Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) pattern in Pernambuco before and during a COVID-19 pandemic. Ecological study conducted from January to June, 2015 to 2019 and from January 1 to June 15, 2020. The detection rates by municipality and by Regional Health of residence were calculated. The spatial area of SARS was estimated through the risk ratio. Before the pandemic, there were 5,617 cases of SARS, 187 cases/month and 23.8 cases/100 thousand inhabitants, while during the pandemic there were 15,100 cases, 2,516 cases/month and 320.3 cases/100 thousand inhabitants, which represents a 13-fold increase in detection. The following expanded (p < 0,001): the occurrence in elderly people, the collection of samples and the identification of SARS etiological agent with predominance of SARS by COVID-19. Most municipalities experienced a 20-fold higher detection than expected, suggesting a process of virus spread to the hinterlands. The excess risk associate with lower IDHM, the condition of the municipality being the headquarters of the Regional Health and the presence of a highway in the municipality. The change in the pattern of occurrence of SRAG, combined with Spatial analysis may contribute to action planning at different levels of management.

Key words
COVID-19; Pandemics; Epidemiological monitoring; Spatial analysis

Introduction

Surveillance for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) was established in 2009 due to the influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 virus. The system was initially limited to notifying those affected by influenza viruses in the country but has improved and incorporated the monitoring of other respiratory viruses, increasing the scope of surveillance¹1 Ribeiro AF, Pellini ACG, Yu ALF, Kitagawa BY, Liphaus BL, Abdalla CSS. Influenza A (H1N1) no estado de São Paulo, emergência em saúde pública de importância internacional, resposta articulada, com ênfase na redução de morbimortalidade associada à pandemia. Bol Epidemiol Paul 2010; 7(84):12-17..

In September 2012, the case of SARS compulsorily notified to the National System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) is defined as the individual of any age, hospitalized with a flu-like syndrome (fever and cough or sore throat) and with dyspnea or O²2 Bastos LS, Niquini RP, Lana RM, Villela DAM, Cruz OG, Coelho FC. COVID-19 e hospitalizações por SRAG no Brasil: uma comparação até a 12ª semana epidemiológica de 2020. Cad Saúde Pública 2020; 36(4):e00070120. saturation below 95%, or respiratory distress. SARS-related deaths should also be recorded regardless of hospitalization¹1 Ribeiro AF, Pellini ACG, Yu ALF, Kitagawa BY, Liphaus BL, Abdalla CSS. Influenza A (H1N1) no estado de São Paulo, emergência em saúde pública de importância internacional, resposta articulada, com ênfase na redução de morbimortalidade associada à pandemia. Bol Epidemiol Paul 2010; 7(84):12-17.^,22 Bastos LS, Niquini RP, Lana RM, Villela DAM, Cruz OG, Coelho FC. COVID-19 e hospitalizações por SRAG no Brasil: uma comparação até a 12ª semana epidemiológica de 2020. Cad Saúde Pública 2020; 36(4):e00070120..

In Brazil, 40,294 cases of SARS were reported until epidemiological week 52 of 2019, 14.2% of which were classified as SARS due to influenza, 19.3% were caused by other respiratory viruses, 0.4% by other etiological agents, 59.7 % were unspecified, and 6.4% were still under investigation. The Northeast accounted for 16.2% of national SARS cases (n = 6,612), and Pernambuco was the largest notifier in the region, with approximately 40% of cases (n = 2,486). In the state, 5.2% of notifications were confirmed for influenza. Other etiological agents and respiratory viruses accounted for 0.1% of the total cases; 76.8% were unspecified, and 17.9% are under investigation³3 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Boletim Epidemiológico. Influenza: Monitoramento até a Semana Epidemiológica 52 de 2019. Brasília: MS; 2019..

This surveillance’s syndromic nature allows monitoring the behavior of seasonal respiratory viruses and the introduction of new etiological agents. In December 2019, an outbreak of a new coronavirus disease (COVID-19, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 - SARS-CoV-2) was reported in Wuhan, China, and emerged as one of the biggest global health challenges of this century⁴4 Werneck GL, Carvalho MS. A pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil: crônica de uma crise sanitária anunciada. Cad Saúde Pública 2020; 36(5):e00068820.. By mid-April, just a few months after the epidemic began, more than 2 million cases and 120,000 deaths worldwide by COVID-19⁴4 Werneck GL, Carvalho MS. A pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil: crônica de uma crise sanitária anunciada. Cad Saúde Pública 2020; 36(5):e00068820. had already been reported. In the same period, Brazil recorded about 28,000 confirmed cases and 1,745 deaths from the disease⁵5 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Plataforma Integrada de Vigilância em Saúde. Notificação de casos pelo novo coronavírus (COVID-2019) [Internet]. [acessado 2020 Jun 20]. Disponível em: http://plataforma.saude.gov.br/novocoronavirus/dados-abertos/
http://plataforma.saude.gov.br/novocoron... .

The clinical presentation resembles mild symptoms of viral pneumonia, and the severity of the disease ranges from mild to severe. Approximately 80% of patients have a mild illness, 15% have a severe illness, and 5% have a critical illness⁶6 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Diretrizes para Diagnóstico e Tratamento da COVID-19 [Internet]. 2020 [acessado 2020 Jun 28]. Disponível em: https://sbim.org.br/images/files/notas-tecnicas/ddt-COVID-19-200407.pdf.
https://sbim.org.br/images/files/notas-t... . Initial reports suggest that the severity of the disease is associated with advanced age and comorbidities⁶6 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Diretrizes para Diagnóstico e Tratamento da COVID-19 [Internet]. 2020 [acessado 2020 Jun 28]. Disponível em: https://sbim.org.br/images/files/notas-tecnicas/ddt-COVID-19-200407.pdf.
https://sbim.org.br/images/files/notas-t... ^,77 Oliveira WK, Duarte E, França GVA, Garcia LP. How Brazil can hold back COVID-19. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2020; 29(2):e2020044.. Besides requiring radical changes in behavior at the individual and community levels, COVID-19 demanded rapid responses concerning preventive actions, expansion, and acquisition of hospital supplies and beds, reorganizing human resources in health, among other control strategies⁸8 Croda JHR, Garcia LP. Resposta imediata da Vigilância em Saúde à epidemia da COVID-19. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2020; 29(1):e2020002.^,99 Moreira RS. COVID-19: unidades de terapia intensiva, ventiladores mecânicos e perfis latentes de mortalidade associados à letalidade no Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública 2020; 36(5):e00080020..

In the future, SARS-CoV-2 is expected to be among the seasonal respiratory viruses in the country, remaining in the routine monitoring of universal SARS surveillance. However, possible differences in the occurrence of SARS in a pre-pandemic scenario and during the COVID-19 pandemic may influence the routine of this surveillance in the post-pandemic period. An investigation to contribute to planning actions that promote health equity care and epidemiological surveillance becomes relevant, emphasizing municipal and regional levels.

Thus, this study aimed to analyze Pernambuco’s SARS pattern before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

This is an ecological study conducted in the state of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. Administratively, it is divided into 185 municipalities distributed in 12 Regional Health Offices (RHO), grouped into 4 Macro Regional Health Offices¹⁰10 Pernambuco. Secretaria Estadual de Saúde. Plano Diretor de Regionalização [Internet]. [acessado 2020 Jun 28]. Disponível em: http://portal.saude.pe.gov.br/sites/portal.saude.pe.gov.br/files/pdrconass-versao_final1.doc_ao_conass_em_jan_2012.pdf
http://portal.saude.pe.gov.br/sites/port... (MRHO), which are: Metropolitana (4 RHOs and 72 municipalities); Agreste (2 RHOs and 53 municipalities); Sertão (3 RHOs and 35 municipalities); and Vale do São Francisco and Araripe (3 RHOs and 25 municipalities) (Figure 1). The estimated population for 2019 was 9,557,071 inhabitants¹¹11 Brasil. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pernambuco. Panorama [Internet]. 2020 [acessado 2020 Jun 21]. Disponível em: https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pe/panorama
https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pe/pa... .

Considering the seasonality of the main SARS etiological agents, Pernambuco residents were considered cases of the disease, detected in the pre-pandemic period (January 1 to June 30 for all years, from 2015 to 2019) and in the period that includes the onset of the pandemic (January 1 to June 15, 2020). From 2015 to 2018, the notifications were made in the database of the National System of Notifiable Diseases – Sinan Influenza Web, and, in 2019, SARS records were from the Sivep-Gripe platform.

In the analysis plan, absolute and relative frequencies and mean detection rates (per 100 thousand inhabitants) of SARS cases were calculated per study periods (pre-pandemic and pandemic) for the state of Pernambuco. The distribution of cases was compared according to the variables age group (< 10, 10-39, 40-59, 60 years and over), gender (male and female), sample collection (yes, no) and final classification (SARS due to influenza and other respiratory viruses, SARS due to another etiological agent, SARS due to COVID-19, and unspecified SARS). Pearson’s chi-square test was adopted to identify the existence of a statistically significant difference.

Although the data source provides other variables, those with a field completion higher than 80% were considered. The analysis consisted only of valid data. The exception was for the variable’s final classification, which brings relevant information about SARS etiological agents’ profile in the studied period, although it showed a field completion below the level stipulated.

Concerning spatial analysis, the SARS detection coefficient ([number of resident cases/resident population] × 100,000 inhabitants) was calculated for each RHO, for both periods.

Regarding the analysis by municipality, considering that small populations or underreporting can cause variability of the gross rates, the local empirical Bayesian smoothing was used, which allowed smoothing the estimates of the coefficients calculated for small (or underreported) geographical areas, eliminating random fluctuations not associated with risk¹²12 Assunção RM, Barreto SM, Guerra HL, Sacuraí E. Mapas de taxas epidemiológicas: uma abordagem Bayesiana. Cad Saude Publica 1998; 14(4):713-723..

The spatial dynamics of the SARS detection in the territory of Pernambuco during the pandemic was shown by calculating the risk ratio (RR) between the pre-pandemic and pandemic detection rates, from the crude rates for the RHOs and smoothed rates for municipalities.

Finally, the association between the occurrence of the highest risk factors (the so-called excess risk) between municipal detection rates with socioeconomic indicators was investigated, which were the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) (Geometric mean of the indices of dimensions income, education, and longevity, with equal weights); Proportion of vulnerable to poverty (Proportion of individuals with per capita household income ≤ 1/2 of the minimum wage in August 2010); Proportion of extremely poor (Proportion of individuals with per capita household income ≤ 1/4 of the minimum wage in August 2010); Presence of a federal highway in the municipal territory; Municipality being the RHO’s headquarters (coinciding with the headquarters of the state’s economic development hubs).

The municipal risk ratio (dependent variable) was classified as 0 (when less than the median) and 1 (when equal to or higher than the median) to identify the associated factors, allowing the calculation of the Wald’s backward-type binary logistic regression, adopting a p-value higher than 0.10 as a criterion for excluding model variables.

The software packages used were electronic spreadsheets, SPSS V.22, TerraView V.4.2.2, and QGis 2.18.9. The results were represented in the digital cartographic base of the state of Pernambuco provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)¹³13 Brasil. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Cartas e mapas [Internet]. 2014 [acessado 2020 Jun 20]. Disponível em: http://www.ibge.gov.br
http://www.ibge.gov.br... .

The data analyzed in this study are freely accessible, and SARS cases are available on the Integrated Health Surveillance Platform on the Ministry of Health’s website⁵5 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Plataforma Integrada de Vigilância em Saúde. Notificação de casos pelo novo coronavírus (COVID-2019) [Internet]. [acessado 2020 Jun 20]. Disponível em: http://plataforma.saude.gov.br/novocoronavirus/dados-abertos/
http://plataforma.saude.gov.br/novocoron... . Population estimates were extracted from IBGE¹¹11 Brasil. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pernambuco. Panorama [Internet]. 2020 [acessado 2020 Jun 21]. Disponível em: https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pe/panorama
https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pe/pa... , and socioeconomic data were obtained from the Atlas of Human Development in Brazil¹⁴14 Brasil. Atlas de Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil [Internet]. 2013 [acessado em 2020 Jul 19]. Disponível em: http://atlasbrasil.org.br/2013/pt/consulta/
http://atlasbrasil.org.br/2013/pt/consul... . The study used a publicly available secondary database, with no possibility of identifying individuals, waiving the mandatory submission to, and approval of an ethics committee. The authors guarantee the confidentiality and anonymity of all data.

Results

In the pre-pandemic period, 5,617 SARS Pernambuco resident cases were reported between January 1 and June 30 of the years 2015 to 2019, a mean of 187 cases per month and a half-yearly mean detection rate of 23.8 cases/100 thousand inhabitants. From January 1 to June 15, 2020, a period that includes the beginning of the pandemic, 15,100 SARS cases were reported, with detection of 320.3 cases/100 thousand inhabitants and a mean of 2,517 SARS cases/month, which is around a thirteen-fold increase of notifications in the recent period. Some differences between the pattern of SARS occurrence in the analyzed periods were observed (Table 1), except for gender, with males predominating in both contexts. In the pre-pandemic period, children under 10 years of age accounted for 78.6% of cases, while in the pandemic phase, 76.8% were concentrated among those over 40 years of age, with 48.3% of cases aged 60 years or over (X²=10670; p < 0.001).

The collection of clinical samples was carried out in 60.9% of the pre-pandemic cases, then expanded to 96.5% of the cases during the epidemic (X²=70.6; p < 0.001). In the previous period, 88.2% of cases were classified as unspecified SARS, followed by 11.5% of cases with SARS due to Influenza and other respiratory viruses. During the pandemic, 66.0% of the cases of SARS were due to COVID-19, followed by 2.5% of cases with SARS due to Influenza and other respiratory viruses, and SARS was unspecified in 31.2% (Table 1).

By 2019, the RHOs most affected by SARS, with detection above 20 cases/100 thousand inhabitants, were concentrated in the Metropolitana and Sertão MRHOs (Figure 2A). During the period studied that considers the pandemic, all RHOs had a detection of more than 60 cases/100 thousand inhabitants; three of the four RHOs located in the Metropolitana MRHO had a detection of more than 200 cases/100 thousand inhabitants, reaching a level of 575 cases/100 thousand inhabitants in the 1^st RHO (Figure 2 B).

An excess risk of SARS was noted throughout the state. A risk ten times greater than the expected mean was detected in all MRHOs, with MRHOs Sertão and Vale do São Francisco and Araripe achieving an excess risk 20 times higher than the expected mean (Figure 2C).

In the pre-pandemic period, 83.2% of the municipalities (n = 154) had a rate lower than the mean annual detection (20 cases per 100 thousand inhabitants) (Figure 3A). Only two municipalities had more than 60 cases/100 thousand inhabitants: Goiana (67.0 cases/100 thousand inhabitants) and Afogados da Ingazeira (66.1 cases/100 thousand inhabitants) (Figure 3A).

A change in the pattern was observed during the pandemic, when 98.4% of the municipalities (n = 182) had a detection rate higher than 20 cases/100 thousand inhabitants (Figure 3B). More than 60 cases/100 thousand inhabitants were recorded in 80% of the municipalities (n = 148) (Figure 3B). Excess risk reveals that all municipalities experienced increased detection of SARS during the pandemic. However, regions further away from the Metropolitan Region had a more significant impact on this increase, such as Vale do São Francisco and Araripe. Of the 25 municipalities that make up the Macroregion, 17 had detection higher than 10 times the expected, and in 12 of these, the detection was 20 times greater than estimated (Figure 3C).

The multivariate analysis identified three factors associated with SARS detection’s excess risk through binary logistic regression, namely, the MHDI, the municipality being the headquarters of the RHO, and having a federal highway in its territory. The initial and final regression models are shown in Table 2.

Discussion and conclusions

This study compared the occurrence of SARS in Pernambuco before and during the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic. Identifying a thirteen-fold higher volume of notifications during the pandemic, compared to the previous period suggests that, even subject to underreporting, the SARS surveillance system in Pernambuco is sensitive to changes in the occurrence of the disease, with the potential to capture epidemics and changes in the profile of cases¹⁵15 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems: recommendations from the guidelines working group [Internet]. 2001 [acessado 2020 Jun 20]. Disponível em: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/13376
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/13376... .

As for the age group, the highest concentration of cases shifted from children under 10 years old to those aged 60 or over, compatible with the situation found in Brazil and the world²2 Bastos LS, Niquini RP, Lana RM, Villela DAM, Cruz OG, Coelho FC. COVID-19 e hospitalizações por SRAG no Brasil: uma comparação até a 12ª semana epidemiológica de 2020. Cad Saúde Pública 2020; 36(4):e00070120.^,1616 Arabil YM, Murthy S, Webb S. COVID-19: a novel coronavirus and a novel challenge for critical care. Intensive Care Med 2020; 46:833-836.

17 Ji D, Zhang D, Xu J, Chen Z,Yang T, Zhao P, Chen G, Cheng G, Wang Y, Bi J, Tan L, Lau G, Qin E. Prediction for Progression Risk in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia: the CALL Score. Clin Infect Dis 2020; ciaa414.^-1818 Weiss P, Murdoch D. Clinical course and mortality risk of severe COVID-19. Lancet 2020; 395(10229):1014-1015.. The protection of older adults is a priority strategy, given that they are the group with the highest risk of complications and death by COVID-19⁷7 Oliveira WK, Duarte E, França GVA, Garcia LP. How Brazil can hold back COVID-19. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2020; 29(2):e2020044.^,1818 Weiss P, Murdoch D. Clinical course and mortality risk of severe COVID-19. Lancet 2020; 395(10229):1014-1015..

On June 15, 2020, Pernambuco had 46,427 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including mild and severe cases, with 4,994 hospitalized cases and 3,959 deaths¹⁹19 Instituto para Redução de Riscos e Desastres de Pernambuco. Covid em tempo Real [Internet]. [acessado 2020 Jul 3]. Disponível em: https://www.irrd.org/COVID-19/
https://www.irrd.org/COVID-19/... . In the same period, the collection of samples for laboratory investigation of the 15,100 SARS cases in the state was over 95%, with the identification of 5,235 cases of SARS due to COVID-19.

Faced with the pandemic, the State Health Secretariat of Pernambuco prioritized the laboratory testing of severe cases, followed by other population groups, such as health and public safety professionals, and the suspected deaths due to COVID-19²⁰20 Pernambuco. Governo do Estado. Secretaria de Saúde. Secretaria Executiva de Vigilância em Saúde. Nota técnica Nº 6/2020. Assunto: Vigilância Epidemiológica e laboratorial na epidemia da COVID-19 [Internet]. 2020 [acessado 2020 Jul 3]. Disponível em: https://www.cievspe.com/novo-coronavirus-2019-ncov
https://www.cievspe.com/novo-coronavirus... . Although the strategy influences the improved qualification of the SARS diagnosis, one of the main discussions during the pandemic is the importance of extensive laboratory testing in the population. Children and those developing asymptomatic infections can contribute to the spread of the disease and infection in groups more prone to complications. However, it is a fact that the country has a limited production capacity and diagnostic tests⁷7 Oliveira WK, Duarte E, França GVA, Garcia LP. How Brazil can hold back COVID-19. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2020; 29(2):e2020044..

Brazil is among the countries with the lowest number of tests per inhabitant. By the end of May 2020, the country recorded 2.28 tests per 1,000 inhabitants, the lowest rate among South American countries, such as Chile (28.59), Paraguay (3.97), Argentina (3.33), and Uruguay (11.94)²¹21 Our World in data. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Testing Statistics and Research [Internet]. [acessado 2020 Jul 1]. Disponível em: https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus-testing
https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus-t... . In the same period, Pernambuco’s testing rate was 5.54 per 1,000 inhabitants, more than double that observed in Brazil²²22 Pernambuco. Governo do Estado. Secretaria de Saúde. Secretaria Executiva de Vigilância em Saúde. Coronavírus COVID-19 - Casos Confirmados; Nº 89/2020 [Internet]. 2020 [acessado 2020 Jul 1]. Disponível em: https://12ad4c92-89c7-4218-9e11-0ee 136fa4b92.filesusr.com/ugd/3293a8_f6a4c42646cd472 f852800541b183792.pdf
https://12ad4c92-89c7-4218-9e11-0ee 136f... .

As for the final laboratory classification, the unspecified SARS stands out throughout the analyzed period, a finding similar to that found in a study that analyzed this behavior nationwide²2 Bastos LS, Niquini RP, Lana RM, Villela DAM, Cruz OG, Coelho FC. COVID-19 e hospitalizações por SRAG no Brasil: uma comparação até a 12ª semana epidemiológica de 2020. Cad Saúde Pública 2020; 36(4):e00070120.. Besides issues related to the quality of the sample collected, inappropriate handling or processing delay, other etiological agents’ circulation different from those routinely tested should be considered²2 Bastos LS, Niquini RP, Lana RM, Villela DAM, Cruz OG, Coelho FC. COVID-19 e hospitalizações por SRAG no Brasil: uma comparação até a 12ª semana epidemiológica de 2020. Cad Saúde Pública 2020; 36(4):e00070120.^,2323 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. Guia para a Rede Laboratorial de Vigilância de Influenza no Brasil. Brasília: MS; 2016.^,2424 Montalvão EA. Avaliação de atributos do Sistema de Vigilância Sentinela da Síndrome Gripal no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2013-2014 [dissertação]. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca; 2017..

Although the system has improved, with the viral panel modification in recent years, the influenza virus has knowingly always been the priority of this surveillance¹1 Ribeiro AF, Pellini ACG, Yu ALF, Kitagawa BY, Liphaus BL, Abdalla CSS. Influenza A (H1N1) no estado de São Paulo, emergência em saúde pública de importância internacional, resposta articulada, com ênfase na redução de morbimortalidade associada à pandemia. Bol Epidemiol Paul 2010; 7(84):12-17.^,22 Bastos LS, Niquini RP, Lana RM, Villela DAM, Cruz OG, Coelho FC. COVID-19 e hospitalizações por SRAG no Brasil: uma comparação até a 12ª semana epidemiológica de 2020. Cad Saúde Pública 2020; 36(4):e00070120.. The Brazilian population dynamics and national and international movements, combined with the circulation of other respiratory viruses in other countries²⁵25 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Influenza Report EW 51-52/ Regional Update: Influenza & Other Respiratory Viruses [Internet]. 2019 [acessado 2020 Jul 27]. Disponível em: https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&view=download&category_slug=influenza-also-includes-pandemic-h1n1-2009-2206&alias =51323-regional-update-influenza-epidemiological -week-51-52-january-6-2020-1&Itemid=270&lang =en
https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option... ^,2626 Public Health England. Surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viruses in the UK Winter 2018 to 2019 [Internet]. 2016 [acessado 2020 Jul 27]. Disponível em: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/839350/Surveillance_of_influenza_and_other_respiratory_viruses_in_the_UK_2018_to_2019-FINAL.pdf
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk... , must be considered in expanding the viral panel, which can influence the ability to identify new etiological agents and impact the volume of unspecified samples.

The First RHO, which encompasses the Metropolitan Region of Recife, showed the highest concentration of cases in both periods. While accounting for 44.3% of the state’s population¹¹11 Brasil. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pernambuco. Panorama [Internet]. 2020 [acessado 2020 Jun 21]. Disponível em: https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pe/panorama
https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pe/pa... , this territory concentrated more than 75% of the total SARS cases. This geographical space has a high density of highly complex health establishments in Pernambuco, and the access of this population to this more sensitive network may justify such findings in the pre-epidemic period. During the epidemic, especially at the beginning, a higher volume of notifications in this region can also be related to international air and maritime traffic, high population density, and urban mobility, factors that are known to facilitate the circulation of numerous etiological agents¹1 Ribeiro AF, Pellini ACG, Yu ALF, Kitagawa BY, Liphaus BL, Abdalla CSS. Influenza A (H1N1) no estado de São Paulo, emergência em saúde pública de importância internacional, resposta articulada, com ênfase na redução de morbimortalidade associada à pandemia. Bol Epidemiol Paul 2010; 7(84):12-17.^,2727 Maciel JAC, Castro-Silva II, Farias MR. Análise inicial da correlação espacial entre a incidência de COVID-19 e o desenvolvimento humano nos municípios do estado do Ceará no Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2020; 23:e200057.^,2828 Monteiro CC, Dezanet LNC, França EB. Monitoramento de vírus respiratórios na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, 2011 a 2013. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2016; 25(2):233-242..

Spatial analysis reveals the spread of the disease throughout the state of Pernambuco by the smoothed detection rate. However, the growth dynamics were heterogeneous, considering the elevated risk ratios found in Agreste and the Vale do São Francisco e Araripe. Besides these findings is the association found between the excess risk of SARS detection and the municipality’s condition in being the headquarters of the RHO, having a federal highway in its territory or a reduced MHDI.

The RHO headquarters is a proxy for economically developed areas in the state. The association found, along with a federal highway in the municipal territory, suggests that the progress of the disease may be influenced by the social and economic relationships of inland municipalities of Pernambuco with Recife, which is a common characteristic among cities in the northeastern inland region and their respective capitals²⁷27 Maciel JAC, Castro-Silva II, Farias MR. Análise inicial da correlação espacial entre a incidência de COVID-19 e o desenvolvimento humano nos municípios do estado do Ceará no Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2020; 23:e200057.^,2929 Silva B. A interiorização da Covid-19 no Nordeste: temos infraestrutura de saúde? Conselho Regional de Economia (CORECON) [Internet]. 2020 [acessado 2020 Jul 24]. Disponível em: http://www.corecon-rn.org.br/2020/04/07/a-interiorizacao-da-covid-19-no-nordeste-temos-infraestrutura-de-saude/
http://www.corecon-rn.org.br/2020/04/07/... ^,3030 Andrade LA, Gomes DS, Góes MAO, Souza MSF, Teixeira DCP, Ribeiro CJN. Surveillance of the first cases of COVID-19 in Sergipe using a prospective spatiotemporal analysis: the spatial dispersion and its public health implications. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20200287.. However, the association with low levels of MHDI is also of concern.

As mentioned by Maciel et al.²⁷27 Maciel JAC, Castro-Silva II, Farias MR. Análise inicial da correlação espacial entre a incidência de COVID-19 e o desenvolvimento humano nos municípios do estado do Ceará no Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2020; 23:e200057., besides the population’s vulnerability, low levels of MHDI point to difficulties in health services regarding the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. The spread of COVID-19 is expected to affect infrastructure in the inland region strongly. Moreover, unlike other diseases in a non-pandemic period, there may not be enough time to transfer to the capitals or the capacity to attend to all the demands of critically ill patients, which may reflect on different lethality coefficients associated with social inequalities²⁹29 Silva B. A interiorização da Covid-19 no Nordeste: temos infraestrutura de saúde? Conselho Regional de Economia (CORECON) [Internet]. 2020 [acessado 2020 Jul 24]. Disponível em: http://www.corecon-rn.org.br/2020/04/07/a-interiorizacao-da-covid-19-no-nordeste-temos-infraestrutura-de-saude/
http://www.corecon-rn.org.br/2020/04/07/... ^,3131 Pedrosa NL, Albuquerque NLS. Análise Espacial dos Casos de COVID-19 e leitos de terapia intensiva no estado do Ceará, Brasil. Cien Saude Colet 2020; 25(Supl. 1):2461-2468..

Among the study’s main limitations, the possible underreporting of SARS and the non-use of other variables, due to the low completeness, to characterize the profile of the disease in Pernambuco stand out. The elaborate health database management routine, such as removing duplicates and closing cases, difficulties that lead to delayed processing of clinical samples and release of laboratory results, besides work overload of the professionals involved in this surveillance³²32 Lana RM, Coelho FC, Gomes MFC, Cruz OG, Bastos LS, Villela DAM. Emergência do novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2) e o papel de uma vigilância nacional em saúde oportuna e efetiva. Cad Saúde Pública 2020; 36(3):e00019620., especially in a pandemic scenario, justify the gaps identified. The availability of the SARS database should be highlighted in due course, even subject to changes, allowing researchers and health professionals to access data of interest to public health.

This study presented the progress of SARS in Pernambuco’s territory in the period that comprises the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is an uneven spread, with greater force in distant regions in the Metropolitan Region. Knowing the SARS data retrospectively and prospectively, as well as the use of spatial analysis techniques are relevant strategies that help in understanding the scenario of COVID-19 in its severe form and contribute to planning actions to address the pandemic in the short, medium, and long term at different levels of management.

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