ARTIGO/ARTICLE
In vitro activity of naturally occurring peptides (defensins) against Listeria monocytogenes1
Ação in vitro de peptídeos naturais (defensinas) sobre Listeria monocytogenes
Maria da Graça F. NascimentoI; James S. CullorII; Michael E. SelstedIII
IProjeto Saúde Animal, Convênio EMBRAPA/UFRRJ. Km 47 Rodovia Rio-São Paulo, Seropédica, Itaguaí, RJ, 23851-970, Brasil
IIDepartment of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, 95 616, U.S.A.
IIIDepartment of Pathology, Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92 717, U.S.A.
ABSTRACT
Autoclaved distilled water samples were inoculated with L. monocytogenes strain V7 and strain VPH-1, and incubated aerobically, at 30 C for 48 hours. Each strain was tested individually, and growth curves were determined at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 21, 24, and 48 hours. The growth or survival of L. monocytogenes was similar for both strains, with survivors at 24 hour-incubation.
The microbicidal activity of one synthetic cationic peptide (NP-2) was examined against L. monocytogenes strain V7, in a water system. Antibacterial activity of NP-2 (1, 5, and 10 g/ml) was best expressed at 60 minute-incubation, with 10 g/ml of peptide, at 30 C.
Key words: Listeria monocytogenes; Defensins; Control; Lytic Peptide
RESUMO
Amostras de água destilada, autoclavadas, foram inoculadas com L. monocytogenes cepa V7 e cepa VPH-1, e incubadas, aerobicamente, a 30ºC por 48 horas. Cada cepa foi testada individualmente, e determinou-se curvas de crescimento a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 21, 24, e 48 horas. O crescimento ou sobrevivência das duas cepas foi semelhante e encontrou-se sobreviventes em 24 horas de incubação. Examinou-se a atividade bactericida de um dos peptídeos catiônicos sintéticos (NP-2) contra L. monocytogenes cepa V7, em sistema aquoso. A atividade antibacteriana de NP-2 (1, 5, and 10µg/ml) foi melhor aos 60 minutos de incubação, com 10µg/ml de peptídeo, a 30 C.
Palavras-Chave: Listeria monocytogenes; Defensinas; Controle; Peptídeo Microbicida
INTRODUCTION
Defensins are naturally occurring peptides that exhibit in vitro broad spectrum microbicidal activity to many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeast and fungi (Cullor et al., 1990; Levitz et al., 1986; Nascimento et al., 1990; Selsted al., 1984; Selsted et al., 1985c). Additionally, defensins also inactivate certain enveloped viruses, without causing any toxic effect or damage to the tissue cultures under study (Lehrer et al., 1985). They have been isolated, purified and characterized from the cytoplasmic granules of mammalian phagocytes. These peptides have been isolated from humans (Ganz et al., 1985; Selsted et al., 1985a), rabbit (Lehrer et al., 1983; Selsted et al., 1985b), guinea pig (Selsted & Harwig, 1987), and rat (Eisenhauer et al., 1989). They are all cationic, basic proteins with molecular weights of 3000-4000 dalton, and range in length from 26 to 39 amino acids. Although their individual spectra of activity are quite broad, there is variation among microbial species and their susceptibility to a particular peptide.
Published reports on the ability of defensins to kill food-borne pathogens are lacking. Information on the microbicidal activity of synthetic defensins as well as knowledge of its activity in a water system are also lacking.
L. monocytogenes, which can be commonly found in the environment (Brackett, 1988) has become a major concern to the food industry because of the outbreaks of human listerioses, in the past few years, involving various kinds of foods (Brackett, 1988). The introduction of L. monocytogenes in a food chain can occur by failure of the standard sanitation procedures.
In addition to the wide distribution of L. monocytogenes in the environment and food sources, such as ground beef, poultry and turkey meat, pork sausage, raw meat products, ready-to-eat meat products, and milk (Brackett, 1988; Charlton et al., 1990; Genigeorgis et al., 1989, 1990; Johnson et al., 1990), this bacterium can be also isolated from animals (Ralovich, 1984), and has the capacity to cause illness and death in humans (Ralovich, 1984).
Previous studies have confirmed the presence of L. monocytogenes in water of rivers and lakes (Dijkstra, 1982; Watkins & Sleath, 1981), and additional information confirmed that growth initiation is dependent of inoculum size (Genigeorgis & Riemann, 1979). We investigated the ability of growth of L. monocytogenes in a water system, using a small initial numbers of organisms, to support our major study with defensins in the same system.
Preliminary investigations in our laboratory have indicated that natural NP-1 and synthetic NP-2 were effective against L. monocytogenes in buffer systems (Nascimento et al., 1990). The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of a synthetic defensin (NP-2) to kill L. monocytogenes in water. This was an in vitro microbiological assay to search for a possibility of using NP-2 as a potential sanitizer to kill Listeria in water.
METHODS
Peptide
The NP-2 peptide, obtained from Dr. M. E. Selsted, was synthesized on the analytical Biosystems 430A instrument as previously described (Selsted et al., 1983). The standard for the NP-2 synthesis used sequential coupling efficiency > 99.0%, which was determined by ninhydrin reactivity. After cleavage from the resin and deprotection of R groups, NP-2 was refolded and dialysed. After lyophilization and purification by ion-exchange chromatography, the purified peptide was analyzed and sequenced for amino acids. The degree of secondary and tertiary structure was determined by CD and 2-D NMR spectra (Selsted et al., 1983).
Preparation of Listeria Cultures
The tested strains of L. monocytogenes included strain VPH-1 (Veterinary Public Health Importance nº 1), serovar 4b, isolated from a clinical case (obtained originally from Dr. H. Kinde, California Department of Food and Agriculture), and strain V7, serovar 1a, a milk isolate (obtained originally from Professor Mike Doyle, University of Georgia, U.S.A.).
After obtaining a 18 hour culture of L. monocytogenes strain V7, and strain VPH-1, the organisms were grown in Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI), at 30ºC in a water bath incubator, and isolates in log phase growth were harvest for 10 minutes, at 2000 rpm, at 25ºC. Each supernatant was discarded into disinfectant, the pellet was resuspended in sterilized deionized distilled water, and washed twice in water, at 2300 rpm, at room temperature, for 10 minutes. Cells were suspended in water to an initial density of 1 x 107 CFU/ml, based on optical density. For the growth curves, it was used approximately 1 x 103 CFU/ml of L. monocytogenes for strains V7 and VPH-1. For the microbicidal assay, it was used approximately 106 CFU/ml for strain V7.
Listeria Survival in Water
Approximately 103 to 104 CFU/ml of L. monocytogenes strains V7 and VPH-1 were used for the growth curves in water. Basically, 10 µl of the bacteria solution was inoculated into 90 µl of water. From time intervals, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 21, 24 and 48 hours, samples were taken, diluted, and plated, in duplicate, in Tryptose Soy Agar (TSA) plates (Difco Laboratories, Detroid, MI).
Microbicidal Assay
For this assay, it was added 0.05% of SATM 100 (serum alternative, Koller Bio-Tech, Fort Scott, Kansas) to avoid clumping of the cells. Basically, the microbicidal assay consisted of 80 µl of sterilized distilled water, 10 µl of NP-2, and 10 µl of L monocytogenes strain V7 from a 1 x 106 CFU/ml solution, in a total volume of 100 µl. The mixtures were plated in duplicate at time "0" (undiluted and one ten fold dilution), and incubated at 30ºC. After 30 and 60 minutes, each mixture was plated, in duplicate, in TSA. Controls for the peptide were assayed with 10 µl of 0.01% acetic acid (original diluent of defensins), and plated using the same procedure described above, as well as control for water.
Plating and Reading Procedures
The Spiral Plater System model D was used for plating, and counting the surviving colonies after incubation of plates for 24 to 72 hours. Aerobic incubation of TSA plates was done at 37ºC. Plating undiluted mixture allows a 2 x 101 CFU/ml, and 1:10 dilution allows a 2 x 102 CFU/ml lower limit of detection. Consequently, when no colony growth was detected on the killing assay, a result of > 4.0 logs of killing was determined for undiluted, and > 3.0 logs for a ten fold dilution.
Analysis of the Results
Data obtained from growth in water as well as surviving organisms from the assay were recorded as CFU/ml, averaged from the duplicated plates, and converted to log10. For the killing assay, survival was determined by log10 CT - NT, where CT is the number of CFU/ml obtained at each control, and NT is the number of CFU/ml obtained with the incubation with NP-2, both, at each time point (T). The killing of strain V7 was determined graphically by plotting the log10 CT - NT of surviving cell populations at each specific time point.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Growth and Survival Patterns of L. monocytogenes in Water
L. monocytogenes strains V7 and VPH-1 showed their ability to grow or survive in a distilled water system, at 30ºC.
We were able to detect both strains of L. monocytogenes for up to 24 hours in water. An average of 1.2 x 102 CFU/ml of strain V7 was detected at 24 hours. A log10 decrease of 1.12 in CFU/ml was thus determined in water. An average of 2.7 x 102 CFU/ml of strain VPH-1 was detected in water, at 24 hours. A log10 decrease of 1.16 in CFU/ml was thus determined (Figure 1).
FIGURE 1. Survival of L. monocytogenes Strains VPH-1 and V7 in Deionized Water, Incubated at 30ºC, for up to 48 Hours (Cell count is based on a detection limit of 20 cells/ml water)
The probability of growth initiation is dependent of inoculum size (Genigeorgis & Riemann, 1979). As the environment becomes more inhibitory it takes more cells to initiate growth. Despite the small inoculum of L. monocytogenes (approximately 103 CFU/ml) and the osmotic pressure of deionized water, we found survivors at 24 hour-incubation, at 30ºC.
These results demonstrated the ability of low numbers of Listeria, approximately 103 CFU/ml, to grow, as it was observed after the first two to three hours of incubation, and survive up to 24 hours, in a pure water system (Figure 1). It could be observed that after a short decrease in number of cells, both strains of L. monocytogenes showed an apparent growth (Figure 1), which we find difficulties to explain. It is difficult to reveal the sequential changes that occur in individual cells during their interdivision cycle. Since we did not have a synchronized culture of bacteria, a reasonable conclusion to explain some growth might be that the time of transition between the growth phases varies even within each particular phase. One might expect that not all cells would stop growth in the stationary phase at the same time. Even in the same conditions of no nutrients to allow normal cell multiplication, some cells might still hold some intracellular conditions to allow growth in water. Therefore, our study revealed only the general features of the growth of L. monocytogenes in water, as expected, since it was not designed to show details about the many parts of the cell functioning in the water system.
Listericidal Effect of Synthetic NP-2 in Water
Defensins are remarkably abundant in the neutrophils of many mammalian species, and several published reports describe their capacity of killing microorganisms (Cullor et al., 1990; Levitz et al., 1986; Lehrer et al., 1985; Nascimento et al., 1990; Selsted al., 1984; Selsted et al., 1985c).
It was previously reported that outbred New Zealand White rabbit PMN contained two defensins, NP-1 and NP-2, and that these differ from each other only by a single amino acid substitution (Selsted et al., 1985b). Few references were so far founded about the activity of the synthetic NP-2 and the use of a defensin assay against L. monocytogenes (Nascimento, et al., 1990). The present data thus expand our previous investigation in which rabbit defensin NP-1 and synthetic NP-2 showed potent listericidal action in buffer, at 60 minutes with either peptide, with no surviving organisms being detected by our plating procedures. Since either natural NP-1 or synthetic NP-2 exhibited substantially the same antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes, in buffer, we decided to go further in our studies with synthetic NP-2.
For the killing assay, only one strain was tested with NP-2, to avoid duplications. The initial concentration of L. monocytogenes strain V7 was 2.2 x 105 CFU/ml, and the results of this killing assay with NP-2 (1, 5, and 10 µg/ml) in a water system are graphically presented (Figure 2).
FIGURE 2. Bactericidal Activity of Synthetic Defensin NP-2 against L. monocytogenes Strain V7, in a Pure Water System, for 30 and 60 Minute-Incubations, at 30ºC
Our data provide important information regarding the antimicrobial activity of a synthetic defensin (NP-2) in water. To our knowledge this is the first report to test the activity of any defensin in water. It is well defined that defensins from natural sources (PMNs) are released from the their cytoplasmic granules in the lumen of the phagocytic vesicles. The intraphagosomal environment in neutrophils has not been completely studied, but we know that their pH is mildly alkaline at first and gradually acidifies. We could expect that defensins would work in vitro under the same circunstances, but we did not know if the killing activity of defensins would hold in water. Our data showed that at 30 minute-incubation, the controls remained almost the same in numbers, with a slight increase, and dropped 0.42 logs at 60 minute-incubation (Figure 2). A few cells were detected after a 60 minute-incubation of L. monocytogenes with 10µg/ml of NP-2, showing the efficacy of the killing activity of synthetic defensin, NP-2, in vitro, in a water system, against L. monocytogenes strain V7. This finding is important as we arise the possibility of using NP-2 in the future as a potential sanitizer in water.
Although various other natural cationic peptides have been reported to exert antibacterial and antifungal effects in vitro, limited to buffer systems, our study indicated that synthetic NP-2, has listericidal activity in water. Consequentely, this peptide may contribute, in the future, to reduce or to eliminate L. monocytogenes from the food industry, and food products, if added to the rinsing water.
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1 This study was realized at the University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A., and submitted by the author as part of a original dissertation, in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Pathology