artigos selecionados na presente revisão. Ambos representaram associação em cerca de metade dos estudos analisados. Merecem destaque ainda, as variáveis sexo, escolaridade, renda e CC, onde as categorias “sexo masculino”, “menor escolaridade”, “menor renda” e “circunferência de cintura elevada” foram associadas à maior chance de ter HAS em pelo menos três artigos. Indivíduos nas categorias “cor branca”, “nunca fumou” e “nunca consumiu álcool” apresentaram menor chance de ter HAS em pelo menos três artigos.

A idade elevada é um fator associado HAS já conhecido na literatura especializada. O envelhecimento traz modificações fisiológicas do aparelho circulatório, aumentado assim a chance de desenvolvimento da HAS⁵²52 Miranda RD, Perrotti TC, Bellinazzi VR, Nóbrega TM, Cendoroglo MS, Toniolo Neto J. Hipertensão arterial no idoso: peculiaridades na fisiopatologia, no diagnóstico e no tratamento. Rev Bras Hipertens 2002; 9(3):293-300.. O aumento da prevalência de idosos no mundo é apontado pelos especialistas como o fator explicativo de maior destaque para o aumento da prevalência de HAS em todo o planeta²2 Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Información general sobre la hipertensión en el mundo. Una enfermedad que mata en silencio, una crisis de salud pública mundial. Día Mundial de la Salud 2013. Ginebra: OMS; 2013.^,5353 The Lancet. Hypertension: an urgent need for global control and prevention. Lancet 2014; 383(9932):1861.. Dos dezenove estudos nos quais foi considerada na análise, em dezessete apresentou associação direta entre idade elevada e HAS.

Maior chance de ter HAS entre os homens foi encontrada em alguns artigos. Segundo a OMS, em análise referente ao ano de 2008, os homens apresentaram maior prevalência de HAS em todas as regiões do mundo¹1 World Health Organization (WHO). Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: WHO; 2009.. No Brasil, estudos baseados em informações de diagnóstico médico autorreferido mostram que a prevalência de HAS em mulheres foi mais alta⁵⁴54 Andrade SSA, Stopa SR, Brito AS, Chueri OS, Szwarcwald CL, Malta DC. Prevalência de hipertensão arterial autorreferida na população brasileira: análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2015; 24(2):297-304.^,5555 Barros MBA, Francisco PMSB, Zanchetta LM, César CLG. Tendências das desigualdades sociais e demográficas na prevalência de doenças crônicas no Brasil, PNAD: 2003-2008. Cien Saude Colet 2011; 16(9):3755-3768.. Resultado semelhante foi observado na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2013, onde a prevalência autorreferida de HAS foi maior entre as mulheres. Contudo, cabe ressaltar que quando foram consideradas as aferições da pressão arterial, a HAS foi mais prevalente entre os homens⁵⁶56 Malta DC, Santos NB, Perillo RD, Szwarcwald CL. Prevalence of high blood pressure measured in the Brazilian population, National Health Survey, 2013. Sao Paulo Med J 2016; 134 (2):163-170.. Este fato reforça o argumento de que a maior utilização dos serviços de saúde explicaria a maior prevalência de HAS autorreferida entre as mulheres⁵⁷57 Travassos CMR, Viacava F, Pinheiro RS, Brito AS. Utilização dos serviços de saúde no Brasil: gênero, características familiares e condição social. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2002; 11(5-6):365-373..

Ter cor branca apresentou menor chance de ter HAS em quatro artigos analisados. Alguns estudos apontam que indivíduos não brancos apresentam maior chance de desenvolver hipertensão por características genéticas⁵⁸58 Cooper RS, Rotimi CN, Ward R. The puzzle of hypertension in African-Americans. Sci Am 1999; 280(2):56-63.^,5959 Danziger RS. Hypertension in an anthropological and evolutionary paradigm. Hypertension 2001; 38(1):19-22.. No entanto, não existe consenso sobre esse argumento⁶⁰60 Kaufman JS, Hall SA. The slavery hypertension hypothesis: dissemination and appeal of a modern race theory. Epidemiology 2003; 14(1):111-118.. Ao analisar a relação entre raça/cor com HAS é preciso levar em consideração fatores do contexto histórico, econômico e político-social⁶¹61 Laguardia J. Raça, genética & hipertensão: nova genética ou velha eugenia? Hist Cien Saude Manguinhos 2005; 12(2):371-393., uma vez que pessoas de cor negra têm, em geral, maior vulnerabilidade social.

Entre as variáveis socioeconômicas mais encontradas destacaram-se a escolaridade e a renda. Quanto menor a escolaridade e a renda, maior a chance de ter HAS. Estudos apontam que tanto características socioeconômicas do nível individual quanto macroeconômicas estão associadas à maior chance de ter HAS em pessoas e populações de menor status socioeconômico. Destacam que indivíduos expostos às condições de fragilidade social e econômica, individuais ou das áreas nas quais residem, têm maior chance de desenvolver HAS⁶²62 Fan AZ, Strasser SM, Zhang X, Fang J, Crawford CG. State socioeconomic indicators and self- reported hypertension among US adults, 2011 behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Prev Chronic Dis 2015; 12: E27.^,6363 Grotto I, Huerta M, Sharabi Y. Hypertension and socioeconomic status. Curr Opin Cardiol 2008; 23(4):335-339.. No entanto, discutem que os mecanismos subjacentes a esta associação ainda precisam ser melhor explorados.

A obesidade apareceu como o principal fator antropométrico associado a HAS incluído nos artigos selecionados. De fato, a obesidade é um forte preditor das doenças cardiovasculares²2 Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Información general sobre la hipertensión en el mundo. Una enfermedad que mata en silencio, una crisis de salud pública mundial. Día Mundial de la Salud 2013. Ginebra: OMS; 2013.. Esse resultado torna-se ainda mais preocupante quando consideramos que o Brasil é o quinto país com maior prevalência de obesos⁶⁴64 NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. Lancet 2016; 387(10026):1377-1396., com 21% de obesos na população com mais de 18 anos em 2013⁶⁵65 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013: percepção do estado de saúde, estilos de vida e doenças crônicas. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2014..

Assim como a obesidade, a falta de atividade física regular aumenta a chance de doenças cardiovasculares e sua relação com maior prevalência de HAS é conhecida na literatura²2 Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Información general sobre la hipertensión en el mundo. Una enfermedad que mata en silencio, una crisis de salud pública mundial. Día Mundial de la Salud 2013. Ginebra: OMS; 2013.. Nesta revisão, ser fisicamente inativo representou maior chance de ter HAS em quatro artigos.

O tabagismo e o consumo de álcool são fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares conhecidos na literatura. Os efeitos do tabaco e álcool no sistema circulatório são nocivos aumentando o risco de HAS⁶⁶66 Chen L, Smith GD, Harbord RM, Lewis SJ. Alcohol intake and blood pressure: a systematic review implementing a Mendelian randomization approach. PLoS Med 2008; 5(3): e52.^,6767 Nunes E. Consumo do tabaco. Efeitos na saúde. Rev Port Clin Geral 2006; 22(2):225-244.. Os avanços dos estudos epidemiológicos mostraram que embora a baixa ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas leves possa ser benéfica à saúde, o consumo abusivo de álcool está diretamente associado à maior mortalidade cardiovascular⁶⁶66 Chen L, Smith GD, Harbord RM, Lewis SJ. Alcohol intake and blood pressure: a systematic review implementing a Mendelian randomization approach. PLoS Med 2008; 5(3): e52..

O tabagismo aumenta a pressão arterial, dobra o risco de desenvolvimento da HAS e provoca uma maior variabilidade nos níveis pressóricos, podendo causar lesões nos órgãos-alvo⁶⁸68 Groppelli A, Giorgi DM, Omboni S, Parati G, Mancia G. Persistent blood pressure increase induced by heavy smoking. J Hypertens 1992; 10(5):495-499.. Além disso, um estudo sobre carga global da doença apontou que o tabagismo é responsável por 45% e 25% dos óbitos por infarto agudo do miocárdio e por doenças cerebrovasculares, respectivamente⁶⁹69 Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med 2006; 3(11): e442..

O método de definição da HAS variou entre aferições realizadas pelos estudos e autodeclaração de diagnóstico prévio. Grande parte dos que usaram aferição eram estudos internacionais, no Brasil, cinco estudos utilizaram a aferição da pressão arterial para definir os indivíduos hipertensos. O uso da aferição é um método mais robusto, uma vez que não está influenciado por fatores como acesso a serviços de saúde e memória do participante da pesquisa. Contudo, pelo menos desde a década de 1990, estudos conduzidos em diversos mostram que a hipertensão arterial autorreferida tem alta sensibilidade, especificidade e bons valores preditivos (positivos e negativos)⁷⁰70 Lima-Costa MF, Peixoto SV, Firmo JOA. Validade da hipertensão arterial auto-referida e seus determinantes (projeto Bambuí). Rev Saude Publica 2004; 38(5):637-642..

O presente estudo apresenta algumas limitações, a primeira diz respeito a estratégia de busca. Embora tenha sido feita de forma a abarcar o maior número possível de publicações, pode-se ter deixado de captar trabalhos relevantes por falhas na estratégia de busca por palavras chaves ou descritores. Outra limitação encontrada foi a impossibilidade de realizar a síntese dos resultados por meio de meta-análise, uma vez que a heterogeneidade demográfica, regional e cultural dos estudos reduziu sua comparabilidade.

Os fatores associados à HAS são multidimensionais e seu debate em todo o mundo ainda precisa de aprofundamento. Embora haja consenso entre os estudos acerca dos limites pressóricos para considerar um indivíduo hipertenso, o que garante comparabilidade, não há consenso entre os estudos sobre a seleção e categorização dos fatores associados à HAS. Além disso, há grande variação entre os efeitos desses fatores e sobre quais se mostraram associados à HAS.

Espera-se que os resultados desse trabalho contribuam para o debate sobre os fatores associados à HAS. O rápido processo de envelhecimento alerta para necessidade de programas voltados para o controle da HAS, especialmente entre indivíduos com 40 anos ou mais, cuja chance de desenvolver HAS nesse estudo mostraram-se crescente com a idade. A promoção de hábitos de vida saudáveis, como por exemplo prática de atividade regular e controle do peso corporal, aparecem como ações estratégicas para o combate da obesidade que apresenta tendência crescente e está altamente associada a HAS.

Outro aspecto importante foi renda e grau de escolaridade baixos destacados por esta revisão, indicando que esforços para a ampliação das políticas de promoção da saúde nas classes em desvantagem social são necessários para a redução das desigualdades socioeconômicas relacionadas à ocorrência de hipertensão⁷¹71 Singh GK, Daus GP, Allender M, Ramey CT, Martin EK, Perry C, Reyes AAL, Vedamuthu IP. Social Determinants of Health in the United States: Addressing Major Health Inequality Trends for the Nation, 1935-2016. Int J MCH AIDS 2017; 6(2):139-164.. Tendo em vista que a HAS é um agravo silencioso e, portanto, diagnosticado e tratado com mais frequência entre aqueles com maior acesso à assistência de saúde, a diminuição dos fatores associados nos grupos de baixo nível socioeconômico contribuiria não apenas para a diminuição da incidência de HAS na população, mas também para a diminuição de cardiopatias, acidentes cerebrovasculares, e outras doenças relacionadas à hipertensão⁷²72 GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioral, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053):1659-1724..

Destaca-se, assim, nessa revisão a importância de considerar os fatores passíveis de intervenção, e enfatizar a necessidade de políticas de promoção à saúde mais amplas para reduzir as desigualdades socioeconômicas e a da incidência de hipertensão. Consequentemente, acarretaria a redução das doenças associadas à hipertensão e das limitações e incapacidades, implicando, por sua vez, no aumento da esperança de vida saudável nas classes em desvantagem social⁷³73 Szwarcwald CL, Montilla DER, Marques AP, Damacena GN, Almeida WS, Malta DC. Inequalities in healthy life expectancy by Federated States. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51(Supl. 1):7s..

Referências

Datas de Publicação

Histórico