ABSTRACT:

Introduction:

In Brazil, drugs are the main causative agents of poisonings, and children under age five are the group with the highest number of cases. The objective of the present study was to describe hospitalizations due to drug poisoning in this population regarding demographics, deaths and worsening indicators in hospitalizations.

Methods:

The frequency of hospitalizations for drug poisoning between 2003 and 2012 was verified using data from the Hospital Information System. The study variables were year, gender, age, place of residence and hospitalization, patient follow-up, main diagnosis, secondary diagnosis, nature of the health establishment and amount related to Intensive Care Unit expenses.

Results:

There were 17,725 hospitalizations due to drug poisoning in children under five, predominantly two-year-old male children. The hospitalizations outside the city of residence occurred in 25% of the cases, with predominance in the Northeastern region. The proportion of deaths in hospitalizations was 0.4%, with a higher number of deaths in the Southeastern region.

Conclusion:

Despite the decrease in the number of hospitalizations in the period, regional disparities remained, which could be attenuated with the provision of specialized attention to drug poisonings in municipalities, expanding the access to a more complex care.

Keywords:
Hospitalization; Poisoning; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Infant; Children; Hospital Information Systems

INTRODUCTION

Drugs are the main poisoning agents in many countries, including Brazil, the United States and the United Kingdom¹1. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde. Sistema Nacional de Informações Toxico-Farmacológicas. Dados de intoxicação [Internet]. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz [acessado em 28 dez. 2016]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://sinitox.icict.fiocruz.br/dados-nacionais
http://sinitox.icict.fiocruz.br/dados-na... ^,22. Mowry JB, Spyker AD, Brooks DE, Zimmerman A, Schauben JL. 2015 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS). 33rd Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2016; 54(10): 924-1109. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2016.1245421
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/... ^,33. National Poisons Information Service. National Poisons Information Service Report 2015/16 [Internet]. [acessado em 28 dez. 2016]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.npis.org/NPISAnnualReport2015-16.pdf
http://www.npis.org/NPISAnnualReport2015... . Although they are used for prophylactic, curative, palliative or diagnostic purposes, they can cause harmful responses in various situations, especially when in doses higher than those usually employed, intentionally or unintentionally⁴4. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria nº 3.916, de 30 de outubro de 1998. Aprova a Política Nacional de Medicamentos. Diário Oficial da União da República Federativa do Brasil. 1998; Seção 1: 18..

Even though poisoning may occur at any time throughout a person’s life, children between 1 and 4 years old in Brazil are the most affected by poisoning by this cause¹1. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde. Sistema Nacional de Informações Toxico-Farmacológicas. Dados de intoxicação [Internet]. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz [acessado em 28 dez. 2016]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://sinitox.icict.fiocruz.br/dados-nacionais
http://sinitox.icict.fiocruz.br/dados-na... . In 2013, 34.4% of notifications and 4.3% of deaths from drug poisoning involved children under 4¹1. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde. Sistema Nacional de Informações Toxico-Farmacológicas. Dados de intoxicação [Internet]. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz [acessado em 28 dez. 2016]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://sinitox.icict.fiocruz.br/dados-nacionais
http://sinitox.icict.fiocruz.br/dados-na... .

Drug poisonings reported in children under 5 mainly occur in accidental circumstances or due to medication errors⁵5. Feuser PE. O perfil das intoxicações medicamentosas no estado de Santa Catarina. Rev Saúde Públ Santa Cat 2013; 6(2): 23-32.. Although the number of notifications is high, related mortality is low. Despite the lower severity of these poisonings, some cases still require care in health units or even hospitalizations. However, there is no information on the number or profile of hospitalizations caused by such poisonings.

In order to fill this gap, the objective of the present study was to assess hospital admissions due to drug poisonings in the country, involving children under 5, between 2003 and 2012, regarding demographic aspects, deaths and severity indicators.

METHODS

A retrospective descriptive study was conducted using data from the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System (SIH-SUS) between 2003 and 2012, throughout the country. The period was chosen because it represents the last ten years in which data were completely available at the time of research approval.

The study population consisted of hospitalized children under 5, and data were collected based on the reduced type files for Hospital Admissions Authorizations (Autorizações de Internações Hospitalares - AIH) available on the website of the Department of Informatics of SUS (DATASUS). Data files from all states and the Federal District were used. The collection was performed between April and June 2014.

The eligible cases were hospitalizations involving children under 5, for which the main and/or secondary diagnosis presented one of the codes defined for drug poisoning in the 10^th International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10): F11.0, F.13.0, F.15.0, F.19,0, F55, P93, T36, T37, T38, T39, T40.2, T40.3, T40.4, T41, T42, T43, T44, T45, T46, T47, T48, T49, T50, T96, X40, X41, X43, X44, X60, X61, X63, X64, X85, Y10, Y11, Y13, Y14.

Codes X42, X62 and Y12 were deleted to avoid ICD-10 codes that did not allow differentiating the conditions related to the use of medicines from those linked to the use of licit and illicit drugs, according to Lessa and Bochner⁶6. Lessa MA, Bochner R. Análise das internações hospitalares de crianças menores de um ano relacionadas a intoxicações e efeitos adversos de medicamentos no Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2008; 11(4): 660-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2008000400013
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... . The method used to construct the database was described in Maior et al.⁷7. Maior MCLS, Osório-de-Castro CGS, Andrade CLT. Internações por intoxicações medicamentosas em crianças menores de cinco anos no Brasil, 2003-2012. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2017; 26(4): 771-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742017000400009
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.512... .

The AIH variables used were year, gender, age, place of residence and hospitalization, death, primary diagnosis, secondary diagnosis and nature of the health facility. The variable amount related to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) expenses was used to identify ICU use, because the variable total ICU days during hospitalization reports zero days both for non-hospitalization and for hospitalization for less than 24 hours.

Absolute and relative frequencies of the qualitative variables were calculated using the softwares Windows Tabulator (TabWin32), Statistical Analysis System (SAS) 9.3 and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 20, for data extraction and analysis.

The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca (CEP/ENSP), according to Opinion No. 01/2014.

RESULTS

Between 2003 and 2012, there were 17,725 hospitalizations for drug poisoning in children under 5 (Table 1). This figure decreased over the period (Figure 1). 2-year-old (24.3%) and male children (52.9%) presented the largest number of hospitalizations. ICU was used in 7.3% of cases. Hospitalizations in public facilities (46.3%) and of residents from the Southeastern region (46.7%) occurred in greater numbers. Death/hospitalization ratio was 0.4% (Table 2).

The proportion of hospitalizations outside the place of residence was 25.3% in the ­country, ranging from 30.8% in the Northeast to 18.7% in the North. Of the 4,492 ­hospitalizations outside the place of residence, 488 cases involved the ICU (10.9%) (Table 3).

ICU beds were used more in the Southeastern region and less in the Northern region. The highest absolute number of deaths was seen in the Southeast, although the highest death/hospitalization ratio was in the North (Table 4).

Among the hospitalizations followed by death, 70.7% occurred in public facilities, 28% in affiliated institutions; and 1.3%, in private institutions (non-tabulated data).

DISCUSSION

Between 2003 and 2012, SUS registered 17,725 hospitalizations due to drug poisoning in children under 5, decreasing 26.5% from the first to the last year. In the same period and age group, the Brazilian population decreased by 14.1%⁸8. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatísticas. A13. Proporção de menores de 5 anos de idade na população [Internet]. IBGE [acessado em 28 dez. 2016]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?idb2012/a13.def
http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.... , and the notifications of drug poisonings increased¹1. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde. Sistema Nacional de Informações Toxico-Farmacológicas. Dados de intoxicação [Internet]. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz [acessado em 28 dez. 2016]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://sinitox.icict.fiocruz.br/dados-nacionais
http://sinitox.icict.fiocruz.br/dados-na... . The reduction in these hospitalizations may reflect the decrease in population and in the severity of poisonings, justifying fewer hospitalizations.

The largest number of hospitalizations involved children between 2 and 3 years old, which is close to that observed by Matos et al.⁹9. Matos GC, Rozenfeld S, Bortoletto ME. Intoxicações medicamentosas em crianças menores de cinco anos. Rev. Bras. Saude Mater Infant 2002; 2(2): 167-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-38292002000200009
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... . As children are able to move more independently at this age, these intoxications may be accidental¹⁰10. Martins CBG, Andrade SM. Epidemiologia dos acidentes e violências entre menores de 15 anos em município da região Sul do Brasil. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem 2005; 13(4): 530-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692005000400011
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... or a consequence of the greater use of medicines in this age group¹¹11. Mazzola IV. Uso de medicamentos por crianças menores de seis anos e fatores sociodemográficos associados [trabalho de conclusão de curso]. Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; 2010..

Given that population criterion defines the distribution of AIH, the Southeastern and Northeastern regions were expected to present a greater number of hospitalizations. Besides that, 46.3% of hospitalizations occurred in public facilities, and 39.7% in affiliated institutions, according to the proportion of pediatric beds available linked to SUS¹²12. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Sistema Único de Saúde. Departamento de Informática do SUS. Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde. Quantidade SUS por Tipo de Prestador segundo Região [Internet]. [acessado em 28 dez. 2016]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?cnes/cnv/leiintbr.def
http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.... .

The possibility of patients commuting to other municipalities in search of hospitalization depends on their geographic and social conditions. Such displacement happened in 25.3% of hospitalizations, similar to what was found in the literature¹³13. Botega LA, Rodrigues RA, Andrade MV. Distribuição Espacial das Internações hospitalares realizadas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em Minas Gerais, 2002: utilização dos serviços de saúde e distância média percorrida pelos pacientes. XV Encontro Nacional de Estudos Populacionais. Caxambu; 2006., and in greater proportion in the Northeastern region and lower in the North. Because the regionalization of health services can cause this displacement, the results possibly indicate a favored regionalization process in the Northeast, and the opposite in the North. Nonetheless, between 2007 and 2010, Lima et al.¹⁴14. Lima LD, Viana ALA, Machado CV, Albuquerque MV, Oliveira RG, Iozzi FL, et al. Regionalização e acesso à saúde nos estados brasileiros: condicionantes históricos e político-institucionais. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva 2012; 17(11): 2881-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001100005
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... found that the historical/structural, political/institutional overall context disfavored the regionalization process in the North and Northeast, unlike in other Brazilian regions.

Another hypothesis for greater migration may be the lack of care in the municipality of origin in the Northeast, either due to the smaller structure of health units, or failures in health care in smaller municipalities. In the North, natural barriers would make this travel difficult. The precariousness of care in the Northeast and the impossibility of travel in the North could aggravate the clinical condition of children, who would seek more complex care in other municipalities, lengthening the route taken by patients, as already identified by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)¹⁵15. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatísticas. Regiões de influência das cidades [Internet]. IBGE; 2007 [acessado em jul. 2016]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.ibge.gov.br
http://www.ibge.gov.br... .

The need for commute for care is reflected in the increased time for assistance. Assessing the patient’s clinical condition and the choice of approach to be adopted are directly linked to the period between exposure and care in poisoning cases¹⁶16. Oliveira FFS, Suchara EA. Perfil epidemiológico das intoxicações exógenas em crianças e adolescentes em município do Mato Grosso. Rev Paul Pediatr 2014; 32(4): 299-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-05822014000400004
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... . Therefore, the delay in care can lead to clinical worsening of patients.

Although 25.3% of hospitalizations occurred outside the place of residence, 37.8% of ICU beds were used in these hospitalizations. This may indicate that children in a more serious condition either did not find appropriate care in their municipality and needed to travel, or a deterioration in their condition occurred caused by commuting for care. As there is a high technological concentration in pediatric ICU beds, they are usually offered only in more populous municipalities. Therefore, the supply of these beds is expected to attract users from nearby municipalities.

There was a marked difference between the death/hospitalization ratio observed in Brazil (0.4%) and in the North (1.1%), Northeast and Southeast (0.6%) and South (0.2%), so that the Southern region was the only one in which the ratio was inferior to the national one. The delay in care and treatment, due to the precariousness of health services in areas of lower socioeconomic status, increases the probability of patient death¹⁷17. Junqueira RM, Duarte EC. Fatores associados à chance para a mortalidade hospitalar no Distrito Federal. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2013; 22(1): 29-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742013000100003
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.512... . Thus, both the barriers to travel in the Northern region and the need of commuting for care in the Northeast make it difficult to provide necessary timely hospital care, increasing the chances of death.

Belon et al.¹⁸18. Belon AP, Silveira NYJ, Barros MBA, Baldo C, Silva MMA. Atendimentos de emergência a vítimas de violências e acidentes: diferenças no perfil epidemiológico entre o setor público e o privado. VIVA - Campinas/SP, 2009. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva 2012; 17(9): 2279-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000900010
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... also reported the predominance of care in public health units for accident victims in emergencies. As to deaths, Gomes et al.¹⁹19. Gomes AS, Kluck MM, Fachel JMG, Riboldi J. Fatores associados à mortalidade hospitalar na rede SUS do Rio Grande do Sul, em 2005: aplicação de modelo multinível. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2010; 13(3): 533-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2010000300016
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... also highlighted the predominance of this indicator in the public sector in Rio Grande do Sul State, when analyzing adult hospitalizations. These findings may indicate that more serious cases are referred to public facilities because they are reference units and/or are complex-care facilities.

Regarding the use of ICU beds, although the South has comparatively fewer neonatal and pediatric complementary beds than the Southeast and the Northeast, there was greater use of ICUs and a lower ratio of deaths/hospitalization in this region, suggesting that more severe patients had greater access to needed care¹²12. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Sistema Único de Saúde. Departamento de Informática do SUS. Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde. Quantidade SUS por Tipo de Prestador segundo Região [Internet]. [acessado em 28 dez. 2016]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?cnes/cnv/leiintbr.def
http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.... . However, as most establishments in the region are affiliated to SUS, an exarcebated use of ICU beds may have occurred due to the providers’ choice to meet more specialized and profitable demands over others to increase their revenues²⁰20. Chaves LDP, Anselmi ML. Fatores explicativos para a variação na produção de internações hospitalares. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem 2008; 16(2): 287-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692008000200018
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... . On the other hand, the lower death/hospitalization ratio suggests that affiliated services may offer better care in complex situations.

The North used, proportionally, more ICU beds than the Southeast, reinforcing the hypothesis that the difficulty of traveling to the health unit aggravates the patient’s condition. The Northeast, which had the highest proportion of hospitalizations outside the place of residence, also shows the lowest use of ICU beds.

The regional difference in hospitalizations also reflects the asymmetry regarding the number and distribution of Toxicological Information and Assistance Centers (CIATox) in the national territory. Considering data from the National Toxicological and Pharmacological Information System (SINITOX) and the Brazilian Association of Toxicological Information and Assistance Centers, the Northern Region has only two CIAToxs, whereas São Paulo State has 11. Thus, the size of the region covered by centers varies significantly, which may compromise patient care.

According to SINITOX data, there was no reduction in the number of notifications for drug poisoning in children under 5 during the study period. Therefore, the number of hospitalizations for this cause would be expected to remain constant. However, there was a decrease in the number of hospitalizations for drug poisoning in this population. Although the decrease in hospitalizations may not reflect a reduction in the occurrence of poisonings, it may be related to the decrease in the most serious cases. We highlight the regional differences found regarding hospitalizations outside the place of residence, the use of ICUs and the death/hospitalization ratio.

Further observations are due to other SIH variables. The variable total ICU days during hospitalization could not be used, because it did not discriminate one-day hospitalizations. Thus, the measure amount of hospitalization proved to be more reliable. Another issue concerns the death/hospitalization ratio. Although the literature shows lower coverage of death records reported in the SIH in relation to the Mortality Information System²¹21. Machado JP, Martins M, Leite IC. Qualidade das bases de dados hospitalares no Brasil: alguns elementos. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2016; 19(3): 567-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201600030008
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... , the level of completeness of the variable ‘death’ was 100%, which made it possible to use it in this study.

As the study involved data from SIH, only hospitalizations within the scope of SUS were considered. The narrow inclusion criteria depended on the completion of AIH, limiting the study. Because it is a descriptive study, it was not possible to establish a causal correlation between the data, but the study allowed detailing of the profile of hospitalizations from drug poisonings among children under 5 and formulating hypotheses on the phenomenon.

CONCLUSION

Given the results, specialized attention for drug poisonings in municipalities is recommended, mapping those that can assist poisoned patients, even offering ICU beds. This planning seems to be essential and determinant for the survival of poisoned children, since it shortens the waiting times and favors the appropriate use of more complex care.

References

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History