ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

Analyze the prevalence of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assault in adolescents of Peru and its association with alcohol consumption.

METHODS

We used a two-step and stratified probabilistic sampling to select male and female students in secondary education from all over Peru. The study included data from 54,756 students with information on demographics, alcohol and drug use, and sexual assault. The statistical analysis considered the complex sampling and we conducted two independent analyses by type of sexual assault (intrafamilial and extrafamilial), stratified by the sex of the victim.

RESULTS

The prevalence of life of intrafamilial sexual assaults (5.4%, 95%CI 5.0–5.8) was similar to that of extrafamilial sexual assaults (6.1%, 95%CI 5.6–6.6). Alcohol consumption in the past year was associated with intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assaults that occurred in the same period after adjusting for confounders. Alcohol consumption in the past year was associated with non-physical and physical forms of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assaults in the disaggregated analysis by type of assault. Alcohol consumption in the past year was associated with extrafamilial rape only among females (ORa = 2.8; 95%CI 1.3–5.9).

CONCLUSIONS

Sexual assault against adolescent males and females by family members is a frequent form of victimization that is associated with alcohol consumption in Peru. It is important to examine this form of victimization among adolescents, especially those who consume alcohol.

Adolescent; Exposure to Violence; Child Abuse, Sexual; Domestic Violence; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Alcohol Drinking; Health Vulnerability

INTRODUCTION

Sexual assault is any form of sexual contact that occurs without explicit consent of the person and that violates the perception of autonomy of the body. These include a wide range of acts ranging from verbal or visual assaults to sexual assault¹1. Gribbin C. Sexual assault and rape. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med. 2004;14(5):356-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curobgyn.2004.06.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curobgyn.2004.... . The prevalence of life of sexual assaults in adolescents is 6% in Peru²2. Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo y Vida sin Drogas-DEVIDA. III Estudio Nacional: Prevención y consumo de drogas en estudiantes de secundaria 2009: resultados nacionales Perú. Lima; 2011 [cited 2018 Feb 11]. Available from: http://www.devida.gob.pe/2011/06/iii-estudio-nacional-prevencion-y-consumo-de-drogas-en-estudiantes-de-secundaria-resultados-nacionales-2009/
http://www.devida.gob.pe/2011/06/iii-est... . However, some regions have a prevalence of up to 22%³3. Ministerio de la Mujer y Desarrollo Social (PE). Programa Nacional contra la Violencia Familiar y Sexual. Maltrato y Abuso Sexual en Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes: estudio realizado en los distritos de San Martín de Porres, Cusco e Iquitos. Lima: MIMDES; 2005 [cited 2018 Feb 11]. Available from: https://www.repositoriopncvfs.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/maltrat_nna_smp.pdf
https://www.repositoriopncvfs.pe/wp-cont... . Rape in this country occur mostly in adolescents aged 14–17 years⁴4. Mujica J. Violaciones sexuales en el Perú 2000-2009: un informe sobre el estado de la situación. Lima: PROMSEX; 2011 [cited 2018 Feb 11]. Available from: http://www.unfpa.org.pe/publicaciones/publicacionesperu/PROMSEX-Violaciones-Sexuales-Peru-2000-2009.pdf
http://www.unfpa.org.pe/publicaciones/pu... , are preceded by less intrusive assaults⁵5. Mujica J. Victimización sexual múltiple y patrones de victimización en casos de violación a mujeres adolescentes en el Perú. Rev Victimol. 2016 [cited 2018 Feb 11];(3):43-64. Available from: http://www.huygens.es/journals/index.php/revista-de-victimologia/article/view/35
http://www.huygens.es/journals/index.php... , and most occur in the victim’s familial environment (74%)⁵5. Mujica J. Victimización sexual múltiple y patrones de victimización en casos de violación a mujeres adolescentes en el Perú. Rev Victimol. 2016 [cited 2018 Feb 11];(3):43-64. Available from: http://www.huygens.es/journals/index.php/revista-de-victimologia/article/view/35
http://www.huygens.es/journals/index.php... . Therefore, sexual assaults that occur in the familial environment may contribute significantly to the number of cases of sexual victimization among adolescents.

Sexual assaults that occur in the familial environment are called intrafamilial sexual assaults⁶6. Fischer DG, McDonald WL. Characteristics of intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 1998;22(9):915-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00063-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00... . These assaults are committed by family members or by someone who usually lives in the same home as the victim, such as parents, grandparents, or siblings⁶6. Fischer DG, McDonald WL. Characteristics of intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 1998;22(9):915-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00063-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00... . Intrafamilial sexual assaults often occur in dysfunctional families in which there is reversal of roles between parents and children and low family cohesion⁷7. Ray KC, Jackson JL, Townsley RM. Family environments of victims of intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse. J Fam Violence. 1991;6(4):365-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00980539
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00980539... . Although anyone can be sexually assaulted, children are the main victims of this type of assault^6–8. This may be explained by the fact they spend more time at home and may be more accessible to intrafamilial assaulters⁶6. Fischer DG, McDonald WL. Characteristics of intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 1998;22(9):915-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00063-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00... , they rely almost completely on an adult who may be their assaulter⁹9. Alekseeva L. Problems of child abuse in the home. Russ Educ Soc. 2007;49(5):6-18.; and they often do not recognize that they are being assaulted¹⁰10. UNICEF. Caring for child survivor of sexual abuse: guidelines for health and psychological service providers in humanitarian setting. New York: International Rescue Committee; 2012 [cited 2018 Feb 11]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/pacificislands/IRC_CCSGuide_FullGuide_lowres.pdf
https://www.unicef.org/pacificislands/IR... . Intrafamilial sexual assaults have long duration, are associated with major physical and emotional damage to the victim, and generally are not reported⁶6. Fischer DG, McDonald WL. Characteristics of intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 1998;22(9):915-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00063-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00... ^,88. Magalhães T, Taveira F, Jardim P, Santos L, Matos E, Santos A. Sexual abuse of children: a comparative study of intra and extra-familial cases. J Forensic Leg Med. 2009;16(8):455-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2009.05.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2009.05.0... .

On the other hand, sexual assaults committed by people from outside the victim’s familial environment such as friends, lovers or strangers are called extrafamilial sexual assaults⁶6. Fischer DG, McDonald WL. Characteristics of intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 1998;22(9):915-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00063-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00... . These assaults usually occur outside the household and are mostly committed by people the victim knows and, in a small proportion of cases, by strangers⁸8. Magalhães T, Taveira F, Jardim P, Santos L, Matos E, Santos A. Sexual abuse of children: a comparative study of intra and extra-familial cases. J Forensic Leg Med. 2009;16(8):455-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2009.05.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2009.05.0... ^,1111. Bedard-Gilligan M, Kaysen D, Desai S, Lee CM. Alcohol-involved assault: associations with posttrauma alcohol use, consequences, and expectancies. Addict Behav. 2011;36(11):1076-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07... . Adolescents and young adults are usually victims of this type of assault, mainly because they attend school where they have contact with classmates and teachers and are involved in social activities with greater opportunities of meeting people⁶6. Fischer DG, McDonald WL. Characteristics of intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 1998;22(9):915-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00063-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00... . In addition, adolescents may participate in activities with sexual risk and consumption of alcohol and drugs, which may make them vulnerable to different forms of violence¹²12. Wu ZH, Berenson AB, Wiemann CM. A profile of adolescent females with a history of sexual assault in Texas: familial environment, risk behaviors, and health status. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2003;16(4):207-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1083-3188(03)00123-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1083-3188(03)00... . Therefore, extrafamilial sexual assaults often become rape or attempted rape and usually occur when the victim has consumed alcohol¹³13. Small SA, Kerns D. Unwanted sexual activity among peers during early and middle adolescence incidence and risk factors. J Marriage Fam. 1993;55(4):941-52. https://doi.org/10.2307/352774
https://doi.org/10.2307/352774... .

Different studies have found an association between alcohol consumption and sexual assaults¹¹11. Bedard-Gilligan M, Kaysen D, Desai S, Lee CM. Alcohol-involved assault: associations with posttrauma alcohol use, consequences, and expectancies. Addict Behav. 2011;36(11):1076-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07... ^,1313. Small SA, Kerns D. Unwanted sexual activity among peers during early and middle adolescence incidence and risk factors. J Marriage Fam. 1993;55(4):941-52. https://doi.org/10.2307/352774
https://doi.org/10.2307/352774... ^,1414. Nayak MB, Lown EA, Bond JC, Greenfield TK. Lifetime victimization and past year alcohol use in a U.S. population sample of men and women drinkers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;123(1-3):213-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.11.016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.201... . These works implicitly study extrafamilial sexual assaults, since they evaluate assaults committed by strangers, friends, or lovers that occur in schools, universities, or parties¹¹11. Bedard-Gilligan M, Kaysen D, Desai S, Lee CM. Alcohol-involved assault: associations with posttrauma alcohol use, consequences, and expectancies. Addict Behav. 2011;36(11):1076-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07... ^,1515. Young AM, Grey M, Boyd CJ. Adolescents’ experiences of sexual assault by peers: prevalence and nature of victimization occurring within and outside of school. J Youth Adolesc. 2009;38(8):1072-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9363-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9363-... ^,1616. Rhynard J, Krebs M, Glover J. Sexual assault in dating relationships. J Sch Health. 1997;67(3):89-93. https://doi.org/.1111/j.1746-1561.1997.tb03419.x
https://doi.org/.1111/j.1746-1561.1997.t... . These studies work with the assumption that a person increases their vulnerability to assault if they consume alcohol and if there is a perpetrator around them¹⁷17. Abbey A, Zawacki T, Buck PO, Testa M, Parks K, Norris J, et al. How does alcohol contribute to sexual assault? Explanations from laboratory and survey data. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26(4):575-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02576.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002... . Alcohol seems to only increase the risk, while the presence of the assaulter is the determining factor so the assault is carried out¹⁸18. Abbey A, Zawacki T, Buck PO, Clinton AM, McAuslan P. Sexual assault and alcohol consumption: what do we know about their relationship and what types of research are still needed? Aggress Violent Behav. 2004;9(3):271-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00011-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00... . These two factors also act in intrafamilial assaults but in different ways. In this case, the perpetrator has total proximity in time and space with the victim and, hence, needs no substance that increases the vulnerability of this victim. Therefore, alcohol consumption by the victim does not appear to precede the sexual assault, but it seems the victim consumes this substance as a measure to relieve the stress caused by the assault¹⁹19. Miranda R Jr, Meyerson LA, Long PJ, Marx BP, Simpson SM. Sexual assault and alcohol use: exploring the self-medication hypothesis. Violence Vict. 2002;17(2):205-17. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.2.205.33650
https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.2.205.33... . Thus, the direction of the association is different depending on the type of assault.

Investigations into intrafamilial sexual assaults have focused mainly on samples of children⁷7. Ray KC, Jackson JL, Townsley RM. Family environments of victims of intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse. J Fam Violence. 1991;6(4):365-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00980539
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00980539... ^,99. Alekseeva L. Problems of child abuse in the home. Russ Educ Soc. 2007;49(5):6-18.. Studies that evaluate this form of assault in adolescents are scarce, although this is one of the main forms of sexual victimization in Peru⁵5. Mujica J. Victimización sexual múltiple y patrones de victimización en casos de violación a mujeres adolescentes en el Perú. Rev Victimol. 2016 [cited 2018 Feb 11];(3):43-64. Available from: http://www.huygens.es/journals/index.php/revista-de-victimologia/article/view/35
http://www.huygens.es/journals/index.php... . In addition, while the relationship between alcohol consumption and sexual assault in general has been studied, the association between alcohol consumption and intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assault has not been studied specifically.

The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assault in Peruvian adolescents and its association with alcohol consumption.

METHODS

Analysis of the database of the Tercer Estudio Nacional: Prevención y consumo de drogas en estudiantes de secundaria 2009 (Third National Study: Prevention and consumption of drugs in high school students 2009)²2. Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo y Vida sin Drogas-DEVIDA. III Estudio Nacional: Prevención y consumo de drogas en estudiantes de secundaria 2009: resultados nacionales Perú. Lima; 2011 [cited 2018 Feb 11]. Available from: http://www.devida.gob.pe/2011/06/iii-estudio-nacional-prevencion-y-consumo-de-drogas-en-estudiantes-de-secundaria-resultados-nacionales-2009/
http://www.devida.gob.pe/2011/06/iii-est... . This study surveyed high school students residing in urban areas in all Peru (cities with over 30,000 inhabitants) to estimate the prevalence and characteristics of the consumption of alcohol and drugs. The two-step sampling was probabilistic, stratified and independent of each domain of study. The stratum was type of school (public or private) and the primary and secondary sampling units were schools and classes, respectively. Data was collected with anonymous and self-administered questionnaire in the classroom during regular school periods in the absence of school staff. Further details on the sampling and the process of selection of participants can be found in the report of the study²2. Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo y Vida sin Drogas-DEVIDA. III Estudio Nacional: Prevención y consumo de drogas en estudiantes de secundaria 2009: resultados nacionales Perú. Lima; 2011 [cited 2018 Feb 11]. Available from: http://www.devida.gob.pe/2011/06/iii-estudio-nacional-prevencion-y-consumo-de-drogas-en-estudiantes-de-secundaria-resultados-nacionales-2009/
http://www.devida.gob.pe/2011/06/iii-est... .

The variables intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assault were evaluated using the following questions: “Have you ever in your life been sexually assaulted within your family?”; and “Outside your family, have you ever in your life been sexually assaulted?”. Immediately after these questions, we provided examples of sexual assault in order to clarify the concept for participants: Let’s say, has anyone touched you, wanted to touch your private parts, wanted to kiss you, etc. Participants who responded affirmatively, subsequently answered questions about the occurrence of such incidents in the past year, the identity of the assaulters, and the form of victimization. The alcohol consumption variable was evaluated using the question “Have you ever in your life consumed alcohol?”. Having responded affirmatively, participants answered questions about alcohol consumption in the past year and about the frequency of consumption. The frequency of consumption was classified into: no alcohol consumption, once a year, and two or more times a year.

The study considered other variables of the individual, relational, and social sphere of the individual that could influence the association of study, according to the ecological model of violence of the World Health Organization²⁰20. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Informe mundial sobre la violencia y la salud: resumen. Washington (DC); OPS; 2002 [cited 2018 Feb 11]. Available from: http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/es/summary_es.pdf
http://www.who.int/violence_injury_preve... . These included age, school, grade, appropriate degree for the age, use of illicit drugs, type of school by sex, family structure, and presence of family member with criminal history. Use of illicit drugs was evaluated using the question: “Have you ever consumed any illicit drugs?”. The options available were marijuana, base paste of cocaine, cocaine, ecstasy, meth, inhalants, hallucinogens, and substances recognized by respondents as illicit. This question was reduced to a binary variable (No or Yes). The appropriate grade for the age variable was created considering the participants’ current age and expected age in relation to the current study grade (first grade = 12, second grade = 13, third grade = 14, fourth grade = 15, and fifth grade = 16). This variable was categorized as “appropriate,” unless the current age was two or more years above the expected age for the study grade.

The analysis used Taylor series estimation methods considering the type of complex sampling of the original study. We conducted two separate analyses by type of sexual assault: intrafamilial and extrafamilial, stratified by sex of victim, given the differences found between females and males in the association between alcohol consumption and sexual assault²¹21. Rennison CM. Rape and sexual assault: reporting to police and medical attention, 1992-2000. Washington (DC): U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. 2002 [cited 2018 Feb 11]. Report Nº NCJ194530. Available from: https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/rsarp00.pdf
https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/rsar... . Extrafamilial sexual assault in the past year was analyzed as dependent variable in relation to alcohol consumption in the past year (independent variable), and intrafamilial sexual assault in the past year was analyzed as independent variable in relation to alcohol consumption (dependent variable). The association was estimated using logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios adjusted (ORa) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) where all covariates were included in the final model. We selected the variables entered in the final model based on a causal acyclic diagram. The sexual assault variable was disaggregated into three variables considering the degree of intrusion of the assault: non-physical sexual assault (they have shown you the genitals and you have been watched while bathing), physical sexual assault (inappropriate touching, they have kissed you by force, and they have kissed you or touched your breasts, genitals, or buttocks), and rape (they have forced you to have sex and they have drugged you to force you to have sex). We conducted a sub-analysis between alcohol consumption and the three disaggregated variables of sexual assault to estimate more specific associations. Statistical analysis used the program Stata v.12 (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, EE.UU.).

This study was approved by the Institutional Committee of Ethics of the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia.

RESULTS

Participation rate was 81.3%. Data from 54,756 participants aged 11‒17 years were included in the analysis (50.2% female). Mean age was 14.4 years [standard deviation (SD) = ±1.5 years]. The participants’ sociodemographic characteristics by type of assault and sex of victim are presented in Table 1.

The prevalence of life of sexual assaults (global) was 9.1% (95%CI 8.5–9.6) with prevalence in females of 9.8% (95%CI 9.3–10.5) and in males of 8.2% (95%CI 7.5–8.9). The prevalence of life of intrafamilial sexual assaults was 5.4% (95%CI 5.0–5.8), with prevalence in females of 5.9% (95%CI 5.5–6.4) and in males of 4.8% (95%CI 4.3–5.4). The prevalence of life of extrafamilial sexual assaults was 6.1% (95%CI 5.6–6.6), with prevalence in females of 6.3% (95%CI 5.8–6.8) and in males of 5.9% (95%CI 5.3–6.6). The prevalence of sexual assaults in the past year was 3.3% (95%CI 2.9–3.6), with prevalence in females of 3.2% (95%CI 2.9–3.6) and in males of 3.3% (95%CI 2.9–3.8). The prevalence of intrafamilial sexual assaults in the past year was 1.9% (95%CI 1.7–2.2), with prevalence in females of 1.8% (95%CI 1.5–2.1) and in males of 2.1% (95%CI 1.7–2.4). The prevalence of extrafamilial sexual assaults in the past year was 2.3% (95%CI 2.0–2.6), with prevalence in females of 2.1% (95%CI 1.9–2.4) and in males of 2.4% (95%CI 2.0–2.8).

The victims experienced a wide range of assaults, from non-physical sexual assaults to rape. Inappropriate touching was the assault most reported by females and males in intrafamilial sexual assaults. A higher percentage of males (24.9%) than females (18.9%) reported that the assaults occurred frequently in the past year. Other forms of sexual assault that were not included in the survey were the most frequent in relation to extrafamilial sexual assaults in both sexes, followed by forced kissing in the case of females and being shown the genitals in the case of males. The frequency of these incidents was designated as “frequent” by 19.2% of females and 32.9% of males (Table 2).

The prevalence of alcohol consumption in the past year was 24.4% (95%CI 23.2–25.7), with prevalence in females of 22.2% (95%CI 20.7–23.8) and in males of 26.7% (95%CI 25.4–28.1). A total of 52.9% (95%CI 48.8–56.9) of the victims of intrafamilial sexual assaults and 49.0% (95%CI 45.1–52.9) of the victims of extrafamilial sexual assaults occurred in the past year reported having consumed alcohol in the same period (Table 3).

In general, intrafamilial sexual assaults occurred in the past year were associated with alcohol consumption in the past year after adjusting for confounders. Moreover, alcohol consumption in the past year was associated with extrafamilial sexual assaults in the same period after adjusting for confounders. Disaggregated analysis showed that non-physical and physical intrafamilial sexual assaults were associated with alcohol consumption in students of both sexes; however, intrafamilial rape was not associated with alcohol consumption. On the other hand, alcohol consumption in the past year was associated with non-physical and physical extrafamilial sexual assaults in students of both sexes. However, we observed that alcohol consumption in the past year was associated with extrafamilial rape only among females (ORa = 2.8; 95%CI 1.3–5.9). The association between alcohol consumption and sexual assaults did not differ by the frequency of alcohol consumption (Tables 4 and 5).

DISCUSSION

The prevalence of life of intrafamilial sexual assaults was similar to that of extrafamilial sexual assaults and alcohol consumption in the past year in females and males was associated with intrafamilial sexual assaults in the same period. Alcohol consumption of males and females was associated with non-physical and physical forms of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assaults occurred in the past year. However, alcohol consumption was associated with extrafamilial rape only among females.

The similar prevalence of life between intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assaults found in our study differs from studies that show a greater frequency of extrafamilial sexual assaults than intrafamilial sexual assaults in underage individuals⁶6. Fischer DG, McDonald WL. Characteristics of intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 1998;22(9):915-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00063-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00... ^,88. Magalhães T, Taveira F, Jardim P, Santos L, Matos E, Santos A. Sexual abuse of children: a comparative study of intra and extra-familial cases. J Forensic Leg Med. 2009;16(8):455-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2009.05.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2009.05.0... ^,2222. Russell DE. The incidence and prevalence of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual abuse of female children. Child Abuse Negl. 1983;7(2):133-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(83)90065
https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(83)900... . In Peruvian adolescents, some family environments can also constitute a risk factor for the occurrence of sexual assaults; which partially explains why most rape in Peru are intrafamilial⁵5. Mujica J. Victimización sexual múltiple y patrones de victimización en casos de violación a mujeres adolescentes en el Perú. Rev Victimol. 2016 [cited 2018 Feb 11];(3):43-64. Available from: http://www.huygens.es/journals/index.php/revista-de-victimologia/article/view/35
http://www.huygens.es/journals/index.php... . Moreover, given that intrafamilial sexual assaults are characterized by early start in the life of the person and occur repeatedly⁶6. Fischer DG, McDonald WL. Characteristics of intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 1998;22(9):915-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00063-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00... ^,88. Magalhães T, Taveira F, Jardim P, Santos L, Matos E, Santos A. Sexual abuse of children: a comparative study of intra and extra-familial cases. J Forensic Leg Med. 2009;16(8):455-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2009.05.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2009.05.0... , it is likely that the reported incidents began early in childhood and persisted through adolescence. On the other hand, given that this type of assault is not reported for the most part, it is unlikely that these cases have received proper medical and legal handling⁸8. Magalhães T, Taveira F, Jardim P, Santos L, Matos E, Santos A. Sexual abuse of children: a comparative study of intra and extra-familial cases. J Forensic Leg Med. 2009;16(8):455-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2009.05.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2009.05.0... ^,2222. Russell DE. The incidence and prevalence of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual abuse of female children. Child Abuse Negl. 1983;7(2):133-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(83)90065
https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(83)900... . Intrafamilial sexual assaults deserve special attention in the context under study not only for their magnitude, but also for the consequences associated with their occurrence.

Although some studies find no difference in the frequency of sexual assaults in relation to sex of victim²³23. Ramos-Lira L, Saldívar-Hernández G, Medina-Mora ME, Rojas-Guiot E, Villatoro-Velázquez J. Prevalencia de abuso sexual en estudiantes y su relación con el consumo de drogas. Salud Publica Mex. 1998 [cited 2018 Feb 11];40(3):221-33. Available from: https://scielosp.org/pdf/spm/1998.v40n3/221-233/es
https://scielosp.org/pdf/spm/1998.v40n3/... ^,2424. Basile KC, Chen J, Black MC, Saltzman LE. Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence victimization among U.S. adults, 2001-2003. Violence Vict. 2007;22(4):437-48. https://doi.org/10.1891/088667007781553955
https://doi.org/10.1891/0886670077815539... , our results are consistent with studies that show higher prevalence of sexual assaults in females than in males²¹21. Rennison CM. Rape and sexual assault: reporting to police and medical attention, 1992-2000. Washington (DC): U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. 2002 [cited 2018 Feb 11]. Report Nº NCJ194530. Available from: https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/rsarp00.pdf
https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/rsar... ^,2525. Finkelhor D, Shattuck A, Turner HA, Hamby SL. The lifetime prevalence of child sexual abuse and sexual assault assessed in late adolescence. J Adolesc Health. 2014;55(3):329-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.12.026
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.201... ^,2626. Pérez-Fuentes G, Olfson M, Villegas L, Morcillo C, Wang S, Blanco C. Prevalence and correlates of child sexual abuse: a national study. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(1):16-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.05.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012... . However, in evaluating the prevalence by type of assault, it is found that intrafamilial sexual assaults were more frequent in females than in males, but just as prevalent in the case of extrafamilial assaults. These results are consistent with the literature that shows that sexual assaults committed by family members are more frequent in females than in males, but differ from the results that show that extrafamilial sexual assaults are more frequent in females⁶6. Fischer DG, McDonald WL. Characteristics of intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 1998;22(9):915-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00063-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00... ^,88. Magalhães T, Taveira F, Jardim P, Santos L, Matos E, Santos A. Sexual abuse of children: a comparative study of intra and extra-familial cases. J Forensic Leg Med. 2009;16(8):455-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2009.05.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2009.05.0... . The differences found, although significant, are small, so they may not be important from a public health perspective. In addition, since males tend to not report the assaults to a greater extent than females²⁷27. McLean IA. The male victim of sexual assault. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;27(1):39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.0... , there is likely greater underestimation of the prevalence of sexual assaults in males.

The association between alcohol consumption and extrafamilial sexual assaults has been shown in previous studies, but not the association with intrafamilial sexual assaults. In extrafamilial sexual assaults, alcohol precedes sexual assault and increases the vulnerability of the person due to the effects at cognitive and motor level it produces²⁸28. Peterson JB, Rothfleisch J, Zelazo PD, Pihl RO. Acute alcohol intoxication and cognitive functioning. J Stud Alcohol. 1990;51(2):114-22. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1990.51.114
https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1990.51.114... ^,2929. Parks KA, Fals-Stewart W. The temporal relationship between college women’s alcohol consumption and victimization experiences. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(4):625-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ALC.0000122105.56109.70
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ALC.000012210... . On the other hand, based on the concept that victims of sexual assaults tend to consume alcohol as a form of self-medication¹⁹19. Miranda R Jr, Meyerson LA, Long PJ, Marx BP, Simpson SM. Sexual assault and alcohol use: exploring the self-medication hypothesis. Violence Vict. 2002;17(2):205-17. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.2.205.33650
https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.2.205.33... , intrafamilial sexual assault was considered as an independent variable of alcohol consumption. This analysis showed an association between both variables and was based on a conceptual criterion for the characteristics of intrafamilial sexual assaults. However, given the cross-sectional design of the study, this result may be caused by a third factor related to both variables (example: family dysfunction)¹⁸18. Abbey A, Zawacki T, Buck PO, Clinton AM, McAuslan P. Sexual assault and alcohol consumption: what do we know about their relationship and what types of research are still needed? Aggress Violent Behav. 2004;9(3):271-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00011-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00... . Future studies should evaluate the role of alcohol in intrafamilial sexual assaults.

Alcohol was associated with intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assaults of the non-physical and physical types in the disaggregated analysis. However, alcohol consumption was associated with extrafamilial rape only in females. On the other hand, intrafamilial rape in females was not associated with alcohol consumption. That is, female victims of these assaults did not report having consumed alcohol more frequently than females who were not sexually assaulted. In addition, alcohol consumption by males was not associated with intrafamilial or extrafamilial rape. This result suggests that rape is independent of alcohol consumption in males. Given that less intrusive forms of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assaults were associated with alcohol, it is noteworthy that rape is not associated. The lack of association found in this sub-analysis may be caused by a low statistical power as a result of the different stratifications of the sample.

The study shows limitations. Alcohol consumption and sexual assaults are susceptible to the social desirability bias, because the report of both events may be underestimated³⁰30. Tourangeau R, Yan T. Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychol Bull. 2007;133(5):859-83. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.... . In addition, a causal relationship cannot be established between alcohol consumption and sexual assaults, in any direction, due to the cross-sectional design of the study. A high percentage (21–25%) of victims of intrafamilial sexual assaults did not report information on the type of assault, possibly for considering the legal implications that could be brought by the disclosure of such information. On the other hand, the study did not collect information on alcohol consumption at the time of the sexual assault, which would have enabled to determine the role of alcohol in intrafamilial and extrafamilial assaults. Since we only evaluated high school students of urban areas, the findings cannot be generalized to adolescents of rural areas or in school age who do not attend school, for which the frequency of alcohol consumption and sexual assaults may be different.

Despite these limitations, the study has strengths: it uses data from a population-based study conducted throughout Peru and analyzes sexual assaults on males, a group for which there is little information in Latin America. In conclusion, sexual assaults committed by family members are frequent forms of sexual victimization in female and male adolescents of Peru. The occurrence of these incidents is associated with alcohol consumption, as has been observed with extrafamilial sexual assaults. Therefore, it is suggested the creation of appropriate channels to facilitate the notification of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assault for children and adolescents. Programs for prevention of sexual violence and alcohol consumption in adolescents should actively investigate the occurrence of these incidents by the co-occurrence that may exist between both events. Future studies should evaluate the factors that determine the occurrence of intrafamilial sexual assaults in adolescents.

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