Abstract
The current study analyzed the characteristics of research on child labor in Latin America from 2004 to 2014. A total of 114 studies were identified in the LILACS and SciELO databases. The articles were categorized according to the concepts of field and social agents, as in Pierre Bourdieu, highlighting the authors, places of publication, objects, and discourses. An increase was observed in the research output during this period, specifically since 2006. Brazil held a dominant position in the research with 80.7% of the total publications, followed by Colombia, Argentina, and Mexico. The objects of study are mostly qualitative approaches (55.3%), and half of the articles are indexed in Qualis B1 journals or higher. However, only 14.9% of the studies had received funding. The authors have various backgrounds, featuring participation by psychologists (26.3%), nurses (17.5%), and economists (13.2%). The studies are situated in subareas of the Human Sciences, consisting of the discourses of Social and Developmental Psychology; Health Sciences, featuring epidemiological studies, based on concepts from occupational health nursing; and the subarea of Applied Social Sciences with studies in economics. The objects of studies on child labor focus their interest on its relationship to health, education, work, and social assistance, with little interdisciplinarity in the publications.
Keywords:
Child Labor; Chil; Adolescent; Qualitative Research
Introduction
Child labor, as a product of the social world, is structured by (and in turn structures) various social practices. In the scientific field, research on child labor has focused on understanding he multiple objects of study and discussions from various points of view referring to health, work, law, education, economics, politics, and social assistance. Despite progress in recent decades in the legal framework for the protection of children and adolescents in Brazil and the social mobilization in relation to child labor, there are still important gaps in confronting it, which poses a major social problem, especially in developing countries.
The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimated that in 2015, 168 million children and adolescents from 5 to 17 years of age were participating in the labor market worldwide. In Latin America alone, there were 12.5 million children. The ban and elimination of the worst forms of child labor, including drug trafficking and homicides and sexual and commercial exploitation, is one of the Sustainable Development Goals, providing for its eradication in all its forms by the year 2025 11. International Labour Office. World report on child labour: paving the way to decent work for young people. Geneva: International Labour Office; 2015.,22. Bureau of International Labor Affairs. Findings on the worst forms of child labor. Washington DC: Bureau of International Labor Affairs; 2016..
Despite the increase in research on child labor, such research consists of studies that seek to identify its general characteristics 33. Guimarães RM, Asmus CIRF. Tendência temporal do trabalho infantil no Brasil, 1992-2006. Cad Saúde Colet (Rio J.) 2010; 18:404-9. and/or assess social policies and program 44. Carvalho IMM. Algumas lições do Programa de Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil. São Paulo Perspec 2004; 18:50-61. aimed at its elimination. The review studies address specific problems such as working children’s socioeconomic and demographic characteristics 55. Frenzel HS, Bardagi MP. Adolescentes trabalhadores brasileiros: um breve estudo bibliométrico. Rev Psicol Organ Trab 2014; 14:79-88. and the consequences for their health and education 66. Val MB, Tambellini AT. A violência do trabalho infantil: aspectos sanitários, políticos, jurídico-legais e sociais - uma revisão da literatura. Cad Saúde Colet (Rio J.) 2006; 14:113-40.. No reviews were found that analyze the Latin American research output as a whole, considering the authors, methods, objects, and principal contributions.
Given the above, the current review investigates the characteristics of the scientific research on child labor in Latin America since ratification of two important International Labor Conventions conducted by the ILO, which constitute the two main pillars of the global struggle against child labor, namely n. 138 on the minimum age for admission to employment (1973) and n. 182 on the elimination of the worst forms of child labor (1999), enforced since 2003 by the vast majority of the ILO member states 77. Antão de Carvalho HJ, Gomes AV, Mourão Romero A, Sprandel MA, Villafañe Udry T. Análise e recomendações para a melhor regulamentação e cumprimento da normativa nacional e internacional sobre o trabalho de crianças e adolescentes no Brasil. Brasília: Organização Internacional do Trabalho, Programa IPEC Sudamérica; 2003..
It is thus pertinent to understand how the space for research on child labor plays out in the scientific field, in order to analyze the objects of interest in greater detail, the ones considered important and interesting by peers to the point of meriting research efforts, as well the legitimate discourses, that is, the discourses on a given object of study that are recognized and consecrated by peers as adequate for explaining the reality. Since these discourses are the product of the scientific field, they may be competing with each other, according to the different positions occupied by the researchers 88. Bourdieu P. Os usos sociais da ciência: por uma sociologia clínica do campo científico. São Paulo: Fundação Editora da UNESP; 2004.,99. Bourdieu P. A economia das trocas linguísticas: o que falar quer dizer. São Paulo: EdUSP; 1996..
As the theoretical reference, we adopt the approach of Pierre Bourdieu’s reflexive sociology, specifically based on the notion of scientific field as a relatively autonomous space with its own laws and logics, including relationships of force and domination, and as such making impositions and requests; in this circuit, what is at stake is the monopoly of scientific authority and of scientific competence, defined here as the capacity to speak and act legitimately, which is socially acknowledged for an agent by the objective relationships between the agents in that space.
The space for research on child labor in Latin America includes the relations of force of the agents in the various subareas of the scientific field engaged in competition over a common object, i.e., the delineation of a field of problems, the methods, and the existing theories in the social hierarchy in structuring their capital of scientific credit 88. Bourdieu P. Os usos sociais da ciência: por uma sociologia clínica do campo científico. São Paulo: Fundação Editora da UNESP; 2004.,1010. Bourdieu P. Razões práticas: sobre a teoria da ação. 11ª Ed. Campinas: Papirus; 2011.,1111. Bourdieu P. O campo científico. In: Ortiz R, organizador. Pierre Bourdieu: sociologia. São Paulo: Editora Ática; 1983. p. 122-55..
The current study did not seek to reconstruct the entire structure of this specific and dated scientific space, but to describe the authors and analyze the set of objects of studies, the legitimate discourses, the places of publication, and the issues in the debate on this theme in Latin America in recent years.
In short, this study grasped some elements of the research and the social properties of the authors and their objects, drawing on analysis of the characteristics of the research on child labor in Latin America from 2004 to 2014.
Methodological aspects
A literature review was conducted of the articles published from 2004 a 2014, representing the first ten years since publication of the National Plan for the Prevention and Eradication of Child Labor and for the Protection of Adolescent Workers, considered a milestone in the Brazilian state’s action for the elimination of child labor. The databases LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature in the Health Sciences) and SCIELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) were chosen because they index studies conducted in Latin America and the Caribbean. We used the descriptors in Social Sciences in Health (DeCS) in Portuguese and Spanish: trabalho de menores; trabajo de menores; trabalho infantil; trabalho de crianças; trabalho de adolescentes; trabalho infanto-juvenil; trabalho precoce.
Two independent reviewers read the abstracts of the articles that had been identified. Eligibility criteria were studies published in article format, that addressed child labor, and with their full texts available. Articles were excluded if they did not address the theme of child labor, did not present the full text, or that were not available on the internet, as well as duplicate publications between the databases and texts in other formats such as book chapters, technical standards, manuals, theses, dissertations, monographs, technical reports, and institutional documents.
The data analysis was preceded by reading and cataloguing the articles and establishing a databank in Excel (https://products.office.com/) spreadsheet, systematizing information on the scientific periodicals, the authors, and the objects of studies, which were grouped in themes that emerged during analysis of the selected articles.
Analysis of the authors used the available information in the articles, considering only the first author. In the absence of such information, the second author was considered. Information on the authors was verified against the available information in the records from each country’s respective unified information system, providing data on the former and current background of students and researchers.
This survey of the research output on child labor thus included four dimensions of the scientific field, based on the following categories 88. Bourdieu P. Os usos sociais da ciência: por uma sociologia clínica do campo científico. São Paulo: Fundação Editora da UNESP; 2004.,99. Bourdieu P. A economia das trocas linguísticas: o que falar quer dizer. São Paulo: EdUSP; 1996.,1010. Bourdieu P. Razões práticas: sobre a teoria da ação. 11ª Ed. Campinas: Papirus; 2011.,1111. Bourdieu P. O campo científico. In: Ortiz R, organizador. Pierre Bourdieu: sociologia. São Paulo: Editora Ática; 1983. p. 122-55..
Characteristics of the articles’ production: year de publication, countries of the studies’ production, region, Qualis score of the scientific journals, research approaches, funding, and journals’ areas of knowledge;
Authors’ characteristics: schooling, place in the scientific field, and undergraduate background;
Objects of study: central theme of the articles;
Legitimate discourses: points of view presented by the authors that appear the most in each of the key themes.
Classification of periodicals according to the Capes (Graduate Studies Coordinating Board) Qualis system (four-year period 2013-2016) considered the area of the periodical’s origin, i.e., the area of the journal’s greatest affiliation, as described in its introductory material. As for the data on financing, research was classified as funded if such information was provided explicitly in the text.
Analysis of the objects of study and legitimate discourses used their saturation as the criterion in the assessment performed by the two researchers at separate moments.
Further, in order to facilitate the analysis, we used Stata (https://www.stata.com) version 12 for tabulation and calculation of frequencies, to be represented in tables.
Results
Research conditions
Combining the search criteria, 161 articles were located, referring to the theme of child labor in the target period. After exclusion of articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, since they only addressed child labor secondarily, 114 articles were selected that comprised this study’s corpus.
The analysis of the research on child labor shows a growth in the last ten years (Figure 1), especially since 2006, reflecting greater interest both by the journals and by the researchers in publishing on this theme.
Distribution of research output on child labor by year and country of publication in the LILACS and SciELO databases, 2004-2014.
Brazil is the country with a dominant position in this research output in Latin America, with the most publications in all the years. Brazil published the majority of the studies (80.7%), followed by Colombia (7%), Argentina (5.3%), and Mexico (4.4%). This leading position for Brazil’s research output is expected, since it was the first country in Latin America to implement (in 1992) the International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor (IPEC) 1212. Organização Internacional do Trabalho. Boas práticas de combate ao trabalho infantil. Brasília: Organização Internacional do Trabalho; 2003., proposed by the ILO, earmarking funds to combat child labor in all its forms and wherever it appears nationwide; this fact may have sparked interest in conducting scientific studies (Table 1).
General characteristics of research output on child labor in the LILACS and SciELO databases, 2004-2014.
In Brazil, the Southeast region (57%) has most of the research output, in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Minas Gerais, followed by the Northeast (23.7%), with studies in Paraiba, Bahia, and Rio Grande do Norte. There were fewer studies in the South (10.8%), in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, Central (4.3%), with studies in Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso, and Mato Grosso do Sul, and the North (4.3%), with studies in Pará only.
The fact that the majority of the publications were from the Southeast, Northeast, and South can be explained by the conditions allowing the existence of graduate studies courses that address child labor, as well as specific interests by research groups in these regions, which tend to have a structuring effect on the representations and practices in the scientific field and are capable of expanding the number of publications and of lending legitimacy to the interest in various themes.
As for the social conditions of the research, the articles are indexed in a variety of journals corresponding to three major areas of knowledge: Human Sciences, largely studies with approaches in psychology, education, and sociology; Health Sciences, precisely with approaches in nursing, public health and collective health; and Applied Social Sciences, related to economics, social work, and law. These studies are the product of a highly diversified scientific space with distinct forms of knowledge and points of view (Table 1).
These three major areas, Human Sciences, Health Sciences, and Applied Social Sciences, are considered subareas constituting the scientific space of child labor in Latin America and thus orient the debates in the research output. These subareas are relatively heterogeneous and autonomous and are constantly rebuilt and reshaped by the approaches to different objects of studies by the different authors.
As for classification of the journals in the Capes Qualis System (Figure 2), 50% of the articles are indexed in journals with high indicators, ranging from B1 to A1, with a considerable percentage of articles in Qualis A journals, representing 30% of all the articles analyzed. Further, only 15.8% of the articles are published in journals that have zero impact factor, classified from B3 to B5.
Qualis score of articles on child labor published in the LILACS and SciELO daabases, 2004-2014.
The Human Sciences have published their research results in the most prestigious journals in the area, classified as A1 and A2. In the Health Sciences, the studies are indexed in journals with less academic recognition, with Qualis scores from B3 to B5. Finally, findings in the Applied Social Sciences have been published in medium-prestige journals, with Qualis scores from B1 to B2.
The data suggest a difference in the importance assigned to child labor. While the Human Sciences appear to value child labor as an issue, the Health Sciences apparently still view it as a peripheral issue, probably producing difficulty in publishing studies in the best journals in the area and limiting the debate to less visible circles.
Qualitative studies comprise the majority of the research output (55.3%), which is also consistent with the predominance of publications on child labor in the area of Human Sciences. Since this is an area of knowledge that adopts the theoretical concepts of social representations, experiences, values, and practices; the use of methodological tools in qualitative research, such as individual interviews, observation, and focus groups, is possibly more fitting for understanding the social reality of child labor 1313. Denzin NK, Lincoln YS. Introdução: a disciplina e a prática da pesquisa qualitativa. In: Denzin NK, Lincoln YS, organizadores. O planejamento da pesquisa qualitativa: teorias e abordagens. Porto Alegre: Editora Artmed; 2006. p. 15-41..
The articles with quantitative approaches (39.5%) have the lowest output, and their objects of interest are distributed across journals in the areas of Health Sciences and Applied Social Sciences and produce data with questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory tests as well as secondary data and document searches.
The social conditions for the production of studies (Table 1) show that only 14.9% of the studies on child labor received funding, which shows a possible disinterest by public research funding agencies, government institutions, and institutions from the private sector in participating in the development of research on child labor. This also suggests a lack of investment in calls for research projects related to child labor.
Of the 17 research projects that received funding, 11 were linked to the area of Health Sciences, with studies conducted in Brazil only, followed by the Human Sciences with four projects funded, and the Applied Social Sciences with only one project funded. Funding for studies in Brazil came mostly from two agencies, the Capes and the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq).
Government agencies mainly show interest in studies that report on child labor with the legitimate discourses of Health Sciences. In the three areas of knowledge, many of the studies were conducted by students supported by undergraduate, Master’s, and PhD scholarships from the research support agencies in the respective countries for professional training at the undergraduate and graduate levels, possibly denoting low investment in scientific projects in the space of child labor.
Characteristics of the studies’ authors
The analysis reveals that the authors’ cultural capital (Table 2), measured by their academic degrees during the study period, shows a concentration of research output by authors with Master’s, PhDs, and associate professorships (71.1%), mainly affiliated with the scientific field.
Characterization of scientific publications on child labor, indexed in the LILACS and SciELO databases, 2004-2014.
The authors’ professional backgrounds (Table 2) are quite varied and correspond to the distribution of publications on child labor in the scientific subareas. In the journals in the Human Sciences, it consists mostly of authors trained in psychology (26.3%), in the Health Sciences in nursing (17.5%), and in the Applied Social Sciences in economics (13.2%). As expected, most of the authors publish in journals that are consistent with their own background, suggesting little integration between the subareas.
The various lines of the authors’ professional training are consistent with the order of research output in the scientific space of child labor, that is, those who publish in a given niche are the ones with training in that area. There was little interdisciplinarity in the publications. This is in line with Bourdieu 88. Bourdieu P. Os usos sociais da ciência: por uma sociologia clínica do campo científico. São Paulo: Fundação Editora da UNESP; 2004.,1111. Bourdieu P. O campo científico. In: Ortiz R, organizador. Pierre Bourdieu: sociologia. São Paulo: Editora Ática; 1983. p. 122-55., according to whom the scientific order establishes the scientific interventions, places of publication, and objects of research. Thus, all the authors with a given social background have in common a set of fundamental schemes of perception, commonly used to classify and qualify the objects in the different domains of their practice 1313. Denzin NK, Lincoln YS. Introdução: a disciplina e a prática da pesquisa qualitativa. In: Denzin NK, Lincoln YS, organizadores. O planejamento da pesquisa qualitativa: teorias e abordagens. Porto Alegre: Editora Artmed; 2006. p. 15-41..
As for the social position of the authors’ occupations (Table 2) within the scientific field, public university professors (51.8%) are the majority and mainly exercise activities in teaching and research; followed by students (33.3%), representing undergraduate, Master’s, and PhD students belonging to research groups in public universities. Not surprisingly, in data on productivity requirements that are inherent to academic career advancement, university professors and students (89.5%) are the most interested in publishing on child labor. Meanwhile, the authors affiliated services (10.5%) are quite diverse and affiliated with government institutions, specifically municipal governments and departments, hospitals, and courts.
Whatever the position occupied by the authors, this position is an object of struggle and entails the relations of forces and objective relations between the different authors. That is, it situates the authors’ points of view, related to their position in the scientific space, the legitimate objects, and the approaches to the objectivation of child labor 88. Bourdieu P. Os usos sociais da ciência: por uma sociologia clínica do campo científico. São Paulo: Fundação Editora da UNESP; 2004.,1111. Bourdieu P. O campo científico. In: Ortiz R, organizador. Pierre Bourdieu: sociologia. São Paulo: Editora Ática; 1983. p. 122-55..
Objects of studies according to subareas in the journals
Analysis of the research output revealed ten themes, the objects of interest that appeared in the three subareas comprising the scientific space of child labor. These are constitutive themes of the legitimate discourses 99. Bourdieu P. A economia das trocas linguísticas: o que falar quer dizer. São Paulo: EdUSP; 1996. (Table 3).
Child labor in the subarea of the Health Sciences
The analysis shows that the 39 articles indexed in the scientific journals corresponding to this subspace present distinct priority questions and are distributed across six research themes: Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of Child Labor; Labor by Children and Adolescents and the Consequences for Health; Child Labor and Education; Child Labor and Social Vulnerability; Urban Child Labor; and Representations and Experiences in Child Labor (Table 3).
The seven research themes featured three legitimate discourses. The first refers to studies that addressed the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of child labor, interested in identifying its patterns, trends, and conditioning factors.
The second legitimate discourse addresses the relationship between child labor and the consequences for health, such as: musculoskeletal disorders, work accidents, mandatory reporting, food security, health surveys, and quality of life in children and adolescents that are working.
In structuring their objects of study, these two discourses share reflection on (and arguing of) biomedical knowledge, based particularly on the concepts and practices of occupational health nursing, such as: occupational history, symptoms, and health problems in working children and adolescents.
The objects of study in this subarea also use epidemiology as the main methodology, predominantly with cross-sectional and ecological studies. In recent decades, epidemiological approaches have impacted the relative contribution of Brazilian science to research output in Latin America and the world, focusing on issues such as health conditions, determinants, and the implementation of policies and actions 1414. IV Plano Diretor para o Desenvolvimento da Epidemiologia no Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2005; 8 Suppl 1:40-3.,1515. Barreto ML. Crescimento e tendência da produção científica em epidemiologia no Brasil. Rev Saúde Pública 2006; 40:79-85..
The third legitimate discourse in the subarea of health is the relationship between child labor and education, with interest in the following: students’ practices in relation to school, work, and the future and school delay and school dropout, all commonly associated with entering and remaining in the work market.
Interdisciplinarity is more common in this subarea, which may be related to expansion of the field of collective health 1616. Vieira-da-Silva LM. Gênese sócio-histórica da saúde coletiva no Brasil. In: Lima NT, Santana JP, Paiva CHA, organizadores. Saúde Coletiva: a ABRASCO em 35 anos de História. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz; 2015. p. 25-48., especially in graduate studies programs, which favor the plurality and heterogeneity of epistemological and operational references in constructing the social reality 1717. Birman J. Apresentação: a interdisciplinaridade na Saúde Coletiva. Physis (Rio J.) 1996; 6:7-13.,1818. Iriart JAB, Deslandes SF, Martin D, Camargo Jr. KR, Carvalho MS, Coeli CM. A avaliação da produção científica nas subáreas da saúde coletiva: limites do atual modelo e contribuições para o debate. Cad Saúde Pública 2015; 31:2137-47..
Child labor in the subarea of Human Sciences
The results show that the 55 articles indexed in the scientific journals in this subarea present distinct legitimate objects of study, but which can be grouped in six study themes (Table 3). These feature three legitimate discourses: Experience of Child Labor; Domestic Child Labor; and Income Transfer Programs and Child Labor. These objects are mainly structured in the discourses of Social and Developmental Psychology.
The studies that are closely linked to the legitimate discourses of experience of child labor largely focus on the economic, social, cultural, and symbolic dimensions that structure the perceptions, meanings, practices, and representations on child labor in different contexts.
Some specific discourses on The experience of child labor are associated with the various issues of the structural organization of the labor market: the right to play and playful experiences in the context of child labor; the process of job placement and occupational activities, especially in informal labor relations and specifically in urban areas (streets, commerce, residences, household production units, and services); family organization, motivations, and socialization practices; and daily experiences with exploited labor.
These discourses also include the investigation and problematization of formal labor by young Brazilians as “trainees” 1616. Vieira-da-Silva LM. Gênese sócio-histórica da saúde coletiva no Brasil. In: Lima NT, Santana JP, Paiva CHA, organizadores. Saúde Coletiva: a ABRASCO em 35 anos de História. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz; 2015. p. 25-48., concerning safeguards for their rights and the formation of their personal and occupational identity.
The analysis of the subarea of Human Sciences featured discourses on the characterization of activities in domestic child labor, with the presence of gender as an analytical variable in this subarea alone, which addressed (as the object of study) the conditions of child labor, types, and characteristics; description of the work activities by gender and age bracket; motivations for starting to work and payment standards; and the relationship to schooling and school performance.
Finally, the other legitimate discourse in this subarea relates to studies on income transfer programs and child labor with the understanding of its institutional aspects and the effectiveness of social policies, particularly in Brazil and Argentina. The studies share the analyses of the programs’ operational conditions, limitations, benefits, and experiences. They also address socio-educational measures, school routines, school attendance, family dynamics, and generational changes based on the programs, as a function of receiving benefits.
The research approaches stated by the authors were mostly qualitative, consisting largely of empirical studies, followed by review articles and including cases studies, reports on experiences, and ethnographic studies.
In the field of possibilities for research on child labor, the three legitimizing discourses - Experiences of Child Labor associated with the labor market, Domestic Child Labor related to schooling, and Income Transfer Programs and Child Labor - are reflected in the objects of study that most attracted the authors’ interest in the subarea of Human Sciences.
Child labor in the subarea of Applied Social Sciences
The establishment of possible discourses in the subarea of Applied Social Sciences, with 21 indexed articles, shows a smaller share of the total research output. The objects of studies are distributed across six themes, only three of which stood out as legitimate discourses, namely: Urban Child Labor; Rural Child Labor; and Inter-Generational Child Labor (Table 3).
The legitimate discourses on urban child labor address the determinants of child labor associated with income and the labor market structure, as well as the effects of increasing the minimum age for engaging in work activities. Meanwhile, the discourses on rural child labor are associated explicitly with the agricultural sector, in the discussion of the impacts produced by this sector on health, human development, and the production of poverty, and the reasons for the mobilization of agribusiness interests in the fight against child labor.
In this context, the objects of interest in the discourses on child labor and inter-generational transmission are living conditions, the effect of an additional worker on children, the children’s birth order, and the occupational status of the reference person or head-of-family.
Considering the predominance of economic discourses in structuring this subarea, as highlighted by Kassouf & Santos 1919. Kassouf AL, Santos MJ. Trabalho infantil no meio rural brasileiro: evidências sobre o "paradoxo da riqueza". Economia Aplicada 2010; 14:339-53., we found that in the last ten years, thanks to the availability of microdata from household surveys in various countries and econometric analyses focused on child labor, the economists began to gain a better understanding of the determinants of early labor. Factors such as poverty, parents’ schooling, family size and structure, head-of-family’s sex, age at which the parents began to work, and place of residence, among others, are the most important determinants and are analyzed empirically.
Final remarks
The study revealed the characteristics of research output on child labor in Latin America from 2004 to 2014, according to the authors, objects of studies, and legitimate discourses in the three scientific subareas. The knowledge output is structured in three distinct subareas: Human Sciences, Health Sciences, and Applied Social Sciences.
The structure of this space results from the interaction between the authors’ diverse points of view, occupying different positions in their respective subareas, aimed at demarcating the objects of studies, methods, and socially acceptable theories in the definition and elucidation of child labor.
Brazilian research was found to be dominant in Latin America, and the Southeast, Northeast, and South were the regions of Brazil that produced the most studies. The research is developed mostly in the academic setting by professors and students, who are thus the prime actors in constructing the scientific discourse on child labor. Health Sciences was the subarea that received most funding in this period. However, these data may reflect more generic aspects of Brazil’s scientific field and are not necessarily a specific characteristic of the research output on child labor.
The objects of studies are largely qualitative, which is also consistent with the authors’ backgrounds and the predominance of their publication in the Human and Social Sciences. Meanwhile, the objects of study with quantitative approaches are distributed across journals in the Health Sciences and Applied Social Sciences. This finding should be interpreted in light of the illegality of child labor in Brail, which hinders research on it, especially of an epidemiological nature.
Regardless of the subarea, the logic of interest in certain objects of studies consists specifically of the development of research that relates child labor to the dimensions of health, education, labor, and social assistance, i.e., the objects of studies on child labor are constituted by establishing at least one point of view from one of these dimensions.
In short, child labor does not appear as a unique object or single identity, since it is structured in the diverse social practices in distinct fields, which hinders the demarcation of issues in the existing methods and theories in structuring the scientific field.
Some limitations should be considered, related to the selection of this review’s corpus, namely: the databases that indexed studies conducted only in Latin America; the study period, spanning ten years; the languages of publication, Portuguese and Spanish; and the exclusion of non-indexed studies, book chapters, technical standards, manuals, theses, dissertations, monographs, technical reports, and institutional documents, which might otherwise have covered new approaches in the scientific field, and which the current review did not analyze. New efforts should be made to extend the investigation to other databases and other country affiliations, in addition to encompassing other types of research besides articles.
This review mapped the knowledge on research on child labor, based especially on the timeliness of identifying and systematizing the heterogeneity of objects of studies and the homogeneity of the legitimate discourses in the scientific subareas, as well as offering elements for understanding this phenomenon in order to support measures to eradicate child labor in Latin America.
Acknowledgments
To Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq) for the PhD scholarship. To Marcos Pereira Santos, Assistant Professor of Epidemiology, of the Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB).
References
- 1International Labour Office. World report on child labour: paving the way to decent work for young people. Geneva: International Labour Office; 2015.
- 2Bureau of International Labor Affairs. Findings on the worst forms of child labor. Washington DC: Bureau of International Labor Affairs; 2016.
- 3Guimarães RM, Asmus CIRF. Tendência temporal do trabalho infantil no Brasil, 1992-2006. Cad Saúde Colet (Rio J.) 2010; 18:404-9.
- 4Carvalho IMM. Algumas lições do Programa de Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil. São Paulo Perspec 2004; 18:50-61.
- 5Frenzel HS, Bardagi MP. Adolescentes trabalhadores brasileiros: um breve estudo bibliométrico. Rev Psicol Organ Trab 2014; 14:79-88.
- 6Val MB, Tambellini AT. A violência do trabalho infantil: aspectos sanitários, políticos, jurídico-legais e sociais - uma revisão da literatura. Cad Saúde Colet (Rio J.) 2006; 14:113-40.
- 7Antão de Carvalho HJ, Gomes AV, Mourão Romero A, Sprandel MA, Villafañe Udry T. Análise e recomendações para a melhor regulamentação e cumprimento da normativa nacional e internacional sobre o trabalho de crianças e adolescentes no Brasil. Brasília: Organização Internacional do Trabalho, Programa IPEC Sudamérica; 2003.
- 8Bourdieu P. Os usos sociais da ciência: por uma sociologia clínica do campo científico. São Paulo: Fundação Editora da UNESP; 2004.
- 9Bourdieu P. A economia das trocas linguísticas: o que falar quer dizer. São Paulo: EdUSP; 1996.
- 10Bourdieu P. Razões práticas: sobre a teoria da ação. 11ª Ed. Campinas: Papirus; 2011.
- 11Bourdieu P. O campo científico. In: Ortiz R, organizador. Pierre Bourdieu: sociologia. São Paulo: Editora Ática; 1983. p. 122-55.
- 12Organização Internacional do Trabalho. Boas práticas de combate ao trabalho infantil. Brasília: Organização Internacional do Trabalho; 2003.
- 13Denzin NK, Lincoln YS. Introdução: a disciplina e a prática da pesquisa qualitativa. In: Denzin NK, Lincoln YS, organizadores. O planejamento da pesquisa qualitativa: teorias e abordagens. Porto Alegre: Editora Artmed; 2006. p. 15-41.
- 14IV Plano Diretor para o Desenvolvimento da Epidemiologia no Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2005; 8 Suppl 1:40-3.
- 15Barreto ML. Crescimento e tendência da produção científica em epidemiologia no Brasil. Rev Saúde Pública 2006; 40:79-85.
- 16Vieira-da-Silva LM. Gênese sócio-histórica da saúde coletiva no Brasil. In: Lima NT, Santana JP, Paiva CHA, organizadores. Saúde Coletiva: a ABRASCO em 35 anos de História. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz; 2015. p. 25-48.
- 17Birman J. Apresentação: a interdisciplinaridade na Saúde Coletiva. Physis (Rio J.) 1996; 6:7-13.
- 18Iriart JAB, Deslandes SF, Martin D, Camargo Jr. KR, Carvalho MS, Coeli CM. A avaliação da produção científica nas subáreas da saúde coletiva: limites do atual modelo e contribuições para o debate. Cad Saúde Pública 2015; 31:2137-47.
- 19Kassouf AL, Santos MJ. Trabalho infantil no meio rural brasileiro: evidências sobre o "paradoxo da riqueza". Economia Aplicada 2010; 14:339-53.
- 20Guimarães RM, Asmus CIRF, Bravo ES, Penna FB. Trabalho infantil e implantação do Programa de Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil (PETI) no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Cad Saúde Colet (Rio J.) 2009; 17:593-602.
- 21Acosta G, Ortiz-Cuquejo LM, Lovera RE, Núñez M, Hadad M, Samudio-Dominguéz GC. Aspectos socio demográficos de los niños/as trabajadores que requirieron atención médica en un hospital de referencia. Pediatr (Asunción) 2012; 39:107-11.
- 22Núñez Zambrano LA, García Flores AS, Cieza Yrigoín D. Perfil socioeconómico y estilo de vida del niño trabajador, distrito de Chota 2006-2007. Rev Enferm Herediana 2009; 2:20-5.
- 23Tuñon I, Salvia A. Límites estructurales para el desarrollo de la infancia en contexto de crisis. Rev Latinoam Cienc Soc Niñez Juv 2012; 10:179-94.
- 24Acevedo K, Quejada R, Yánez M. Estudio transversal de los determinantes del trabajo infantil en Cartagena, año 2007. Rev Latinoam Cienc Soc Niñez Juv 2011; 2:589-606.
- 25Carvalho IMM. Trabalho infantil no Brasil contemporâneo. Caderno CRH 2008; 21:551-69.
- 26Helal DH. Crianças e adolescentes no mercado de trabalho brasileiro: padrões e tendências. Pesqui Prát Psicossociais 2010; 5:83-93.
- 27Caetano VC, Ribeiro LC, Cruz DT, Asmus CIRF. Desordens músculo-esqueléticas em adolescentes trabalhadores. Rev Bras Crescimento Desenvolvimento Hum 2008; 18:264-74.
- 28Asmus CIRF, Volney MC. Saúde dos adolescentes trabalhadores em garimpos de diamantes. Cad Saúde Colet 2004; 12:179-96.
- 29Vieira MFA, Matijasevich A, Damiani MF, Madruga SW, Neutzling MB, Menezes AMB, et al. Prevalência de retenção escolar e fatores associados em adolescentes da coorte de nascimentos de 1993 em Pelotas, Brasil. Rev Panam Salud Pública 2012; 31:303-9.
- 30Fraga-Maia H, Santana VS. Concordância de informações de adolescentes e suas mães em inquérito de saúde. Rev Saúde Pública 2005; 39:430-7.
- 31Campos ACV, Borges CM, Lucas SD, Vargas AMD, Ferreira EF. Empoderamento e qualidade de vida de adolescentes trabalhadores assistidos por uma entidade filantrópica de apoio ao adolescente. Saúde Soc 2014; 23:238-51.
- 32Pires L, Rodrigues AM, Fisberg M, Costa RF, Schoen TH. Qualidade de vida de adolescentes modelos profissionais. Psicol Teor Pesqui 2012; 28:71-6.
- 33Pimenta AA, Freitas FCT, Marziale MPH, Robazzi MLCC. Repercussões do trabalho na saúde dos adolescentes trabalhadores. Acta Paul Enferm 2011; 24:701-16.
- 34Navarro-Mancilla AA, Rueda-Jaimes GE, López PAC, López JAF, Sánchez ME, Díaz-Martínez LA. Prevalencia de trastorno obsesivo compulsivo en adolescentes colombianos y su asociación con la doble condición de trabajo y estudio. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr 2011; 40:279-88.
- 35Silveira RCP, Robazzi MLCC. As crianças e os adolescentes trabalhadores acidentados no trabalho e atendidos em unidade básica distrital de saúde em Ribeirão Preto. Ciênc Cuid Saúde 2006; 5:158-65.
- 36Silveira RCP, Robazzi MLCC. Acidentes de trabalho entre crianças e adolescentes trabalhadores em Ribeirão Preto-SP. Ciênc Cuid Saúde 2007; 6:502-7.
- 37Robazzi MLCC, Silveira RCP, Marziale MHP, Haas VJ. Acidentes de trabalho infanto-juvenil constatados através de registros hospitalares. Ciênc Cuid Saúde 2007; 6:342-50.
- 38Meneses RB, Cardoso RCV, Guimarães AG, Góes JAW, Silva SA, Argolo SV. O comércio de queijo de coalho na orla de Salvador, Bahia: trabalho infantil e segurança de alimentos. Rev Nutr 2012; 25:381-92.
- 39Asmus CIRF, Raymundo CM, Barker SL, Pepe CCCA, Ruzany MH. Atenção integral à saúde de adolescentes em situação de trabalho: lições aprendidas. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2005; 10:953-60.
- 40Barker SL, Raymundo Pepe CM, Asmus CI, Pepe CC. O Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador Adolescente - UERJ e a implementação da Política Nacional de Saúde para Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil. Cad Saúde Colet (Rio J.) 2007; 15:79-96.
- 41Pedraza Avella AC, Ribero Medina R. El trabajo infantil y juvenil en Colombia y algunas de sus consecuencias claves. Rev Latinoam Cien Soc Niñez Juv 2006; 4:177-216.
- 42Sousa OMCG, Alberto MFP. Trabalho precoce e processo de escolarização de crianças e adolescentes. Psicol Estud 2008; 13:713-22.
- 43Macedo OJV, Alberto MFP, Araujo AJS. Formação profissional e futuro: expectativas dos adolescentes aprendizes. Estud Psicol (Campinas) 2012; 29 Suppl 1:S779-87.
- 44Abadía SU, Cuevas LMT, Caicedo MC. Determinantes del trabajo infantil y la escolaridad: el caso del Valle del Cauca en Colombia. Rev Latinoam Cienc Soc Niñez Juv 2009; 7:707-33.
- 45Giarola Cecilio S, Penha Silveira RC. Caracterização do trabalho de menores de uma escola estadual de Divinópolis-MG. Ciênc Enferm 2014; 20:47-60.
- 46Ávila AS. Trabajo infantil e inasistencia escolar. Rev Bras Educ 2007; 12:68-80.
- 47Silveira RCP, Ribeiro LC, Secco IAO, Robazzi MLCC. Caracterización socioeconómica y demográfica de niños y adolescentes que estudian y trabajan simultáneamente fuera de casa. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2012; 46:280-6.
- 48Feitosa ICN, Dimenstein M. Trabalho infantil e ideologia nas falas de mães de crianças trabalhadoras. Estud Pesqui Psicol 2004; 4:59-75.
- 49Cruz MNA, Assunção AA. Estrutura e organização do trabalho infantil em situação de rua em Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Saúde Soc 2008; 17:131-42.
- 50Baccarat CGM, Mello-Jorge MHP. Situação de mendicância, trabalho precoce e prostituição infantil envolvendo crianças e adolescentes em Londrina, Estado do Paraná - 2006. Acta Sci, Health Sci 2009; 31:23-9.
- 51Alberto MFP, Silva ACS, Souza GP, Nunes TS. O trabalho infantil na rua. Cad Psicol Soc Trab 2010; 13:59-71.
- 52Machado MNM, Silva JCC. Impasses na prevenção de exploração sexual: as imagens do trabalho infantil. Aletheia 2007; 25:49-65.
- 53Gonçalves H, Menezes AMB, Bacchieri G, Dilélio AS, Bocanegra CAD, Castilhos ED, et al. Perfil de trabalho urbano de adolescentes de 14-15 anos: um estudo populacional no Sul do Brasil. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2012; 17:1267-74.
- 54Martins AC, Bassit DP, Wanderley KS, Silva MS. Repercussão do trabalho infantil urbano na saúde de crianças e adolescentes. Rev Bras Promoç Saúde 2013; 26:9-16.
- 55Ramalho HMB, Mesquita SP. Determinantes do trabalho infantil no Brasil urbano: uma análise por dados em painel 2001-2009. Economia Aplicada 2013; 17:193-225.
- 56Campos T, Marques WEU, Debortoli JAO. A cidade e seus sinais: a construção de uma pesquisa com as crianças do malabares. Licere 2011; 14:1-40.
- 57Ferro AR, Kassouf AL. Efeitos do aumento da idade mínima legal no trabalho dos brasileiros de 14 e 15 anos. Rev Econ Sociol Rural 2005; 43:307-29.
- 58Oliveira ICC, Francischini R. Direito de brincar: as (im)possibilidades no contexto de trabalho infantil produtivo. Psico USF 2009; 14:59-70.
- 59Mattos E, Chaves AM. As representações sociais do trabalho entre adolescentes aprendizes: um estudo piloto. Rev Bras Crescimento Desenvolv Hum 2006; 16:66-75.
- 60Santos GL, Chaves AM. Reconhecimento de direitos e significados de infância entre crianças. Psicol Esc Educ 2010; 14:281-90.
- 61Alberto MFP, Santos DP. Trabalho infantil e desenvolvimento: reflexões à luz de Vigotski. Psicol Estud 2011; 16:209-18.
- 62Lima MB, Ribeiro DF, Andrade AS. Percepções de crianças e adolescentes sobre seu trabalho informal. Psicol Rev 2011; 17:48-66.
- 63Oliveira DC, Fischer FM, Teixeira MCTV, Gomes AMT. Teorias do senso comum sobre o trabalho do adolescente em São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro - Brasil. Ciênc Cuid Saúde 2006; 5:135-146.
- 64Silva VH. Cidadania e inserção laboral assistida: a experiência do trabalho formal de adolescentes pobres. Estud Psicol 2011; 16:187-95.
- 65Dias MSL, Bulgacov YLM, Camargo D. Vivência do desemprego por jovens aprendizes. Psicol Argum 2007; 25:351-60.
- 66Oliveira RC. Trabalho adolescente: a experiência de uma ocupação regular. Cad Psicol Soc Trab 2011; 14:43-57.
- 67Thomé LD, Telmo AQ, Koller SH. Inserção laboral juvenil: contexto e opinião sobre definições de trabalho. Paidéia 2010; 20:175-85.
- 68Oliveira DC, Gomes AMT, Benite AM, Valois BRG. Cotidiano e adolescência: representações e práticas de trabalho, escola, relacionamentos interpessoais e futuro. Rev Enferm UERJ 2006; 14:182-90.
- 69Amazarray MR, Thomé LD, Souza APL, Poletto M, Koller SH. Aprendiz versus trabalhador: adolescentes em processo de aprendizagem. Psicol Teor Pesqui 2009; 25:329-38.
- 70Rodríguez E. Políticas y estrategias de inserción laboral y empresarial de jóvenes en América Latina: el desafío de la empleabilidad. Rev Latinoam Cienc Soc Niñez Juv 2004; 2:49-83.
- 71Moreyra VA. Paradigmas de niñez y adolescencia y el trabajo infantil. Anu Investig - Fac Psicol, Univ B Aires 2007; 14:149-57.
- 72Oliveira DC, Fischer FM, Teixeira MCTV, Sá CP, Gomes AMT. Representações sociais do trabalho: uma análise comparativa entre jovens trabalhadores e não trabalhadores. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2010; 15:763-73.
- 73Lourenço EAS. Reestruturação produtiva, trabalho informal e a invisibilidade social do trabalho de crianças e adolescentes. Serv Soc Soc 2014; 118:294-317.
- 74Marchi RC. Trabalho infantil: representações sociais de sua instituição em Blumenau/SC. Educar em Revista 2013; 47:249-65.
- 75Lima AC, Almeida AMF. Permanências e mutações na definição intergeracional do trabalho infantil. Educação & Sociedade 2010; 31:347-69.
- 76Prado RLC. Trabalho infanto-juvenil em artigos acadêmicos de psicólogos: uma interpretação ideológica. Estud Psicol (Campinas) 2013; 30:101-10.
- 77Kassouf AL. O que conhecemos sobre o trabalho infantil? Nova Economia 2007; 17:323-50.
- 78Acevedo K, Quejada R, Yánez M. Determinantes y consecuencias del trabajo infantil: um análisis de la literatura. Revista Facultad de Ciencias Económicas: Investigación y Reflexión 2011; XIX:113-24.
- 79Invernizzi A, Tomé S. O trabalho dos adolescentes no Algarve: um estudo sobre as suas motivações, organização familiar e práticas de socialização. Análise Social 2007; XLII:875-98.
- 80Cardoso LFC, Souza JLC. Viver, aprender e trabalhar: habitus e socialização de crianças em uma comunidade de pescadores da Amazônia. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi de Ciências Humanas 2011; 6:165-77.
- 81Pico Merchan ME, Salazar Henao M. El trabajo infantil como práctica de crianza: contexto de una plaza de mercado. Revista Hacia la Promoción de la Salud 2008; 13:95-120.
- 82Miranda Juárez S. Reflexiones sobre los motivos del trabajo infantil y adolescente desde la esfera familiar en méxico. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas: Investigación y Reflexión 2013; XXI:11-23.
- 83Fonseca LS. Trabalho infanto-juvenil e formação humana: limites na potência ontológica e banalização do sujeito de direitos. Trab Educ Saúde 2010; 8:137-53.
- 84Rausky ME. ¿Infancia sin trabajo o infancia trabajadora? perspectivas sobre el trabajo infantil. Rev Latinoam Cienc Soc Niñez Juv 2009; 7:681-706.
- 85Morais FKRO, Fraga MNO. Estado brasileiro e a questão do trabalho infantil: ensaio socio-histórico. Rev RENE 2008; 9:134-42.
- 86Innamorato MP, Reyes PR. Particularidades y complejidades del trabajo infantil: aspectos conceptuales y aproximación empírica a un fenómeno oculto con dimensiones diversas. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas: Investigación y Reflexión 2013; XXI:25-42.
- 87Jacobina OMP, Costa LF. "Para não ser bandido": adolescentes em conflito com a lei e trabalho. Cad Psicol Soc Trab 2007; 10:95-110.
- 88Sales MS. The process of constitution of identity in adolescence: work, class and gender. Psicol Soc 2014; 26:161-71.
- 89Alberto MFP, Santos DP, Leite FM, Lima JW, Paixão GP, Silva SA. Trabalho infantil doméstico: perfil bio-sócio-econômico e configuração da atividade no município de João Pessoa, PB. Cad Psicol Soc Trab 2009; 12:57-73.
- 90Alberto MFP, Santos DP, Leite FM, Lima JW, Wanderley JCV. O trabalho infantil doméstico e o processo de escolarização. Psicol Soc 2011; 23:293-302.
- 91Patriota GFR, Alberto MFP. Trabalho infantil doméstico no interior dos lares: as faces da invisibilidade. Estud Pesqui Psicol 2014; 14:893-913.
- 92Santana M, Dimenstein M. Trabalho doméstico de adolescentes e reprodução das desiguais relações de gênero. Psico USF 2005; 10:93-102.
- 93Dellazzana LL, Freitas LBL. Um dia na vida de irmãos que cuidam de irmãos. Psicol Teor Pesqui 2010; 26:595-603.
- 94Alberto MFP, Borges RS, Pessoa MCB, Sousa JML, Araújo PFM, Vaz ROF, et al. Programa de erradicação do trabalho infantil: ações extensionistas e protagonismo. Psicol Ciênc Prof 2012; 32:516-31.
- 95Rezende MP, Cano MAT, Mauro MYC, Oliveira DC, Marziale MHP, Robazzi MLCC. Ocupações exercidas por adolescentes e sua relação com a participação escolar. Acta Paul Enferm 2012; 25:873-8.
- 96Fonseca AMM, Viana ALd'A. Direito à saúde, atenção básica e transferências condicionadas de renda na América Latina. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2007; 12:1505-12.
- 97Conde SF. As medidas de enfrentamento à exploração do trabalho infantil no Brasil: forças em luta. Revista Katálysis 2013; 16:241-7.
- 98Diniz MS, Assunção AA, Caiaffa WT, Abreu MNS. A prática do trabalho infantil entre os beneficiários do Programa Bolsa-Escola Belo Horizonte: um estudo sobre os determinantes sociodemográficos. Educação & Sociedade 2012; 33:149-69.
- 99Cacciamali MC, Tatei F, Batista NF. Impactos do Programa Bolsa Família federal sobre o trabalho infantil e a frequência escolar. Revista de Economia Contemporânea 2010; 14:269-301.
- 100Sartori E. Trabalho infantil em Franca: um laboratório das lutas sociais em defesa da criança e do adolescente. Cadernos Pagu 2006; 26:253-78.
- 101Pires FF, Jardim GAS. Geração bolsa família escolarização, trabalho infantil e consumo na casa sertaneja (Catingueira/PB). Rev Bras Ciênc Soc 2014; 29:99-112.
- 102Sartori E, Garcia CHM. Políticas compensatórias versus emancipatórias: desafios para implementação de programas de geração de renda às famílias em situação de risco. Rev Adm Pública 2012; 46:425-52.
- 103Luciani Conde L, Barcala A, Moreya V, Rodríguez C, Camera O, Barbieri A, et al. Prácticas dirigidas a la restitución de derechos de niños, niñas y adolescentes en situación de desamparo y desafiliación social en el ámbito de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: entre la utopía y la realidad. Anu Investig - Fac Psicol, Univ B Aires 2007; 14:139-48.
- 104Gonçalves MS. PETI: uma abordagem crítica de um programa de erradicação do trabalho infantil no Nordeste brasileiro. Revista Lusófona de Educação 2005; 6:229-30.
- 105Pedraza IAB, García VV, Martelo EZ, Bueno LEG. Infancia y flexibilidad laboral en la agricultura de exportación mexicana. Rev Latinoam Cienc Soc Niñez Juv 2008; 6:191-215.
- 106Marin EC, Ivo AA, Frizzo G, Marin JOB. Infância, trabalho e lúdico no contexto da agricultura familiar fumageira. Licere 2014; 17:1-23.
- 107Marin JOB, Schneider S, Vendruscolo R, Castilho e Silva CB. O problema do trabalho infantil na agricultura familiar: o caso da produção de tabaco em Agudo-RS. Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 2012; 50:763-86.
- 108Marin JOB. O agronegócio e o problema do trabalho infantil. Revista de Sociologia e Política 2010; 18:189-206.
- 109Nicolella AC, Kassouf AL, Barros ALM. O impacto do trabalho infantil no setor agrícola sobre a saúde. Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 2008; 46:673-701.
- 110Aquino JM, Fernandes MM, Pazello ET, Scorzafave LG. Trabalho infantil: persistência intergeracional e decomposição da incidência entre 1992 e 2004 no Brasil rural e urbano. Revista de Economia Contemporânea 2010; 14:61-84.
- 111Oliveira EL, Rios-Neto EG, Oliveira AMHC. O efeito trabalhador adicional para filhos no Brasil. Rev Bras Estud Popul 2014; 31:29-49.
- 112Cacciamali MC, Tatei F. Trabalho infantil e o status ocupacional dos pais. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 2008; 28:269-90.
- 113Assunção JJ, Alves LS. Restrições de crédito e decisões intra-familiares. Revista Brasileira de Economia 2007; 61:201-29.
- 114Ferreira-Batista N, Cacciamali MC. Migração familiar, trabalho infantil e ciclo intergeracional da pobreza no estado de São Paulo. Nova Economia 2012; 22:515-54.
- 115Orraca P. El trabajo infantil en México y sus causas. Revista Problemas del Desarrollo 2014; 45:113-37.
- 116Paz JA, Piselli C. Trabajo infantil y pobreza de los hogares en la Argentina. Revista Problemas del Desarrollo 2011; 42:135-56.
Publication Dates
- Publication in this collection
22 July 2019 - Date of issue
2019
History
- Received
21 Feb 2018 - Reviewed
23 Jan 2019 - Accepted
26 Feb 2019