Abstract:

Varicella in adults and immunocompromised patients can be severe. The clinical diagnosis of varicella has high accuracy and the history of disease has a high positive predictive value for protection. A significant portion of adults, however, cannot remember if they have had varicella, especially older individuals. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of varicella protective antibodies titers in adults with no clinical history of disease, attended at a Reference Center for Special Immunobiologicals and Travel Medicine in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Titration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to varicella-zoster was determined by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Among 140 adults without history of varicella, 92% had protective antibody titers. We concluded that seroprevalence of varicella-zoster protection was very high in adults with negative history of disease and the use of serology before vaccination reduced significantly unnecessary vaccine and immunoglobulin use.

Keywords:
Varicella; Adult; Seroprevalence; Vaccines

Resumo:

A varicela é uma doença potencialmente grave em adultos e em pacientes imunocomprometidos. O diagnóstico clínico da varicela apresenta alta acurácia, e o relato da doença na história individual tem alto valor preditivo positivo para a proteção. Entretanto, uma proporção significativa de adultos, principalmente os mais idosos, não se lembra se já teve a doença. Realizamos um estudo transversal para determinar a soroprevalência de títulos protetores de anticorpos contra a varicela em adultos sem história clínica da doença, atendidos em um Centro de Referência para Imunobiológicos Especiais e Medicina de Viagem no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os títulos da imunoglobulina G (IgG) contra varicela-zoster foram determinados por quimiluminescência. Entre 140 adultos sem história de varicela, 92% apresentaram títulos protetores de anticorpos. Concluímos que a soroprevalência de proteção contra varicela-zoster é muito alta em adultos sem história da doença, e que o uso de teste sorológico antes da vacinação reduziria significativamente a vacinação desnecessária e o uso de imunoglobulina.

Palavras-chave:
Varicela; Adulto; Soroprevalência; Vacinas

Resumen:

La varicela en adultos y pacientes inmunocomprometidos puede ser grave. El diagnóstico clínico de la varicela tiene una gran precisión y la historia de la enfermedad cuenta con un alto valor predictivo positivo para la protección contra ella. Sin embargo, un porcentaje significativo de adultos, no puede recordar si tuvieron varicela, especialmente las personas más viejas. Realizamos un estudio transversal para determinar la seroprevalencia de las concentraciones de anticuerpos protectores frente a la varicela, en adultos sin historia clínica de la enfermedad, que se llevó a cabo en un Centro de Referencia para Inmunobiología Especial y Medicina del Viajero en Río de Janeiro (Brasil). Se determinó la valoración de los anticuerpos de inmunoglobulina G (IgG) a la varicela-zoster mediante un ensayo inmunológico quimioluminiscente. Entre 140 adultos sin historial de varicela, un 92% tuvieron concentraciones de anticuerpos protectores. Concluimos que la seroprevalencia de la protección a la varicela-zoster fue muy alta en adultos con un historial negativo de la enfermedad y la utilización de la serología antes de la vacunación redujo de manera significativa la vacunación innecesaria y el uso de la inmunoglobulina.

Palabras-clave:
Varicela; Adulto; Seroprevalencia; Vacunas

Introduction

Varicella is an acute infectious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus, a human alphaherpesvirus ¹1. Arvin AM. Varicella-zoster virus. Clin Microbiol Rev 1996; 9:361-81.. The disease is more frequent in children aged 1 to 10 years; nevertheless, it can occur in susceptible people of any age. In most cases, especially in healthy children, it is often a mild disease, with a lethality rate of 1 to 4 in 100,000 cases. Adults and immunocompromised individuals are at higher risk of serious complications and death ²2. Preblud SR. Age-specific risks of varicella complications. Pediatrics 1981; 68:14-7.. The lethality rate in adults is about 25 times higher ³3. Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe C, editors. Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/varicella.html (accessed on 26/Feb/2018).
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbo... ^,44. Valentim J, Sartori AMC, de Soárez PC, Amaku M, Azevedo RS, Novaes HM. Cost-effectiveness analysis of universal childhood vaccination against varicella in Brazil. Vaccine 2008; 26:6281-91.^,55. Meyer PA, Seward JF, Jumaan AO, Wharton M. Varicella mortality: trends before vaccine licensure in the United States, 1970-1994. J Infect Dis 2000; 182:383-90..

Varicella-zoster virus is highly transmissible. The secondary attack rate among susceptible household contacts can be up to 90% ³3. Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe C, editors. Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/varicella.html (accessed on 26/Feb/2018).
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbo... . Virus transmission occurs primarily by respiratory secretion (saliva droplets, sneezing, coughing) of an infected individual or by direct contact with the vesicle fluid. In Brazil, varicella is not a disease of mandatory notification, although outbreaks need to be reported. In 1997, a study on blood donors from five Brazilian capitals showed a high prevalence of anti-varicella immunoglobulin G (IgG), 89% in Salvador and Fortaleza and 97% in São Paulo, Curitiba and Porto Alegre, denoting the high probability of natural immunity to varicella among adults in the Brazilian population ⁴4. Valentim J, Sartori AMC, de Soárez PC, Amaku M, Azevedo RS, Novaes HM. Cost-effectiveness analysis of universal childhood vaccination against varicella in Brazil. Vaccine 2008; 26:6281-91..

Varicella is a preventable disease. A significant reduction in varicella incidence and death rates can be observed at countries that adopted routine vaccination ³3. Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe C, editors. Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/varicella.html (accessed on 26/Feb/2018).
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbo... . In Brazil, the varicella vaccine has been used since 2000 at Reference Centers for Special Immunobiologicals (CRIE) for vaccination of individuals with special need. In September 2013, varicella vaccine was introduced at the National Immunization Program (PNI), being freely available for all children aged 15 months (1 dose) ⁶6. Coordenação Geral do Programa Nacional de Imunizações, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde. Informe técnico de introdução da vacina tetra viral. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2013.. In 2018, the Ministry of Health introduced the second dose for children aged 4-6 years old ⁷7. Coordenação Geral do Programa Nacional de Imunizações, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde. Nota Informativa nº 135-SEI/2017 - CGPNI/DEVIT/SVS/MS. Informa as mudanças no Calendário Nacional de Vacinação para o ano de 2018. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2018..

Eligibility to varicella vaccine and immunoglobulin at CRIE includes susceptible individuals of all ages in special circumstances: health professionals, household contact of immunocompromised patients, candidates for solid organ transplant, patients with chronic renal disease, HIV, severe dermatologic diseases, asplenia, trisomy, bone marrow transplantation (after 24 months), donors of solid organs or bone marrow. Eligibility to varicella immunoglobulin at CRIE includes susceptible individuals with high risk of severe disease that had significant contact with a patient with varicella-zoster and has contraindication to live-attenuated vaccine (pregnancy, immunosuppression, hospitalized children < 1 year of age, newborn) ⁸8. Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde. Manual dos Centros de Referência para Imunobiológicos Especiais. 4ª Ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2014..

The clinical diagnosis of varicella has high accuracy and the history of disease has a high positive predictive value for protection ⁹9. Holmes CN. Predictive value of a history of varicella infection. Can Fam Physician 2005; 51:60-5.. A significant portion of adults, however, cannot remember whether they have had varicella, especially older individuals. In these circumstances, individuals with no clinical history of varicella are considered susceptible and eligible for vaccination or immunoglobulin at CRIE, according to the criteria defined by Brazil’s PNI (Ministry of Health).

Our objective, in this study, was to determine the seroprevalence of varicella protective antibody titers in adults considered susceptible (based on clinical history), who were candidates for immune prophylaxis at a public reference immunization center in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Travelers attended at the Travel Medicine Clinic were also included at the study. Although they were not eligible to receive varicella vaccine at CRIE, serology is usually part of pre-travel consultation, when the traveler has no clinical history of varicella and has not been vaccinated. Susceptible travelers were oriented to receive the vaccine at private clinics.

Material and methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study, between January 2013 and December 2017, at CRIE and at Travel Medicine Clinic from the National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INI/Fiocruz) in Rio de Janeiro.

All adults who had no history of varicella or zoster were systematically invited to participate in the study. After written inform consent, a standardized questionnaire with information about personal and family history was completed. Data collected included age, sex, living in rural area at infancy, number of siblings, number and age of children, if children had varicella, condition for indication of immune prophylaxis to varicella in CRIE. In all participants, a blood sample was collected to varicella-zoster serology (chemiluminescence method, Liaison VZV IgG). Individuals with antibody titers > 150IU/mL are considered protected for varicella. The covariates distribution according to varicella protection were tested with either student’s t-test, Pearson chi-squared test or Fisher exact test. The choice of the test was based on the covariate format (categorical vs. continuous) and if the smallest number of a table cell was less than 5.

Results

A total of 140 patients were included in the study, 130 (92.9%) had protective antibodies against varicella (Table 1). Although the number of patients included and antibodies prevalence did not allow sophisticated discrimination analysis, this study shows a higher prevalence of susceptible individuals born after 1980 (7/45; 15.5%) compared to those born before 1980 (3/96; 3.1%).

Discussion

In this cross-sectional study, we detected a high prevalence of subjects with antibodies against varicella among adults with no clinical history of disease, especially those born before 1980. Of the three susceptible individuals born before 1980, two were born at the 1950s and had result tests very close to the cut-off score (125IU/mL and 135IU/mL), and may represent protected individuals with waning antibody titers. Only one individual born in 1970 had a titer antibody 9IU/mL. He was a healthy traveler, who had only one brother with unknown history of varicella and two children (14 and 4 years old) vaccinated for varicella.

Even though it is well established that the history of varicella has a high positive predictive value for protection, a negative history was not accurate to predict susceptibility in the studied population. Considering that the serology cost is lower (estimate of USD 12.6 in our institution) than two doses of vaccine in the PNI (estimate of USD 35.5 for 2 doses) and immunoglobulin (estimated USD 556.7 for an adult with 60kg), this approach is cost-effective and should be considered for adults in middle-income countries.

Conclusion

The absence of history of previous varicella episode was not accurate to predict susceptibility in the studied population, a finding consistent with other studies ¹⁰10. Koturoglu G, Kurugol Z, Turkoglu E. Seroepidemiology of varicella-zoster virus and reliability of varicella history in Turkish children, adolescents and adults. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2011; 25:388-93.. The use of standard serology allowed to indicate immune prophylaxis to varicella in a rational way in a public reference center, with a significant reduction of unnecessary vaccine and immunoglobulin use. Additional studies would help to identify predictor factors associated with immunity such as year of birth to support individual vaccine recommendation.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the Immunodiagnostic Laboratory of the National Institute of Infectious Disease Evandro Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INI/Fiocruz) for performing the sorologic tests.

References

Publication Dates

History