ABSTRACT:

Objective:

To analyze the incidence trend of the five main causes of cancer, according to sex and age, in Greater Cuiabá, in the state of Mato Grosso, from 2000 to 2016.

Methods:

Incidence information was obtained from the Population-Based Cancer Registry, referring to the municipalities Cuiabá and Várzea Grande (RCBP — Cuiabá). Crude incidence rates were calculated and the five main types of cancer were selected: for males, prostate (C61), lung (C33–34), colorectal (C18–21), stomach (C16) and oral cavity cancer (C00–10); and for females, breast (C50), cervix (C53), colorectal (C18–21), lung (C33–34) and thyroid gland cancer (C73). Age-adjusted rates were calculated by the direct method, using the world population as reference. Trends were estimated using the Joinpoint method and evaluated by Annual Percent Change (APC) and Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC). The Joinpoint Regression Program software, version 8.3.6.1, was used.

Results:

During the period, there was a decreasing trend of lung (AAPC=-2.2; 95%CI −4.0–-0.3) and stomach cancer (AAPC=-5.2; 95%CI −7.7–-2.6) in men, and of cervix cancer (AAPC=-7.2; 95%CI −9.0–-5.3) in women, and increasing for breast (AAPC=2.8; 95%CI 0.2–5.5) and thyroid cancer (AAPC=8.3; 95%CI 4.6–12.2).

Conclusion:

In Greater Cuiabá, we found a downward incidence trend among elderly men for prostate, lung and stomach cancer. Women are affected at younger age groups, with an upward trend for breast cancer and downward trend for cervix cancer.

Keywords:
Cancer; Incidence; Ecological studies; Time series studies

INTRODUCTION

In 2020, more than 19 million new cases of cancer were estimated worldwide, excluding non-melanoma skin cancer. Of these, more than half of cases were among men (10.2 million versus 9.2 million in women). The most common types in males were lung (14.3%), prostate (14.1%), colorectal (10.6%), stomach (7.1%) and liver cancer (6.3%), and, in females, breast (24.5%), colorectal (9.4%), lung (8.4%), cervix (6.5%) and thyroid gland cancer (4.9%)¹1 Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidente and mortality worldwide for 36 canecers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021; 71(3): 209-49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660... .

In Brazil, the National Cancer Institute (INCA) estimated around 630,000 new cases of cancer for the 2020-2022 period, 49.4% in men and 50.6% in women. The most common cancers, with the exception of non-melanoma skin cancer, in 2020, were: prostate (29.2%), colorectal (9.1%), lung (7.9%), stomach (5.9%) and oral cavity cancer (5%) among men, and breast (29.7%), colorectal (9.2%), cervix (7.4%), lung (5.6%) and thyroid gland cancer (5.4%) among women²2 Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva. Estimativa 2020: incidência de câncer no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: INCA; 2019. Available at: https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.inca.local/files//media/document//estimativa-2020-incidencia-de-cancer-no-brasil.pdf
https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.in... .

The increase in incidence can be mostly attributed to environmental and behavioral factors, the reduction of infectious and parasitic diseases, the reduction in the younger population, and the growth of the elderly population. Physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy eating habits and consequent increase in obesity, Human Papillomavirus and Helicobacter pylori infections are other important risk factors³3 Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018; 68(6): 394-424. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492...

4 Parkin DM, Fernández LMG. Use of statistics to assess the global burden of breast cancer. Breast J 2006;12(Suppl. 1): S70-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1075-122X.2006.00205.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1075-122X.2006... -⁵5 Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Ministério da Saúde. Tipos de câncer [Internet]. 2020 [cited on Jun 5, 2020]. Available at: https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer
https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer... .

Knowing the extent of cancer is important for the planning and research for disease control programs. Cancer surveillance is an important strategic factor for understanding the proportion and impact of this affection on society. In Brazil, it is done through the Population-Based Cancer Registry (RCBP, in Portuguese). With at least one in each Brazilian region, there are currently 32 RCBPs with information available in the country, safely delineating the incidence of the main types of cancer⁶6 Reis RS. Análise de tendência e perfil da incidência do câncer de cólon e reto em Porto Alegre e Fortaleza (1990-1999) [dissertação de mestrado]. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva; 2007.,⁷7 Parkin DM. The role of cancer registries in cancer control. Int J Clin Oncol 2008; 13(2): 102-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-008-0762-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-008-0762-... . Furthermore, trend analyses are an important tool and have been widely used to investigate the evolution of the disease⁸8 Ward EM, Thun MJ, Hannan LM, Jemal A. Interpreting cancer trends. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1076: 29-53. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1371.048
https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1371.048... ,⁹9 Chatenoud L, Bertuccio P, Bosetti C, Malvezzi M, Levi F, Negri E, et al. Trends in mortality from major cancers in the Americas: 1980–2010. Ann Oncol 2014; 25(9): 1843-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu206
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu206... .

Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the incidence trend of the five main causes of cancer, according to sex and age group, in Greater Cuiabá, from 2000 to 2016.

METHODS

This is an ecological time series study composed of data about individuals diagnosed with cancer residing in Greater Cuiabá, which covers the most populous municipalities of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá (capital) and Várzea Grande (adjacent to the capital), from 2000 to 2016. In 2010, Cuiabá had 551,098 inhabitants (48.8% male), a population density of 157.66 inhab./km² and a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.785. Várzea Grande had 252,596 inhabitants (52.5% male), a population density of 240.98 inhab./km² and an HDI of 0.734¹⁰10 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Cuiabá [Internet]. 2020 [cited on Jun 24, 2020]. Available at: https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/mt/cuiaba/panorama
https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/mt/cu... .

Information on new cases came from the RCBP of Cuiabá, which covers the municipalities of Cuiabá and Várzea Grande and is available on the website of the Population-Based Cancer Registry System (BasePopWeb), developed by INCA¹¹11 Registros de Câncer de Base Populacional - Basepopweb. Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva /MS. [cited on Jun 24, 2020]. Available at: https://www.inca.gov.br/numeros-de-cancer/registro-de-cancer-de-base-populacional
https://www.inca.gov.br/numeros-de-cance... . The study period was chosen based on the availability of updated information in partnership with the Mato Grosso State Health Department (SES-MT).

Census (2000 and 2010) and intercensus population estimates, used as denominators to calculate incidence rates, were extracted using the TABNET tabulator, available on the website of the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (SUS)¹²12 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Informações de saúde: TABNET. Demográficas e socioeconômicas [Internet]. 2008 [cited on May 30, 2020]. Available at: http://www.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index.php?area=0206&id=6942
http://www.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index.... ,¹³13 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. DATASUS. População residente: estudo de estimativas populacionais para os municípios, desagregadas por sexo e idade, 2000–2015 [Internet]. [cited on May 30, 2020] Available at: http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/NOVAPOP/NT_estimativas_pop_RIPSA_IBGE.P.D.
http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/NOVAPOP... .

Crude and age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated for each year between 2000 and 2016, dividing the number of new cancer cases by the population over the period and multiplying by 100,000 inhabitants. Specific crude rates were calculated for each age group using 10-year intervals (20–29 years, 30–39 years, 40–49 years, 50–59 years, 60–69 years, 70–79 years, 80 years and older). And the standardized incidence rates were calculated by the direct method, considering the world standard population proposed by Segi¹⁴14 Segi M. Cancer mortality for selected sites in 24 countries (1950-1957). Sendai: Department of Public Health/Tohoku University School of Medicine; 1960. and modified by Doll et al.¹⁵15 Doll R, Payne P, Waterhouse JAH. Cancer incidence in five continents. v. I. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1966..

To select the five most frequent types of cancer, according to sex, the highest crude rates in the study period (2000–2016) were considered. Thus, the types of cancer selected for males were prostate (C61), lung (C33–34), colorectal (C18–21), stomach (C16) and oral cavity cancer (C00–10); for females, they were breast (C50), cervix (C53), colorectal (C18–21), lung (C33–34), and thyroid gland cancer (C73), according to the tenth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10).

Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the incidence trend, which assesses whether there are changes at some points in the observed trend pattern. Then, we calculated the annual percentage change (APC), which is the direction and magnitude of the trend results, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC), which is the variation estimated by the calculation of the weighted geometric mean of different APCs with weight equal to the size of the segment for each time interval¹⁶16 Kim HJ, Fay MP, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN. Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with application to cancer rates. Stat Med 2000; 19(3): 335-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(20000215)19:3<335::aid-sim336>3.0.co;2-z
https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(... ,¹⁷17 Clegg LX, Hankey BF, Tiwari R, Feuer EJ, Edwards BK. Estimating average annual per cent change in trend analysis. Stat Med. 2009; 28(29): 3670-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.3733
https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.3733... . The year of occurrence was considered an independent variable and incidence rates were adjusted as dependent variables. The trend was considered upward when the APC and/or AAPC had a positive result, and the minimum value of the confidence interval was greater than 0, and downward when the APC and/or AAPC had a negative result and the maximum value of the confidence interval was below 0. Stability was defined when the confidence interval included 0.

The analysis by age groups was performed from 40 years of age in males and from 20 years of age in females. Some age groups were omitted from the tables for both sexes, because the series cannot have null values in the joinpoint regression. Statistical analyzes were performed using the Joinpoint Regression Program software version 8.3.6.1¹⁸18 National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results. SEER*Stat Software. Version 8.3.6.1. Bethesda: SEER; 2020 [cited on May 31, 2020]. Available at: https://seer.cancer.gov/seerstat/.
https://seer.cancer.gov/seerstat/... . A significance level of 5% was adopted.

The present study is part of the research project entitled "Cancer and associated factors: analysis of population-based and hospital records" and was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of Júlio Muller University Hospital under opinion no. 3.048.183, dating from 11/20/2018, and SES-MT, under opinion no. 3,263,744 dating from 12/04/2019.

RESULTS

From 2000 to 2016, 22,345 new cases of cancer were identified, except for in situ and non-melanoma skin cancer. Of these, 11,141 (49.9%) new cases occurred in males and 11,204 (50.1%) in females. The five most common types of cancer, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers, were: prostate (33.6%), lung (8.2%), colorectal (7.4%), stomach (6.3%) and oral cavity cancer (5.5%) in men; and breast (29.7%), cervix (13.2%), colorectal (8.2%), lung (4.7%) and thyroid gland cancer (4.4%), in women (Table 1).

Among men, the adjusted incidence rate of prostate cancer ranged from approximately 80 to 60 new cases/100,000 men. Among women, the adjusted incidence rate for breast cancer stood out, ranging from approximately 50 to 60 new cases/100,000 women, and cervical cancer, which ranged from approximately 40 to 20 new cases/100,000 women.

The results indicate a downward trend for lung and stomach types in men, with a decline of 2.2% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]-4.0–-0.3) and 5.2% (95%CI −7.7–-2.6) per year, respectively, for the entire period. On the other hand, prostate cancer (APC=-3.2; 95%CI −6.1–-0.3) and oral cavity cancer (APC=-4.3; 95%CI −8.1–-0.4) had a decline only from 2006 to 2016. Among women, there was an increase of 2.8% per year (95%CI 0.2–5.5) in breast cancer and 8.3% per year (95%CI 4, 6–12.2) in thyroid gland cancer. For cervical cancer, there was a reduction of 7.2% per year (95%CI −9.0–-5.3) (Table 2).

When analyzing the incidence trends by age group in men throughout the historical series, prostate cancer had a downward trend among men aged 80 years and over (AAPC=-3.0; 95%CI −5.7 –-0.3). For lung cancer, there was a decrease in the age groups of 40 to 49 years (AAPC=-4.2; 95%CI −7.7–-0.6) and 60 to 69 years (AAPC=-2.0; 95%CI −3.7–-0.2). For colorectal cancer, only the age group 70 to 79 years had an upward trend (AAPC=4.0; 95%CI 0.4–7.6). For stomach cancer, there was a decreasing trend in the groups from 60 to 69 years (AAPC=-6.2; 95%CI −10.0–-2.3) and 70 to 79 years (AAPC=-4.7; 95%CI −8.2–-1.1). Finally, oral cavity cancer had a decreasing trend in the age group from 40 to 49 years (AAPC=-4.7; 95%CI −8.1–-1.2) (Table 3).

For women aged 20 to 29 years, there was a reduction in cases of breast cancer in 2000–2005 (APC=-21.4; 95%CI −38.2–0.0), followed by an increase in 2005–2016 (APC=13.1; 95%CI 5.4–21.4). In the age groups 50 to 59 years and 60 to 69 years, an upward trend was observed, with increases of 2.5% (95%CI 0.2–4.8) and 4.8% per year (95%CI 2, 0–7.7), respectively. For cervical cancer, there was a significant increase of 51.3% per year (95%CI 15.9–97.5) in 2013–2016 for the age group 20 to 29 years, which contributed to an average increase in 8.2% per year (95%CI 0.8–16.2) throughout the period. In the 30-to-39 age group, a reduction was observed in 2003–2008 (APC=-16.4; 95%CI −25.1–-6.7). From 40 to 79 years old, a downward trend was seen, ranging from 6.9% (95%CI −9.5–-4.3) in the 40-to-49 age group to 9.1% (95%CI −11.3 –-2.8) among women aged 60 to 69 years. Meanwhile, for thyroid gland cancer, an increasing trend was seen among women aged 30 to 59 years, ranging from 11.9 to 8.5% per year from 2000 to 2016. Colorectal and lung cancer trends were stable throughout the period (Table 4).

DISCUSSION

In Greater Cuiabá, from 2000 to 2016, considering the five most frequent primary locations of cancer, the incidence of colorectal and lung cancers stood out for both sexes, in addition to specific types in the female population (breast and cervix). and in the male population (prostate). While lung and stomach cancer, in men, and cervical cancer, in women, showed a decreasing trend, breast and thyroid increased in women throughout the period. In younger women, there was an increasing trend for breast, cervical and thyroid cancer. At older ages, a decreasing trend was observed for cervix cancer in women, and prostate and stomach cancer in men.

The World Health Organization emphasizes the importance of cancer prevention, promotion and control through RCBPs, which are structures that allow the collection, consolidation, analysis and dissemination of cancer incidence data in an organized and continuous way¹⁹19 World Health Organization. Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization: 2020. [cited on Apr 28, 2022]. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240014107.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/... . Studies on incidence trends are carried out with this purpose, allowing to assess the relationship between risk factors and prognosis and to establish strategies for planning, management and evaluation of prevention and health promotion services, in addition to allowing comparisons of different populations²⁰20 Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva. Informativo Vigilância do Câncer. Magnitude do câncer no Brasil: incidência, mortalidade e tendência [Internet] 2020. [cited on Apr 22, 2022]. Available at: https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.inca.local/files/media/document/informativo-vigilancia-do-cancer-n8-2020.pdf
https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.in... .

With a global estimate of 2.2 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths, in 2020 lung cancer was the second most diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of death. In men, it was the leading cancer type in 36 countries (with an adjusted rate of 39/100,000 inhabitants in high-income countries and 10.3/100,000 inhabitants in low- and middle-income countries) and the main cause of mortality in 93 countries. In women, there was an adjusted rate of 18.2 cases/100,000 inhabitants in high-income countries and 4.2/100,000 inhabitants in low- and middle-income countries, and this cause of death stood out in 25 countries¹1 Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidente and mortality worldwide for 36 canecers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021; 71(3): 209-49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660... . In Brazil, an adjusted rate of 16.19/100,000 men and 9.24/100,000 women was estimated in 2020. In the triennium 2020–2022, 7.9% of new cases are expected per year in men and 5.6% in women⁵5 Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Ministério da Saúde. Tipos de câncer [Internet]. 2020 [cited on Jun 5, 2020]. Available at: https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer
https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer... .

The present study points out a reduction in the age-standardized incidence rate for lung cancer in men, but a slight, nonsignificant increase in women. Regarding age, there was a reduction in all age groups, with emphasis on the range from 40 to 49 years. Other studies have also shown a reduction in the incidence of lung cancer. Garau et al., in Uruguay (2002–2015), showed a downward trend in men (-1.7% per year, 95%CI −2.3–-1.1)²¹21 Garau M, Musetti C, Alonso R, Barrios E. Trends in cancer incidence in Uruguay: 2002-2015. Colomb Med (Cali). 2019; 50(4): 224-38. https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v50i4.4212
https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v50i4.4212... . Zhang et al., in the period from 1985 to 2005, found variations from −1.3 to −3.4% per year in Denmark and Finland, respectively²²22 Zhang Y, Ren JS, Huang HY, Shi JF, Li N, Zhang Y, et al. International trends in lung cancer incidence from 1973 to 2007. Cancer Med 2018; 7(4): 1479-89. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1359
https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1359... . In Salvador (1997–2004) and São Paulo (1997–2008), Brazil, reductions of −5.7% per year (95%CI −10.7–-0.4) and −4.7% per year were observed (95%CI −9.0–-5.4), respectively²⁰20 Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva. Informativo Vigilância do Câncer. Magnitude do câncer no Brasil: incidência, mortalidade e tendência [Internet] 2020. [cited on Apr 22, 2022]. Available at: https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.inca.local/files/media/document/informativo-vigilancia-do-cancer-n8-2020.pdf
https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.in... .

About 90% of diagnosed lung cancer cases are associated with the use of tobacco derivatives, and different patterns of adherence to smoking and smoking cessation between the sexes have contributed to a different evolution between men and women²³23 Teixeira LA, Jaques TA. Legislação e controle do tabaco no Brasil entre o final do século XX e início do século XXI. Rev Bras Cancerol 2011; 57(3): 295-304.. However, in addition to environmental pollution, occupational exposure to other substances, such as silica and asbestos, makes lung cancer the most common type related to work⁵5 Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Ministério da Saúde. Tipos de câncer [Internet]. 2020 [cited on Jun 5, 2020]. Available at: https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer
https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer... . Educational actions and other measures developed in Brazil have contributed to a decrease in the social acceptance of smoking. It is worth mentioning that, since 2002, the Ministry of Health has been publishing and updating ordinances that include smoking treatment in the SUS network²⁴24 Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Ministério da Saúde. Programa Nacional de Controle do Tabagismo. Tratamento do tabagismo [Internet]. 2020 [cited on Jun 6, 2020]. Available at: https://www.inca.gov.br/programa-nacional-de-controle-do-tabagismo/tratamento
https://www.inca.gov.br/programa-naciona... .

In 2020, colorectal cancer accounted for more than 1.9 million new cases and 935 thousand deaths worldwide, ranking third for incidence and second for mortality. This type had an adjusted incidence rate of 29/100,000 men in high-income countries, with the largest contribution from the United States and some regions of Europe¹1 Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidente and mortality worldwide for 36 canecers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021; 71(3): 209-49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660... .

In the present study, despite the fact that colorectal cancer shows a stability trend in both sexes, there was an increasing trend among men aged between 70 and 79 years. Other studies have reported similar results. In Quito, Ecuador, there was an APC of 2.5% per year (95%CI 1.7–3.3)²⁵25 Cordero FC, Ayala PC, Maldonado JY, Montenegro WT. Trends in cancer incidence and mortality over three decades in Quito – Ecuador. Colomb Med (Cali) 2018; 49(1): 35-41. https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i1.3785
https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i1.3785... , and in Iran (2004–2010), 11.3% per year (95%CI 5.6–17.2)²⁶26 Darabi M, Lari MA, Motevalian SA, Motlagh A, Arsang-Jang S, Jaberi MK. Trends in gastrointestinal cancer incidence in Iran, 2001-2010: a joinpoint analysis. Epidemiol Health 2016; 38: e2016056. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016056
https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016056... . In Brazil, men over 60 years old living in in Fortaleza (CE) had an increase of 10.4% per year²⁷27 Reis RS, Santos MO, Bloch KV. Colorectal cancer in Porto Alegre and Fortaleza, Brazil: incidence trends and distribution pattern from 1990 to 1999. Cad Saúde Pública 2009; 25(5): 1046-53. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000500011
http://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000... . The high trend in the incidence of colorectal cancer in some countries may be due to technological improvements and screening programs adopted that contribute to early diagnosis²⁸28 Levi F, Te VC, Randimbison L, La Vecchia C. Trends in cancer incidence and mortality in Vaud, Switzerland, 1974-1993. Ann Oncol 1996; 7: 497-504. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.annonc.a010639
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.a... . Although Brazil has not adopted this program, public and private health systems have incorporated diagnostic tests that are more accessible than in the past²⁷27 Reis RS, Santos MO, Bloch KV. Colorectal cancer in Porto Alegre and Fortaleza, Brazil: incidence trends and distribution pattern from 1990 to 1999. Cad Saúde Pública 2009; 25(5): 1046-53. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000500011
http://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000... . In addition, the increased incidence, especially among men, may reflect changes in eating habits, physical inactivity, sedentary behaviors, and increased obesity²⁷27 Reis RS, Santos MO, Bloch KV. Colorectal cancer in Porto Alegre and Fortaleza, Brazil: incidence trends and distribution pattern from 1990 to 1999. Cad Saúde Pública 2009; 25(5): 1046-53. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000500011
http://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000... .

Breast cancer surpassed lung cancer in incidence worldwide in 2020, ranking first, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), accounting for one in two cases of cancer and one in every six deaths¹1 Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidente and mortality worldwide for 36 canecers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021; 71(3): 209-49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660... . In Brazil, a crude rate of 61.61/100,000 inhabitants was estimated for 2020. Per year of the triennium 2020-2022, 29.7% of cases are expected in women⁵5 Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Ministério da Saúde. Tipos de câncer [Internet]. 2020 [cited on Jun 5, 2020]. Available at: https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer
https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer... .

An upward trend in the incidence of breast cancer was observed in Granada, Spain (2008–2012) (APC 2.5% per year, 95%CI 2.1–2.9)²⁹29 Baeyens-Fernández JA, Molina-Portillo E, Pollán M, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Del Moral R, Arribas-Mir L, et al. Trends in incidence, mortality and survival in women with breast cancer from 1985 to 2012 in Granada, Spain: a population-based study. BMC Cancer 2018; 18(1): 781. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4682-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4682-... . Another study conducted in Quito, Ecuador (1985–2013), showed an increase of 1.9% per year (95%CI 1.4–2.3)²⁵25 Cordero FC, Ayala PC, Maldonado JY, Montenegro WT. Trends in cancer incidence and mortality over three decades in Quito – Ecuador. Colomb Med (Cali) 2018; 49(1): 35-41. https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i1.3785
https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i1.3785... . In Brazil, according to data from the RCBP of the Barretos Regional Health Department (2000–2015), the incidence rates of invasive breast cancer have increased (AAPC=4.3% per year, 95%CI 2.4–6.3)³⁰30 Costa AM, Hashim D, Fregnani JHTG, Weiderpass E. Overall survival and time trends in breast and cervical cancer incidence and mortality in the Regional Health District (RHD) of Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil. BMC Cancer 2018; 18: 1079. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4956-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4956-... . In Goiânia (1988–2003), the AAPC was 5.2% per year for the age group up to 39 years, 5.5% per year for the 40-to-59 age group and 4.5% per year for the age range of 60 years³¹31 Freitas Jr R, Freitas NMA, Curado MP, Martins E, Silva CMB, Rahal RMS, et al. Incidence trend for breast cancer among young women in Goiânia, Brazil. Sao Paulo Med J 2010; 128(2): 81-4. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-31802010000200007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3180201000... .

The present study shows a significant increase in the incidence rates of breast cancer for the analyzed period and by age group, especially between 50 and 69 years, which puts screening in an important role. According to Brazilian guidelines, routine mammography is recommended for women in this age group once every two years. As adopted in different countries, these recommendations are based on scientific evidence that supports the benefit of this strategy in reducing mortality in this group³²32 Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva. Diretrizes para a detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: INCA; 2015. Available at: https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.inca.local/files//media/document//diretrizes_deteccao_precoce_cancer_mama_brasil.pdf
https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.in... ,³³33 Migowski A, Silva GA, Dias MBK, Diz MDPE, Sant’Ana DR, Nadanovsky P. Diretrizes para detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil. II – Novas recomendações nacionais, principais evidências e controvérsias. Cad Saúde Pública 2018; 34(6): e00074817. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00074817
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0007481... . However, there was also an increase in younger age groups, which were not included in the screening. These findings can be explained by exposure to environmental, behavioral, and lifestyle factors, including alcohol consumption, obesity, and physical inactivity²⁹29 Baeyens-Fernández JA, Molina-Portillo E, Pollán M, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Del Moral R, Arribas-Mir L, et al. Trends in incidence, mortality and survival in women with breast cancer from 1985 to 2012 in Granada, Spain: a population-based study. BMC Cancer 2018; 18(1): 781. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4682-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4682-... .

While breast cancer is increasing among women, cervical cancer has been decreasing worldwide in recent decades³⁴34 Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Plummer M, Franceschi S, Bray F. Worldwide trends in cervical cancer incidence: impact of screening against changes in disease risk factors. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49(15): 3262-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2013.04.024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2013.04.0...

35 Vaccarella S, Laversanne M, Ferlay J, Bray F. Cervical cancer in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean and Asia: regional inequalities and changing trends. Int J Cancer 2017; 141(10): 1997-2001. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30901
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30901... -³⁶36 Wild CP, Weiderpass E, Stewart BW. World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2020 [cited on Dec 7, 2021] Available at: https://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-Cancer-Research-For-Cancer-Prevention-2020
https://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-... . This decrease occurred among Latin American, Oceanian and European women with an APC that varies between −2.7 and −8.6% per year³⁶36 Wild CP, Weiderpass E, Stewart BW. World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2020 [cited on Dec 7, 2021] Available at: https://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-Cancer-Research-For-Cancer-Prevention-2020
https://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-... . The same was observed in Quito, Ecuador (1985–2013)²⁵25 Cordero FC, Ayala PC, Maldonado JY, Montenegro WT. Trends in cancer incidence and mortality over three decades in Quito – Ecuador. Colomb Med (Cali) 2018; 49(1): 35-41. https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i1.3785
https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i1.3785... , and in Colombia (2003–2012)³⁷37 Yépez MC, Jurado DM, Bravo LM, Bravo LE. Trends on cancer incidence and mortality in Pasto, Colombia. 15 years experience. Colomb Med (Cali) 2018; 49(1): 42-54. http://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i1.3616
http://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i1.3616... . This corroborates the present study, with a decreasing trend in the period. However, a decrease in the trend was observed only in women over 40 years of age. Better access to health services, better education and prevention campaigns are changes that must have contributed to this result³⁸38 Sempertegui FO. Presentación. In: Cueva P, Yépez J. Epidemiología del cáncer en Quito 2003-2005. Quito: Registro Nacional de Tumores; 2009. p. 6-10.,³⁹39 Freire WB, Ramírez-Luzuriaga MJ, Belmont P, Mendieta MJ, Silva-Jaramillo MK, Romero N, et al. Tomo I: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de la población ecuatoriana de cero a 59 años. ENSANUT-ECU 2012. Quito-Ecuador: Ministerio de Salud Pública/Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos; 2014. Available at: https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/documentos/web-inec/Estadisticas_Sociales/ENSANUT/MSP_ENSANUT-ECU_06-10-2014.pdf
https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/docum... . An increasing trend, on the other hand, was seen among younger women, as observed in Finland and the Netherlands⁴⁰40 Anttila A, Pukkala E, Söderman B, Kallio M, Nieminen P, Hakama M. Effect of organised screening on cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Finland, 1963-1995: recent increase in cervical cancer incidence. Int J Cancer 1999; 83(1): 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990924)83:1<59::aid-ijc12>3.0.co;2-n
https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(... ,⁴¹41 Kok IMCM, van der Aa MA, van Ballegooijen M, Siesling S, Karim-Kos HE, van Kemenade FJ, et al. Trends in cervical cancer in the Netherlands until 2007: has the bottom been reached? Int J Cancer 2011; 128(9): 2174-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25553
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25553... . Pap smear is the current gold-standard screening method and should be offered to women aged 25 to 64 who have already started sexual activity. This method makes it possible to identify precursor lesions that can be adequately treated, preventing their progression to cancer⁴²42 Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva. Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância. Divisão de Detecção Precoce e Apoio à Organização de Rede. Diretrizes brasileiras para o rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero. 2a ed. rev. atual. Rio de Janeiro: INCA; 2016. Available at: https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.inca.local/files//media/document//diretrizesparaorastreamentodocancerdocolodoutero_2016_corrigido.pdf
https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.in... ,⁴³43 Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva. Detecção precoce do câncer. Rio de Janeiro: INCA; 2021. Available at: https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.inca.local/files/media/document/deteccao-precoce-do-cancer.pdf
https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.in... . In Brazil, comparing the prevalence of the test between 2007 and 2013, with data from the Surveillance of Risk Factors and Protection for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (VIGITEL), there was an increase in screening coverage, with emphasis on the high rates of approximately 86% in the Midwest Region⁴⁴44 Xavier TV, Zibetti WB, Capilheira MF. Prevalência da realização do exame citopatológico do colo uterino, no Brasil, nos anos de 2007 e 2013. Rev Med (São Paulo) 2016; 95(2): 66-70. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v95i2p66-70
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1679-9836.... .

Prostate cancer was the leading type of cancer in 112 countries¹1 Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidente and mortality worldwide for 36 canecers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021; 71(3): 209-49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660... , and it is considered a cancer of the elderly, as approximately 75% of cases worldwide occur after 65 years of age⁵5 Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Ministério da Saúde. Tipos de câncer [Internet]. 2020 [cited on Jun 5, 2020]. Available at: https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer
https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer... . In Brazil, an adjusted incidence rate of 62.95/100,000 men was estimated in 2020⁵5 Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Ministério da Saúde. Tipos de câncer [Internet]. 2020 [cited on Jun 5, 2020]. Available at: https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer
https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer... .

The present study pointed out a reduction in the adjusted incidence rates of prostate cancer throughout the period only among the elderly with more advanced age. The RCBPs of Navarra, Spain (2000–2010), showed a similar result. APC of 2.4% per year was observed in the age group from 45 to 74 years and APC of −4.0% per year in the age group of 80 years and older⁴⁵45 Etxeberria, J, Guevara M, Moreno-Iribas C, Burgui R, Delfrade I, Floristan Y, et al. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality in Navarre (Spain). An Sist Sanit Navar 2018; 41(1): 9-15. https://doi.org/10.23938/ASSN.0123
https://doi.org/10.23938/ASSN.0123... . A trend to diagnose prostate cancer in early stages has been observed worldwide⁴⁶46 Cremers RGHM, Karim-Kos HE, Houterman S, Verhoeven RHA, Schröder FH, van der Kwast TH, et al. Prostate cancer: trends in incidence, survival and mortality in the Netherlands, 1989-2006. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46(11): 2077-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2010.03.040
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2010.03.0... . In Brazil, the increase in incidence rates can be partially explained by the evolution of diagnostic methods, the improvement in the quality of information systems and the increase in life expectancy⁵5 Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Ministério da Saúde. Tipos de câncer [Internet]. 2020 [cited on Jun 5, 2020]. Available at: https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer
https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer... .

Stomach cancer appeared in our research as one of the five most frequent primary locations for cancer only in males. Despite the stability in the period, a downward trend was observed in elderly men. A similar result was seen in Colombia (APC close to −4.6% per year³⁷37 Yépez MC, Jurado DM, Bravo LM, Bravo LE. Trends on cancer incidence and mortality in Pasto, Colombia. 15 years experience. Colomb Med (Cali) 2018; 49(1): 42-54. http://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i1.3616
http://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i1.3616... ), Costa Rica (-3.0% per year)⁴⁷47 Luo G, Zhang Y, Guo P, Wang L, Huang Y, Li K. Global patterns and trends in stomach cancer incidence: age, period and birth cohort analysis. Int J Cancer 2017; 141(7): 1333-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30835
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30835... and Uruguay (-1.8% per year)²¹21 Garau M, Musetti C, Alonso R, Barrios E. Trends in cancer incidence in Uruguay: 2002-2015. Colomb Med (Cali). 2019; 50(4): 224-38. https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v50i4.4212
https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v50i4.4212... . This decline may be related to improvements in eating habits, healthier lifestyle, decrease in Helicobacter pylori infection rates, especially due to early detection and health promotion actions⁴⁸48 Sipponen P, Kimura K. Intestinal metaplasia, atrophic gastritis and stomach cancer: trends over time. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 6(Suppl 1): S79-83. PMID: 7735941,⁴⁹49 Peleteiro B, La Vecchia C, Lunet N. The role of helicobacter pylori infection in the web of gastric cancer causation. Eur J Cancer Prev 2012; 21(2): 118-25. https://doi.org/10.1097/cej.0b013e32834a7f66
https://doi.org/10.1097/cej.0b013e32834a... . In Brazil, results from the National Health Survey indicate an increase in the prevalence of elderly people who practiced the recommended level of physical activity from 13.6% in 2013 to 19.8% in 2019⁵⁰50 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa nacional de saúde 2013: percepção do estado de saúde, estilos de vida e doenças crônicas. Brasil, grandes regiões e unidades da federação. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2014.,⁵¹51 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa nacional de saúde 2019: percepção do estado de saúde, estilos de vida, doenças crônicas e saúde bucal. Brasil e grandes regiões. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2020.. With regard to food, according to data from the National Food Survey 2008–2009 and 2017–2018, traditional foods, such as rice and beans, and ultra-processed foods are still included in the Brazilian diet. However, there was a reduction in the consumption of processed meats and soft drinks⁵²52 Rodrigues RM, Souza AM, Bezerra IN, Pereira RA, Yokoo EM, Sichieri R. Evolução dos alimentos mais consumidos no Brasil entre 2008-2009 e 2017-2018. Rev Saúde Pública 2021; 55(Supl 1): 4s. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003406
https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2021... .

On the other hand, thyroid cancer was more frequent only in women from Greater Cuiabá. Global estimates point to an adjusted incidence rate of 14.3/100,000 women in high-income countries and 2.6/100,000 women in low- and middle-income countries¹1 Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidente and mortality worldwide for 36 canecers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021; 71(3): 209-49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660... . In Brazil, an adjusted incidence rate of 11.15/100,000 women was estimated in 2020⁵5 Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Ministério da Saúde. Tipos de câncer [Internet]. 2020 [cited on Jun 5, 2020]. Available at: https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer
https://www.inca.gov.br/tipos-de-cancer... .

In Quito, Ecuador, thyroid cancer incidence rates increased significantly (8.5% per year, 95%CI 5.6–11.5)²⁵25 Cordero FC, Ayala PC, Maldonado JY, Montenegro WT. Trends in cancer incidence and mortality over three decades in Quito – Ecuador. Colomb Med (Cali) 2018; 49(1): 35-41. https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i1.3785
https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i1.3785... , as well as in Portugal, between 1989 and 2009 (8 .7% per year)⁵³53 Raposo L, Morais S, Oliveira MJ, Marques AP, Bento MJ, Lunet N. Trends in thyroid cancer incidence and mortality in Portugal. Eur J Cancer Prev 2017; 26(2): 135-43. https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000229
https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.000000000000... . According to Garau et al., the trend of thyroid cancer incidence in Uruguay (2002–2015) increased among women (APC=8.7%; 95%CI 6.7–10.8)²¹21 Garau M, Musetti C, Alonso R, Barrios E. Trends in cancer incidence in Uruguay: 2002-2015. Colomb Med (Cali). 2019; 50(4): 224-38. https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v50i4.4212
https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v50i4.4212... . Similarly, an increasing trend was reported in women from Greater Cuiabá, especially among those in adult age groups. This increase can be explained by the diagnosis established through different surveys in several countries around the world. According to the authors, there is no evidence of increased exposure to risk factors such as radiation, overweight or diabetes, but there was an improvement in access to health services⁵⁴54 Vaccarella S, Franceschi S, Bray F, Wild CP, Plummer M, Dal Maso L. Worldwide thyroid-cancer epidemic? The increasing impact of overdiagnosis. N Engl J Med 2016; 375(7): 614-7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1604412
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1604412... . The increase in medical surveillance and the introduction of new diagnostic techniques such as neck ultrasound, computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging, have made it possible to detect the disease in a large number of patients⁵⁵55 Dal Maso L, Bosetti C, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S. Risk factors for thyroid cancer: an epidemiological review focused on nutritional factors. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20(1): 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-008-9219-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-008-9219-... ,⁵⁶56 Zamora-Ros R, Béraud V, Franceschi S, Cayssials V, Tsilidis KK, Boutron-Ruault MC, et al. Consumption of fruits, vegetables and fruit juices and differentiated thyroid carcinoma risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Int J Cancer 2018; 142(3): 449-59. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30880
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30880... .

The use of information about incidence, especially the trend behavior of the main types of cancer with the highest occurrence, demonstrates the importance of RCBPs for cancer surveillance, as well as the planning, monitoring and evaluation of prevention and health promotion actions to control the disease. The information presented here is expected to contribute to a best management of public policies, leading to an improvement in the health conditions of the population.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank INCA, for the contribution with the training of cancer registrars, and the Institute for Collective Health of Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, for allowing us use of its facilities.

REFERENCES

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