Abstract

The objective was to investigate the association between the school context and the occurrence of multiple partners among adolescents, considering individual variables (age, gender, Bolsa Família, LGB, early sexual initiation and use of alcohol or drugs in the last sex). Cross-sectional study with multilevel analysis carried out in 2018 with adolescent students from Olinda, Brazil. The variable (multiple partners) was collected based on the ‘Youth Risk Behavior Survey’ questionnaire. School context variables were time in school (regular school vs. full/semi-full school) and the Social Vulnerability Index of the school district. Of 2,500 participants, 1,044 were analyzed for being sexually active and most had two or more partners (63.89%). Regular school students were more likely (OR 1.47, CI 1.10-1.97) to have multiple sexual partners compared to those in full-day schools/half-day schools. However, no association was found in relation to the SVI of the schools’ neighborhoods (OR 1.18, IC 0.82-1.70). More time spent at school was associated with fewer chances of multiple sexual partners, while studying in schools located in highly vulnerable neighborhoods was not associated with the occurrence of multiple sexual partners among adolescents.

Key words:
Adolescents; Sexual partners; Education; Social vulnerability index; Multilevel analysis

Introduction

It is during the adolescence, phase of life in which the search for autonomy and new experiences happens and when sexual activity begins, specially during high school¹1 Ethier KA, Kann L, McManus T. Sexual Intercourse Among High School Students - 29 States and United States Overall, 2005-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 66(51-52):1393-1397.. Such initiation will depend on cultural aspects, historical and social context, and each person individual life, and it may have negative and undesirable effects²2 Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO). Orientações técnicas de educação em sexualidade para o cenário brasileiro: tópicos e objetivos de aprendizagem. Brasília: UNESCO; 2014..

Frequently, adolescents cannot consistently use any form of contraceptive method³3 Kann L, Kinchen S, Shanklin SL, Flint KH, Kawkins J, Harris WA, Lowry R, Olsen EO, McManus T, Chyen D, Whittle L, Taylor E, Demissie Z, Brener N, Thornton J, Moore J, Zaza S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Youth risk behavior surveillance - United States, 2013. MMWR Suppl 2014; 63(4):1-168., therefore the occurrence of multiple sexual partners may lead to teenage pregnancy⁴4 Maranhão TA, Gomes KRO, Oliveira DC, Moita Neto JM. Repercussão da iniciação sexual na vida sexual e reprodutiva de jovens de capital do Nordeste brasileiro. Cien Saude Colet 2017; 22(12):4083-4094. and to sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)⁵5 Ramirez AB, Aquino AH, Schneider AP, Lopes IDB, Penayo VPB, Soares MF. Psicoeducação em sexualidade com alunas em regime de internato. Pleiade 2019; 13(27):5-12.. It is worth pointing out that adolescents today are facing the highest incidence of new HIV infections worldwide⁶6 Chakalisa U, Wirth K, Bennett K, Kadima E, Manyake K, Gaolathe T, Bachanas P, Marukutira T, Lebelonyane R, Dryden-Peterson S, Butler L, Mmalane M, Makhema J, Roland ME, Pretorius-Holme M, Essex M, Lockman S, Powis KM. Self-reported risky sexual practices among adolescents and young adults in Botswana. South Afr J HIV Med 2019; 20(1):899.. If left untreated, these infections may have consequences as dire as infertility and death⁷7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Information for teens: staying healthy and preventing STDs [Internet]. 2017. [cited 2021 nov 7]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/std/life-stages-populations/YouthandSTDs-Dec-2017.pdf
https://www.cdc.gov/std/life-stages-popu... .

The school environment is a place where adolescents spend a considerable portion of their lives⁸8 Guèvremont A, Findlay L, Kohen D. Organized extracurricular activities: are in-school and out-of-school activities associated with different outcomes for Canadian youth? J Sch Health 2014; 84(5):317-325.. In Brazil, public schools generally serve an economically disadvantaged group⁹9 Dias SMB, Costa SL. A permanência no ensino superior e as estratégias institucionais de enfrentamento da evasão. J Polit Educ 2016; 9(17-18):51-60. and, therefore, do not have access to extracurricular activities. There is strong evidence to suggest that schools that foster greater educational involvement among their students are more successful in reducing the use of illicit drugs¹⁰10 Shackleton N, Jamal F, Viner R, Dickson K, Hinds K, Patton G, Bonell C. Systematic review of reviews of observational studies of school-level effects on sexual health, violence and substance use. Health Place 2016; 39:168-176.. And that full-day schools could well be the only opportunity this underprivileged group has in order to get access to extracurricular activities⁸8 Guèvremont A, Findlay L, Kohen D. Organized extracurricular activities: are in-school and out-of-school activities associated with different outcomes for Canadian youth? J Sch Health 2014; 84(5):317-325..

Although the relationship between schools and health is already well known, there is still no theory that is able to clearly explain said relationship. Bonell et al.¹¹11 Bonell CP, Fletcher A, Jamal F, Wells H, Harden A, Murphy S, Thomas J. Theories of how the school environment impacts on student health: systematic review and synthesis. Health Place 2013; 24:242-249. have put forward an integrated theory based upon the findings of their systematic survey which points to four pathways. The first one takes into consideration the degree of the adolescent’s involvement with their own school environment. Some schools provide their students with the opportunity of greater engagement, while others focus solely on academic pursuits. The second pathway evaluates the involvement among students belonging to the same school. In that sense, one potential approach would be to consider the proportion of committed students inside each school, given that there could be either a positive or negative contagious element. The third pathway considers the student’s cognition and the schools’ role in providing the positive stimulus for that cognition. Lastly, the fourth pathway takes into account the adolescents’ adoption of certain types of behavior according to the schools structure regarding factors such as the sociability between students and staff and the school’s ability to supervise its space in order either to prevent instances of risky behavior or restrain them, should they occur ¹¹11 Bonell CP, Fletcher A, Jamal F, Wells H, Harden A, Murphy S, Thomas J. Theories of how the school environment impacts on student health: systematic review and synthesis. Health Place 2013; 24:242-249.. Building bridges between students and school staff could help encourage pro-school behavior and reduce instances of risky behavior that pose a threat to health. These bridges could be strengthened once these adolescents spent more time at school¹¹11 Bonell CP, Fletcher A, Jamal F, Wells H, Harden A, Murphy S, Thomas J. Theories of how the school environment impacts on student health: systematic review and synthesis. Health Place 2013; 24:242-249..

Schools with a greater participation stemming from students and a strong sense of community are able to reduce risky health-related behaviors¹²12 Bonell C, Blakemore SJ, Fletcher A, Patton G. Role theory of schools and adolescent health. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2019; 3(10):742-748.. In turn, these behaviors - such as those deemed as antisocial, for instance - increase the likelihood of the adoption of anti-school behaviors¹⁰10 Shackleton N, Jamal F, Viner R, Dickson K, Hinds K, Patton G, Bonell C. Systematic review of reviews of observational studies of school-level effects on sexual health, violence and substance use. Health Place 2016; 39:168-176.^,1212 Bonell C, Blakemore SJ, Fletcher A, Patton G. Role theory of schools and adolescent health. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2019; 3(10):742-748.. It has been observed that extracurricular activities and a broader social life in school make pro-school roles more attractive, having a positive impact in the form of the adoption of healthy behaviors. These behaviors tend to remain with students in the course of their adult lives¹⁰10 Shackleton N, Jamal F, Viner R, Dickson K, Hinds K, Patton G, Bonell C. Systematic review of reviews of observational studies of school-level effects on sexual health, violence and substance use. Health Place 2016; 39:168-176.^,1212 Bonell C, Blakemore SJ, Fletcher A, Patton G. Role theory of schools and adolescent health. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2019; 3(10):742-748..

The physical and social characteristics of the neighborhoods may also have a negative influence on the occurrence of health-related behaviors¹³13 Diez roux AV, Mair C. Neighborhoods and health. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1186:125-145.. Neighborhoods that have a high social vulnerability may contribute towards risky behaviors since, as previous studies have demonstrated¹³13 Diez roux AV, Mair C. Neighborhoods and health. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1186:125-145.^,1414 Berkman L, Okechukwu C, Davison K, Emmons K. Changing health behaviors in a social context. In: Berkman L, Kawachi I, Glymour MM, editors. Social Epidemiology. Boston: Oxford University Press; 2014. p. xx-xx., the exposure to stressors linked with poverty increases one’s vulnerability to health-related risky behaviors because of their use as coping strategies. In other words, risky behaviors would act as a way of relieving the tensions linked with the various aspects of poverty¹⁵15 Latkin CA, Curry AD, Hua W, Davey MA. Direct and indirect associations of neighborhood disorder with drug use and high-risk sexual partners. Am J Prev Med 2007; 32(Supl. 6):S234-S241..

At the individual level, it has already been established that the chances of having multiple sexual partners significantly increase with aging¹⁶16 Vasilenko SA, Lanza ST. Predictors of multiple sexual partners from adolescence through young adulthood. J Adolesc Health 2014; 55(4):491-497., early sexual initiation⁴4 Maranhão TA, Gomes KRO, Oliveira DC, Moita Neto JM. Repercussão da iniciação sexual na vida sexual e reprodutiva de jovens de capital do Nordeste brasileiro. Cien Saude Colet 2017; 22(12):4083-4094., gender¹⁶16 Vasilenko SA, Lanza ST. Predictors of multiple sexual partners from adolescence through young adulthood. J Adolesc Health 2014; 55(4):491-497.^,1717 Dorina O, Khangelani Z, Nompumelelo Z, Olive S, Vuyelwa M. Determinants of multiple sexual partnerships in South Africa. J Public Health 2015; 37(1):97-106., Lesbians, gays and bisexuals LGB¹⁸18 Rasberry CN, Lowry R, Johns M, Robin L, Dunville R, Pampati S, Dittus PJ, Balaji A. Sexual Risk Behavior Differences Among Sexual Minority High School Students - United States, 2015 and 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67(36):1007-1011.

19 Riskind RG, Tornello SL, Younger BC, Patterson CJ. Sexual identity, partner gender, and sexual health among adolescent girls in the United States. Am J Public Health 2014; 104(10):1957-1963.^-2020 Johns MM, Lowry R, Andrzejewski J, Barrios LC, Demissie Z, McManus T, Rasberry CN, Robin L, Underwood JM. Transgender Identity and Experiences of Violence Victimization, Substance Use, Suicide Risk, and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among High School Students - 19 States and Large Urban School Districts, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019; 25; 68(3):67-71. status and the consumption of alcohol¹⁶16 Vasilenko SA, Lanza ST. Predictors of multiple sexual partners from adolescence through young adulthood. J Adolesc Health 2014; 55(4):491-497.^,2121 Mola R, Araújo RC, Oliveira JVB, Cunha SB, Souza GFF, Ribeiro LP, Pitangui ACR. Association between the number of sexual partners and alcohol consumption among schoolchildren. J Pediatr 2017; 93(2):192-199.^-2222 Looby A, Bravo AJ, Kilwein TM, Zimmerman L, Pear son MR. Protective Strategies Study Team. Alcohol-related protective behavioral strategies as a mediator of the relationship between drinking motives and risky sexual behaviors. Addict Behav 2019; 93:1-8..

In light of this, it is necessary to consider the importance of evaluating the context for the behaviors and outcomes that negatively impact the health of adolescents, since there could be a correlation between these results and the contextual characteristics in the same group²³23 Diez-Roux AV, Aiello AE. Multilevel analysis of infectious diseases. J Infect Dis 2005; 191(Suppl. 1):S25-S33.. Because of this, adopting the multilevel model as an analytical strategy allows for the simultaneous examination of the effects of the contextual and individual level’s variables in student behavior. Therefore, it is possible to examine the influence of variables stemming from different levels simultaneously²³23 Diez-Roux AV, Aiello AE. Multilevel analysis of infectious diseases. J Infect Dis 2005; 191(Suppl. 1):S25-S33..

Furthermore, unlike ecological studies, multilevel studies allow for the proper examination of just how the characteristics of the school affect the health of the adolescent in an institutional sense, as opposed to his/her individual characteristics. This can be confirmed in the systematic revisions conducted by Ward-Peterson et al.²⁴24 Ward-Peterson M, Fennie K, Mauck D, Shakir M, Cosner C, Bhoite P, Trepka MJ, Madhivanan P. Using multilevel models to evaluate the influence of contextual factors on HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections, and risky sexual behavior in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Ann Epidemiol 2018; 28(2):119-134. through the use of multilevel models, in which the studies have found that several contextual factors, including socio-economic and community-related factors and educational achievements, are associated with outcomes linked to risky sexual behaviors and HIV/AIDS. This was also the case in the study conducted by Bonnel et al.²⁵25 Bonell C, Parry W, Wells H, Jamal F, Fletcher A, Harden A, Thomas J, Campbell R, Petticrew M, Murphy S, Whitehead M, Moore L. The effects of the school environment on student health: a systematic review of multi-level studies. Health Place 2013; 21:180-191., where the results of the revised reports evinced the potential influence of the school environment over the student’s health.

This work’s main hypothesis was that spending more time at school would be a protection factor for student’s health, since, generally speaking, full-day or half-day public schools are the ones that have better infrastructure and personal support. Moreover, the social vulnerability of the neighborhoods in which the schools were located was also taken into account. Thus, this article’s aim is to investigate the association between the school environment (time spent at school and the Social Vulnerability Index of the neighborhood where the school is located) and the occurrence of multiple sexual partners among adolescents, considering the individual variables (age, gender, family allowance, LGB status, early sexual initiation and drug and alcohol use during the last sexual encounter).

Methods

Study design, population, and sample

This is a cross-sectional study conducted in school environments and which is part of a bigger project named “Oral health and modifiable health-related risky behaviors in adolescence - follow-up as a means of prevention.”

The field research was carried out between February and June, 2018, in Olinda - a municipality in the state of Pernambuco, located in Brazil’s northeast. According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), in 2018 Olinda had an estimated population of 391,835 inhabitants - that is the 3^rd largest population in Pernambuco²⁶26 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Estimativas da população residente no Brasil e unidades da federação com data de referência 1º de julho de 2018 [Internet]. [acessado 2021 nov 4]. Disponível em: https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pe/olinda/panorama
https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pe/ol... . According to the 2010 Census, there were 62,025 adolescents aged between 10 and 19 in Olinda²⁷27 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Censo Escolar 2010 [Internet]. 2011. [acessado 2021 nov 11]. Disponível em: https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/sinopse/webservice/frm_piramide.php?codigo=260960&corhomem=3d4590&cormulher=9cdbfc
https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/sinopse/we... . The population of this study was made up of school going adolescents from Olinda’s state schools aged between 14 and 19 years old (from both sexes). It is highlighted that according to the World Health Organization, it considered as an adolescent, the individual in the age group between 10 and 19 years of age²⁸28 World Health Organization (WHO). Adolescent health. Geneva: WHO; 2020..

The determination of the sample size was based on the following parameters: confidence level of 95%, power of 80% and an odds ratio of 1.4 that can be detected. The adoption of this odds ratio was based on the association between the excessive consumption of alcohol and cavities, which was one of the main goals of the larger study. Sample delineation was of the conglomerated type, involving the use of a correction of the effects of the design (c) of 1.2. In order to correct for eventual losses, the sample size has been increased by 20% [100/ (100-2)], making up a total sum of 2,206 students. 27 schools were taken into account and all of their high school classes.

Eligibility criteria

All adolescent high school students that were regularly enrolled in the 27 public state schools of Olinda-PE and that have accepted to be part of this study were deemed eligible. However, their participation was dependent upon the turning in of a formal Term of Consent signed by their parents/guardians or by the students themselves once they turned 18. The study did not take into account students with any sort of disability or dysfunction that made it impossible for them to personally and autonomously fill in the questionnaires. It is important to point out that this study was not devised for a multilevel analysis, and because of that, three out of the 22 neighborhoods that were analyzed had either two or three schools rather than only one for each neighborhood, which means that there was a total of 22 classified neighborhoods in relation to their Social Vulnerability Index SVI and 27 participating schools.

Study’s variables

The data collection was carried out through the application of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS)²⁹29 Guedes DP, Lopes CC. Validação da versão brasileira do Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2007. Rev Saude Publica 2010; 44(5):840-850. questionnaire, both for the outcome variable and for the individual variables of the study.

The outcome variable (having multiple sexual partners) was collected by means of the question: “During your lifetime, with how many different people have you had a sexual relationship?” This variable has been categorized for the analysis as having two or more sexual partners over one’s lifetime vs. having at least one sexual partner. Adolescents who have never had any sort of sexual activity were ruled out of the analysis.

The individual socio-economic variables analyzed were those of gender, age and family allowance. The age group has been defined as being from 14 to 16 years old (1^st third) vs. 17 to 19 years old (2^nd third and 3^rd third). The family allowance has been considered as a proxy for their revenue, since it is part of a government program created to aid poor and extremely poor families in Brazil. These families are given a monthly financial benefit and enter into a commitment pertaining to their own health and to keeping their children and adolescents in school³⁰30 Brasil. Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome (MDSCF). Bolsa família: transferência de renda e apoio à família no acesso à saúde, à educação e à assistência social. Brasília: MDSCF; 2015.^-3131 Brasil. Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome (MDSCF). Programa Bolsa Família: Orientações para acompanhamento das ações do Programa Bolsa Família. Brasília: MDSCF; 2012..

The LGB variable (Lesbians, Gays and Bisexuals) was also analyzed at the individual level and was created through the crossing of two variables: the adolescent’s sex (male vs. female) and their sexual partner’s sex, collected using the question: “During your lifetime, were your sexual partners male or female?” The health vulnerability of this population group, named as a ‘sexual minority’, is linked to the LGBT discrimination that they suffer in their day-to-day lives since their sexuality differs from heteronormative standards, especially in adolescence³²32 Taquette SR, Souza LMBM, Moraes CL. Diversidade sexual na escola: estudo qualitativo com estudantes do ensino médio do município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Cad Saude Publica 2021; 37(11):e00330820..

Risky sexual behaviors were evaluated through the following multiple choice questions: “How old were you when you had your first sexual relationship?”, “Did you have any alcoholic drink or have you used any illicit drugs before your last sexual encounter?”.

At the level of school context, these were the variables used: time spent at school (full-day/half-day school or regular school) and the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) of each school’s neighborhood. The time spent at school was collected from an external, public domain source³³33 Pires LM, Souza MMD, Medeiros M. Aspectos de proteção e vulnerabilidade social de adolescentes de escola pública integral. Rev Bras Enferm 2020; 73(Suppl. 1):e20190211.. Regular schools have a minimum requirement of four daily school hours for at least 200 school days a year, while full-day/half-day schools have a minimum requirement of seven daily school hours, which means 1,400 hours annually³⁴34 Pernambuco. Secretaria de educação do estado de Pernambuco. Relação das escolas com seus respectivos diretores e endereços [Internet]. 2018. [acessado 2021 fev 21]. Disponível em: http://www.educacao.pe.gov.br/portal/upload/galeria/15347/GRE%20Metropolitana%20Norte-2018.pdf
http://www.educacao.pe.gov.br/portal/upl... . The higher number of school hours required for full-day or half-day schools could provide students with an environment of protection and that was helpful towards the improvement of individual attributes of resilience against social vulnerabilities³⁵35 Brasil Ministério da Educação (MEC). Síntese das diretrizes curriculares nacionais para a educação básica [Internet]. 2016. [acessado 2021 nov 7]. Disponível em: http://portal.mec.gov.br/index.php?option=com_docman&view=download&alias=32621-cne-sintese-das-diretrizes-curriculares-da-educacao-basica-pdf&Itemid=30192
http://portal.mec.gov.br/index.php?optio... , and thus against risky behaviors displayed in adolescence.

The Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) was categorized in the following order: high/very high and average/low/very low, and it was collected from a public domain source³⁶36 Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea). Atlas de vulnerabilidade social [Internet]. [acessado 2020 fev 20]. Disponível em: http://ivs.ipea.gov.br/index.php/pt/mapa
http://ivs.ipea.gov.br/index.php/pt/mapa... . It is an indicator that was developed to verify the negative impacts on health ³⁷37 Huang G, London JK. Vulnerabilidade ambiental cumulativa e justiça ambiental no vale de San Joaquin, na Califórnia. Int J Environ Res Saúde Pública. 2012; 9(5):1593-1608. [não encontrado -- o título deve estar no idioma original] from the standpoint of the selection of 16 indicators from the Atlas of Human Development Platform (ADH), and it is organized in three dimensions: ‘urban infrastructure’, ‘human capital’ and ‘revenue and jobs’. The higher the SVI of a given region, the higher its social vulnerability is, and consequently the living conditions of its population will be much poorer³⁸38 Marguti BO, Pinto CVS, Rocha BN, Costa MA, Curi RLC. A nova plataforma da vulnerabilidade social: primeiros resultados do índice de vulnerabilidade social para a série histórica da PNAD (2011-2015) e desagregações por sexo, cor e situação de domicílio [Internet]. 2018. [acessado 2021 nov 7]. Disponível em: http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33233&Itemid=432
http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?... . The SVI was used to categorize the schools’ social vulnerability based on the neighborhoods where they were located.

Statistical analysis

The data were set as a double entry in the software Epidata 3.1 and the errors that were found in the validation were corrected. For the data analysis, a database was built in Stata 15.1. In order to evaluate the personal, sexual and school context profile of the students, this study calculated the absolute and relative frequencies. The respective distributions of prevalence were built and the multilevel analysis was carried out with the use of the individual data as well as the school context data.

The multilevel analysis was initiated with the empty model (model 1). In model 2, we included the variables from the contextual level. The subsequent model (model 3) included only the variables from the individual level. The final model (model 4) included the variables from the contextual level along with the individual variables. For the analysis of the progression of the models’ adjustments, we used the proportional change in variance (PCV) and 2 Res log-likelihood (Deviance). All conclusions were reached considering the confidence interval of 95%.

The medium odds ratio (MOR) was also used for analyzing the degree of heterogeneity among the contexts in each separate model. The MOR is the medium odds ratio between the individual with a higher propensity and the one with a lower propensity of displaying the referred outcome, diminishing the differences. For instance, it diminishes the differences between a given social context that has a higher chance of having a particular individual problem and a social context that has a lower chance³⁹39 Moreira TR, Giatti L, Cesar CC, Andrade EIG, Acurcio FA, Cherchiglia ML. Autoavaliação de saúde por pacientes em hemodiálise no Sistema Único de Saúde. Rev Saude Publica 2016; 50:10..

This project was developed in accordance with Resolution nº 466/2012 of the National Health Council from the Ministry of Health and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (nº 2.361.780).

Results

Out of the 2,500 students, 1,044 took part in the study on the basis of being sexually active. The reasons for this reduced number are either due to adolescents who have not had any sexual relationships or to those who did not answer the questions that referred to any of the variables that were being analyzed, namely gender, age, family allowance, number of sexual partners, age of sexual initiation and drug or alcohol use during the last sexual encounter.

Most of these adolescents were in the age group from 17 to 19 years old (58.24%) and were not recipients of any sort of family allowance (55.75%). Half of all participants were male (50.19%). The prevalence of multiple sexual partners (two or more) was of 63.89% (Table 1).

When it comes to the time spent in school, adolescents in regular schools (who spend less time in school, with a minimum daily requirement of four hours) had more chances of having multiple sexual partners compared to those in full-day schools (who spend more time i school, with a minimum daily requirement of seven hours) (Table 2).

For the variables at the individual level, associations were observed among older male adolescents with LGB sexual orientations, early sexual initiation and drug and alcohol use during their last sexual encounter. The family allowance (which was the proxy for their revenue) did not show any association with the occurrence of multiple sexual partners (Table 2).

According to the MOR, the differences between the schools that display a higher chance of having multiple sexual partners and schools that display a lower chance gradually decreased from model 1 to model 4, coming close to zero in the final model (Table 2). Regarding the PCV, we have observed its progressive reduction among the models, which demonstrated that the final model helps explaining almost all the variance found in the initial model (model 4: PCV= -99.99%).

Discussion

This study’s initial hypothesis was confirmed considering the time spent at school, meaning adolescents who spent less time at school showed higher chances of having multiple sexual partners. On the other hand, the SVI of the neighborhoods where each school was located did not contribute to explaining the occurrence of multiple sexual partners in adolescence, whose explanation may be found in the fact that the SVI evaluated in this study referred to the schools’ neighborhoods and not to those where the adolescents lived.

More time spent at school leads to more complementary activities being performed by adolescents, and this practice impacts their emotional well-being, reducing their anxiety and thus mitigating risky behaviors and keeping them from seeking multiple sexual partners⁸8 Guèvremont A, Findlay L, Kohen D. Organized extracurricular activities: are in-school and out-of-school activities associated with different outcomes for Canadian youth? J Sch Health 2014; 84(5):317-325.. More time spent at school could also be linked with other aspects that contribute to positive health-related outcomes, such as greater engagement levels in school activities, cognitive development and academic aspirations, to name a few examples¹⁰10 Shackleton N, Jamal F, Viner R, Dickson K, Hinds K, Patton G, Bonell C. Systematic review of reviews of observational studies of school-level effects on sexual health, violence and substance use. Health Place 2016; 39:168-176.

11 Bonell CP, Fletcher A, Jamal F, Wells H, Harden A, Murphy S, Thomas J. Theories of how the school environment impacts on student health: systematic review and synthesis. Health Place 2013; 24:242-249.^-1212 Bonell C, Blakemore SJ, Fletcher A, Patton G. Role theory of schools and adolescent health. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2019; 3(10):742-748.^,4040 Blomfield CJ, Barber BL. Developmental Experiences During Extracurricular Activities and Australian Adolescents' Self-Concept: Particularly Important for Youth from Disadvantaged Schools. J Youth Adolescence 2011; 40:582-594.. It is still worth pointing out that Brazilian public schools meet the needs of students who are mostly part of socio-economically disadvantaged social groups that do not have any alternatives for healthy development outside of school itself. In other words, our findings show that remaining in that environment for longer not only contributes to one’s education but also proves to be quite positive for their health.

Economically underprivileged neighborhoods are associated with risky sexual behaviors that may pose a threat to health ⁴¹41 Bauermeister JA, Zimmerman MA, Caldwell CH. Neighborhood disadvantage and changes in condom use among African American adolescents. J Urban Health 2011; 88(1):66-83.. This study has initially considered that the students’ trip to school passing through neighborhoods with a high SVI could have a negative impact on these youngsters’ health. However, this hypothesis was not proven to be true. One possible explanation for this finding could be the lack of information with respect to how students make their way to school. It may be the case that some students are forced to expose themselves to more risks, going to school by foot and crossing more vulnerable neighborhoods, while others could be going to school in generally safer circumstances - using means of public transportation, for instance.

The social and individual contexts ought to be considered alongside one another in order to aid in changing health-related behaviors¹⁴14 Berkman L, Okechukwu C, Davison K, Emmons K. Changing health behaviors in a social context. In: Berkman L, Kawachi I, Glymour MM, editors. Social Epidemiology. Boston: Oxford University Press; 2014. p. xx-xx.. At the individual level, higher chances of having multiple sexual partners were observed among older²²22 Looby A, Bravo AJ, Kilwein TM, Zimmerman L, Pear son MR. Protective Strategies Study Team. Alcohol-related protective behavioral strategies as a mediator of the relationship between drinking motives and risky sexual behaviors. Addict Behav 2019; 93:1-8., male adolescents⁴²42 Woolley NO, Macinko J. Associação entre características sociodemográficas e comportamentos sexuais em uma amostra nacionalmente representativa de adolescentes estudantes no Brasil. Cad Saude Publica 2019; 35(2):11.

43 Senn TE, Carey MP, Vanable PA, Urban MA, Sliwinski MJ. The male-to-female ratio and multiple sexual partners: multilevel analysis with patients from an STD clinic. AIDS Behav 2010; 14(4):942-948.^-4444 Gebresllasie F, Tsadik M, Berhane E. Preditores potenciais de comportamento sexual de risco entre estudantes universitários particulares na cidade de Mekelle, norte da Etiópia. Pan Afr Med J. 2017; 28:151. with LGB¹⁹19 Riskind RG, Tornello SL, Younger BC, Patterson CJ. Sexual identity, partner gender, and sexual health among adolescent girls in the United States. Am J Public Health 2014; 104(10):1957-1963.

20 Johns MM, Lowry R, Andrzejewski J, Barrios LC, Demissie Z, McManus T, Rasberry CN, Robin L, Underwood JM. Transgender Identity and Experiences of Violence Victimization, Substance Use, Suicide Risk, and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among High School Students - 19 States and Large Urban School Districts, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019; 25; 68(3):67-71.^-2121 Mola R, Araújo RC, Oliveira JVB, Cunha SB, Souza GFF, Ribeiro LP, Pitangui ACR. Association between the number of sexual partners and alcohol consumption among schoolchildren. J Pediatr 2017; 93(2):192-199. sexual orientations who had had an early sexual initiation¹1 Ethier KA, Kann L, McManus T. Sexual Intercourse Among High School Students - 29 States and United States Overall, 2005-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 66(51-52):1393-1397. and had used either drugs or alcohol during their last sexual encounter⁴⁵45 Hong E, Kang Y. Gender Differences in Sexual Behaviors in Korean Adolescents. J Pediatr Nurs 2017; 37:e16-e22.. The lack of significance in the association between family allowance and multiple sexual partners was an unexpected result, since the literature has indicated that there are higher chances of multiple sexual partners among economically underprivileged populations²²22 Looby A, Bravo AJ, Kilwein TM, Zimmerman L, Pear son MR. Protective Strategies Study Team. Alcohol-related protective behavioral strategies as a mediator of the relationship between drinking motives and risky sexual behaviors. Addict Behav 2019; 93:1-8.. Conversely, although this study has tried to differentiate a small socio-economic gradient inside this layer of the population using the ‘family allowance’ criteria, in general terms, the entire population that was studied is part of more disadvantaged social groups.

The findings suggest that investing in full-day schools would promote the healthy development of young people in our country. It is also worth noting that the financial impact of this issue could be minimized once we consider that the permanence of students in school for more hours would imply the reduction of a risk factor - the number of sexual partners - for cases of STI/HIV, which generate really high treatment costs for the government⁵5 Ramirez AB, Aquino AH, Schneider AP, Lopes IDB, Penayo VPB, Soares MF. Psicoeducação em sexualidade com alunas em regime de internato. Pleiade 2019; 13(27):5-12..

As a limitation from this being a cross-sectional study, the independent variables and the conclusions were collected simultaneously and frequently it can be defined which one precedes the other. Other matter in question is the use of questionnaires that provides speed and low cost to data collection but even with guaranteed confidentiality, the participant may present some level of concern when providing information regarding sexual intercourse, specially because sexual initiation is an important event in the life of a teenager⁴⁶46 Silva ADSN, Silva BLCN, Silva Júnior AF, Silva MCF, Guerreiro JF, Araújo ADSC. Início da vida sexual em adolescentes escolares: um estudo transversal sobre comportamento sexual de risco em Abaetetuba, Estado do Pará, Brasil. Rev Pan-Amaz Saude 2015; 6(3):27-34..

Conclusion

This study refers to the data collected before the pandemic and the findings emphasize that more time spent at school would reduce the risk of students having multiple sexual partners. On the other hand, schools that were located in neighborhoods with a high social vulnerability did not present significant associations.

Considering that the increase in school time reduces the risks of multiple sexual partners and thus the risk for STI/HIV, the findings suggest that public investment in the expansion and implementation of full-day schools could be derived from the likely decrease in government spending in HIV/AIDS treatment that should be brought about by this change. There is also the point to be made that full-day schools would obviously greatly benefit the education of youngsters as well, who are the future of our nation. Furthermore, this study presents the need of performing educational actions related to sexual and reproductive health, in an intersectoral manner on behalf of promotion the safe sexual and reproductive behavior during the adolescence, subject still considered as taboo in Brazil.

References

Publication Dates

History