Abstract

This study analyzes supply characteristics and factors associated with the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in Brazil, with a focus on disease course-modifying biological drugs (bioDMARDs). A retrospective study was conducted with secondary data from the Outpatient Information System of the Unified Health System. Patients aged 16 years or older who were treated in 2019 were eligible. The analyses were performed with exposure factors in relation to the outcomes: bioDMARD use and population size. The study included 155,679 patients, 84.6% of whom were women. There was a greater exchange of bioDMARDs and a greater supply of rheumatologists in the larger municipalities (more than 500,000 inhabitants). Almost 40% of the patients used bioDMARDs, and they showed greater adherence to treatment (57.0% versus 64%, p=0.001). The dispensing of bioDMARDs occurred in more than one-third of the patients treated for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Brazil and was associated with a higher percentage of availability of rheumatologists and larger population size.

Key words:
Rheumatoid Arthritis; Biological drugs; Pharmaceutical Services

Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, immune-mediated disease of poorly defined etiology¹1 Brandão PLKO, Albuquerque Filho ST, Santos JGC, Bastos Junior MP, Lessa GPSS, Pascoal DB, Cruz CM. Comparative Study of Inflammatory Joint Diseases Ankylosing Spondylitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Braz Appl Sci Rev 2020; 4(4):2258-2268. that most often affects females (three women for every man) with a mean age of 50 years²2 Andrade TF, Dias SRC. Etiologia da artrite reumatoide: revisão bibliográfica. Braz J Health Rev 2019; 2(4):3698-3718.. It is characterized by inflammation of the peripheral synovial joints, in addition to other extra-articular manifestations, such as pleural effusion, pericarditis, vasculitis, and Sjögren’s syndrome, among others³3 Moura MC, Zakszewski PTS, Silva MBG, Skare TL. Perfil dos pacientes com manifestações extra-articulares de artrite reumatoide de um serviço ambulatorial em Curitiba, Sul do Brasil. Rev Bras Reumatol 2012; 52(5):686-694..

The prevalence of RA varies between 0.2% and 1% in the Brazilian population⁴4 Santos AB, Martins AR, Leitão JMSR, Barros AGTS, Cavalcante GL, Menese CES, Silva FVF, Lima DCS, Moura MCL, Araújo VLL, Lima JVO, Costa RHF, Rêgo IDA, Moreira FAZ, Neiva LDB. Perfil fármaco epidemiológico de portadores de artrite reumatoide. Rev Eletr Acervo Saude 2018; 16:e213.. Delayed diagnosis and inadequate control of disease activity can lead to irreversible loss of function, reducing the quality of life and productivity of affected individuals⁵5 Reis APMG. Perfil terapêutico de pacientes com artrite reumatoide no Brasil: estudo de vida real [tese]. Brasília: Universidade de Brasília; 2019..

The use of biologic disease-modifying drugs (bioDMARDs) represents a promising therapeutic possibility, especially when treatment with synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) fails. Studies indicate improvement in the quality of life of patients with RA after the use of bioDMARDs associated or not with csDMARDs⁶6 Oliveira Junior HA, Santos JB, Acurcio FA, Almeida AM, Kakehasi AM, Alvares J, Caravalho LFD, Cherchiglia ML. Poorer functionality is related to better quality of life response following the use of biological drugs: 6-month outcomes in a prospective cohort from the Public Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde), Minas Gerais, Brazil. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2015; 15(3):403-412.^,77 Linde L, Sørensen J, Østergaard M, Hetland ML, Merete LH. Gain in quality-adjusted life-years in patients with rheumatoid arthritis during 1 year of biological therapy: a prospective study in clinical practice. J Rheumatol 2013; 40(9):1479-1486..

Among the 20 drugs recommended for RA in the Clinical Protocols and Therapeutic Guidelines (PCDT) of 2019, 16 were available in the Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Assistance (CEAF), and 11 belonged to funding Group 1A⁸8 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia e Insumos Estratégicos. Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias no Sistema Único de Saúde. Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas Artrite Reumatóide. Brasília: MS; 2019.. These 11 drugs, acquired directly by the Ministry of Health (MoH), have a significant financial impact⁹9 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Portaria no 1.554, de 30 de julho de 2013. Dispõe sobre as regras de financiamento e execução do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Diário Oficial da União 2013; 30 jul.. The average federal expenditure on purchases of bioDMARDs for RA from 2012 to 2017 was R$273 million per year¹⁰10 Mega TP. Cenário pós-incorporação de medicamentos biológicos para artrite reumatoide disponibilizados pelo componente especializado da assistência farmacêutica no SUS [dissertação]. Rio de Janeiro: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública (ENSP)/Fiocruz; 2019..

Established in 2009, the CEAF provides drugs included in the National List of Essential Medicines (RENAME) of the Unified Health System (SUS) for treatments with higher individual costs, greater complexity, or those with increasing costs over time⁹9 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Portaria no 1.554, de 30 de julho de 2013. Dispõe sobre as regras de financiamento e execução do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Diário Oficial da União 2013; 30 jul.. The drugs supplied by the CEAF are organized into three distinct groups according to the health care funding source; the federal government pays 87%, the states pay 12% and municipalities pay 1%¹¹11 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Portaria de Consolidação no 2, de 28 de setembro de 2017. Consolidação das normas sobre as políticas nacionais de saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde. Diário Oficial da União 2017; 28 set..

Based on the lines of care present in the PCDTs, which aim at comprehensiveness and communication between the components of pharmaceutical care, users with diseases included in the CEAF can have access to medication in all its phases⁹9 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Portaria no 1.554, de 30 de julho de 2013. Dispõe sobre as regras de financiamento e execução do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Diário Oficial da União 2013; 30 jul.. In 2020, this component met 101 clinical conditions recommended in 93 PCDTs, providing 172 different drugs in 321 presentations¹²12 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica (CEAF). Brasília: MS; 2020..

Especially with regard to access to bioDMARDs, CEAF is an arena of strong tensions in at least three areas: high health expenditures, pressure for the incorporation of new therapeutic alternatives by both user groups and pharmaceutical companies, and commercial competition among companies¹³13 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia e Insumos Estratégicos. Departamento de Assistência Farmacêutica e Insumos Estratégicos. Da excepcionalidade às linhas de cuidado: o Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica. Brasília: MS; 2010.. This stands to reason given the growth of the biosimilars market¹⁴14 Privato MB, Martinez LL, Schmidt C. Biofármacos no Brasil: uma revisão do processo de regulamentação. Arq Med Hosp Fac Cien Med St Casa Sao Paulo 2020; 65:e9. and the demand for supplies from the Brazilian government¹⁵15 Vieira FS. Indutores do gasto federal em medicamentos do componente especializado: medição e análise. Rev Saude Publica 2021; 55:91..

Studies on the use of medications are an important tool to assist decision-making by managers in the field of pharmaceutical care. The SUS Outpatient Information System (SIA/SUS), which uses data from the Authorization for High Complexity/Cost Procedures (APAC), has not been mined for these studies and may contribute to the characterization of the system’s users and identify gaps in care. Although information of pharmacoepidemiological interest may be lacking, this database is available to managers and professionals, and it is important to expand and discuss its possibilities for analysis. In this regard, the present study aimed to describe and analyze the characteristics of supply and factors associated with pharmacological treatment for RA in Brazil, focusing on bioDMARDs.

Methods

A cohort study was conducted in Brazil with the collection of retrospective, individualized and anonymized data from patients aged 16 years or older with a diagnosis of RA who received CEAF drugs from January to December 2019. This period was the last full year before the state decree of a 2020 public health crisis in Brazil due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which triggered different strategies in the supply of CEAF medicines.

Data from the APAC were used, referring to the dispensing of medications in the period between January and December 2019 for the 26 states of the federation and the federal district. The data were obtained from the SIA/SUS database and made available by the Department of Informatics of the SUS (DATASUS), by accessing the website https://datasus.saude.gov.br. The APAC system is used to control and pay for all CEAF medications. The APAC number is generated after the manager authorizes the medication to be dispensed to the user. The request for medication requires the presentation of various documents and tests provided for in the PCDT according to the clinical condition¹¹11 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Portaria de Consolidação no 2, de 28 de setembro de 2017. Consolidação das normas sobre as políticas nacionais de saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde. Diário Oficial da União 2017; 28 set..

The treatment of RA, recommended in the 2019 PCDT, involved different pharmacological groups¹⁶16 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria de Atenção Especializada à Saúde e Secretária de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde. Portaria Conjunta no 16, de 5 de novembro de 2019. Aprova o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas da Artrite Reumatoide. Diário Oficial da União 2019; 5 nov.:

All ICD-10 codes present in the 2019 PCDT for RA were considered, namely, M05.0 Felty syndrome; M05.1 Rheumatoid lung disease; M05.2 Rheumatoid vasculitis; M05.3 Rheumatoid arthritis with involvement of other organs and systems; M05.8 Other seropositive rheumatoid arthritis; M06.0 Seronegative rheumatoid arthritis; and M06.8 Other specified rheumatoid arthritis. ICD-10 codes related to juvenile idiopathic arthritis¹⁶16 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria de Atenção Especializada à Saúde e Secretária de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde. Portaria Conjunta no 16, de 5 de novembro de 2019. Aprova o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas da Artrite Reumatoide. Diário Oficial da União 2019; 5 nov. excluded those subjects from analysis.

The steps used to prepare the study database are shown in Figure 1.

Study variables

Three groups of variables were used to identify the factors associated with the dispensing of bioDMARDs for RA in the CEAF:

Tofacitinib was categorized together with bioDMARDs because it is the second stage of RA treatment, according to the 2019 PCDT¹⁶16 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria de Atenção Especializada à Saúde e Secretária de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde. Portaria Conjunta no 16, de 5 de novembro de 2019. Aprova o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas da Artrite Reumatoide. Diário Oficial da União 2019; 5 nov..

The prescription of CEAF medications can be made by any physician registered with the appropriate professional council of this class. In this study, only the presence of rheumatologists was analyzed, as this is the specialized medical field indicated for the care of patients with RA.

Data analysis

The analyses were performed using the SPSS V.22.0 program. Descriptive statistics were performed using means with confidence intervals (95%CI) for continuous variables and frequency distribution for categorical variables. These analyses were performed with the exposure factors in relation to the outcomes: bioDMARD (yes/no) and population size (small, medium and large). A descriptive analysis of the distribution of RA drugs according to diagnosis (by ICD), sex and municipality size was also performed.

Student’s t test was applied to the mean difference of the continuous variables (e.g., weight, height, BMI, age, number of dispensations per maximum follow-up time, number of dispensations during the year and rheumatologists per 1,000 RA patients), taking bioDMARDs or not (p<5%). The same verification between the continuous variables and the distribution by population size was performed using ANOVA (p<5%).

The association between categorical exposure factors and bioDMARDs was assessed using Pearson’s chi-square test. The odds ratios (crude OR) were calculated for the binary variables and univariate logistic regression (p<5%) for the continuous variables.

Multiple logistic regression analysis (stepwise backward) was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (OR adj) at a significance level of 5%. The significant variables in the bivariate analysis were included in the logistic regression input (p<5%), and only the significant variables (p<5%) were included in the final model after the stepwise procedure. The proportion of total agreement of the model (overall) was calculated.

The study was exempted from ethical review by the Research Ethics Committee because it used secondary data from the public domain.

Results

The study included 155,679 individuals, of whom the majority (84.6%) were female, with a mean age of 57 years and a mean BMI of 27.4 kg/m² (mean of 26.8 for men and 27.5 for women). The most frequent ICD-10 codes were M05.8 “Other seropositive rheumatoid arthritis” (52.4%), followed by M06.0 “Seronegative rheumatoid arthritis” (23.8%).

Larger municipalities exhibited a greater number of changes in the regimens for RA and changes to biologicals when compared to medium and small municipalities. The number of rheumatologists showed a linear gradient according to population size (Table 1).

Information about medicines dispensed were registered in the SIA/SUS APAC by municipality, and the dispensing centers were listed on the State Health Departments (SES) and the Federal District websites. There were differences among the locations, which influenced the analysis, primarily due to population size, especially in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

The dispensing of bioDMARDs was higher for individuals with a mean age of 55.8 years. Regarding the therapeutic approach according to the type of arthritis, 33 to 40% of the patients used bioDMARDs, except for diagnoses M05.1 (rheumatoid lung disease) and M05.2 (rheumatoid vasculitis), for which only 5% of patients received these medications. Adherence was higher for bioDMARDs, expressed both by the number of patients with at least 80% of the maximum possible dispensations (64%) and by the mean number of dispensations in the year (Table 2). The greater number of rheumatologists was also associated with greater dispensing, and thus prescription, of bioDMARDs.

The distribution of DMARDs for RA by ICD-10 is shown in Table 3. Among the synthetic immunosuppressants, azathioprine was the most frequently dispensed for ICD-10 M05.1 “Rheumatoid lung disease” (82.7%) and M05.2 “Rheumatoid vasculitis” (78.9%), while for the other diagnoses, this medication was dispensed to less than 0.3% of the patients. In the analysis that included all ICDs, leflunomide was the most frequently dispensed csDMARDs (25% of patients), followed by hydroxychloroquine (10% of patients) and methotrexate (8.9% of patients). The bioDMARDs most frequently dispensed were adalinumab and etanercept (9.6% and 5.6%, respectively). The municipalities with up to 100,000 inhabitants dispensed more csDMARDs than bioDMARDs when compared to the municipalities with the largest number of inhabitants. The greater use of bioDMARDs in medium and large municipalities compared to small municipalities was observed for all drugs in this group (Table 3).

Logistic regression indicated a statistically significant association (p<5%) between all the variables analyzed and the dispensing of bioDMARDs (Table 4). In addition, regarding the quality of the final model, the overall rating ratio was 60.4%. The chance of using bioDMARDs, according to the dispensing municipalities registered in the SIA/SUS APAC, was higher for males (ORaj 1.190; 95%CI: 1.151-1.230), for those more compliant (ORaj 1.156; 95%CI: 1.107-1.208) and where there were more rheumatologists per 1,000 RA patients (ORaj 1.037; 95%CI: 1.035-1.039). Age was inversely related to the use of bioDMARDs (ORaj 0.988; 95%CI: 0.987-0.989); that is, the older the patient was, the lower the chance of using bioDMARDs (Table 4).

Only the BMI variable exhibited loss of information (7%), with 1% of data referring to height and 6% data referring to weight.

Discussion

Approximately one-third (36.7%) of the 155,700 individuals from all Brazilian states and the federal district received bioDMARD as a treatment for RA in 2019. ICD 10 M5.8 (Other seropositive RA) was the most prevalent diagnosis. The most frequently dispensed csDMARDs was leflunomide, and the most frequently dispensed bioDMARD was adalinumab.

The higher proportion of women with RA, as well as the mean age, was consistent with findings in the literature²⁰20 Silva GD, Andrade EIG, Cherchiglia ML, Almeida AM, Guerra Júnior AA, Acurcio FA. Perfil de gastos com o tratamento da Artrite Reumatoide para pacientes do Sistema Único de Saúde em Minas Gerais, Brasil, de 2008 a 2013. Cien Saude Colet 2018; 23(4):1241-1253.

21 Abreu MM, Kowalski SC, Ciconelli RM, Ferraz MB. Avaliação do perfil sociodemográfico, clínico-laboratorial e terapêutico dos pacientes com artrite reumatóide que participaram de projetos de pesquisa na Escola Paulista de Medicina, nos últimos 25 anos. Rev Bras Reumatol 2006; 46(2):103-109.^-2222 Wiens A, Grochocki MC, Pontarolli DRS, Venson R, Correr CJ, Pontarolo R. Perfil dos usuários de anticitocinas disponibilizadas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde no estado do Paraná para o tratamento da artrite reumatoide. Rev Bras Reumatol 2012; 52(2):208-213.. In the present study, an inverse association was found between age and the dispensing of bioDMARDs, with an OR adj of 0.99 each year. PCDT¹⁶16 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria de Atenção Especializada à Saúde e Secretária de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde. Portaria Conjunta no 16, de 5 de novembro de 2019. Aprova o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas da Artrite Reumatoide. Diário Oficial da União 2019; 5 nov. does not indicate a change in bioDMARD prescriptions with increasing age. The literature indicates that the aggressiveness of the disease in young and elderly patients is similar²³23 Tutuncu Z, Reed G, Kremer J, Kavanaugh A. Do patients with older-onset rheumatoid arthritis receive less aggressive treatment? Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65(9):1226-1229.. However, the elderly population is more subject to other comorbidities, requiring treatment with multiple drugs, which implies greater susceptibility to drug interactions and adverse events²⁴24 Horiuchi AC, Pereira LHC, Kahlow BS, Silva MB, Skare TL. Artrite reumatoide do idoso e do jovem. Rev Bras Reumatol 2017; 57(5):491-494.. It is believed that these aspects may have influenced physicians’ decisions regarding the lower bioDMARD prescription rate for older users.

The patients included in this study had a mean BMI of 27.4 kg/m², which is classified as overweight²⁵25 WHO Expert Committee on Physical Status: the Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry, organizador. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Geneva: WHO; 1995.. The literature indicates a higher prevalence of obesity in patients with RA than in the general population²⁶26 Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Metsios GS, Koutedakis Y, Kitas GD. Obesity in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2011; 50(3):450-462.. Overweight in RA is associated with worse quality of life, greater pain intensity, and higher treatment costs and is a risk factor for the development of other comorbidities²⁷27 Ajeganova S, Andersson ML, Hafström I, BARFOT Study Group. Association of obesity with worse disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis as well as with comorbidities: a long-term followup from disease onset. Arthritis Care Res 2013; 65(1):78-87.. As a result of the inflammatory characteristics of the disease, patients with RA have a greater loss of lean body mass concurrent with an increase in fat mass and central obesity, even without a significant increase in body weight²⁸28 Guimarães MFBR, Pinto MRC, Raid RGSC, Andrade MVM, Kakehasi AM. Qual o melhor ponto de corte de índice de massa corporal para diagnosticar a obesidade em mulheres com artrite reumatoide? Um estudo que usa a composição corporal pela absorciometria com raios X de dupla energia. Rev Bras Reumatol 2017; 57(4):279-285.. However, Guimarães et al.²⁸28 Guimarães MFBR, Pinto MRC, Raid RGSC, Andrade MVM, Kakehasi AM. Qual o melhor ponto de corte de índice de massa corporal para diagnosticar a obesidade em mulheres com artrite reumatoide? Um estudo que usa a composição corporal pela absorciometria com raios X de dupla energia. Rev Bras Reumatol 2017; 57(4):279-285., who also observed a predominance of women approximately 50 years of age, determined that the cutoff point to characterize obesity by BMI for the general population would be equal to 25 kg/m² in the population with arthritis²⁸28 Guimarães MFBR, Pinto MRC, Raid RGSC, Andrade MVM, Kakehasi AM. Qual o melhor ponto de corte de índice de massa corporal para diagnosticar a obesidade em mulheres com artrite reumatoide? Um estudo que usa a composição corporal pela absorciometria com raios X de dupla energia. Rev Bras Reumatol 2017; 57(4):279-285.. Thus, on average, the population included in this study would be classified as obese, a finding that deserves attention from health professionals caring for patients with RA.

Leflunomide was the csDMARDs most dispensed in the CEAF, but it would not be the first choice in the treatment of RA, according to the PCDT¹⁶16 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria de Atenção Especializada à Saúde e Secretária de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde. Portaria Conjunta no 16, de 5 de novembro de 2019. Aprova o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas da Artrite Reumatoide. Diário Oficial da União 2019; 5 nov.. A study that compared the Brazilian recommendations for the treatment of RA with those of international institutions indicated the use of MTX as the the csDMARDs of first choice and then, if necessary, in combination with other the csDMARDs or bioDMARDs²⁹29 Fernandes V, Assis TM, Queiroz CC, Figueiredo PPR, Oliveira RU, Silva NA. Uso de terapias biológicas no tratamento da artrite reumatoide: comparação entre as principais recomendações mundiais e a brasileira. Rev Bras Reumatol 2011; 51(3):225-230.^,3030 Kerschbaumer A, Sepriano A, Smolen JS, Heijde D van der, Dougados M, van Vollenhoven R, McInnes IB, Bijlsma JWJ, Burmester GR, de Wit M, Falzon L, Landewé R. Efficacy of pharmacological treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature research informing the 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 79(6):744-759.. Considering that MTX is the drug of first choice in PCDT, the higher prevalence of leflunomide may be related to the possibility of obtaining MTX in the private network due to its availability and low cost. Another factor that may explain the lower dispensing of MTX compared to leflunomide would be the occurrence of commonly reported adverse reactions, leading to change or interruption of treatment with the first drug³⁰30 Kerschbaumer A, Sepriano A, Smolen JS, Heijde D van der, Dougados M, van Vollenhoven R, McInnes IB, Bijlsma JWJ, Burmester GR, de Wit M, Falzon L, Landewé R. Efficacy of pharmacological treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature research informing the 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 79(6):744-759.

31 Arce I, Vicari P, Figueiredo V. Intoxicação por metotrexato: dificuldade diagnóstica relato de caso. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2021; 43:S47-S48.^-3232 Rocha LLA, Rodrigues MFB, Rocha CCL, Silva BA, Startari DM, Torres CVGR, Kussaba ST. Úlceras orais provocadas por metotrexato: Relato de caso. Braz J Dev 2020; 6(9):70544-70552..

Users with higher adherence (measured by regularity of dispensing) to RA treatment were those using bioDMARDs. In fact, because it corresponds to the second line of treatment for RA, it is possible that the majority of patients using bioDMARDs were refractory to regimens using only the csDMARDs¹⁶16 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria de Atenção Especializada à Saúde e Secretária de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde. Portaria Conjunta no 16, de 5 de novembro de 2019. Aprova o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas da Artrite Reumatoide. Diário Oficial da União 2019; 5 nov. for several reasons, including lack of adherence. However, the user can seek CEAF only when he or she needs a bioDMARD. Thus, the search for access via CEAF and greater regularity in dispensing may still be related to greater dependence on SUS due to the high cost of bioDMARDs. The SIA-SUS does not provide data on the severity of the disease or previous medication use. To exemplify the magnitude of the values, the monthly cost per patient using adalimumab was R$ 1,319.36 ³³33 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias no Sistema Único de Saúde. Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas da Artrite Reumatoide. Brasilia: MS; 2020., according to the prices obtained by the MS for centralized purchases resulting from a bidding process with volume-dependent pricing with the pharmaceutical industry. The monthly cost of treatment with the same medication at the private pharmacy was between R$ 8,710.49 and R$ 10,888.11³⁴34 Câmara de Regulação do Mercado de Medicamentos (CMED). Preços máximos de medicamentos por princípio ativo [Internet]. ANVISA; 2019 [acessado 2021 jan 7]. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/assuntos/medicamentos/cmed/precos/anos-anteriores/anos-anteriores.
https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/assuntos... .

Larger municipalities had a higher concentration of rheumatologists, a greater number of registered users of bioDMARD and a greater number of changes in the therapeutic regimen for RA. The concentration of rheumatologists in the capitals and in the largest Brazilian municipalities³⁵35 Albuquerque CP. Inequalidade na distribuição de reumatologistas no Brasil: correlação com local de residência médica, Produto Interno Bruto e Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano. Rev Bras Reumatol 2014; 54(3):166-171. creates less access to care for individuals with RA who live outside the city centers.

Santos³⁶36 Santos IS. Evidência sobre o mix público-privado em países com cobertura duplicada: agravamento das iniquidades e da segmentação em sistemas nacionais de saúde. Cien Saude Colet 2011; 16(6):2743-2752. emphasizes regular follow-up with a physician as essential for RA patients to control their disease and be able to receive medication by CEAF. In this service, in addition to the prescription and report of the request, evaluation and authorization of medications, laboratory and imaging tests are required periodically to analyze the effectiveness and safety of the the csDMARDs used¹⁶16 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria de Atenção Especializada à Saúde e Secretária de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde. Portaria Conjunta no 16, de 5 de novembro de 2019. Aprova o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas da Artrite Reumatoide. Diário Oficial da União 2019; 5 nov.. The rheumatologist is the specialist most indicated for the follow-up of patients with RA¹⁶16 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria de Atenção Especializada à Saúde e Secretária de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde. Portaria Conjunta no 16, de 5 de novembro de 2019. Aprova o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas da Artrite Reumatoide. Diário Oficial da União 2019; 5 nov., and the results of the present study showed that the availability of this professional was associated with the prescription profile in Brazilian municipalities.

In addition, demographic data for 2020 revealed an increase in the population of physicians in Brazil in the period 1920 to 2020 due to the greater supply of undergraduate and specialization courses³⁷37 Scheffer M, coordenador. Demografia Médica no Brasil 2020. São Paulo: FMUSP, CFM, Cremesp; 2020.. However, the unequal distribution of professionals in the country remains, with a shortage of physicians, especially in sparsely populated and suburban areas. The physician/inhabitant ratio in the capitals is approximately four times higher when compared to the interior of the country. The 46 cities with large populations (more than 500,000 inhabitants) have 6.3 times more physicians than small cities (up to 100,000 inhabitants)³⁷37 Scheffer M, coordenador. Demografia Médica no Brasil 2020. São Paulo: FMUSP, CFM, Cremesp; 2020..

In 2018, 62.7% of physicians had at least one specialist title, and rheumatology accounted for 0.6% of physicians in the country³⁸38 Scheffer M, coordenador. Demografia Médica no Brasil 2018. São Paulo: FMUSP, CFM, Cremesp; 2018.. The capitals, together with the five largest municipalities of each FU, had 75.8% of the country’s rheumatologists, of whom 49.9% provided care in the SUS. The distribution of these professionals was higher in places with higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Municipal Human Development Index (HDI-M) and number of medical residency students³⁵35 Albuquerque CP. Inequalidade na distribuição de reumatologistas no Brasil: correlação com local de residência médica, Produto Interno Bruto e Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano. Rev Bras Reumatol 2014; 54(3):166-171.. Although an ideal number has not been described in the literature, the Royal College of Physicians in the United Kingdom estimated the ideal ratio of one rheumatologist (40 hours per week) for every 86,000 inhabitants³⁹39 Royal College of Physicians. Consultant physicians working with patients. 5ª ed. rev. Londres: RPC; 2013.. The supply of rheumatologists in the SUS was below this value in all states, and Rio de Janeiro has the highest ratio, with one rheumatologist for every 156,000 inhabitants³⁵35 Albuquerque CP. Inequalidade na distribuição de reumatologistas no Brasil: correlação com local de residência médica, Produto Interno Bruto e Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano. Rev Bras Reumatol 2014; 54(3):166-171..

The small municipalities dispensed the least bioDMARD. The large municipalities dispensed the most the csDMARDs, with the exception of leflunomide, and had a higher proportion of medication changes for RA when compared to medium-sized municipalities. Two hypotheses can be inferred for this result: lower bioDMARD prescription due to insufficient specialized service network or lower availability of bioDMARD bio in the municipality.

Regional asymmetries can compromise equal access to health services. Small municipalities may have higher relative expenses and larger budgets compared to larger municipalities due to the absorption of losses resulting from economies of scale. Municipalities with up to 5,000 inhabitants have high per capita health expenditures, which may be due to high medical wages, higher proportional expenditures on single purchase of care services and purchase of supplies, with medicines being the majority of these supplies⁴⁰40 Machado JA, Guim ALS. Seção Temática: Gestão e poder local. Descentralização e igualdade no acesso aos serviços de saúde: o caso do Brasil. Rev Serv Publico 2017; 68(1):28..

BioDMARDs, belonging to Group 1A of the CEAF, are acquired by the MS, but the responsibility for programming, storage, distribution and dispensing lies with the SES and the DF¹¹11 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Portaria de Consolidação no 2, de 28 de setembro de 2017. Consolidação das normas sobre as políticas nacionais de saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde. Diário Oficial da União 2017; 28 set.. All bioDMARDs, with the exception of tofacitinib, are injectable drugs that require refrigerated storage¹⁶16 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria de Atenção Especializada à Saúde e Secretária de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde. Portaria Conjunta no 16, de 5 de novembro de 2019. Aprova o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas da Artrite Reumatoide. Diário Oficial da União 2019; 5 nov.. Thus, the availability of these drugs requires appropriate transportation and storage conditions, in addition to services that provide parenteral administration when necessary. The existing evidence⁴¹41 Rodrigues PS, Cruz MS, Tavares NUL. Avaliação da implantação do Eixo Estrutura do Programa Nacional de Qualificação da Assistência Farmacêutica no SUS. Saude Debate 2017; 41(n. esp.):192-208.^,4242 Lima-Dellamora EC, Osorio-de-Castro CGS, Madruga LGSL, Azeredo TB. Utilização de registros de dispensação de medicamentos na mensuração da adesão: revisão crítica da literatura. Cad Saude Publica 2017; 33(3):e00136216. points to infrastructure problems at the dispensing sites. However, it is reasonable to assume that medium and large municipalities find it easier to dispense these medications because they have more resources and health services.

Another aspect is that bioDMARDs are an important object of judicialization, and some authors argue that this process drives their incorporation into RENAME, sometimes not sufficiently supported by scientific evidence⁴³43 Macedo EI, Lopes LC, Barberato-Filho S. Análise técnica para a tomada de decisão do fornecimento de medicamentos pela via judicial. Rev Saude Publica 2011; 45(4):706-713.^,4444 Souza KAO, Souza LEPF, Lisboa ES, Souza KAO, Souza LEPF, Lisboa ES. Ações judiciais e incorporação de medicamentos ao SUS: a atuação da Conitec. Saude Debate 2018; 42(119):837-848..

The evolution of RA and, consequently, decisions regarding the therapeutic approach are associated with different clinical and behavioral factors¹⁶16 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria de Atenção Especializada à Saúde e Secretária de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde. Portaria Conjunta no 16, de 5 de novembro de 2019. Aprova o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas da Artrite Reumatoide. Diário Oficial da União 2019; 5 nov.. However, this study was restricted to the possibilities offered by the database used. Thus, it was not possible to evaluate clinical aspects that could enrich the analyses, such as BMI, because the database used does not contain this information. Although the presence of comorbidities may influence the response to treatment, this information was not emphasized to guide the choice of therapeutic approach for arthritis in the PCDT in force at the time. There were indications only for monitoring and eventual treatment, and therefore, they would not have relevant influence for this analysis on the use of DMARD bio. Another limitation of this study was the use of an administrative measure to investigate adherence to treatment, which is consistent with the international literature⁴⁵45 Murage MJ, Tongbram V, Feldman SR, Malatestinic WN, Larmore CJ, Muram TM, Burge RT, Bay C, Johnson N, Clifford S, Araujo AB. Medication adherence and persistence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic literature review. Patient Prefer Adherence 2018; 12:1483-1503.^,4646 World Health Organization (WHO). Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. Geneva: WHO; 2003.. Some authors argue that this measure would better express the concept of persistence and not that of treatment compliance because the latter is a more complex phenomenon that encompasses not only the supply of medications but also the user’s behavior in carrying out health professionals’ recommendations⁴²42 Lima-Dellamora EC, Osorio-de-Castro CGS, Madruga LGSL, Azeredo TB. Utilização de registros de dispensação de medicamentos na mensuração da adesão: revisão crítica da literatura. Cad Saude Publica 2017; 33(3):e00136216.. Further, the database used does not identify the reason why the prescribed medication was not dispensed, nor does it record the medical specialty related to each prescription.

All analyses performed at the municipal level, such as the size and density of rheumatologists, were based on the classification of the municipality as a drug dispenser in the SIA/SUS APAC. However, discrepancies were identified in the identification of dispensing centers, i.e., municipalities that dispense drugs in the CEAF, but the registration of dispensing in the state was performed in another municipality. For example, on the website of the Rio de Janeiro State Department of Health, there are 27 CEAF dispensing locations⁴⁷47 Governo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Secretaria de Saúde. Subsecretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Locais de Cadastro e Retirada de Medicamentos do CEAF [Internet]. 2019 [acessado 2021 maio 10]. Disponível em: https://www.saude.rj.gov.br/medicamentos/medicamentos-especializados/locais-de-cadastro-e-retirada.
https://www.saude.rj.gov.br/medicamentos... , but registration with the APAC occurred only in the capital. It is noteworthy that this discrepancy is also a limitation of other studies that use this database, in addition to causing difficulty in decision-making by managers. This aspect deserves to be analyzed in future studies, as well as the impact of the lack of registration of clinical data for the longitudinal follow-up of patients by the CEAF services and the better use of the available data.

As strengths, it is worth mentioning that the study had a national scope, in which aspects were investigated at the municipality level regarding the management of CEAF and, finally, at the individual level. Although it is a secondary database, the reliability of the data is probably high, since the main objective of the SIA/SUS APAC medicines is to collect information that subsidizes payment for the services provided⁴⁸48 Soares C, Silva GA. Uso de registros de assistência farmacêutica do Sistema de Informações Ambulatorial para avaliação longitudinal de utilização e adesão a medicamentos. Cad Saude Colet 2013; 21(3):245-252..

Conclusion

BioDMARDs were dispensed to approximately one-third of patients treated for RA in Brazil, and there was greater adherence of users to this therapeutic group when compared to the csDMARDs. A higher frequency of dispensing was associated with a higher percentage of rheumatologists. Despite the statistically significant association with the demographic variables, the odds ratio was not very high.

Monitoring the supply of medicines is a key instrument for evaluating the quality and performance of a care program. Because it has high added value, the monitoring of DMARD bio in the national territory can help managers evaluate the functioning of the CEAF and identify points of improvement in the supply of medicines, in addition to implementing policies that favor better monitoring of patients, which will result in a reduction in comorbidities, increase in quality of life and decrease in medication and legalization costs.

The prescriptive pattern according to age, as well as adherence to treatment, are findings that deserve more detail in future studies regarding their rationality, with a view to effectiveness and safety. The divergence of dispensing centers between the SIA/SUS APAC medicines and the websites of the state health departments should also be better explored, as this hinders analyses from the perspective of regionalization.

References

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