Abstract

Introduction

Among the many diverse human activities, agriculture is fundamental. It holds such great importance, especially, because of the necessity to produce clean, healthy and sufficient produce that is accessible to the growing markets of the world population; because of agriculture’s potential role as a generator of work and income; because of the production of biomass energy; and moreover because of its incorporation with emerging environmental issues.

Advances in agriculture in the last 50 years can be explained in part by the expansion of production and also by the incredible increase in productivity, strongly influenced by technological innovations brought to agriculture, especially industrialization, agricultural chemicals, genetics and information technology.

Alongside these advances one can observe the growing problems in the hygiene model of agriculture which has become known as ‘the second agricultural revolution’. Significant changes implemented all over the world in the 20^th century led to large modifications in production, technology used and the management of natural resources.

However, such changes began to show their limits, seen by crises in economic, social and environmental areas. Brazilian land reform settlements are not far from this reality. The government is also aware of the need to honor the formalization of correct ecological practices, in the context of agricultural reform, with a view of gaining better use of the potential resources found in the land which require maintenance and preservation of the environment. Therefore the PDS (Sustainable Development Projects) method emerged to guide the search of compatibility of the development of productive activities and the imperatives of conservation, preservation and also recomposition of the natural resources that serve as the basis of existence of the human settlements and their respective communities (Brasil, 2000BRASIL. Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário. Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária; Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Conselho Nacional dos Seringueiros. Metodologia para implantação dos projetos de desenvolvimento sustentável - PDS. Brasília, DF, 2000.).

The objective of this study was to get to know the environmental health situation in the sustainable development projects in agricultural reform settlements in Sao Paulo state, starting from the point of view of the families in the settlements.

It was assumed that the perception of environmental issues, beyond the objective impact on the individual’s conditions, is a result of how these issues are experienced, and which are measured by social interventions and cultural values (Jacobi, 1991JACOBI, P. Cidade e meio ambiente: percepções e práticas em São Paulo. São Paulo: Annablume, 1991.).

The general question which guided the research was to define how environmental issues are understood in traditional rural settlement projects (PA) and in settlements defined as sustainable development projects (PDS) in 6 regions in Sao Paulo state.

Sustainable Agriculture; sustainable development; and sustainable development projects

Since the conception and practice of an agricultural model, based on industrialization, chemicals and genetics, and before its expansion to peripheral countries, named the Green Revolution, some agricultural and environmental researchers had already been alerted by the undesirable consequences of this model.

One example is the warning from Sir Albert Howard, in his study developed in the 1930s, which culminated in the publication of his suggestively named book ‘An Agricultural Testament’, he predicted the non viability of any agricultural system that didn’t take into consideration, with the necessary importance, the fundamental effect of the biological processes on the fertility of the soil. He advocated a holistic method of agricultural production, he contributed to the establishment of the first foundations of the still weak search to change the paradigm of research and practice in the agricultural methods of his time (Howard, 2007HOWARD, A. S. Um testamento agrícola. São Paulo: Expressão Popular, 2007.).

Therefore, together with the larger discussions about the direction of socioeconomic development, in the more varied sectors of human activity, also in agriculture the concept of sustainability found fertile ground. For some authors, the idea of sustainability associated with economic growth or development would only be an extension of the concept that was already being developed around the studies of agricultural activity: “Everything indicates that the launch of the expression of sustainable development has taken as its inspiration the notion of sustainable agriculture, therefore it has already been discussed in the debates of agriculturists and agroeconomists” (Ehlers, 1996EHLERS, E. Agricultura sustentável: origens e perspectivas de um novo paradigma. São Paulo: Livros da Terra, 1996., p. 125).

The first ideas contributing to the notion of sustainable development had their origins in the 1960s, starting with, among others, the work of Rachel Carson, a North American Biologist and writer who was dedicated to the problems related to the conservation of nature, environmental preservation and quality of life (Carson, 1999CARSON, R. Silent spring. London: Penguin, 1999.).

Some years later, in the early 1970s, the Founex Report,¹1 The work developed in the Stockholm conference en 1972 was preceded by an important seminar organized as a preparatory event, which happened in Founex in Switzerland in 1971 (United Nations Environment Programme, 1981). which was prepared for the United Nations conference on Human Environment in 1972 in Stockholm, attracted international attention for environmental issues and exposed a debate of contrasting arguments. The search was to build an intermediary point of view between those named by Sachs (1993)SACHS, I. Estratégias de transição para o século XXI: desenvolvimento e ambiente. São Paulo: Studio Nobel: FUNDAP, 1993. as “Malthusians” – for whom the world population was already above its limits of its capacity to support and therefore condemned to disaster as environmental exhaustion – and the “Cornucopians”, the believers in “Technological adjustment” as a way of dealing with the constraints of population growth.

The initial results of the paradigm changes were extended and potentiated into the 1980’s. The publication of the Brundtland Report²2 World Commision on Environment and Development, Our Common Future; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Its content was published in Brazil, translated from English, with the title “Nosso future comum” (Comissão Mundial sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, 1991)., in 1987, consisted of a strong indication of the propagation of the subject. Its content was deepened and enlarged in the subsequent developments by the international community, an example of the resulting documents were seen in the United Nations conference on Environment and Development, in RIO-92, highlighted in Agenda 21 (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 1992UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT. Agenda 21 - Rio Declaration. Rio de Janeiro, 1992. Disponível em: <http://www.un-documents.net/agenda21.htm>. Acesso em: 15 maio 2009.
http://www.un-documents.net/agenda21.htm... ).

In the next two decades in the RIO-92 conference there was an increase in debates around the environment and attempts to implement conceptually and practically the environmental agenda, both locally and globally, involving the challenge of its insertion into the decisions affecting economic and social development plans.

It was in this context that the concept of sustainable development began to be established, calling for an innovative perspective on economic and social ideas: an urgency for a new vision on human development, given the fact there were insufficient political and socioeconomic strategies based on the premise that economic growth alone could solve the growing natural, social and environmental problems that humanity was facing.

The obedience to these simultaneous criteria in sustainable development was observed by Constanza et al. (1991), for whom the idea of sustainability could be defined as a relationship to involve dynamic economic systems and larger ecological systems and also dynamics otherwise slower to change. These relationships involve at least four objectives: the possibility of the continuation of the human race; the possibility of individuals prospering; the development of human cultures; obedience to the limits imposed on activities carried out by man, avoiding the destruction of the diversity, complexity and the function of the ecological system that supports life.

Even after being widely approved, starting with the attention acquired during discussions at RIO-92, the notion of sustainability suffered some setbacks to its necessary implementation. The adjective sustainable was applied to many different situations, at times expressing a vague sense of continuity, always referring to future ambitions. Because of these varied possibilities of use and meaning, many advocated the need for a precise definition for the notion that is “sustainability”. Nevertheless, for others, the word – sustainable – represented exactly the value in question and represented the definition exactly, and moreover, could become widely accepted (Veiga, 2010VEIGA, J. E. Sustentabilidade: a legitimação de um novo valor. São Paulo: Senac São Paulo, 2010.).

A crucial point from which one can pick efficient and effective action of this debate is from the transformative and creative public policies that turned the principle of sustainability into a practical reality, with respect to some basic assumptions to this approach: accept the complexity of sustainable development that transcends the vision of conventional economics: move towards an understanding of the economical phenomenon as a result of a “socio-environmental metabolism” (Cechin and Veiga, 2010CECHIN, A. D.; VEIGA, J. E. O fundamento central da economia ecológica. In: MAY, P. (Ed.). Economia do meio ambiente: teoria e prática. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier: Campus, 2010. p. 33-48.); and add social, political and ethical communication as unavoidable ingredients of this process of conceptual framework and its application.

The implementation of this framework in global politics, inspired by the idea of sustainability, is not a challenge easily conquered. This can be observed in the implementation initiatives in the rural settlements in Sao Paulo, designed within the parameters of the sustainable development projects and also in PDS settlements.

The approach of the rural settlements known as – PDS, created by Ordinance/INCRA no 477, 4^th November 1999 (Brasil, 1999BRASIL. Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário. Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária. Portaria nº 477, de 4 de novembro de 1999. Cria a modalidade de Projeto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável - PDS. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, DF, 4 nov. 1999. Disponível em: <http://www.ipef.br/legislacao/bdlegislacao/arquivos/6116.rtf>. Acesso em: 2 fev. 2008.
http://www.ipef.br/legislacao/bdlegislac... ), and regulated by Ordinance/INCRA no 1032, 25 October 2000 - , emerged as a result of the demands of a social movement organized in the Northern region of the country, which sought to guarantee access to the land of the non-traditional population in areas of environmental interest (Brasil, 2000BRASIL. Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário. Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária; Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Conselho Nacional dos Seringueiros. Metodologia para implantação dos projetos de desenvolvimento sustentável - PDS. Brasília, DF, 2000.).

This approach of the settlements was originally targeted at the populations who survive, basically, by methods of extraction or agriculture, and other activities of low environmental impact.

Currently, in the examples of II PNRA – National Plan of Agricultural Reform (Brasil, 2005BRASIL. Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário. Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária. II Plano Nacional de Reforma Agrária: paz, produção e qualidade de vida no meio rural. Brasília, DF, 2005.), implemented in 2003 – the current approaches, primarily implemented by INCRA in areas obtained by expropriation for the social interest in agricultural reform, are: a) Traditional settlements – the settlement project (PA); and b) Environmentally differentiated settlements – the agroextraction settlement project (PAE), the PDS and the forest settlement project (PAF).

With an innovative attitude in relation to the original implantation of the PDS settlements, Sao Paulo state added a pioneering experiment in 2004, from its creation to the first project in the PDS settlement. The dialogue between the social movements and the environmentalists in Sao Paulo started a trend of putting demands on local politicians, responsible for the implementation of agricultural policies in the Federal government, this resulted in the creation of agroenvironmental settlements (Julio, 2006JULIO, J. E. Dinâmicas regionais e questão agrária no estado de São Paulo. São Paulo: INCRA, 2006.).

Therefore, in November of that year, the first experiment of the application of the PDS method was implemented in the Serrana region, the Sepe Tiaraju settlement.

During this time other PDS projects were being established in different regions of Sao Paulo state, with different frameworks, in many cases as an alternative to solve ongoing conflicts that other projects had not managed to overcome. For example, the PDS in an area where squatters had been evicted in Vale do Ribeira, in the settlement in the area Fazenda Ipero, in Ipero and in the Nova Conquista settlement in the Rancharia settlement (Cortez, 2004CORTEZ, C.; EMMANUELA, K. Novas formas de assentamentos: a experiência da comuna da terra. Brasília, DF: CONCRAB: INCRA, 2004. (Caderno de Cooperação Agrícola, n. 15).).

A summary of the general characteristics of these settlements is represented in Table 1.

Methods

Case Studies were carried out, described by Yin (2005)YIN, R. K. Estudo de caso: planejamento e métodos. 3. ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2005., taking into view that the experiments of the sustainable development projects (PDS) in the rural settlements of INCRA in Sao Paulo were recent, starting from 2004, In the case studies a holistic approach was adopted, the ecosystemic approach proposed by Forget and Lebel (2001)FORGET, G.; LEBEL, J. An ecosystem approach to human health. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, Attleboro, v. 7, n. 2, p. 3-38, 2001.. In this approach, the authors considered it difficult to disassociate the state of health of the determined ecosystem and the state of health of the humans living there. Therefore, they emphasize the role of the research to characterize the links between environmental degradation and its impact on human health, highlighting two main considerations in the application of this approach as: a better understanding of the causes of health problems and a better appreciation of social responses about said causes (Forget and Lebel, 2001FORGET, G.; LEBEL, J. An ecosystem approach to human health. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, Attleboro, v. 7, n. 2, p. 3-38, 2001.).

The development of new knowledge about the relationship between health and environment, from concrete truths, aiming to contribute to the empowerment of local communities, through the promotion of positive health practices, are some of the objectives of this approach. “[...] in this way science and the living world come together to build a better quality of life through an improved management of the ecosystem and give collective and individual responsibility about health” (Minayo, 2002MINAYO, M. C. S. O enfoque ecossistêmico de saúde e qualidade de vida. In: MINAYO, M. C. S.; MIRANDA, A. F. (Org.). Saúde e ambiente sustentável: estreitando nós. Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz, 2002. p. 72-89., p. 181).

The North/Northeast region of Sao Paulo state was chosen as the study area, the longest standing PDS project can be found in this region: the PDS Sepe Tiaraju, in the Serrana region.

Diagram 1 shows the location of the municipalities that are the headquarters of the settlements that were selected for the study; and Diagram 2 shows general characteristics of the research.

Participatory workshops with groups of settlers were carried out, based partially on the rural participation diagnostic approch (DRP), initially used by Chambers (1983)CHAMBERS, R. Rural development: putting the last first. London: Longman, 1983., later developed by various authors (Verdejo, 2006VERDEJO, M. E. Diagnóstico rural participativo: guia prático DRP. Brasília, DF: MDA, Secretaria de Agricultura Familiar, 2006.; Anyaegbunam et al., 2008ANYAEGBUNAM, C. et al. Manual diagnóstico participativo de comunicación rural: comenzando con la gente. 2. ed. Roma: FAO, 2008.). Its use is recognized by the United Nations Organisation for Food and Agriculture (FAO, 1999FAO - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF UNITED NATIONS. Informal working group on participatory approaches and methods to support sustainable livelihoods and food security (IWG-PA). Rome: FAO, 1999.).

The tools and techniques used within the framework of the participating workshops are diverse, especially in the activities of the DRP. Every one of these instrumental resources has a different use, in accordance with the objectives of the participating workshops (FAO, 1999FAO - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF UNITED NATIONS. Informal working group on participatory approaches and methods to support sustainable livelihoods and food security (IWG-PA). Rome: FAO, 1999.). The current research specifically used the Problem tree, with the intention of building a shared vision of the socio-environmental dimension of the community and its relationship to health. (Verdejo, 2006VERDEJO, M. E. Diagnóstico rural participativo: guia prático DRP. Brasília, DF: MDA, Secretaria de Agricultura Familiar, 2006.; Anyaegbunam et al., 2008ANYAEGBUNAM, C. et al. Manual diagnóstico participativo de comunicación rural: comenzando con la gente. 2. ed. Roma: FAO, 2008.). The environmental health issues discussed in the participatory workshops were based on the topics that needed the necessary attention – APA (OPAS, 1999OPAS - ORGANIZAÇÃO PAN-AMERICANA DA SAÚDE. Divisão de Saúde e Ambiente. Programa de Qualidade Ambiental. Atenção Primária Ambiental. Brasília, DF, 1999.), a) basic sanitation; b) waste management c) combatting erosion and deforestation; d) management of pests and agricultural chemicals; e) protection of the springs; f) control of zoonoses; and g) workers health. These were the main topics of the workshops, during the “problem tree”activity.

To assure the success of the field studies, preliminary visits to the six selected settlements were made, with the aim of getting to know the workers’ area and to have an initial contact with the leaders and representatives of each project. The next step was the participatory workshops with the groups of settlers, followed by a basic guide for development. The total time spent in each of the meetings was close to 210 minutes. Table 3 represents the general characteristics of the location of the workshops, the number of participants and the dates activities were carried out.

Table 4 represents the summary of the guide for the workshops, including objectives and a description of the participatory integration techniques and the collection of data and information.

Results and discussion

The sustainable development projects

Between 2003 and 2006, 35 new projects were started of rural settlements in Sao Paulo state. Of these, 13 initiatives sought to follow and implement the principals of sustainability, the sustainable development projects (PDS). This number increased to 17 PDS projects implemented until August 2011.

Table 5 represents the principles differences between the methods of the conventional settlements, named as PA (settlement project) and the PDS.

The PDS model has various different structures, the type of land lease used is also varied. In PDS the lease scheme is communal, forming a dialogue between the group of settled families and the government, by means of associative or cooperative bases.

The disclosure and guidance of public policies of implementation of PDS document (Brasil, 2000BRASIL. Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário. Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária; Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Conselho Nacional dos Seringueiros. Metodologia para implantação dos projetos de desenvolvimento sustentável - PDS. Brasília, DF, 2000.) contained the intentions of the involvement of settled families and the development of the settlements as a way of bringing attention to the importance of the organization to achieve the following points: a) constant improvement and strengthening of the organisational level of the associations; b) unity of objectives, with the creation of a group culture and identity, considering the different families (cultures, habits, values) that could make up a PDS; c) Creation or development of ‘group spirit’; d) Identification of their limits and potential; e) Giving value to their actions and their former role in society; f) Giving value to their regional culture; g) Incite an entrepeneurial vision and develop co-management and decision making methods; h) Perception of success factors of PDS; and i) less dependence on external factors.

In regulating terms, from the implementation of significant changes in agricultural production and in the organization of the settlements, the PDS method aimed to increase the income of the settlers, diversify production, upgrade commercialization and improve food safety standards of the settlers among other objectives. Thereby, various actions brought about the potential to greatly improve the environmental health of the settlements, this would be achieved directly through changes in work processes using cleaner technology and indirectly by incorporating the principles of sustainability in the routines and collective organisation of the settlements.

In relation to Brazil, as a whole, since the creation of these settlement methods in 1999 until October 2011, 112 PDS settlements have been created. The ditribution of these projects, following federal units, is shown in Diagram 2.

The story of the implementation of these settlements goes way beyond the simple administrative application of regulations of a new sustainable agriculture paradigm.

The Sepe Tiaraju settlement, for example, was the first experiment of this type in Sao Paulo, it underwent a long process of reflection and construction of a social movement that was born and developed in the CONCRAB bases (Confederation of Agricultural Reform Cooperatives in Brazil), which led to the demands made by the Workers with No Land Movement (MST) in the state.

From these discussions the “Communal Land” model emerged, a new form of agricultural reform settlements, conceived in the social movement base. The proposal was put forward as a demand from the community of rural workers and was formed of 5 elements: a) the link of working people; b) the ownership of land; c) agroecological production; d) cooperation in many areas; and e) the development of basic social issues (Cortez, 2004CORTEZ, C.; EMMANUELA, K. Novas formas de assentamentos: a experiência da comuna da terra. Brasília, DF: CONCRAB: INCRA, 2004. (Caderno de Cooperação Agrícola, n. 15).). It was through the discussions and contradictory fights among the social movements and their demands for access to the land, the government (through its many organizations, such as INCRA, The Justice system, Environmental agencies etc.), actors from a public group and media involved in agricultural issues in Sao Paulo that the innovative attempt to implement PDS settlements in Sao Paulo and outside the original territory emerged.

During the implementation of the PDS Sepe Tiaraju, other similar projects were established in different areas of Sao Paulo and with very different motives for construction, often as an alternative method to solve ongoing conflicts that previous management had not been able to solve. As an example, there are the implementation of PDS in an area of evicted squatters in the Vale de Ribeira, in the Fazenda Ipero settlement in Ipero and in the Nova Conquista settlement in the city of Rancharia (Cortez, 2004CORTEZ, C.; EMMANUELA, K. Novas formas de assentamentos: a experiência da comuna da terra. Brasília, DF: CONCRAB: INCRA, 2004. (Caderno de Cooperação Agrícola, n. 15).).

However, the final classification did not always manage to explain the whole accumulation of the thoughts arising from the diverse strands of the communities that took part in the projects.

Environmental Health problems of the settlements shown in ‘Problem Trees’

The results of the work done in the participatory groups in the settlements are shown below. Summaries of the so called ‘Problem trees’, developed from the group exercises relating to the environmental health problems of the settlements, were formed into Diagrams corresponding to each settlement studied and each topic discussed in the participatory groups.

Diagrams 3, 4 and 5 portray the problem trees formed in the two traditional settlements – PA Bela Vista, in Araraquara, and PA Fortaleza, in Bocaina, In these the main concerns related to the possible health effects of inadequate basic sanitation, the use of water from sources of doubtful quality and inadequate waste management, improvised actions by individuals and lack of care taken with agrotoxic packaging. In PA Fortaleza three further trees were produced covering the following themes: neglect of workers health, lack of management and conservation of soils subject to erosion and lack of sufficient pest control, which spread to the land and livestock, even with intense use of agrochemicals.

In Diagrams 6, 7, 8 and 9 the problem trees made in PDS Santa Helena, PDS agricultural community 21 December, PDS Mario Lago and PDS Sepe Tiaraju are shown. They show the same concerns with health problems due to inadequate sewage systems and difficulties in accessing the water supply.

Furthermore, the PDS Mario Lago produced a tree about the management of solid waste, identifying that the waste is disposed of in an improvised way, using some restricted solutions like composting, or inadequate solutions like burning in the open air. Only the PDS Sepe Tiaraju produced a problem tree relating to the high occurrence of pests, which caused loss of income, loss of food production, frustration with the agroecological project, complaints about insufficient technical support and of little agroecological knowledge.

In general, technical and structural support in the studied settlements, seen through observations and collected statements from the workshops, can be identified as almost non-existent, as much in the traditional settlements (PA) as in the sustainable development projects (PDS).

Problems relating to the protection of the springs and control of zoonoses, which could potentially be identified with more detailed investigation, were not reported by any of the groups as a relevant component of the “problem trees”. On the other hand, all of the settlements, independent of them being sustainable development settlements, reported problems with basic sanitation, including water supply and sewage sanitation.

The reference to waste management problems in at least one of the PDS settlements could suggest a more adequate solution is needed, from an environmental point of view, at least in this type of settlement.

With the exception of the variable reference to erosion control and deforestation control arising in a discussion with one traditional settlement (PA) all the other “problem trees” made the link between environmental health problems and damaging effects to human health and quality of life in the settlement. There is, therefore, and understanding among the settlers about the realtionship between their way of life and environmental health in the settlements.

Conclusions

The vision of integration between the components that influence the use of natural resources (environment, community and economy), giving equal importance to each component, in the definition of the health conditions of the communities, conforms to the ecosystematic approach (Forget and Lebel, 2001FORGET, G.; LEBEL, J. An ecosystem approach to human health. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, Attleboro, v. 7, n. 2, p. 3-38, 2001.), these were present in the responses from the groups (problem trees), in their reflections on the relationship between inadequate environmental conditions experienced and the impact on the quality of life and general health of the communities.

On the other hand, the sustainable development approach in the rural development projects in the Sao Paulo settlements that were investigated, indicates that the main concerns are with the production process, the adoption of agroecological principals and restriction of use of agrochemicals. The lack of basic sanitation and water supply of sufficient quality and volume are evidence that there is a great deal of work to be done to close the gap between the discussions and statements of politicians on the principles of sustainability and the practical realization, above all, in the incorporation of the environmental health aspects, which are permeated by a certain “invisibility”.

The notion of sustainable development (Veiga, 2010VEIGA, J. E. Sustentabilidade: a legitimação de um novo valor. São Paulo: Senac São Paulo, 2010.) as the inspiration for the conception and implementation of public policies in the rural settlements in Sao Paulo state don’t hold up to the examination and observation of the real conditions of life and work of the people involved in those projects.

Even taking into account the complex range of relationships and social discussions that are a constant part of the negotiations and construction of agricultural policies of the country, in general the fragmented way that public policies are conceived and implemented in the settlements is evident, especially in the discussions around environmental health and promotion of health.

The fragmented actions of these policies, not touching on the variable factors of quality of life and health of the population of the settlements, result in showing that there is no fundamental value given to environmental health as a base of any intention and practice of human development. On one hand, it is a strong structural component, built socially and historically, that forms the outline of the agricultural reform policies of the country; on the other hand, there are also symbolic components linked to the proposal and execution of the ‘sustainable development’ policies of the studied settlements, demonstrating a large reduction in the “environment” concept. The biological and non biological factors in the physical context of the rural settlements, are dissociated from the real situation.

However, as much in the sustainable development projects in rural settlements of Sao Paulo as in the traditional settlements studied the dissociation observed between the official discussion of public policies in the PDS and the concrete reality of the sustainable conditions and the environmental health of the settlements is not perceived by the subjects, the target audience of the projects. For them, the construction of a sustainable way of life cannot waive attention from the primary aspects of environmental health, understood and demanded as essential factors for human development.

References

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