Abstract

This article evaluated the prevalence and factors associated with risky sexual behavior (RSB) among Brazilian school adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study with data collected from the National Survey of School Health, 2019 edition, with a representative sample of 7^th grade of elementary school to 3^rd year of high school Brazilian school adolescents. This work evaluated sociodemographic, behavioral, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, sociability characteristics, medical advice received at school, and body image. RSB was characterized as the non-use of a condom during sexual intercourse. The data were analyzed using hierarchical Poisson regression modeling. The prevalence of RSB was of 40.3%, with the lowest proportion appearing in the North region (37.4%). The highest prevalence of RSB was found among female adolescents, whose first sexual intercourse occurred at 13 years of age or under, who were victims of sexual violence, who practiced bullying, and who used illicit drugs, cigarettes, and alcohol. Those who used a condom during their first sexual intercourse showed the lowest prevalence of RSB. The high prevalence of RSB among Brazilian school adolescents, together with the knowledge of the associated factors, serves to define strategies to favor improvements in the sexual and reproductive health of these young people.

Key words:
Adolescent; Sexual behavior; Condoms

Introduction

Risky behaviors can cause damage to both physical and mental health, as well as compromise social and family relationships. Generally interrelated and with reliable prediction among them, the exposure to violence, unsafe sexual practices, and the abusive use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs tend to be the most common risky behaviors¹1 Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, Shanklin SL, Flint KH, Queen B, Lowry R, Chyen D, Whittle L, Thornton J, Kim C, Bradford D, Yamakawa Y, Leon M, Brener N, Ethier KA. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States, 2017. MMWR Surveill Summ 2018; 67(8):1-114.^,22 Tinner L, Cadwell D, Campbell R. Community mobilization approaches to preventing and reducing adolescent risk behavior: a realist review protocol. Syst Rev 2021; 10(1):147.. Young adults and adolescents are the most prone to risky behavior, with a low sense of vulnerability and protection mechanisms. Due to the high frequency of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and of unwanted pregnancies, risky sexual behavior (RSB) represents a serious concern in this age range³3 Kotchick BA, Shaffer A, Forehand R. Adolescent sexual risk behavior: a multi-system perspective. Clin Psychol Rev 2001; 21(4):493-519..

The prevalence of RSB is variable worldwide, in part due to the inexistence of a uniform definition of RSB, including criteria such as early sexual activity, the non-use of a condom, and multiple partners¹1 Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, Shanklin SL, Flint KH, Queen B, Lowry R, Chyen D, Whittle L, Thornton J, Kim C, Bradford D, Yamakawa Y, Leon M, Brener N, Ethier KA. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States, 2017. MMWR Surveill Summ 2018; 67(8):1-114.^,44 Cruzeiro ALS, Souza LDM, Silva RA, Pinheiro RT, Rocha CLA, Horta BL. Comportamento sexual de risco: fatores associados ao número de parceiros sexuais e ao uso de preservativo em adolescentes. Cien Saude Colet 2010; 15(Supl. 1):1149-1159.. In Portugal, from 2002 to 2014, 12% of all sexually active adolescents reported that they or their sexual partners did not use a condom during their last sexual intercourse⁵5 Reis M, Ramiro L, Camacho I, Tomé G, Gaspar de Matos M. Trends in Portuguese adolescents' sexual behavior from 2002 to 2014: HBSC Portuguese Study. Port J Public Health 2018; 36(1):32-40.. By contrast, in Nigeria, 16.2% of the adolescents present risky sexual behaviors, more common among boys (22.7%) than among girls (12.9%)⁶6 Abiodun O, Sodeinde K, Jagun O, Ladele A, Adepoju A, Ohiaogu F, Adelowo O, Ojinni O, Adekeye J, Bankole O, Mbonu F. Influence of perception of family support and functioning on adolescent high-risk sexual behavior. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 104(3):1153-1163.. The prevalence in Brazil is approximately 12% among adolescents and is more evident among younger individuals⁷7 Neves RG, Wendt A, Flores TR, Costa CS, Costa FS, Tovo-Rodrigues L, Nunes BP. Simultaneidade de comportamentos de risco para infecções sexualmente transmissíveis em adolescentes brasileiros. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2017; 26(3):443-454..

It is well-known that the RSB among adolescents is heavily associated with family, school, and vulnerable socioeconomic contexts, such as not being white, not living with one or either of their parents or not having frequent parental supervision, having suffered sexual abuse as a child, belonging to less wealthy families, having mothers with a level of education up to incomplete high school or less, as well as the consumption of alcohol and illicit drugs by one of the partners⁷7 Neves RG, Wendt A, Flores TR, Costa CS, Costa FS, Tovo-Rodrigues L, Nunes BP. Simultaneidade de comportamentos de risco para infecções sexualmente transmissíveis em adolescentes brasileiros. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2017; 26(3):443-454.

8 Moura LR, Torres LM, Cadete MMM, Cunha CF. Fatores associados aos comportamentos de risco à saúde entre adolescentes brasileiros: uma revisão integrativa. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2018; 52:e03304.

9 Wooley NO, Macinko J. Association between sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviors among a nationally representative sample of adolescent students in Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 2019; 35(2):e00208517.^-1010 Bozzini AB, Bauer A, Maruyama J, Simões R, Matijasevich A. Factors associated with risk behaviors in adolescence: a systematic review. Braz J Psichiatry 2021; 43(2):210-221.. Also important, for both sexes, are behavioral disorders in children and the minimal participation in school activities, such as distal factors¹⁰10 Bozzini AB, Bauer A, Maruyama J, Simões R, Matijasevich A. Factors associated with risk behaviors in adolescence: a systematic review. Braz J Psichiatry 2021; 43(2):210-221..

Although widely recommended to prevent STIs and pregnancy, the use of condoms among young individuals is a major concern in Brazil. Only 60.7% of this population use this method in their first sexual intercourse and the factors pointed out for the non-use of condoms include a decrease in sexual pleasure, trust in their partner, not having a condom at the moment of sexual intercourse, and early sexual activity¹¹11 Gutierrez EB, Pinto VM, Basso CR, Spiassi AL, Lopes MEBR, Barros CRS. Fatores associados ao uso de preservativo em jovens - inquérito de base populacional. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2019; 22:e190034.. In another location, the use of the male condom during the last sexual intercourse varied from 61% in the USA to 80% in 20 European countries¹1 Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, Shanklin SL, Flint KH, Queen B, Lowry R, Chyen D, Whittle L, Thornton J, Kim C, Bradford D, Yamakawa Y, Leon M, Brener N, Ethier KA. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States, 2017. MMWR Surveill Summ 2018; 67(8):1-114.^,1212 Ramiro L, Windlin B, Reis M, Gabhainn SN, Jovic S, Matos SG, Magnusson J, Godeau. Gendered trends in early and very early sex and condom use in 20 European countries from 2002 to 2010. Eur J Public Health 2015; 25(Suppl. 2):65-68.. Data from 12,215 Brazilian male adolescents, aged 12 to 17 years, showed that 71.7% used a condom during the last sexual intercourse, but only 3.6% of them used double protection¹³13 Borges ALV, Duarte LS, Cabral CS, Lay AAR, Viana OA, Fujimori E. Uso do preservativo masculino e dupla proteção por homens adolescentes no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica 2021; 55:109..

In Brazil, in 2020, there were 348,804 births among adolescents, aged 15 to 18 years, which represents 13% of all births during that period¹⁴14 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Estatística do Registro Civil 2020 [Internet]. [acessado 2022 ago 30]. Disponível em: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/135/rc_2020_v47_informativo.pdf
https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualiza... . Nearly 2% of the adolescents become pregnant shortly after their first sexual intercourse and 77% of these pregnancies end up in abortions¹⁵15 Miranda PSF, Aquino JMG, Monteiro RMPC, Dixe MACR, Luz AMB, Moleiro P. Comportamentos sexuais: estudo de jovens. Einstein 2018; 16(3):1-7.. In addition to early pregnancy, unprotected sexual practices can lead to STIs. One study conducted in 2018 with 8,562 sexually active youth, aged 16 to 25 years, from the 26 capitals and the Federal District, showed a prevalence of STIs of 12% and an association with social and behavioral characteristics, such as the consumption of alcohol and illicit drugs, non-penetrative sexual practices, the number of partners, male homosexual relations, and a low level of education¹⁶16 Wendland EM, Horvath JDC, Kops NL, Bessel M, Caierão J, Hohenberger GF, Domingues CM, Maranhão AGK, Souza FMA, Benzaken AS. Sexual behavior across the transition to adulthood and sexually transmitted infections: findings from the National Survey of Human Papillomavirus Prevalence (POP-Brazil). Medicine 2018; 97(33):e11758..

There is a consensus that the expanded comprehension about aspects related to adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health makes it easier to provide better strategies to avoid negative outcomes. Although studies on this theme have been published in Brazil, all of them have shortcomings, such as studies with representative samples only in isolated municipalities and states¹⁷17 Sasaki RSA, Leles CR, Malta DC, Sardinha LMV, Freire MCM. Prevalência de relação sexual e fatores associados em adolescentes escolares de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Cien Saude Colet 2015; 20(1):95-104.^,1818 Arruda EPT, Brito LGO, Prandini TR, Lerri MR, Reis RM, Barcelos TMR, Lara LAS. Sexual practices during adolescence. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2020; 42(11):731-738.. Nationwide studies focus on the use of sociodemographic and sexual health variables in order to verify the association with RSB⁷7 Neves RG, Wendt A, Flores TR, Costa CS, Costa FS, Tovo-Rodrigues L, Nunes BP. Simultaneidade de comportamentos de risco para infecções sexualmente transmissíveis em adolescentes brasileiros. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2017; 26(3):443-454.^,99 Wooley NO, Macinko J. Association between sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviors among a nationally representative sample of adolescent students in Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 2019; 35(2):e00208517.. Other variables that can influence this behavior, such as self-image, aspects related to interpersonal relations, and anti-social behavior, are still rarely studied in the country.

The present study aimed to characterize the RSB among Brazilian junior high school adolescents and identify associated factors.

Methods

This study is a cross-sectional study with secondary data from the National Survey of School Health (PeNSE, in Portuguese), 2019 edition.

The population consisted of students who attended both public and private schools in Brazil. The sample calculation included all students duly registered in 7^th grade of elementary school to 3^rd year of high school, throughout Brazil, large regions, federal units, and capital cities, with schools with more than 20 students, excluding night schools. Considering a prevalence of 50%, maximum error of 3%, and a 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 4,242 schools were analyzed. The data collection was carried out from April to September 2019. The questionnaire, applied via smartphones, was answered only by students present in the school on the day of data collection. The databank was assessed (http://www.ibge.gov.br) on July 27, 2022.

The dependent variable was RSB, considered to be the non-use of a condom during the last sexual intercourse. The independent variables were sociodemographic (sex, skin color, age range, lives with mother and/or father, mother’s level of education, access to internet, type of school, type of municipality and region), risky behavioral practices (at some point in life: consumption of cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drugs), characteristics of sexual and reproductive health (age during first sexual relation, use of condom during first sexual intercourse, pregnancy, sexual violence, vaccine against HPV), of mental health and sociability (close friends, suffered bullying, practiced bullying), medical advice at school (about the prevention of pregnancy, about AIDS and other STIs, about how to receive free condoms), and the body image (satisfaction in relation to one’s body and perception of one’s body).

The data were entered into the Microsoft Excel program and then exported to the STATA program (version 14.0 for Windows), using the survey (svy) model, due to the complex sample. The characteristics of the adolescents with and without RSB were compared, using the chi-squared test. The evaluation of the association between the independent and dependent variables was expressed in crude (PR_cr) and adjusted (PR_ad) prevalence ratios, with a 95% CI. For the multivariate analysis, hierarchical Poisson regression modeling was used, with the ranking of the variables in three blocks, based on previous studies^7,9,11,13,19 (Figure 1). The multivariate model included all of the variables with a p-value < 0.20 in the bivariate analysis. The distal block included sociodemographic characteristics and medical advice received at school. By contrast, the intermediary block consisted of characteristics referent to mental health and sociability, as well as the self-image of one’s body. The proximal block considered sexual health and reproductive health variables and risky behaviors. The hierarchical model followed the distal-proximal direction, with the exclusion of variables through the backward elimination method. First, the distal block variables were included, and those presenting a p-value ≤ 0.05 remained (model 1). Next, the intermediary block variables were included, and those presenting a p-value ≤ 0.05, and were adjusted to the previous level, remained (model 2). The same procedure was repeated for the proximal level. In the final model (model 3), the variables that presented a p-value ≤ 0.05 were considered to be associated with the outcome. As this was a complex sample, sample weights were used in the analyses.

The original study was approved by the National Research Ethics Committee and by the National Health Council (logged under protocol no. 3.249.268, from April 08, 2019).

Results

Among those who have already begun sexual activity, the prevalence of RSB in Brazil was 40.3%. Table 1 shows that the region with the highest prevalence of RSB was the Southeast (43.5%), while the lowest prevalence was found in the North (37.4%). The majority of adolescents were female (50.7%), of brown skin (43.0%), with an age range from 13 to 15 years (51.8%), and lived with mother and/or father (89.7%). In addition, most had a mother with a high school education or higher (63.4%), had access to the internet (90.4%), and attended high school (53.1%). Moreover, slightly more than half lived in the capital city (51.2%) and were from public institutions (53.8%). In the bivariate analysis, the RSB was associated with females (PR_cr = 1.41; 95%CI 1.22-3.21) lived with mother and/or father (PR_cr = 0.88; 95%CI 0.75-0.97).

Table 2 reveals that the prevalence of sexual activity was of 33.8%, with the age of the initiation of sexual activity most commonly being between 14 and 17 years (64.7%). The majority reported the use of a condom in the first sexual intercourse (62.8%) and having been immunized against HPV (61.2%). The pregnancy was reported by 8.3% of the interviewees, while sexual violence was experienced by 6.3% of the adolescents. Most of them reported having received medical advice at school about how to prevent pregnancy (74.0%), about AIDS/STI (81.9%), and about how to receive condoms (63.5%). There was an association of the RSB with the fact of having begun sexual activity at 13 years of age or under (PR_cr = 1.73; 95%CI 1.45-3.14), having used a condom during first sexual intercourse (PR_cr = 0.45; 95%CI 0.32-0.61), having become pregnant (PR_cr = 1.56; 95%CI 1.34-1.87), and having suffered sexual violence (PR_cr = 1.79; 95%CI 1.45-2.63).

The consumption of alcoholic beverage was reported by slightly more than half (63.2%) of the interviewees, with the least frequent consumption being the use of tobacco (21.5%) and of illicit drugs (12.8%). Most of the students (64.2%) reported being happy with their self-perception of their body, with nearly half (49.7%) reporting their perception of body weight as being normal. As regards bullying, the victimization was more frequent (39.5%) than the practice (12.2%). In the bivariate analysis, RSB proved to be associated with the consumption of alcohol (PR_cr = 1.48; 95%CI 1.21-1.69), tobacco (PR_cr = 1.64; 95%CI 1.47-1.89), and illicit drugs (PR_cr = 1.61; 95%CI 1.43-1.92), in addition to the practice of bullying (PR_cr = 1.36; 95%CI 1.11-1.68) and victimization due to bullying (PR_cr = 1.30; 95%CI 1.04-1.57) (Table 3).

The ranked analysis is shown in Table 4. In model 1, females (PR_ad = 1.39; 95%CI 1.12-2.01) presented the highest prevalence of RSB, as well as the practice of bullying (PR_ad = 1.31; 95%CI 1.10-1.63) (model 2). In the final model (model 3), after adjustments, there was a greater prevalence of RSB among those aged 13 years or under during their first sexual intercourse (PR_ad = 1.70; 95%CI 1.51-3.63), who were victims of sexual violence (PR_ad = 1.64; 95%CI 1.20-1.91), and who used illicit drugs (PR_ad = 1.55; 95%CI 1.24-1.89), tobacco (PR_ad = 1.54; 95%CI 1.28-1.81), and alcoholic beverages (PR_ad = 1.40; 95%CI 1.19-1.75). By contrast, the adolescents who used a condom during their first sexual intercourse (PR_ad = 0.48; 95%CI 0.19-0.61) showed a lower prevalence of RSB.

Discussion

This study demonstrated a national prevalence of RSB in 40.3% of the adolescents, with lower proportions in the Midwest and North regions of the country. Moreover, our study observed a greater prevalence of RSB among female adolescents who experienced their first sexual intercourse at 13 years of age or under, who were victims of sexual violence, who practiced bullying, and who consumed illicit drugs, cigarettes, and alcoholic beverages. By contrast, a lower prevalence of RSB was observed among those who used a condom in their first sexual intercourse.

Characterized in this study as the practice of sex without a condom, the absence of a clear and consensual definition of RSB hinders proper comparisons with the literature. In addition to the non-use of condoms or its inconsistent use, studies include the criteria of early sexual activity; multiple partners, whether simultaneous and/or sequential; and sexual practices while under the influence of alcohol and illicit drugs⁴4 Cruzeiro ALS, Souza LDM, Silva RA, Pinheiro RT, Rocha CLA, Horta BL. Comportamento sexual de risco: fatores associados ao número de parceiros sexuais e ao uso de preservativo em adolescentes. Cien Saude Colet 2010; 15(Supl. 1):1149-1159.

5 Reis M, Ramiro L, Camacho I, Tomé G, Gaspar de Matos M. Trends in Portuguese adolescents' sexual behavior from 2002 to 2014: HBSC Portuguese Study. Port J Public Health 2018; 36(1):32-40.^-66 Abiodun O, Sodeinde K, Jagun O, Ladele A, Adepoju A, Ohiaogu F, Adelowo O, Ojinni O, Adekeye J, Bankole O, Mbonu F. Influence of perception of family support and functioning on adolescent high-risk sexual behavior. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 104(3):1153-1163.^,99 Wooley NO, Macinko J. Association between sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviors among a nationally representative sample of adolescent students in Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 2019; 35(2):e00208517.^,2020 Guo C, Wen X, Li N, Wang Z, Chen G, Zheng X. Is cigarette and alcohol use associated with high-risk sexual behaviors among youth in China? J Sex Med 2017; 14 (1):79-86.^,2121 Swartzendruber A, Brown JL, Sales JM, Windle M, Haarddörfer R. Age-related associations between substance use and sexual risk behavior among high-risk young African American women in the South. Addict Behav 2019; 96:110-118.. In Portugal, for example, when defining RSB as the non-use of a condom in the last sexual intercourse, our study found a 12% prevalence among high school adolescents from 2002 to 2014⁵5 Reis M, Ramiro L, Camacho I, Tomé G, Gaspar de Matos M. Trends in Portuguese adolescents' sexual behavior from 2002 to 2014: HBSC Portuguese Study. Port J Public Health 2018; 36(1):32-40.. By contrast, in four Caribbean countries (Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago), from 2016-2017, 31.9% of the adolescents reported two or more RSBs, including early sexual activity at 14 years of age or under, the non-use of a condom during the last sexual intercourse, and two or more sexual partners throughout life²²22 Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Prevalence and correlates of sexual risk behavior among school-going adolescents in four Caribbean countries. Bevah Sci 2020; 10(11):166..

Among the regions of Brazil, the prevalence of RSB was the highest in the Southeast (43.5%) and the lowest in the North (37.4%). Similar results were observed in 2005 when analyzing the use of condoms among young people, aged 16 to 24 years, identifying the North and Northeast with the highest prevalence of the use of condoms, both consistently in the last 12 months and during the last sexual intercourse²³23 Berquó E, Barbosa RM, Lima LP. Uso do preservativo: tendência entre 1998 e 2005 na população brasileira. Rev Saude Publica 2008; 42(1):34-44.. In 2019, among adults, aged 18 years or older, the Southeast region also showed the highest prevalence of the consistent use of condoms, and the North with the highest indexes²⁴24 Felisbino-Mendes MS, Araújo FG, Oliveira LVA, Vasconcelos NM, Vieira MLFP, Malta DC. Comportamento sexual e uso de preservativos na população brasileira: análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2021; 24(2):e-210018.. It is important to consider, however, that the highest percentage of the use of condoms in the North region may not necessarily reflect improvements in sexual and reproductive health. It is believed that, in this region, the choice of this method may be more related to the free access, not needing a medical prescription and with easy use, than to the conscientious choice of the condom as the best contraceptive method²⁵25 Trindade RE, Siqueira BB, Paula TF, Felisbino-Mendes MS. Uso de contracepção e desigualdades do planejamento reprodutivo das mulheres brasileiras. Cien Saude Colet 2021; 26(2):3493-3504.. Despite showing the highest prevalence of sexual activity, the prevalence of the use of a oral contraceptive in the North region is among the lowest in the country²⁶26 Borges ALV, Fujimori E, Kuschnir MCC, Chofakian CBN, Moraes AJP, Azevedo GD, Santos KF, Vasconcellos MTL. ERICA: início da vida sexual e contracepção em adolescentes brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2016; 50(Supl. 1):15s..

RSB is known to be influenced by intrapersonal and interpersonal processes, beyond the context in which the adolescent is inserted, and can act in an isolated or simultaneous manner, especially as regards the consumption and/or abuse of psychoactive substances¹1 Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, Shanklin SL, Flint KH, Queen B, Lowry R, Chyen D, Whittle L, Thornton J, Kim C, Bradford D, Yamakawa Y, Leon M, Brener N, Ethier KA. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States, 2017. MMWR Surveill Summ 2018; 67(8):1-114.^,33 Kotchick BA, Shaffer A, Forehand R. Adolescent sexual risk behavior: a multi-system perspective. Clin Psychol Rev 2001; 21(4):493-519.^,88 Moura LR, Torres LM, Cadete MMM, Cunha CF. Fatores associados aos comportamentos de risco à saúde entre adolescentes brasileiros: uma revisão integrativa. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2018; 52:e03304.^,1010 Bozzini AB, Bauer A, Maruyama J, Simões R, Matijasevich A. Factors associated with risk behaviors in adolescence: a systematic review. Braz J Psichiatry 2021; 43(2):210-221.^,2121 Swartzendruber A, Brown JL, Sales JM, Windle M, Haarddörfer R. Age-related associations between substance use and sexual risk behavior among high-risk young African American women in the South. Addict Behav 2019; 96:110-118.. In this study, the consumption, at some point in one’s life, of alcohol, cigarettes, and illicit drugs was associated with RSB. The relationship between the consumption of alcoholic beverages before sex and RSBs in adolescents and young adults is a consensus²⁰20 Guo C, Wen X, Li N, Wang Z, Chen G, Zheng X. Is cigarette and alcohol use associated with high-risk sexual behaviors among youth in China? J Sex Med 2017; 14 (1):79-86.^,2121 Swartzendruber A, Brown JL, Sales JM, Windle M, Haarddörfer R. Age-related associations between substance use and sexual risk behavior among high-risk young African American women in the South. Addict Behav 2019; 96:110-118.^,2626 Borges ALV, Fujimori E, Kuschnir MCC, Chofakian CBN, Moraes AJP, Azevedo GD, Santos KF, Vasconcellos MTL. ERICA: início da vida sexual e contracepção em adolescentes brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2016; 50(Supl. 1):15s.^,2727 Mola R, Araújo RC, Oliveira JV, Cunha SB, Souza GFF, Ribeiro LP, Pitangui ACR. Associação entre o número de parceiros sexuais e consumo de álcool entre crianças em idade escolar. J Pediatr 2017; 93(2):192-199.. Moreover, young people who drink early (before 13 years of age) are twice as likely to become involved in unprotected sexual practices²⁸28 Hingson R, Heeren T, Winter MR, Wechsler H. Early of first drunkenness as a factor in college student's unplanned and unprotected sex attributable to drinking. Pediatrics 2003; 111(1):34-41.. The association of the use of illicit drugs and RSB was also proven by other investigations, demonstrating that the daily routines of users has an important influence on RSB and STI vulnerability, with a greater frequency of sex and a greater probability of having multiple partners²¹21 Swartzendruber A, Brown JL, Sales JM, Windle M, Haarddörfer R. Age-related associations between substance use and sexual risk behavior among high-risk young African American women in the South. Addict Behav 2019; 96:110-118.^,2929 Boska GA, Cesário L, Claro HC, Oliveira MAF, Domânico A, Fernandes IFAL. Vulnerabilidade para o comportamento sexual de risco em usuários de álcool e outras drogas. SMAD Rev Eletron Saude Mental Alcool Drog 2017; 13(4):189-195.^,3030 Järvelaid M. Adolescent tobacco smoking and associated psychosocial health risk factors. Scand J Prim Health Care 2004; 22(1):50-53..

The abusive consumption of alcohol may be distinctly related to the RSBs. One refers to the pharmacological effects of alcohol on the body, and it is believed that, when intoxicated, certain alterations in cognitive functions occur, such as an increase in impulsiveness and inhibition of attention, judgment, and perceptions of risk³¹31 Mocaíber, I, David IA, Oliveira L, Pereira MG, Volchan E, Figueira I, Vila J, Machado-Pinheiro W. Álcool, emoção e atenção: resgatando a Teoria da Miopia do Alcoólica. Psicol Reflex Crit 2011; 24(2):403-410.^,3232 Palfai TP, Luehring-Jones P. How alcohol influences mechanisms of sexual risk behavior change: contributions of alcohol challenge research to the development of HIV interventions. AIDS Behav 2021; 23(Suppl. 3):314-332.. There is also an emphasis on the individual expectation of alcohol opening the door to positive sexual experiences, with greater excitement and sexual disinhibition³²32 Palfai TP, Luehring-Jones P. How alcohol influences mechanisms of sexual risk behavior change: contributions of alcohol challenge research to the development of HIV interventions. AIDS Behav 2021; 23(Suppl. 3):314-332.^,3333 Hurley EA. The role of alcohol expectancies in sexual risk behaviors among adolescents and young adults in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. J Adolesc Health 2017; 60(1):79-86.. The abusive use of illicit substances, by contrast, frequently lead the user to a strong desire of the drug, favoring the non-use of a condom and the practice of violent acts to acquire it²¹21 Swartzendruber A, Brown JL, Sales JM, Windle M, Haarddörfer R. Age-related associations between substance use and sexual risk behavior among high-risk young African American women in the South. Addict Behav 2019; 96:110-118.^,3434 Wu TL, Ting TT, Chen CY, Su LW, Chen WJ. Early sexual initiation and risky sexual practices among alcohol- and tobacco-using young adults in Taiwan: mediation analysis of preceding-sex use of illicit drugs. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1647.. The association of substances amplifies these outcomes; however, the isolated effect of illicit drugs is greater than that of alcohol and cigarettes regarding RSB³⁴34 Wu TL, Ting TT, Chen CY, Su LW, Chen WJ. Early sexual initiation and risky sexual practices among alcohol- and tobacco-using young adults in Taiwan: mediation analysis of preceding-sex use of illicit drugs. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1647.. The consumption of cigarettes has shown an association with poor communication and a worse interaction between the adolescents and the parents³⁰30 Järvelaid M. Adolescent tobacco smoking and associated psychosocial health risk factors. Scand J Prim Health Care 2004; 22(1):50-53., factors related to a satisfactory sexual life at this stage³⁵35 Dilorio C, Dudley WN, Lehr S, Soet JE. Correlates of safer sex communication among college students. J Adv Nurs 2000; 32(3):658-665..

Having begun sexual activity at 13 years of age or under was also associated with RSB in the present study. Although there is no consensus about what age would be defined as early sexual activity³⁶36 Epstein M, Bailey JA, Manhart LE, Hill KG, Hawkins JD. Sexual risk behavior in young adulthood: broadening the scope beyond early sexual initiation. J Sex Res 2014; 51(7):721-730., when it takes place before 15 years of life, there is an association with the non-use of the condom and with sexual intercourse with multiple partners³⁷37 Gräf DD, Mesenburg MA, Fassa AG. Comportamento sexual de risco e fatores associados em universitários de uma cidade do Sul do Brasil. Rev Saude Publica 2020; 54:41.

38 Hugo TD, Maier VT, Jansen K, Rodrigues CE, Cruzeiro AL, Ores Lda C, Pinheiro RT, Silva R, Souza LD. Fatores associados à idade na primeira relação sexual em jovens: estudo de base populacional. Cad Saude Publica 2011; 27(11):2207-2214.^-3939 Maranhão TA, Gomes KRO, Oliveira DC, Neto JM. Impacto da primeira relação sexual na vida sexual e reprodutiva de jovens em uma capital do Nordeste brasileiro. Cien Saude Colet 2017; 22(12):4083-4094.. Data from PeNSE, 2012, showed that the simultaneousness of RSB (having two sexual partners or more and the non-use of a condom) was 11% lower among adolescents of 16 years of age or under than among young people of 13 years of age or under⁷7 Neves RG, Wendt A, Flores TR, Costa CS, Costa FS, Tovo-Rodrigues L, Nunes BP. Simultaneidade de comportamentos de risco para infecções sexualmente transmissíveis em adolescentes brasileiros. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2017; 26(3):443-454.. It is possible that young people who begin their sexual activity early have a greater difficulty of knowledge of, access to, and negotiation with their partner about contraceptive methods in general³⁶36 Epstein M, Bailey JA, Manhart LE, Hill KG, Hawkins JD. Sexual risk behavior in young adulthood: broadening the scope beyond early sexual initiation. J Sex Res 2014; 51(7):721-730.. By contrast, the relation between early sexual activity and RSB may not be casual, acting as a marker of simultaneous factors, such as the use of illicit drugs and delinquency, which raises the chance of multiple risky behaviors and their negative outcomes³⁶36 Epstein M, Bailey JA, Manhart LE, Hill KG, Hawkins JD. Sexual risk behavior in young adulthood: broadening the scope beyond early sexual initiation. J Sex Res 2014; 51(7):721-730..

The report of having suffered sexual violence at some point in one’s life was also associated with RSB in the present study, which was the focus of recent investigations⁴⁰40 Kaltiala-Heino R, Savioja H, Fröjd S, Marttunen M. Experiences of sexual harassment are associated with the sexual behavior of 14- to 18-year-old adolescents. Child Abuse Negl 2018; 77:46-57.^,4141 Norcott C, Keenan K, Wroblewski K, Hipwell A, Stepp S. The impact of adolescent sexual harassment experiences in predicting sexual risk taking in young women. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36(15-16):NP8961-NP8973.. Suffering sexual assault in the initial years of adolescence (13 to 15 years) predisposed the adolescents to RSB at the end of adolescence and at the beginning of adult life (16 to 20 years), such as the greater probability of multiple sexual partners and of contracting some type of STI⁴¹41 Norcott C, Keenan K, Wroblewski K, Hipwell A, Stepp S. The impact of adolescent sexual harassment experiences in predicting sexual risk taking in young women. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36(15-16):NP8961-NP8973.. Although sexual assault is considered to be less severe, as compared to rape itself, it is believed that this type of victimization can diminish an adolescent’s capacity of defense and resistance to pressure from partners during more intimate experiences⁴¹41 Norcott C, Keenan K, Wroblewski K, Hipwell A, Stepp S. The impact of adolescent sexual harassment experiences in predicting sexual risk taking in young women. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36(15-16):NP8961-NP8973.. Women who suffer any type of violence (psychological, physical, or sexual), however, frequently find themselves in situations that hinder them from negotiating the use of a condom⁴²42 Leite FMC, Luis MA, Amorim MHC, Maciel ELN, Gigante DP. Violência contra a mulher e sua associação com o perfil do parceiro íntimo: estudo com usuárias da atenção primária. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2019; 22:e190056.. Though not evaluated in this study, experiences of sexual abuse during childhood can reverberate negatively into adolescence and adulthood, and can bring consequences to mental health, such as a greater incidence of the symptoms of post-trauma disorders, anxiety, and depression throughout life⁴³43 Hirschmann R, Martins RC, Gonçalves H. Maus-tratos infantis e comportamentos sexuais de risco na idade adulta: uma revisão sistemática. Cien Saude Colet 2021; 26(3):5057-5068.^,4444 Gama CMF, Portugal LCL, Gonçalvez RM, Junior SS, Vilete LMP, Mendlowicz MV, Figueira I, Volchan E, David IA, Oliveira L, Pereira MG. The invisible scars of emotional abuse: a common and highly harmful form of childhood maltreatment. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21(1):156.. These outcomes are interrelated with sexual compulsivity, which itself is associated with RSB⁴⁵45 Scanavino MD, Abdo CHN, Tavares H, Amaral MLS, Messina B, Reis SC, Martins JPLB, Parsons JT. Sexual compulsivity, anxiety, depression, and sexual risk behavior among treatment-seeking men in São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Psychiatry 2018; 40(4):424-431..

Moreover, in the realm of violence, the present study verified an association between the practice of bullying and RSB. There is a growing body of evidence showing that both aggression, as well as victimization due to bullying, increase the risk of unprotected sexual practices, the multiplicity of sexual partners, and the use of alcohol and drugs before and during sex¹⁹19 Smith L, Grabovac I, Jacob L, López-Sánchez GF, Yang L, Shin JII, Sohn M, Ward PB, McDermott DT, Koyanogi A. Bullying victimization and sexual behavior among adolescents aged 12-15 years from 53 countries: a global perspective. J Sex Med 2020; 17(2):2148-2155.^,4646 Provenzano DA, Boroughs MS. Past victimization experiences and current sexual risk taking among emerging adults. J Sex Res 2022; 59(6):749-757.

47 Holt MK, Matjasko JL, Espelaje D, Reid G, Koenig B. Sexual risk taking and bullying among adolescents. Pediatrics 2013; 132(6):e1481-1487.^-4848 Santos RF, Verly Júnior E. Bullying e associação de comportamentos de risco entre adolescentes da Região Norte: um estudo a partir da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, 2015. Desidades 2021; 29:217-231.. Data from adolescents, aged 12 to 15 years, from 53 countries reinforce the fact that being a victim of bullying increases the probability of the non-use of a condom, as well as having multiple sexual partners¹⁹19 Smith L, Grabovac I, Jacob L, López-Sánchez GF, Yang L, Shin JII, Sohn M, Ward PB, McDermott DT, Koyanogi A. Bullying victimization and sexual behavior among adolescents aged 12-15 years from 53 countries: a global perspective. J Sex Med 2020; 17(2):2148-2155.. This finding diverges from the present study, in which the association with risky behavior was identified among those who practice bullying and not among those victimized by this type of violence. In Brazil, data from adolescents from the North, in 2015, demonstrated an association between the perpetrators of bullying and all types of risky behavior, such as the use of alcohol and cigarettes, and the irregular use of a condom⁴⁸48 Santos RF, Verly Júnior E. Bullying e associação de comportamentos de risco entre adolescentes da Região Norte: um estudo a partir da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, 2015. Desidades 2021; 29:217-231.. Even without a clear casual relationship, youth involved in bullying present a greater chance of other forms of violent behaviors occurring simultaneously, suggesting an intersection with common stress factors and inadequate resolutions to the problem⁴⁶46 Provenzano DA, Boroughs MS. Past victimization experiences and current sexual risk taking among emerging adults. J Sex Res 2022; 59(6):749-757..

Another variable associated with RSB in the present study was that of the female sex. National data has also illustrated a less use of condoms among female as compared to male adolescents¹¹11 Gutierrez EB, Pinto VM, Basso CR, Spiassi AL, Lopes MEBR, Barros CRS. Fatores associados ao uso de preservativo em jovens - inquérito de base populacional. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2019; 22:e190034.^,2424 Felisbino-Mendes MS, Araújo FG, Oliveira LVA, Vasconcelos NM, Vieira MLFP, Malta DC. Comportamento sexual e uso de preservativos na população brasileira: análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2021; 24(2):e-210018.. A temporal series study conducted between 2011 and 2015 in the United States, with information from adolescents, aged 15 to 19 years, identified a greater use of contraceptive methods among boys (95%) in their last sexual intercourse, when compared to girls (90%), with the male condom being the most commonly used method (97.4%)⁴⁹49 Abama JC, Martinez GM. Sexual activity and contraceptive use among teenagers in the United States, 2011-2015. Natl Health Stat Report 2017; 104:1-23.. Among the possible justifications for such a finding, it is important to highlight the discontinued use of the condom due to physical discomfort, the non-availability of the condom at the moment of sexual intercourse⁵⁰50 Mullinax M, Sanders S, Dennis B, Higgins J, Fortenberry JD, Reece M. How condom discontinuation occurs: interviews with emerging adult women. J Sex Res 2017; 54(4-5):642-650., the substitution of the condom for more effective contraceptive methods (disregarding the occurrence of STI)¹³13 Borges ALV, Duarte LS, Cabral CS, Lay AAR, Viana OA, Fujimori E. Uso do preservativo masculino e dupla proteção por homens adolescentes no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica 2021; 55:109.^,2424 Felisbino-Mendes MS, Araújo FG, Oliveira LVA, Vasconcelos NM, Vieira MLFP, Malta DC. Comportamento sexual e uso de preservativos na população brasileira: análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2021; 24(2):e-210018.^,5151 Fairfortune TS, Stern JE, Richardson BA, Koutsky LA, Winer RL. Sexual behavior patterns and condom use in newly sexually active female university students. Arch Sex Behav 2020; 49(3):1053-1065., the difficulty in the negotiation (more prevalence with older ages)⁵²52 Borges ALV, Chofakian CBM, Viana AO, Divino EA. Descontinuidades contraceptivas no uso do contraceptivo oral, injetável e do preservativo masculino. Cad Saude Publica 2021; 37(2):e00014220., and the limited use of the female condom (due to the discomfort felt upon insertion and estrangement in its use)⁵³53 Moraes AADS, Suto CSS, Oliveira EM, Paiva MS, Ferreira CSB, Barreto MADSA. A look at female condoms from public school students. Rev Gaucha Enferm 2019; 40:e20180277.. First, among adolescents, it is common to hear reports on the flexibilization of the use of the male condom in more long-lasting relationships. The use of a condom tends to be more common with new partners and casual sexual intercourse²⁶26 Borges ALV, Fujimori E, Kuschnir MCC, Chofakian CBN, Moraes AJP, Azevedo GD, Santos KF, Vasconcellos MTL. ERICA: início da vida sexual e contracepção em adolescentes brasileiros. Rev Saude Publica 2016; 50(Supl. 1):15s..

By contrast, RSB was more prevalent among adolescents who reported the use of a condom in their first sexual intercourse. This association was also identified in the USA with a nationally representative sample, consisting of 80 secondary schools and with 90,000 students, between 1994 and 2002. This study found that the adolescents who reported having used the condom in their first sexual intercourse were more prone to use this method in their last sexual intercourse, and presented half the chance of contracting an infection due to chlamydia and gonorrhea and of not having high chances of multiple sexual partners throughout life, even after confounding factor controls⁵⁴54 Shafii T, Stovel K, Holmes K. Association between condom use at sexual debut and subsequent sexual trajectories: a longitudinal study using biomarkers. Am J Public Health 2007; 97(6):1090-1095.. Though it is an isolated marker, the use of the condom in one’s first sexual intercourse seems to determine a cognitive association that leads to healthy and persistent sexual habits, using a protective factor throughout life⁵⁴54 Shafii T, Stovel K, Holmes K. Association between condom use at sexual debut and subsequent sexual trajectories: a longitudinal study using biomarkers. Am J Public Health 2007; 97(6):1090-1095..

One of the limitations of the study is related to the use of a condom in the last sexual intercourse as a criterion to define RSB. Although it is a possible and effective marker, it is commonly considered that the evaluation of the consistency of use, coupled with other RSB markers, offers a greater robustness to the stratification of the risks to sexual and reproductive health²2 Tinner L, Cadwell D, Campbell R. Community mobilization approaches to preventing and reducing adolescent risk behavior: a realist review protocol. Syst Rev 2021; 10(1):147.^,1010 Bozzini AB, Bauer A, Maruyama J, Simões R, Matijasevich A. Factors associated with risk behaviors in adolescence: a systematic review. Braz J Psichiatry 2021; 43(2):210-221.. Moreover, attitudes and characteristics of adolescents not treated in this study, such as sexual orientation, type of condom, the dynamic of the relationships, and the use of psychoactive substances before and/or during sexual activity, may have led to underestimations or overestimations of the findings. As it provides a representative sample of school adolescents, future editions of the PeNSE should advance in a greater understanding of these aspects relevant to sexual and reproductive health. Another important possibility of bias is the fact that only adolescents who attend school were evaluated and the absence of school attendance can favor a greater association with risky behaviors¹⁰10 Bozzini AB, Bauer A, Maruyama J, Simões R, Matijasevich A. Factors associated with risk behaviors in adolescence: a systematic review. Braz J Psichiatry 2021; 43(2):210-221.^,2121 Swartzendruber A, Brown JL, Sales JM, Windle M, Haarddörfer R. Age-related associations between substance use and sexual risk behavior among high-risk young African American women in the South. Addict Behav 2019; 96:110-118.. It should also be considered that many questions about sexual variables and behaviors are sensitive, which can cause the adolescent not to tell the full truth. The use of a self-assessment questionnaire, in this sense, may well have diminished the false answers. It is also important to remember that, since the data were collected in 2019, they may well have been influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic in many behaviors analyzed here. In the end, due to its cross-sectional design, it was not possible to verify the cause and effect relationship between the variables and RSB.

Despite the limitation, this study served to expand the understanding of RSB among adolescents beyond the already well-known associations with sociodemographic characteristics, testing other variables, such as experiences of sexual violence and bullying. Another important point is the use of data from the national scope, making it possible to compare the results by region. The high prevalence of RSB observed in this study among high school adolescents, together with the knowledge of their associated factors, should aid in the implementation of interventions geared toward sexual and reproductive health among adolescents, with the objective of reducing negative outcomes, such as unplanned pregnancy and the occurrence of STI. Continued intersectoral efforts should make it possible for adolescents to experience responsible and pleasurable sexual practices.

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