Abstract:

This study analyzes the main organization patterns used by primary health care (PHC) services in municipal networks and evaluates them according to indicators of local management-administration interface. Evaluative research analyzed 461 municipalities in São Paulo, Brazil, that participated in the Primary Care Services Quality Assessment Survey (QualiAB) in 2017/2018, classified according to the organizational arrangements composition of 2,472 PHC services. Eight indicators of local management and administration were selected to evaluate the identified patterns. Results indicate two groups of municipalities: homogeneous, with services presenting the same arrangement (43.6%); and heterogeneous, with different arrangements (56.4%). These were subdivided into seven patterns that ranged from homogeneous-traditional, homogeneous-Family Health Strategy, homogeneous-mixed, and different combinations in the heterogeneous group. All indicators showed significant differences between groups (p < 0.001), especially the homogeneous-traditional group, which presented an organizational pattern far from the desired model of a comprehensive and problem-solving PHC. Those integrated with family health units (FHU) and basic health units with community health workers and/or family health teams (BHU/FHU) showed a pattern closer to a comprehensive model - with planning and evaluation actions committed to the local reality and qualification of care. Implementation of federal and state policies are essential for defining the PHC health care model adopted by municipalities.

Keywords:
Primary Health Care; Healthcare Models; Health Services Evaluation; Organization and Administration

Introduction

In Brazil, structuring primary health care (PHC) services, especially when organized according to the Family Health Strategy (FHS) model, is essential for consolidating the principles and guidelines put forward by the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) and for obtaining better results in favor of more equitable, comprehensive, and universal care ¹1. Macinko J, Mendonça CS. Estratégia Saúde da Família, um forte modelo de atenção primária à saúde que traz resultados. Saúde Debate 2018; 42(n.esp. 1):18-37.^,22. Facchini LA, Tomasi E, Dilélio AS. Qualidade da atenção primária à saúde no Brasil: avanços, desafios e perspectivas. Saúde Debate 2018; 42(n.esp. 1):208-23..

But this FHS-based consolidation took place in a heterogenous manner and has been further compromised by political instabilities and setbacks over the past few years. Weakened PHC valuation policies, aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has also been reported internationally ³3. Giovanella L, Mendonça MHM, Buss PM, Fleury S, Gadelha CAG, Galvão LAC, et al. De Alma-Ata a Astana. Atenção primária à saúde e sistemas universais de saúde: compromisso indissociável e direito humano fundamental. Cad Saúde Pública 2019; 35:e00012219.. In countries where, as in Brazil, systems in which PHC plays a central role in the network organization are structured such as England, Canada and France, the crisis scenario caused by economic liberalism associated with fiscal austerity is reiterated, which leaves this level of care precarious, compromising community and comprehensive care, as well as the health system as a whole ³3. Giovanella L, Mendonça MHM, Buss PM, Fleury S, Gadelha CAG, Galvão LAC, et al. De Alma-Ata a Astana. Atenção primária à saúde e sistemas universais de saúde: compromisso indissociável e direito humano fundamental. Cad Saúde Pública 2019; 35:e00012219.^,44. Morosini MVGC, Fonseca AF, Baptista TWF. Previne Brasil, Agência de Desenvolvimento da Atenção Primária e Carteira de Serviços: radicalização da política de privatização da atenção básica? Cad Saúde Pública 2020; 36:e00040220.^,55. Cordilha AC, Lavinas L. Transformações dos sistemas de saúde na era da financeirização. Lições da França e do Brasil. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2018; 23:2147-58.^,66. Filippon J, Giovanella L, Konder M, Pollock AM. A "liberalização" do Serviço Nacional de Saúde da Inglaterra: trajetória e riscos para o direito à saúde. Cad Saúde Pública 2016; 32:e00034716.^,77. Brandão JRM. A atenção primária à saúde no Canadá: realidade e desafios atuais. Cad Saúde Pública 2019; 35:e00178217..

This international scenario finds echo in Brazil following the changes implemented as of 2017. National transition from chronic underfunding to defunding and the implementation of measures favoring privatization and social targeting - which prioritizes care for those who lack access to private health plans and insurance ⁴4. Morosini MVGC, Fonseca AF, Baptista TWF. Previne Brasil, Agência de Desenvolvimento da Atenção Primária e Carteira de Serviços: radicalização da política de privatização da atenção básica? Cad Saúde Pública 2020; 36:e00040220.^,88. Paim JS. Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) aos 30 anos. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2018; 23:1723-8.^,99. Melo EA, Mendonça MHM, Oliveira JR, Andrade GCL. Mudanças na Política Nacional de Atenção Básica: entre retrocessos e desafios. Saúde Debate 2018; 42(n.esp. 1):38-51. - are examples of policy propositions that stress the private biomedical model. Approval of the Previne Brasil program denounces this movement, which puts the universal right to health at risk under the fallacy of the inefficiency of public management ³3. Giovanella L, Mendonça MHM, Buss PM, Fleury S, Gadelha CAG, Galvão LAC, et al. De Alma-Ata a Astana. Atenção primária à saúde e sistemas universais de saúde: compromisso indissociável e direito humano fundamental. Cad Saúde Pública 2019; 35:e00012219.^,44. Morosini MVGC, Fonseca AF, Baptista TWF. Previne Brasil, Agência de Desenvolvimento da Atenção Primária e Carteira de Serviços: radicalização da política de privatização da atenção básica? Cad Saúde Pública 2020; 36:e00040220.^,55. Cordilha AC, Lavinas L. Transformações dos sistemas de saúde na era da financeirização. Lições da França e do Brasil. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2018; 23:2147-58.^,66. Filippon J, Giovanella L, Konder M, Pollock AM. A "liberalização" do Serviço Nacional de Saúde da Inglaterra: trajetória e riscos para o direito à saúde. Cad Saúde Pública 2016; 32:e00034716.^,77. Brandão JRM. A atenção primária à saúde no Canadá: realidade e desafios atuais. Cad Saúde Pública 2019; 35:e00178217.^,1010. Giovanella L, Franco CM, Almeida PF. Política Nacional de Atenção Básica: para onde vamos? Ciênc Saúde Colet 2020; 25:1475-82.^,1111. Miranda AS. A focalização utilitária da atenção primária à saúde em viés tecnocrático e disruptivo. Saúde Debate 2020; 44:1214-30.^,1212. Mendes A, Melo MA, Carnut L. Análise crítica sobre a implantação do novo modelo de alocação dos recursos federais para atenção primária à saúde: operacionalismo e improvisos. Cad Saúde Pública 2022; 38:e00164621..

In this scenario, besides changes in the PHC financing and qualification policies by the federal and state management, municipal managers play a strategic role as key agents in guiding practices and incorporating guidelines into the services of their territories, as they are directly responsible for organizing the municipal PHC services network, including management of the available resources and definition of the care model ¹³13. Noronha JC, Lima LD, Machado CV. O Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS. In: Giovanella L, Escorel S, Lobato LVC, Noronha JC, Carvalho AI, editors. Políticas e sistema de saúde no Brasil. 2nd Ed. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz; 2012. p. 365-93.^,1414. Araújo CEL, Gonçalves GQ, Machado JA. Os municípios brasileiros e os gastos próprios com saúde: algumas associações. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2017; 22:953-63.^,1515. Tasca R, Carrera MBM, Malik AM, Schiesari LMC, Bigoni A, Costa CF, et al. Gerenciando o SUS no nível municipal ante a Covid-19: uma análise preliminar. Saúde Debate 2022; 46(n.esp. 1):15-32.^,1616. Duarte LS, Mendes A, Louvison MCP. O processo de regionalização do SUS e a autonomia municipal no uso dos recursos financeiros: uma análise do estado de São Paulo (2009-2014). Saúde Debate 2018; 42:25-37..

In a context of repeated opposition and dispute around health projects, but also of an expected resumption of policies for SUS strengthening, analyzing the different PHC organizational arrangements in the period that preceded such political changes provides elements to better understand the present and the measures necessary to effect PHC as an organizer of care and strategic level of the health system. It also allows us to reflect on the role municipal management plays in influencing the health care model, its implications for health practices and for the reproduction of social health needs ¹⁷17. Paim JS. Modelos de atenção à saúde no Brasil. In: Giovanella L, Escorel S, Lobato LVC, Noronha JC, Carvalho AI, editors. Políticas e sistema de saúde no Brasil. 2nd Ed. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz; 2012. p. 459-93.^,1818. Paim JS. Da teoria do processo de trabalho em saúde ao modelo de atenção. In: Ayres JRCM, Santos L, editors. Saúde, sociedade e história. São Paulo: Hucitec Editora/Editora Rede Unida; 2017. p. 375-92., which assumes renewed interest in the current scenario.

Given the complexity inherent to the discussions about PHC services organization, within the perspective of public policies and care models, as well as the relevance of analyzing health practices and their management, studies focusing on the interfaces between municipal management and the organization of work processes can help examine the incorporation of SUS ethical-political guidelines for PHC and its practices.

In this perspective, the São Paulo experience is a rich scenario for the proposed discussion given the diversity of PHC arrangements and their different response capacities ¹⁹19. Sanine PR, Dias A, Castanheira ERL. Saúde da criança na atenção primária do estado de São Paulo: a repercussão dos diferentes arranjos organizacionais na qualidade dos serviços. Rev APS 2021; 24:353-66.^,2020. Pupo LR, Rosa TEC, Sala A, Feffermann M, Alves MCGP, Morais MLS. Saúde mental na atenção básica: identificação e organização do cuidado no estado de São Paulo. Saúde Debate 2020; 44 (n.esp. 3):107-27.^,2121. Castanheira ERL, Nemes MIB, Zarili TFT, Sanine PR, Corrente JE. Avaliação de serviços de atenção básica em municípios de pequeno e médio porte no estado de São Paulo: resultados da primeira aplicação do instrumento QualiAB. Saúde Debate 2014; 38:679-91., and the accumulated debate on health care models and public policy propositions - historically inspired by state experiences and critical reflections on PHC ²²22. Mota A, Schraiber LB. Atenção primária no sistema de saúde: debates paulistas numa perspectiva histórica. Saúde Soc 2011; 20:837-52..

Given this panorama, the following question arises: “What are the different forms of basic network organization that can be identified in São Paulo municipalities?”, “Which of these organizations remain permeable to FHS guidelines?”, “Do indicators that reflect interfaces between municipal management and local management of services distinguish the basic network organizational models?”.

Hence, this study analyzes the main organization patterns of the São Paulo basic health care networks and evaluate them according to indicators of local management-administration interface based on the presence of components necessary for a comprehensive health care model.

Methods

An evaluative, quantitative and cross-sectional research was conducted in the São Paulo municipalities that participated in the 2017 Primary Care Services Quality Assessment Survey (QualiAB), categorized according to the PHC organizational arrangements that make up their basic network.

Identifying the organizational patterns of municipal primary health care networks based on data collected by the QualiAB was possible because it is a validated instrument ²³23. Zarili TFT, Castanheira ERL, Nunes LO, Sanine PR, Carrapato JFL, Machado DF, et al. Técnica Delphi no processo de validação do Questionário de Avaliação da Atenção Básica (QualiAB) para aplicação nacional. Saúde Soc 2021; 30:e190505.^,2424. Castanheira ERL, Nemes MIB, Almeida MAS, Puttini RF, Soares ID, Patrício KP, et al. QualiAB: desenvolvimento e validação de uma metodologia de avaliação de serviços de atenção básica. Saúde Soc 2011; 20:935-47. that includes different types of services in the evaluation process according to their self-classification. Local managers or person responsible for coordinating the unit answer the QualiAB questionnaire in dialogue with the team, based on voluntary adherence by municipalities and units. It allows us to formulate indicators related to both the organization of health care actions and local management ²⁴24. Castanheira ERL, Nemes MIB, Almeida MAS, Puttini RF, Soares ID, Patrício KP, et al. QualiAB: desenvolvimento e validação de uma metodologia de avaliação de serviços de atenção básica. Saúde Soc 2011; 20:935-47.. Moreover, it has good adherence by managers from various regions in the State of São Paulo and has already demonstrated a high evaluative power, based on different scopes ²⁵25. Castanheira ERL. Caderno de boas práticas para organização dos serviços de atenção básica: critérios e padrões de avaliação utilizados pelo Sistema QualiAB. Botucatu: Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; 2016.^,2626. Placideli N, Castanheira ERL, Dias A, Silva PA, Carrapato JLF, Sanine PR, et al. Evaluation of comprehensive care for older adults in primary care services. Rev Saúde Pública 2020; 54:6.^,2727. Nunes LO, Castanheira ERL, Dias A, Zarili TFT, Sanine RR, Mendonça CS, et al. Importância do gerenciamento local para uma atenção primária à saúde nos moldes de Alma-Ata. Rev Panam Salud Pública 2018; 42:e175.^,2828. Sanine PR, Zarili TFT, Nunes LO, Dias A, Castanheira ERL. Do preconizado à prática: oito anos de desafios para a saúde da criança em serviços de atenção primária no interior de São Paulo, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública 2018; 34:e00094417.^,2929. Castanheira ERL, Nunes LO, Carrapato JFL, Sanine PR, Zarili TFT, Mendonça CS, et al. Avaliação de serviços de atenção básica pelo sistema QualiAB: desenvolvimento e análise (2006-2018). In: Akerman M, Sanine PR, Caccia-Bava MCGG, Marim FA, Louvison MCP, Hirooka LB, et al., editors. Atenção básica é o caminho! Desmontes, resistências e compromissos: contribuições das universidades brasileiras para a avaliação e pesquisa na APS: a resposta do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB) para a avaliação da atenção primária à saúde. São Paulo: Hucitec Editora; 2020. p. 371-96.^,3030. Oliveira AV, Sabino BCN, Dias LR, Gouvea ABV, Garbelini GU, Paiva IG, et al. Avaliação da longitudinalidade em unidades básicas de saúde tradicionais e com estratégia de saúde da família utilizando o Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool). Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde 2020; 12:e3895..

To define municipal standards, we aggregated the organizational arrangements self-identified by the units into three types: family health units - FHU; traditional basic health units - BHU (units without a family health team and without community health workers - CHW -, integrated or not into the emergency care unit, and outposts with mobile teams); and BHU/FHU (units self-defined as BHU with a CHW program and/or family health teams; and units self-defined as USF integrated with an emergency care unit). We used this classification to identify the municipal PHC organization patterns according to the types of services provided by the basic network of each municipality.

Our study included 2,472 services from 461 municipalities out of the 2,743 services located in 595 municipalities that participated in the survey. Inclusion criterion for municipalities consisted of the percentage of PHC services that responded to the QualiAB questionnaire (https://abasica.fmb.unesp.br/), varying according to the total number of units, to maintain the representativeness of the municipal network. Municipalities with more than six services were included if 75% or more of the total units answered the survey; municipalities with three to six services, 2/3 of the units; and municipalities with two services, if one service (50% of the municipality’s services) participated. Criteria variability according to the total number of services allowed us to include small municipalities while maintaining the simple majority criterion, since the 75% cut-off would exclude them.

Considering the key role played by municipal and local management interactions in the health care process, and guided by the SUS guidelines for PHC until 2017, we selected indicators related to local management whose occurrence requires guidance or authorization from the municipal management. We selected eight process indicators among those generated by the multiple-choice QualiAB questions to measure the influence of municipal management in unit organization. The selected indicators were grouped into three domains of analysis (planning, management and evaluation) detailed in Box 1.

To evaluate the municipal PHC network patterns that could identify the promotion of care models operationalized in PHC services, we investigated the association between the municipal typology and the selected indicators by means of distribution of frequencies of the variables, using chi-square tests with Bonferroni correction, followed by Z tests for proportions in statistically significant estimates (p ≤ 0.05). All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS v. 25.0 software (https://www.ibm.com/).

Results

Patterns in the organization of municipal primary care networks were identified by recognizing two large groups within PHC services composition - municipalities with a “homogeneous” network, i.e., with all services of the same type; and municipalities with a “heterogeneous” network, i.e., made up of two or more types of PHC services. Internal division of these two groups resulted in seven subgroups according to PHC organizational arrangements (Box 2).

Of the 461 municipalities evaluated, 201 (43.6%) were classified as homogeneous and 260 (56.4%) as heterogeneous (Table 1).

Although most of the 2,472 services analyzed are characterized as FHU (n = 1,138), the 48 municipalities that only had services with this type of organizational arrangement (homogeneous-FHS) represent only 10.4% of the universe studied. Municipalities with a smaller number of services were concentrated on the homogeneous group, with the homogeneous-mixed subcategory standing out for covering the largest number of municipalities (n = 103) and having the lowest ratio of services per municipality (1.41) (Table 1).

The heterogeneous group included municipalities with the highest number of services, with a ratio of 8.05 services per municipality, with the heterogeneous-FHS, traditional and mixed subgroup standing out with a 11.18 ratio. Note that this subgroup also had the largest number of FHU, which together with the presence of the heterogeneous-FHS and traditional and heterogeneous-FHS and mixed subgroups accounted for 89.4% of the participating FHU (Table 1).

Table 1 also shows that the municipalities classified as homogeneous-mixed (22.3%) and heterogeneous-FHS, traditional and mixed (20.2%) were the most represented in the universe studied, highlighting the presence of BHU/FHU units, i.e., services organized in the traditional arrangement but which include FHS components, such as family health teams and/or CHW.

To better understand the municipality profile of these groups, we distributed the municipalities by population stratum according to municipal classification. This analysis showed that most municipalities with up to 10,000 inhabitants (n = 203) are homogeneous (72.4%), with BHU/FHU units (44.3%). In municipalities with more than 10,000 inhabitants, the heterogeneous arrangement gains importance as the population size increases (Table 2).

Of the 172 municipalities with a population between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, 73.8% were concentrated in the heterogeneous typology, especially in the heterogeneous-FHS and mixed and heterogeneous-FHS, traditional and mixed groups (25.6% and 25%, respectively) (Table 2).

Among those with more than 50,000 inhabitants, 89.5% have heterogeneous basic networks, made up mainly of municipalities with a heterogeneous-FHS, traditional and mixed and heterogeneous-FHS and traditional pattern (48.8% and 22.1%, respectively). In this group of 77 larger municipalities, only nine were classified as homogeneous, seven of them with traditional services and two with BHU/FHU units (Table 2).

Associations between the seven groups of municipalities, classified according to basic network composition, and the selected indicators showed significant differences between them (p < 0.001) (Table 3).

When considering the Z-test correction, homogeneous-traditional and homogeneous-FHS stand out with significant differences in all the indicators. On the other hand, municipalities whose basic network composition classifies them as homogeneous-mixed and heterogeneous-FHS/mixed have percentages similar to homogeneous-FHS in almost all indicators. Municipalities with networks that include the different types of services considered - heterogeneous FHS, traditional and mixed - have indicators that are sometimes closer to those with FHS and sometimes closer to those with arrangements that include traditional services (Table 3).

In general, the municipalities classified as homogeneous-traditional had the lowest concentration of services with external technical support, least participated in evaluation processes organized by federal and/or state management and least used their results to plan or reorganize care strategies. They also had the lowest concentration of services that collected information on the local reality (Table 3).

Among the planning indicators, “definition of the catchment area by participatory planning, considering the local reality” is the basis for the territorialization process. However, the highest frequency occurred only in the homogeneous-FHS and mixed networks (39.7% and 44.1%), which differentiated them from the others, since all those with a traditional component were close to the lowest values of this indicator (Table 3).

The “use of care production data only by municipal management” indicator is also closer to municipalities with a traditional component, while “use of care production data to guide and plan unit actions”, with a focus on local planning, is more frequent and does not differentiate between the homogeneous-FHS and mixed and the heterogeneous-FHS/mixed groups. Similar behavior occurs in relation to survey of the local reality (Table 3).

We highlight the groups that concentrated a greater number of services with weekly or fortnightly team meetings, a practice employed by most of the services located in the municipalities of the homogeneous-FHS and heterogeneous-FHS and mixed groups (66.9% and 62%, respectively). Regarding this indicator, only 36.6% of the services in the homogeneous-mixed group reported weekly or fortnightly team meetings, which resembles what happens in groups with traditional components (Table 3).

On the other hand, “technical support by Family Health Support Centers (NASF) and/or a multiprofessional team from outside the unit” was frequent in all the different municipal network compositions, excepting homogeneous-traditional.

Indeed, municipalities classified as homogeneous-FHS and homogeneous-mixed showed similar results to the heterogeneous-FHS and mixed municipalities in most of the indicators, especially those that show compliance with FHS recommendations, such as concentrating municipalities with a greater number of PHC services that declared having participated in the evaluation processes organized by federal and/or state management and that used the results of previous evaluations to plan or reorganize care service strategies (Table 3).

Discussion

We identified different PHC organization patterns in a significant number of São Paulo municipalities. Corroborating evidence of this diversity in other Brazilian regions ¹1. Macinko J, Mendonça CS. Estratégia Saúde da Família, um forte modelo de atenção primária à saúde que traz resultados. Saúde Debate 2018; 42(n.esp. 1):18-37.^,3131. Santos NCCB, Vaz EMC, Nogueira JA, Toso BRGO, Collet N, Reichert APS. Presença e extensão dos atributos de atenção primária à saúde da criança em distintos modelos de cuidado. Cad Saúde Pública 2018; 34:e00014216., result analysis showed that the organizational arrangements of PHC services in São Paulo State were guided by FHS guidelines, even if not fully incorporated as a substitute model. Even amidst this great heterogeneity of organizational arrangements, the indicators point to actions that configure conditions for implementation of FHS-guided practices and, although they lack a direct association with health care actions, they indicate mechanisms that enable and strengthen them.

Despite the major presence of the FHS arrangement among the participating services, smaller municipalities, with one or two PHC services in their territory, have a tendency to implement mixed networks, with BHU/FHU units. Integration of family health teams and/or CHW into the organization of work processes increase the possibilities of reproducing the same response patterns operated according to the FHS model, which has already been noted by other evaluative studies and differentiate them from traditional units ¹⁹19. Sanine PR, Dias A, Castanheira ERL. Saúde da criança na atenção primária do estado de São Paulo: a repercussão dos diferentes arranjos organizacionais na qualidade dos serviços. Rev APS 2021; 24:353-66.^,2121. Castanheira ERL, Nemes MIB, Zarili TFT, Sanine PR, Corrente JE. Avaliação de serviços de atenção básica em municípios de pequeno e médio porte no estado de São Paulo: resultados da primeira aplicação do instrumento QualiAB. Saúde Debate 2014; 38:679-91.^,3131. Santos NCCB, Vaz EMC, Nogueira JA, Toso BRGO, Collet N, Reichert APS. Presença e extensão dos atributos de atenção primária à saúde da criança em distintos modelos de cuidado. Cad Saúde Pública 2018; 34:e00014216.^,3232. Pinto LF, Giovanella L. Do Programa à Estratégia Saúde da Família: expansão do acesso e redução das internações por condições sensíveis à atenção básica (ICSAB). Ciênc Saúde Colet 2018; 23:1903-14.^,3333. Lopes RC, Pavan MV, Almeida FA. Desafios para a implantação da Estratégia de Saúde da Família em municípios de grande porte no Brasil. Um estudo de caso. Rev Fac Ciênc Méd Sorocaba 2021; 23:59-66..

Our results confirm the large number of municipalities with heterogeneous networks such as heterogeneous-FHS, traditional and mixed, composed mostly of municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants, but which also includes a significant part of municipalities with 10,000 to 50,000 inhabitants. This high frequency of municipalities with the three types of services coincides with other studies on the coexistence of different PHC arrangements in São Paulo municipalities ¹⁹19. Sanine PR, Dias A, Castanheira ERL. Saúde da criança na atenção primária do estado de São Paulo: a repercussão dos diferentes arranjos organizacionais na qualidade dos serviços. Rev APS 2021; 24:353-66.^,2020. Pupo LR, Rosa TEC, Sala A, Feffermann M, Alves MCGP, Morais MLS. Saúde mental na atenção básica: identificação e organização do cuidado no estado de São Paulo. Saúde Debate 2020; 44 (n.esp. 3):107-27.^,2121. Castanheira ERL, Nemes MIB, Zarili TFT, Sanine PR, Corrente JE. Avaliação de serviços de atenção básica em municípios de pequeno e médio porte no estado de São Paulo: resultados da primeira aplicação do instrumento QualiAB. Saúde Debate 2014; 38:679-91.^,2222. Mota A, Schraiber LB. Atenção primária no sistema de saúde: debates paulistas numa perspectiva histórica. Saúde Soc 2011; 20:837-52. and the resistance of some of them, especially those with more than 100,000 inhabitants, to fully adhering to the FHS ³³33. Lopes RC, Pavan MV, Almeida FA. Desafios para a implantação da Estratégia de Saúde da Família em municípios de grande porte no Brasil. Um estudo de caso. Rev Fac Ciênc Méd Sorocaba 2021; 23:59-66.^,3434. Viana ALA, Rocha JSY, Elias PE, Ibañez N, Bousquat A. Atenção básica e dinâmica urbana nos grandes municípios paulistas, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública 2008; 24 Suppl 1:S79-90..

Municipalities with FHS or mixed arrangements and a predominance of multiprofessional support provided by the NASF and/or external multiprofessional teams showed greater alignment with FHS guidelines, which can indicated, albeit indirect, interdisciplinary work aimed at comprehensive care ¹1. Macinko J, Mendonça CS. Estratégia Saúde da Família, um forte modelo de atenção primária à saúde que traz resultados. Saúde Debate 2018; 42(n.esp. 1):18-37.^,22. Facchini LA, Tomasi E, Dilélio AS. Qualidade da atenção primária à saúde no Brasil: avanços, desafios e perspectivas. Saúde Debate 2018; 42(n.esp. 1):208-23.. This result is all the more relevant given that the changes in PHC advocated by current policies represent a strong threat to care models that value comprehensive and equitable care provided by multiprofessional teams ¹²12. Mendes A, Melo MA, Carnut L. Análise crítica sobre a implantação do novo modelo de alocação dos recursos federais para atenção primária à saúde: operacionalismo e improvisos. Cad Saúde Pública 2022; 38:e00164621..

In this regard, we highlight the municipalities that make up the homogeneous-FHS, homogeneous-mixed and heterogeneous-FHS and mixed groups and which therefore have family health teams and/or CHW, whose indicators show higher frequencies in the use of care production data in the planning of actions offered by the unit and in the collection of data to understand the local reality, which suggests different investments regarding community commitment in the organization of actions conducted by these services ³⁵35. Giovanella L, Mendonça MHM. Atenção primária à saúde. In: Giovanella L, Escorel S, Lobato LVC, Noronha JC, Carvalho AI, editors. Políticas e sistema de saúde no Brasil. 2nd Ed. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz; 2012. p. 493-545..

Municipalities belonging to the homogeneous-FHS and mixed groups showed greater definition of the catchment area by participatory planning considering the local reality, which can be pointed out as another important characteristic related to the type of territorialization and client registration, a fundamental attribute in implementing the care model advocated by the FHS. Notably, although the need to plan according to local reality has been imposed in the formulation of community actions and comprehensive care, its implementation has always remained a challenge for the SUS; however, as in other countries, it is under greater threat of the fiscal austerity measures introduced in response to the economic crisis ³3. Giovanella L, Mendonça MHM, Buss PM, Fleury S, Gadelha CAG, Galvão LAC, et al. De Alma-Ata a Astana. Atenção primária à saúde e sistemas universais de saúde: compromisso indissociável e direito humano fundamental. Cad Saúde Pública 2019; 35:e00012219.^,55. Cordilha AC, Lavinas L. Transformações dos sistemas de saúde na era da financeirização. Lições da França e do Brasil. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2018; 23:2147-58.^,66. Filippon J, Giovanella L, Konder M, Pollock AM. A "liberalização" do Serviço Nacional de Saúde da Inglaterra: trajetória e riscos para o direito à saúde. Cad Saúde Pública 2016; 32:e00034716.^,77. Brandão JRM. A atenção primária à saúde no Canadá: realidade e desafios atuais. Cad Saúde Pública 2019; 35:e00178217.^,1010. Giovanella L, Franco CM, Almeida PF. Política Nacional de Atenção Básica: para onde vamos? Ciênc Saúde Colet 2020; 25:1475-82.^,3636. Faria RM. A territorialização da atenção básica à saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2020; 25:4521-30..

The greater participation in the evaluation processes observed in the three groups of municipalities with FHS components and no traditional services must be interpreted with caution. Although it may indicate greater involvement and/or understanding of the benefits of these processes in improving organizational quality, it may also reflect the influence of evaluation models implemented by the Federal Government - which until 2014 only allowed the participation of services organized according to the FHS model ³⁷37. Silva RR, Gasparini MFV, Gomes PCIC, Akerman M. Avaliação da atenção básica no Brasil: lusco-fusco e aurora. In: Akerman M, Sanine PR, Caccia-Bava MCGG, Marim FA, Louvison MCP, Hirooka LB, et al., editors. Atenção básica é o caminho! Desmontes, resistências e compromissos: contribuições das universidades brasileiras para a avaliação e pesquisa na APS: a resposta do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB) para a avaliação da atenção primária à saúde. São Paulo: Hucitec Editora; 2020. p. 21-37.. On the other hand, seeing as these municipalities had the highest number of services claiming incorporation of the results of evaluation processes into unit action planning, we can reaffirm the value placed on evaluation processes for incorporating changes into work processes and, consequently, improving the quality of care provided ³⁷37. Silva RR, Gasparini MFV, Gomes PCIC, Akerman M. Avaliação da atenção básica no Brasil: lusco-fusco e aurora. In: Akerman M, Sanine PR, Caccia-Bava MCGG, Marim FA, Louvison MCP, Hirooka LB, et al., editors. Atenção básica é o caminho! Desmontes, resistências e compromissos: contribuições das universidades brasileiras para a avaliação e pesquisa na APS: a resposta do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB) para a avaliação da atenção primária à saúde. São Paulo: Hucitec Editora; 2020. p. 21-37.^,3838. Sanine PR, Dias A, Machado DF, Zarili TFT, Carrapato JFL, Placideli N, et al. Influência da gestão municipal na organização da atenção à saúde da criança em serviços de atenção primária do interior paulista. Cad Saúde Pública 2021; 37:e00242219..

The three groups with the most FHS components indicators - Homogeneous-FHS, homogeneous-mixed and heterogeneous-FHS and mixed - showed greater frequency of weekly or fortnightly team meetings. This is a prerequisite for teamwork, with the ability to directly influence care coordination and enable participatory management. While the meeting space can indeed be absorbed by bureaucratic and organizational issues, it is also the space where planning and case discussion takes place ³⁹39. Voltolini BC, Andrade SR, Piccoli T, Pedebôs LA, Andrade V. Reuniões da estratégia saúde da família: um dispositivo indispensável para o planejamento local. Texto Contexto Enferm 2019; 28:e20170477. to enable teamwork.

Despite the great heterogeneity of organizational arrangements, as evidenced in PHC services in other Brazilian states ³¹31. Santos NCCB, Vaz EMC, Nogueira JA, Toso BRGO, Collet N, Reichert APS. Presença e extensão dos atributos de atenção primária à saúde da criança em distintos modelos de cuidado. Cad Saúde Pública 2018; 34:e00014216., the municipalities with homogeneous-FHS, homogeneous-mixed and heterogeneous-FHS and mixed stood out positively in relation to most indicators as management constraints for a comprehensive and integral PHC model. On the other hand, the homogeneous-traditional group, whose services does not include relevant FHS elements, stands out negatively in relation to the same variables.

Such a scenario points to an alignment with the FHS model in the period studied, even within the conformation of municipalities with BHU/FHU-type services. This trend highlights the strategic position of municipal managers in implementing policies that adapt their practices to the local reality, as it shows that the organizational, planning and management measures taken are important in enabling work processes with greater capacity to respond to the health needs of each territory. It also highlights the inductive power of federal and state policies in the incorporation of this model ⁴⁰40. Ministério da Saúde. Política Nacional de Atenção Básica. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2012.^,4141. Doricci GC, Guanes-Lorenzi C, Pereira MJB. O Programa Articuladores da Atenção Básica: uma proposta inovadora para qualificação da atenção básica. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2017; 22:2073-82. by municipal administrations.

Considering the relative autonomy given to municipal managers in the regulations currently in force regarding PHC management and financing - which allow municipalities to adapt the recommendations ¹⁴14. Araújo CEL, Gonçalves GQ, Machado JA. Os municípios brasileiros e os gastos próprios com saúde: algumas associações. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2017; 22:953-63.^,1515. Tasca R, Carrera MBM, Malik AM, Schiesari LMC, Bigoni A, Costa CF, et al. Gerenciando o SUS no nível municipal ante a Covid-19: uma análise preliminar. Saúde Debate 2022; 46(n.esp. 1):15-32.^,4242. Duarte LS, Viana MMO, Scalco N, Garcia MT, Felipe LV. Incentivos financeiros para mudança de modelo na atenção básica dos municípios paulistas. Saúde Soc 2023; 32:e210401pt. - highlights the strategic role of monitoring and evaluation processes for identifying and following up on the possible impacts of counter-reform policies.

These results become worrying in a context where federal management regulations issued in recent years for this level of care, such as the 2017 Brazilian National Primary Helth Care Policy (PNAB) and the Previne Brasil program, represent proposals that open up space to mischaracterize team interdisciplinarity, to bureaucratize the role of CHW and to reduce health promotion actions, thus hindering the consolidation of FHS-based care. But, above all, by pushing back the consolidation of a strong PHC and a public and universal SUS ⁵5. Cordilha AC, Lavinas L. Transformações dos sistemas de saúde na era da financeirização. Lições da França e do Brasil. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2018; 23:2147-58.^,66. Filippon J, Giovanella L, Konder M, Pollock AM. A "liberalização" do Serviço Nacional de Saúde da Inglaterra: trajetória e riscos para o direito à saúde. Cad Saúde Pública 2016; 32:e00034716.^,77. Brandão JRM. A atenção primária à saúde no Canadá: realidade e desafios atuais. Cad Saúde Pública 2019; 35:e00178217.^,88. Paim JS. Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) aos 30 anos. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2018; 23:1723-8.^,1010. Giovanella L, Franco CM, Almeida PF. Política Nacional de Atenção Básica: para onde vamos? Ciênc Saúde Colet 2020; 25:1475-82.^,1111. Miranda AS. A focalização utilitária da atenção primária à saúde em viés tecnocrático e disruptivo. Saúde Debate 2020; 44:1214-30..

As for study limitations, we can cite the use of indicators which, although they proved to be sensitive to the associations investigated, did not allow for a closer identification of the care model implemented by the services. Moreover, although the universe analyzed includes a significant number of municipalities and PHC services, it refers to a statewide sample of voluntary adherence, answered by the unit manager and, therefore, ignoring the perspective of administrators for this network configuration.

However, this analysis proved to be valid and replicable in other contexts, providing a better understanding of municipal primary care networks, which includes FHS organization and the type of family health teams and/or CHW incorporation. It also allowed us to identify elements for debating existing weaknesses and alternatives for strengthening the process of incorporating FHS guidelines.

Final considerations

Our results point to a significant presence of the FHS under the previous PNAB - which clearly prioritized this model of health care organization, including allocations for its expansion. Even in a scenario where different service organization models coexist, the municipal health care networks with family health teams and/or CHW presented general characteristics closer to those recommended by the SUS guidelines for PHC, reinforcing the power federal and state managements have to induce changes in the care model, and the strategic position municipal managers play in implementing policies that affect care practices organization.

The varied organizational arrangements identified seems to mirror the historical construction of PHC in São Paulo, but also suggests the political-institutional choices made by municipal managers, which may be associated with professional resistance to adhering to changes in traditional health care models.

Our findings also suggest that raising awareness about FHS incorporation in managers tends to result in a services organization more porous to incentives and debates about comprehensiveness, advancing SUS consolidation. Managers must avoid leaving the heterogeneity of existing arrangements in São Paulo to be exploited in the name of reducing FHS practices and, at the same time, should strengthen measures that promote the incorporation of FHS guidelines in PHC services organization.

By shedding light on strategic elements for PHC strengthening we expect to raise the three levels of management awareness to the importance of including family health teams and CHW in services (re)organization according to the guidelines of a comprehensive PHC, with universal and equitable access, thus strengthening municipal commitments to quality care in the SUS.

References

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